This document discusses gas-vapor mixtures and air conditioning. It defines dry air and atmospheric air, and explains how to calculate specific and relative humidity, dew point temperature, wet bulb temperature, and use a psychrometric chart. Various air conditioning processes are covered, including simple heating and cooling, heating with humidification, cooling with dehumidification, evaporative cooling, adiabatic mixing of air streams, and wet cooling towers. The goal of air conditioning is to maintain a comfortable environment for humans in terms of temperature, humidity, and air motion.
This document discusses psychrometry and air conditioning. It begins by defining dry air and atmospheric air, and the specific and relative humidity of air. It then discusses dew point temperature and how to calculate it. The document introduces the psychrometric chart as a tool to determine air properties and outlines several air conditioning processes like heating, cooling, humidification and dehumidification. Key concepts like wet bulb temperature, adiabatic saturation and human comfort are also summarized. Specific air conditioning applications such as evaporative cooling, mixing of air streams and cooling towers are briefly described.
This document provides information about window air conditioners, including their parts, working principles, advantages, and classification of air conditioners more broadly. It describes the key components of a window AC unit, including the refrigeration system (compressor, condenser, expansion valve, evaporator), air circulation system (blower, fans), and control system. It explains the two air cycles in a window AC: the room air cycle where hot room air is filtered, cooled by the evaporator, and blown into the room, and the hot air cycle where heat is transferred from the condenser to the outside air. Window ACs are classified as unitary or packed systems that are convenient and inexpensive but use more energy than other options.
What is meant by “Airconditioning”?
Human Comfort
Why do we need A.C.?
Advantages and Disadvantage of A.C.
Ideal room temperature
some terminology-
Dry-bulb temperature
Wet-bulb temperature:
Dew point
Latent heat
Absolute humidity
Relative humidity
Specific humidity
Sensible heat
Evaporating Cooling
Condensation
Enthalpy
Entropy
7. Classification of air conditioners
8. Windows AC- advantages
Parts of the Window Air Conditioners
Working
The refrigeration system,
Air circulation system-room air cycle and
The hot air cycle.
Ventilation system,
Control system,
electrical protection system.
9.Split or Ductless AC-
Advantages, parts indoor and outdoor,
Types-
Wall mounted
Floor mounted/Tower AC
Ceiling mounted/Cassette AC
Multi Split ACs
10. Central Air Conditioning System
Advantages and disadvantages
11. Key differences between "Window", "Split" and a "cassette" air conditioners.
12. Cooling capacity
13. Energy Efficiency
14.Energy Consumption
15.Energy Efficiency Ratio
16.Energy Saving Methods
17.Some AC brands
The document discusses air conditioning, including its definition, purpose of controlling human comfort factors, and need for mechanical cooling. It then covers various air conditioning terminology like dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, dew point, latent heat, humidity measures, and heat types. The document classifies air conditioners and describes the main parts and working of window air conditioners and split/ductless air conditioners. It discusses cooling capacity, energy efficiency, and energy saving methods for air conditioners.
This document discusses air conditioning and psychrometrics. It defines air conditioning as controlling temperature, humidity, and other factors to provide human comfort. Psychrometry is introduced as the study of moist air and its properties. Key psychrometric terms are defined, including dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, humidity, and dew point temperature. Dalton's law of partial pressures is described as it applies to moist air. The main psychrometric processes used in air conditioning are outlined, such as sensible heating and cooling, humidification, and dehumidification. Bypass factor is also introduced in relation to heating and cooling coils.
ME6301 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - UNIT VBIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
This document is a compilation of lecture notes on psychrometrics and gas mixtures for a thermodynamics course. It defines key terms related to psychrometrics such as relative humidity, specific humidity, dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, dew point temperature, and psychrometric processes. It also discusses psychrometric charts and how humidity affects human comfort. The document provides examples of psychrometric processes like cooling and dehumidification, evaporative cooling, and defines sensible and latent heat. It is compiled by an assistant professor for third semester mechanical engineering students.
This document provides an overview of psychrometry and the psychrometric chart. It defines key terms like dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, humidity ratio, enthalpy and others. It explains common HVAC processes that can be analyzed using the psychrometric chart, such as sensible cooling/heating, humidification, dehumidification. The document also provides examples of using the psychrometric chart to analyze real HVAC processes and case studies. Mastering the psychrometric chart and properties of moist air is essential for properly designing and troubleshooting HVAC systems.
