The document discusses India's lunar exploration program, specifically the Chandrayaan-I and Chandrayaan-II missions. Chandrayaan-I was India's first lunar mission, launched in 2008, which successfully mapped the lunar surface and made several scientific discoveries including the detection of water molecules. However, the mission ended earlier than planned due to technical issues. Chandrayaan-II is the follow up mission planned for 2014-2015 involving an Indian orbiter, Russian lander, and Indian rover to conduct in-situ analysis of the lunar surface. The document concludes that Chandrayaan-I proved ISRO's capability for deep space missions and provided lessons learned for Chandrayaan-II and future planetary exploration.
Chandrayan 2 Presentation- launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sr...KeralaOnline
Presenting Chandrayan 2 Power Point Presentation.All Details About Chandrayaan 2.Inages,Details of Chandrayan 2.Chandrayaan-2 launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, India, aboard a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) rocket on July 22, 2019 and reached lunar orbit on August.
Chandrayaan 2 | Facts You Should Know | India's Second Lunar MissionAlan Das Mannoosseril
Brief Presentation on the highlights of the mission.
Dept. of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics,
Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technolgy, Shibpur (IIESTS), Kolkata
Chandrayan 2 Presentation- launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sr...KeralaOnline
Presenting Chandrayan 2 Power Point Presentation.All Details About Chandrayaan 2.Inages,Details of Chandrayan 2.Chandrayaan-2 launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, India, aboard a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) rocket on July 22, 2019 and reached lunar orbit on August.
Chandrayaan 2 | Facts You Should Know | India's Second Lunar MissionAlan Das Mannoosseril
Brief Presentation on the highlights of the mission.
Dept. of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics,
Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technolgy, Shibpur (IIESTS), Kolkata
Chandrayaan 2 mission details. The rocket and it's payloads are explained. Pictures taken by the orbiter are also listed. It also talks about the different experiments that were supposed to be carried by the rover. The reason for the mission failure and future isro projects like Chandrayaan 3 are discussed.
Basic presentation and overview of India's most awaited mission chandrayaaan-2 carried out by Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) which includes the different modules used in the mission including the budget and other related stuffs.
ISRO is planning to deploy a rover on the lunar surface in the Chandrayaan-2 mission.
About
After reaching the 100 km lunar orbit, the Lander, containing the Rover, will separate from the Orbiter.
The Lander then will soft land on the lunar surface at a specified site and deploy a Rover.
The six-wheeled Rover will move around the landing site insemi-autonomous mode as decided by the ground commands.
The instruments on the rover will observe the lunar surface and send back data useful for analysis of the lunar soil.
Collection of soil and rock sediments is not planned in this mission
Mangalyaan ppt for vi bha student's forum vidarbha unitDr. BP Joshi
This is short presentation on Indias Mangalyaan mission, the orbiter which was launched last year and is about to reach its destination. These slides are for small presentation on the ISRO's mission. It is made with purpose of generating curiosity in students about the scientific milestone of India.
This presentation gives details about the chandrayaan 2.Its launching process and parts in it.The whole proces of the chandrayaan 2 in reaching moon...and more details.
The Centurion Orbit Transfer Vehicle (OTV) was part of our Aerospace Engineering Senior Design project at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. It is equipped with the latest technologies, including a nuclear thermal propulsion system. The structure weighs 89,000 kg and is capable of transporting cargo to Lagrange points L1 or L2.
Chandrayaan 2 mission details. The rocket and it's payloads are explained. Pictures taken by the orbiter are also listed. It also talks about the different experiments that were supposed to be carried by the rover. The reason for the mission failure and future isro projects like Chandrayaan 3 are discussed.
Basic presentation and overview of India's most awaited mission chandrayaaan-2 carried out by Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) which includes the different modules used in the mission including the budget and other related stuffs.
ISRO is planning to deploy a rover on the lunar surface in the Chandrayaan-2 mission.
About
After reaching the 100 km lunar orbit, the Lander, containing the Rover, will separate from the Orbiter.
The Lander then will soft land on the lunar surface at a specified site and deploy a Rover.
The six-wheeled Rover will move around the landing site insemi-autonomous mode as decided by the ground commands.
The instruments on the rover will observe the lunar surface and send back data useful for analysis of the lunar soil.
Collection of soil and rock sediments is not planned in this mission
Mangalyaan ppt for vi bha student's forum vidarbha unitDr. BP Joshi
This is short presentation on Indias Mangalyaan mission, the orbiter which was launched last year and is about to reach its destination. These slides are for small presentation on the ISRO's mission. It is made with purpose of generating curiosity in students about the scientific milestone of India.
This presentation gives details about the chandrayaan 2.Its launching process and parts in it.The whole proces of the chandrayaan 2 in reaching moon...and more details.
The Centurion Orbit Transfer Vehicle (OTV) was part of our Aerospace Engineering Senior Design project at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. It is equipped with the latest technologies, including a nuclear thermal propulsion system. The structure weighs 89,000 kg and is capable of transporting cargo to Lagrange points L1 or L2.
My research at Boston University (May 2013)
1. Thesis: Viscoelastic testing and modeling of PDMS micropillars for cellular force measurement
2. Side Projects
1) Conducting polymer actuators
2) PDMS and conducting polymer nanowire composites
3) Silicon oxycarbide thin films
4) Tribological study of DLC coatings
A.Gopal
Orugallu Technology India engineerng Services
Admin officer and Scientists in Computinga and
Assistant Proffessor Computing
Oruallu Technology IndiA Engineerig Services
Warangal city-India
web warangalinfo.co.in orugallutechnologyindia.in
Mars orbiter mission (Mangalyaan)The govt. of INDIAArchit Jindal
All details of the Mars orbiter mission of India. Also the details about ISRO who is carrying out this mission. Also Mp4 video of launch