This document discusses the importance of humidity and temperature control in textile mills. It covers psychrometrics, which is the study of air and moisture properties. Several textile material properties are affected by relative humidity levels. The document then describes common air conditioning processes like sensible cooling/heating, cooling and dehumidification. It provides details on evaporative cooling used in textile mills to humidify air by passing it through an air washer. The air conditioning system draws air in, saturates it adiabatically in the washer, then supplies it to the conditioned space where it is heated to maintain the desired humidity level. Refrigeration may be required to lower the wet bulb temperature if the desired humidity cannot be achieved
This document discusses psychrometry and air conditioning. It begins by defining dry air and atmospheric air, and the specific and relative humidity of air. It then discusses dew point temperature and how to calculate it. The document introduces the psychrometric chart as a tool to determine air properties and outlines several air conditioning processes like heating, cooling, humidification and dehumidification. Key concepts like wet bulb temperature, adiabatic saturation and human comfort are also summarized. Specific air conditioning applications such as evaporative cooling, mixing of air streams and cooling towers are briefly described.
This document provides information about window air conditioners, including their parts, working principles, advantages, and classification of air conditioners more broadly. It describes the key components of a window AC unit, including the refrigeration system (compressor, condenser, expansion valve, evaporator), air circulation system (blower, fans), and control system. It explains the two air cycles in a window AC: the room air cycle where hot room air is filtered, cooled by the evaporator, and blown into the room, and the hot air cycle where heat is transferred from the condenser to the outside air. Window ACs are classified as unitary or packed systems that are convenient and inexpensive but use more energy than other options.
What is meant by “Airconditioning”?
Human Comfort
Why do we need A.C.?
Advantages and Disadvantage of A.C.
Ideal room temperature
some terminology-
Dry-bulb temperature
Wet-bulb temperature:
Dew point
Latent heat
Absolute humidity
Relative humidity
Specific humidity
Sensible heat
Evaporating Cooling
Condensation
Enthalpy
Entropy
7. Classification of air conditioners
8. Windows AC- advantages
Parts of the Window Air Conditioners
Working
The refrigeration system,
Air circulation system-room air cycle and
The hot air cycle.
Ventilation system,
Control system,
electrical protection system.
9.Split or Ductless AC-
Advantages, parts indoor and outdoor,
Types-
Wall mounted
Floor mounted/Tower AC
Ceiling mounted/Cassette AC
Multi Split ACs
10. Central Air Conditioning System
Advantages and disadvantages
11. Key differences between "Window", "Split" and a "cassette" air conditioners.
12. Cooling capacity
13. Energy Efficiency
14.Energy Consumption
15.Energy Efficiency Ratio
16.Energy Saving Methods
17.Some AC brands
The document discusses air conditioning, including its definition, purpose of controlling human comfort factors, and need for mechanical cooling. It then covers various air conditioning terminology like dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, dew point, latent heat, humidity measures, and heat types. The document classifies air conditioners and describes the main parts and working of window air conditioners and split/ductless air conditioners. It discusses cooling capacity, energy efficiency, and energy saving methods for air conditioners.
This document discusses air conditioning and psychrometrics. It defines air conditioning as controlling temperature, humidity, and other factors to provide human comfort. Psychrometry is introduced as the study of moist air and its properties. Key psychrometric terms are defined, including dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, humidity, and dew point temperature. Dalton's law of partial pressures is described as it applies to moist air. The main psychrometric processes used in air conditioning are outlined, such as sensible heating and cooling, humidification, and dehumidification. Bypass factor is also introduced in relation to heating and cooling coils.
ME6301 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - UNIT VBIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
This document is a compilation of lecture notes on psychrometrics and gas mixtures for a thermodynamics course. It defines key terms related to psychrometrics such as relative humidity, specific humidity, dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, dew point temperature, and psychrometric processes. It also discusses psychrometric charts and how humidity affects human comfort. The document provides examples of psychrometric processes like cooling and dehumidification, evaporative cooling, and defines sensible and latent heat. It is compiled by an assistant professor for third semester mechanical engineering students.
This document provides an overview of psychrometry and the psychrometric chart. It defines key terms like dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, humidity ratio, enthalpy and others. It explains common HVAC processes that can be analyzed using the psychrometric chart, such as sensible cooling/heating, humidification, dehumidification. The document also provides examples of using the psychrometric chart to analyze real HVAC processes and case studies. Mastering the psychrometric chart and properties of moist air is essential for properly designing and troubleshooting HVAC systems.
This document discusses the importance of humidity and temperature control in textile mills. It covers psychrometrics, which is the study of air and moisture properties. Several textile material properties are affected by relative humidity levels. The document then describes common air conditioning processes like sensible cooling/heating, cooling and dehumidification. It provides details on evaporative cooling used in textile mills to humidify air by passing it through an air washer. The air conditioning system draws air in, saturates it adiabatically in the washer, then supplies it to the conditioned space where it is heated to maintain the desired humidity level. Refrigeration may be required to lower the wet bulb temperature if the desired humidity cannot be achieved
This document outlines the key topics to be covered in a course on psychrometry and air conditioning. It will discuss psychrometric terms and relations, psychrometric charts and processes, air conditioning components and equipment, air conditioning systems and controls, factors affecting human comfort, and load estimation and duct design. It provides examples to illustrate psychrometric concepts and calculations involving dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, relative humidity, specific humidity, enthalpy, and other psychrometric properties. It also describes common air conditioning processes, equipment, and system types.
The document discusses heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. It defines key terms related to HVAC systems like specific humidity, relative humidity, latent heat, sensible heat, tonnage, and psychrometrics. It explains that psychrometrics deals with the properties of moist air and how it is used to analyze air-water vapor mixtures. It also summarizes the basic principles and components of air conditioning systems, including the compressor, condenser, metering device, and evaporator.
This document provides an overview of concepts related to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) design. It begins with definitions of key terms like thermal load and psychrometry. It then discusses outdoor and indoor design conditions, principles of cooling load, and components of heating and cooling load. Specific topics covered include psychrometric processes, properties of air like temperature and humidity, and factors that affect human comfort like air movement and clothing. Methods of heat transfer and concepts like thermal conductivity and U-values are also summarized. Finally, it briefly outlines principles of air cooling and different types of air conditioners.
Psychrometry is the study of air-water vapor mixtures. It is important for air conditioning design to understand the properties of atmospheric air, which is a mixture of gases, water vapor, and pollutants. Specific humidity refers to the mass of water associated with each kilogram of dry air. Key psychrometric processes used in air conditioning include:
1) Sensible cooling, where air temperature decreases over a cooling coil while moisture content remains constant.
2) Heating and humidification, where air is first sensibly heated and then water vapor is added through steam nozzles.
3) Cooling and humidification, where air temperature and humidity both increase by spraying cool water into the air stream
This document discusses the importance of humidity control and humidification. Maintaining proper humidity levels indoors is important for human comfort, equipment performance, and material preservation. Improper humidity can damage materials and equipment or cause discomfort. The document outlines key humidity concepts like relative humidity and dew point. It explains how humidification can enhance indoor environments while also saving energy by reducing moisture absorption from other sources.
1) The document discusses psychrometry, which is the study of properties of air-vapor mixtures. It defines key psychrometric properties like dry bulb temperature, humidity ratio, enthalpy, and wet bulb temperature.
2) It describes common air conditioning processes like heating, cooling, humidification and dehumidification using a psychrometric chart. Simple heating and cooling involve changing the temperature while keeping the moisture content constant.
3) Measurement of the dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures is sufficient to determine the state of moist air, as two properties must be known at a given pressure according to Gibbs' phase rule.
1) HVAC involves heating, ventilation, and air conditioning to control temperature, humidity, air quality, and circulation for human comfort.
2) The main HVAC processes are heating, cooling, humidifying, dehumidifying, cleaning, ventilating, and air movement.
3) Proper HVAC design requires considering factors like building design, occupancy, location, and architectural constraints to effectively condition indoor spaces.
Basics of refrigeration engineering section bAkshit Kohli
i hope, it will helpful to the students and peoples in the search of topics mentioned
it is informative to study to even get passing marks or for revision
The document is about psychrometrics and air conditioning processes. It discusses key psychrometric concepts like dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, dew point temperature, humidity ratios and enthalpy. It explains common air conditioning processes like sensible heating and cooling, humidification, dehumidification, cooling with dehumidification. The psychrometric chart is introduced which graphically represents the thermodynamic properties of moist air. Common terms used in psychrometrics like by-pass factor and sensible heat factor are also defined.
This document provides information about an air conditioning course, including its title, credit hours, course code, teaching methods, attendance requirements, evaluation methods, and topics covered in the course. The course covers topics like principles of air conditioning, refrigeration equipment and refrigerants, psychrometric charts, air distribution systems, humidity measurement and control, ventilation, and illumination. References for the course are also provided.
Psychrometry is the science dealing with air-water vapor mixtures. It studies moist air and its properties like dew point temperature, relative humidity, and dry/wet bulb temperatures. Psychrometric processes involve changes to moist air through sensible heating/cooling, humidifying, dehumidifying, and adiabatic mixing/cooling. The psychrometric chart is used to analyze these processes by plotting air properties and showing lines for temperature, humidity, and enthalpy. It is a useful tool for understanding air conditioning systems and classifying climates.
This document discusses psychrometry, which is the study of thermodynamic properties of moist air. It outlines several important psychrometric properties used to analyze air conditioning processes, including dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, dew point temperature, humidity ratio, relative humidity, specific volume, and enthalpy. It then explains common psychrometric processes like sensible heating, sensible cooling, humidification, dehumidification, and their representations on a psychrometric chart. Basic concepts in air conditioning like adiabatic mixing, bypass factor, sensible heat factor, and room sensible heat factor are also introduced.
Psychrometry is the study of air-water vapor mixtures. Key terms include:
- Dry bulb temperature (DBT) - measured by ordinary thermometer
- Wet bulb temperature (WBT) - measured by thermometer wrapped in wet cloth
- Dew point temperature (DPT) - temperature at which moisture condenses
- Relative humidity (RH) - ratio of actual water vapor to maximum possible at given DBT
An adiabatic saturator is used to measure the thermodynamic wet bulb temperature, which is the temperature air reaches when saturated adiabatically. Multiple inlet air conditions can result in the same thermodynamic wet bulb temperature.
This document discusses heat and mass transfer fundamentals as they relate to cooling tower design. It describes cooling towers as heat exchangers where water and air are in direct contact, making the total contact surface difficult to calculate accurately. As such, the heat transfer coefficient or 'K' factor cannot be determined directly from tests or known theories. Experimental testing of specific designs uses proven theories developed through dimensional analysis to evaluate performance. These same methods can be used for thermal design and predicting performance at off-design conditions.
Psicrometría es la ciencia que estudia las propiedades termodinámicas del aire húmedo y el efecto de la humedad atmosférica. El documento explica que la psicrometría permite medir y controlar la humedad del aire a través del uso de tablas o cartas psicrométricas, las cuales representan variables como la temperatura de bulbo seco, húmedo y de rocío. Finalmente, señala que la carta psicrométrica es una herramienta fundamental para el acondicionamiento de aire
This document provides an overview of psychrometry, which is the study of air and water vapor mixtures. It defines important psychrometric properties like dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and enthalpy. It explains psychrometric processes like sensible heating, cooling, and humidification. The psychrometric chart is introduced as a tool to represent the thermodynamic properties of moist air. Common psychrometric devices like air washers are also discussed.
This document provides an introduction to reducing cooling power usage in buildings through the use of ground water heat exchangers and solar panels. It discusses literature on building cooling load calculation and optimization. The objectives of HVAC system design and cooling load calculation are outlined. The document then describes the proposed methodology, which involves installing a solar panel system and ground source heat pump to reduce electrical energy usage and cooling loads. Key terms related to refrigeration, air conditioning, and psychrometrics are defined.
Pschometry and psychometric properties.pptxbaghbana bajoi
what is Psychrometric?
Psychrometry is a branch of science in which we study the thermodynamics of air and moisture with primary objective of developing human comfort.
=> Saturated air. Saturated air is a saturated mixture of air and water vapor mixture, where the vapor is at the saturation temperature and pressure.
FOR EXAMPLE :
when we feel thirsty,we need water to quench the thirsty, similarly air also feel thirsty and it need water to quench it thirsty or air has affinity to absorb the water
When temperature is high, so causes the air feel more thirsty.
=> Saturated air;
Saturated air is that air which holds water vapour at its maximum concentration at a particular temperature and pressure.
subscribe my youtube channel and get information to click the link
https://youtube.com/channel/UCDnmS9L7EL3MqRkPl4MvXrg
Psychrometry ala rac gtu sem 6th Refrigeration and Air conditioningShrey Patel
pshchrometry
refrigeration and air conditioning
BE Mechanical 6th sem ALA ppt
GTU MSU
various terms related to psychrometry and psychrometric chart with example
This document provides an introduction to psychrometrics and HVAC processes from D. Balaji, an HVAC consultant. It defines key psychrometric concepts like dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, relative humidity, dew point, and enthalpy. It explains sensible heating and cooling as well as dehumidification processes on a psychrometric chart. An example problem demonstrates how to use a psychrometric chart to determine values like wet bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and dew point given dry bulb temperature and relative humidity. A second example shows calculating cooling capacity in tons from air handling unit data.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
This document outlines the key topics to be covered in a course on psychrometry and air conditioning. It will discuss psychrometric terms and relations, psychrometric charts and processes, air conditioning components and equipment, air conditioning systems and controls, factors affecting human comfort, and load estimation and duct design. It provides examples to illustrate psychrometric concepts and calculations involving dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, relative humidity, specific humidity, enthalpy, and other psychrometric properties. It also describes common air conditioning processes, equipment, and system types.
The document discusses heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. It defines key terms related to HVAC systems like specific humidity, relative humidity, latent heat, sensible heat, tonnage, and psychrometrics. It explains that psychrometrics deals with the properties of moist air and how it is used to analyze air-water vapor mixtures. It also summarizes the basic principles and components of air conditioning systems, including the compressor, condenser, metering device, and evaporator.
This document provides an overview of concepts related to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) design. It begins with definitions of key terms like thermal load and psychrometry. It then discusses outdoor and indoor design conditions, principles of cooling load, and components of heating and cooling load. Specific topics covered include psychrometric processes, properties of air like temperature and humidity, and factors that affect human comfort like air movement and clothing. Methods of heat transfer and concepts like thermal conductivity and U-values are also summarized. Finally, it briefly outlines principles of air cooling and different types of air conditioners.
Psychrometry is the study of air-water vapor mixtures. It is important for air conditioning design to understand the properties of atmospheric air, which is a mixture of gases, water vapor, and pollutants. Specific humidity refers to the mass of water associated with each kilogram of dry air. Key psychrometric processes used in air conditioning include:
1) Sensible cooling, where air temperature decreases over a cooling coil while moisture content remains constant.
2) Heating and humidification, where air is first sensibly heated and then water vapor is added through steam nozzles.
3) Cooling and humidification, where air temperature and humidity both increase by spraying cool water into the air stream
This document discusses the importance of humidity control and humidification. Maintaining proper humidity levels indoors is important for human comfort, equipment performance, and material preservation. Improper humidity can damage materials and equipment or cause discomfort. The document outlines key humidity concepts like relative humidity and dew point. It explains how humidification can enhance indoor environments while also saving energy by reducing moisture absorption from other sources.
1) The document discusses psychrometry, which is the study of properties of air-vapor mixtures. It defines key psychrometric properties like dry bulb temperature, humidity ratio, enthalpy, and wet bulb temperature.
2) It describes common air conditioning processes like heating, cooling, humidification and dehumidification using a psychrometric chart. Simple heating and cooling involve changing the temperature while keeping the moisture content constant.
3) Measurement of the dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures is sufficient to determine the state of moist air, as two properties must be known at a given pressure according to Gibbs' phase rule.
1) HVAC involves heating, ventilation, and air conditioning to control temperature, humidity, air quality, and circulation for human comfort.
2) The main HVAC processes are heating, cooling, humidifying, dehumidifying, cleaning, ventilating, and air movement.
3) Proper HVAC design requires considering factors like building design, occupancy, location, and architectural constraints to effectively condition indoor spaces.
Basics of refrigeration engineering section bAkshit Kohli
i hope, it will helpful to the students and peoples in the search of topics mentioned
it is informative to study to even get passing marks or for revision
The document is about psychrometrics and air conditioning processes. It discusses key psychrometric concepts like dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, dew point temperature, humidity ratios and enthalpy. It explains common air conditioning processes like sensible heating and cooling, humidification, dehumidification, cooling with dehumidification. The psychrometric chart is introduced which graphically represents the thermodynamic properties of moist air. Common terms used in psychrometrics like by-pass factor and sensible heat factor are also defined.
This document provides information about an air conditioning course, including its title, credit hours, course code, teaching methods, attendance requirements, evaluation methods, and topics covered in the course. The course covers topics like principles of air conditioning, refrigeration equipment and refrigerants, psychrometric charts, air distribution systems, humidity measurement and control, ventilation, and illumination. References for the course are also provided.
Psychrometry is the science dealing with air-water vapor mixtures. It studies moist air and its properties like dew point temperature, relative humidity, and dry/wet bulb temperatures. Psychrometric processes involve changes to moist air through sensible heating/cooling, humidifying, dehumidifying, and adiabatic mixing/cooling. The psychrometric chart is used to analyze these processes by plotting air properties and showing lines for temperature, humidity, and enthalpy. It is a useful tool for understanding air conditioning systems and classifying climates.
This document discusses psychrometry, which is the study of thermodynamic properties of moist air. It outlines several important psychrometric properties used to analyze air conditioning processes, including dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, dew point temperature, humidity ratio, relative humidity, specific volume, and enthalpy. It then explains common psychrometric processes like sensible heating, sensible cooling, humidification, dehumidification, and their representations on a psychrometric chart. Basic concepts in air conditioning like adiabatic mixing, bypass factor, sensible heat factor, and room sensible heat factor are also introduced.
Psychrometry is the study of air-water vapor mixtures. Key terms include:
- Dry bulb temperature (DBT) - measured by ordinary thermometer
- Wet bulb temperature (WBT) - measured by thermometer wrapped in wet cloth
- Dew point temperature (DPT) - temperature at which moisture condenses
- Relative humidity (RH) - ratio of actual water vapor to maximum possible at given DBT
An adiabatic saturator is used to measure the thermodynamic wet bulb temperature, which is the temperature air reaches when saturated adiabatically. Multiple inlet air conditions can result in the same thermodynamic wet bulb temperature.
This document discusses heat and mass transfer fundamentals as they relate to cooling tower design. It describes cooling towers as heat exchangers where water and air are in direct contact, making the total contact surface difficult to calculate accurately. As such, the heat transfer coefficient or 'K' factor cannot be determined directly from tests or known theories. Experimental testing of specific designs uses proven theories developed through dimensional analysis to evaluate performance. These same methods can be used for thermal design and predicting performance at off-design conditions.
Psicrometría es la ciencia que estudia las propiedades termodinámicas del aire húmedo y el efecto de la humedad atmosférica. El documento explica que la psicrometría permite medir y controlar la humedad del aire a través del uso de tablas o cartas psicrométricas, las cuales representan variables como la temperatura de bulbo seco, húmedo y de rocío. Finalmente, señala que la carta psicrométrica es una herramienta fundamental para el acondicionamiento de aire
This document provides an overview of psychrometry, which is the study of air and water vapor mixtures. It defines important psychrometric properties like dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and enthalpy. It explains psychrometric processes like sensible heating, cooling, and humidification. The psychrometric chart is introduced as a tool to represent the thermodynamic properties of moist air. Common psychrometric devices like air washers are also discussed.
This document provides an introduction to reducing cooling power usage in buildings through the use of ground water heat exchangers and solar panels. It discusses literature on building cooling load calculation and optimization. The objectives of HVAC system design and cooling load calculation are outlined. The document then describes the proposed methodology, which involves installing a solar panel system and ground source heat pump to reduce electrical energy usage and cooling loads. Key terms related to refrigeration, air conditioning, and psychrometrics are defined.
Pschometry and psychometric properties.pptxbaghbana bajoi
what is Psychrometric?
Psychrometry is a branch of science in which we study the thermodynamics of air and moisture with primary objective of developing human comfort.
=> Saturated air. Saturated air is a saturated mixture of air and water vapor mixture, where the vapor is at the saturation temperature and pressure.
FOR EXAMPLE :
when we feel thirsty,we need water to quench the thirsty, similarly air also feel thirsty and it need water to quench it thirsty or air has affinity to absorb the water
When temperature is high, so causes the air feel more thirsty.
=> Saturated air;
Saturated air is that air which holds water vapour at its maximum concentration at a particular temperature and pressure.
subscribe my youtube channel and get information to click the link
https://youtube.com/channel/UCDnmS9L7EL3MqRkPl4MvXrg
Psychrometry ala rac gtu sem 6th Refrigeration and Air conditioningShrey Patel
pshchrometry
refrigeration and air conditioning
BE Mechanical 6th sem ALA ppt
GTU MSU
various terms related to psychrometry and psychrometric chart with example
This document provides an introduction to psychrometrics and HVAC processes from D. Balaji, an HVAC consultant. It defines key psychrometric concepts like dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, relative humidity, dew point, and enthalpy. It explains sensible heating and cooling as well as dehumidification processes on a psychrometric chart. An example problem demonstrates how to use a psychrometric chart to determine values like wet bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and dew point given dry bulb temperature and relative humidity. A second example shows calculating cooling capacity in tons from air handling unit data.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
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referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
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Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
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Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
2. 2
Objectives
• Differentiate between dry air and atmospheric air.
• Define and calculate the specific and relative
humidity of atmospheric air.
• Calculate the dew-point temperature of
atmospheric air.
• Relate the adiabatic saturation temperature and
wet-bulb temperatures of atmospheric air.
• Use the psychrometric chart as a tool to
determine the properties of atmospheric air.
• Apply the principles of the conservation of mass
and energy to various air-conditioning processes.
3. 3
DRY AND ATMOSPHERIC AIR
Atmospheric air: Air in the atmosphere containing
some water vapor (or moisture).
Dry air: Air that contains no water vapor.
Water vapor in the air plays a major role in human
comfort. Therefore, it is an important consideration
in air-conditioning applications.
The cp of air can be
assumed to be constant
at 1.005 kJ/kg·°C in the
temperature range 10
to 50°C with an error
under 0.2%.
Water vapor in air behaves as if it existed alone
and obeys the ideal-gas relation Pv = RT. Then the
atmospheric air can be treated as an ideal-gas
mixture:
Pa Partial pressure of dry air
Pv Partial pressure of vapor (vapor pressure)
4. 4
Below 50°C, the h = const. lines
coincide with the T = const. lines in the
superheated vapor region of water.
h = h(T ) since water
vapor is an ideal gas
For water
hg = 2500.9 kJ/kg at 0°C
cp,avg = 1.82 kJ/kg · °C at 10 to 50°C range
In the temperature range
10 to 50°C, the hg of
water can be determined
from Eq. 14-4 with
negligible error.
5. 5
SPECIFIC AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF AIR
Absolute or specific humidity
(humidity ratio): The mass of water
vapor present in a unit mass of dry air.
For saturated air, the vapor
pressure is equal to the saturation
pressure of water.
Saturated air: The air saturated with
moisture.
Relative humidity: The ratio of the
amount of moisture the air holds (mv) to the
maximum amount of moisture the air can
hold at the same temperature (mg).
The difference between specific
and relative humidities.
6. 6
What is the relative humidity
of dry air and saturated air?
In most practical applications, the
amount of dry air in the air–
water-vapor mixture remains
constant, but the amount of water
vapor changes.
Therefore, the enthalpy of
atmospheric air is expressed per
unit mass of dry air.
The enthalpy of moist (atmospheric) air is
expressed per unit mass of dry air, not per
unit mass of moist air.
Dry-bulb temperature:
The ordinary temperature
of atmospheric air.
7. 7
DEW-POINT
TEMPERATURE
Constant-presssure cooling of moist
air and the dew-point temperature on
the T-s diagram of water.
Dew-point temperature Tdp:
The temperature at which
condensation begins when the air
is cooled at constant pressure
(i.e., the saturation temperature of
water corresponding to the vapor
pressure.)
When the temperature of a
cold drink is below the dew-
point temperature of the
surrounding air, it “sweats.”
8. 8
ADIABATIC SATURATION
AND WET-BULB
TEMPERATURES
The adiabatic saturation
process and its representation
on a T-s diagram of water.
The specific humidity (and relative humidity) of
air can be determined from these equations by
measuring the pressure and temperature of air
at the inlet and the exit of an adiabatic saturator.
9. 9
A simple arrangement to
measure the wet-bulb
temperature.
The adiabatic saturation
process is not practical.
To determine the
absolute and relative
humidity of air, a more
practical approach is to
use a thermometer
whose bulb is covered
with a cotton wick
saturated with water
and to blow air over the
wick.
The temperature
measured is the wet-
bulb temperature Twb
and it is commonly used
in A-C applications.
For air–water vapor mixtures at atmospheric
pressure, Twb is approximately equal to the
adiabatic saturation temperature.
Sling psychrometer
10. 10
THE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
Schematic for a psychrometric chart. For saturated air, the dry-bulb, wet-bulb,
and dew-point temperatures are identical.
Psychrometric charts: Present moist air properties in a convenient form. They are
used extensively in A-C applications. The psychrometric chart serves as a valuable
aid in visualizing the A-C processes such as heating, cooling, and humidification.
11. 11
HUMAN COMFORT
AND AIR-
CONDITIONING
We cannot
change the
weather, but we
can change the
climate in a
confined space
by air-
conditioning.
A body feels comfortable when
it can freely dissipate its waste
heat, and no more.
Today, modern air-conditioning systems can heat,
cool, humidify, dehumidify, clean, and even
deodorize the air–in other words, condition the air
to peoples’ desires.
The rate of heat generation by human body
depends on the level of the activity. For an average
adult male, it is about 87 W when sleeping, 115 W
when resting or doing office work, and 440 W when
doing heavy physical work.
When doing light work or walking slowly, about half
of the rejected body heat is dissipated through
perspiration as latent heat while the other half is
dissipated through convection and radiation as
sensible heat.
12. 12
A comfortable environment.
The comfort of the human body
depends primarily on three factors: the
(dry-bulb) temperature, relative
humidity, and air motion.
The relative humidity affects the
amount of heat a body can dissipate
through evaporation. Most people
prefer a relative humidity of 40 to 60%.
Air motion removes the warm, moist air
that builds up around the body and
replaces it with fresh air. Air motion
should be strong enough to remove
heat and moisture from the vicinity of
the body, but gentle enough to be
unnoticed.
An important factor that affects human
comfort is heat transfer by radiation
between the body and the surrounding
surfaces such as walls and windows.
Other factors that affect comfort are air
cleanliness, odor, and noise.
In an environment at 10°C with 48
km/h winds feels as cold as an
environment at -7°C with 3 km/h
winds as a result of the body-
chilling effect of the air motion (the
wind-chill factor).
13. 13
AIR-CONDITIONING PROCESSES
Various air-conditioning processes.
Maintaining a living space or an
industrial facility at the desired
temperature and humidity requires
some processes called air-
conditioning processes.
These processes include simple
heating (raising the temperature),
simple cooling (lowering the
temperature), humidifying (adding
moisture), and dehumidifying
(removing moisture).
Sometimes two or more of these
processes are needed to bring the
air to a desired temperature and
humidity level.
Air is commonly heated and
humidified in winter and cooled and
dehumidified in summer.
14. 14
Most air-conditioning processes can be modeled as steady-flow
processes with the following general mass and energy balances:
The work term usually consists of the fan work input, which is
small relative to the other terms in the energy balance relation.
Energy balance
Mass balance
15. 15
Simple Heating and Cooling ( = constant)
During simple heating, specific humidity remains
constant, but relative humidity decreases.
Many residential heating systems consist of a stove, a heat pump, or an electric
resistance heater. The air in these systems is heated by circulating it through a
duct that contains the tubing for the hot gases or the electric resistance wires.
Cooling can be accomplished by passing the air over some coils through which a
refrigerant or chilled water flows.
Heating and cooling appear as a horizontal line since no moisture is added to or
removed from the air.
Dry air mass balance
Water mass balance
Energy balance
During simple cooling, specific
humidity remains constant, but
relative humidity increases.
16. 16
Heating with Humidification
Problems with the low relative humidity resulting from simple heating can be
eliminated by humidifying the heated air. This is accomplished by passing the air
first through a heating section and then through a humidifying section.
18. 18
Cooling with Dehumidification
The specific humidity of air remains constant during a simple cooling process,
but its relative humidity increases. If the relative humidity reaches undesirably
high levels, it may be necessary to remove some moisture from the air, that is,
to dehumidify it. This requires cooling the air below its dew-point temperature.
19. 19
Evaporative Cooling
Water in a porous jug left in an open,
breezy area cools as a result of
evaporative cooling.
In desert (hot and dry) climates, we can
avoid the high cost of conventional
cooling by using evaporative coolers,
also known as swamp coolers.
As water evaporates, the latent heat of
vaporization is absorbed from the water
body and the surrounding air. As a result,
both the water and the air are cooled
during the process.
This process is essentially identical
to adiabatic saturation process.
20. 20
Adiabatic Mixing of Airstreams
When two airstreams at states 1 and 2
are mixed adiabatically, the state of the
mixture lies on the straight line
connecting the two states.
Many A-C applications require the mixing of
two airstreams. This is particularly true for
large buildings, most production and process
plants, and hospitals, which require that the
conditioned air be mixed with a certain fraction
of fresh outside air before it is routed into the
living space.
21. 21
Wet Cooling Towers
Power plants, large air-conditioning
systems, and some industries
generate large quantities of waste
heat that is often rejected to cooling
water from nearby lakes or rivers.
In some cases, however, the cooling
water supply is limited or thermal
pollution is a serious concern.
In such cases, the waste heat must
be rejected to the atmosphere, with
cooling water recirculating and
serving as a transport medium for
heat transfer between the source
and the sink (the atmosphere).
One way of achieving this is through
the use of wet cooling towers.
A wet cooling tower is essentially a
semi-enclosed evaporative cooler.
An induced-draft counterflow cooling tower.
22. 22
Two natural draft cooling towers on a
roadside. A spray pond.
Natural-draft cooling tower: It looks like a large chimney and works like an
ordinary chimney. The air in the tower has a high water-vapor content, and thus
it is lighter than the outside air. Consequently, the light air in the tower rises, and
the heavier outside air fills the vacant space, creating an airflow from the bottom
of the tower to the top.
Spray pond: The warm water is sprayed into the air and is cooled by the air as
it falls into the pond,
Cooling pond: Dumping the waste heat into a still pond, which is basically a
large artificial lake open to the atmosphere.
23. 23
Summary
• Dry and atmospheric air
• Specific and relative humidity of air
• Dew-point temperature
• Adiabatic saturation and wet-bulb temperatures
• The psychrometric chart
• Human comfort and air-conditioning
• Air-conditioning processes
Simple heating and cooling
Heating with humidification
Cooling with dehumidification
Evaporative cooling
Adiabatic mixing of airstreams
Wet cooling towers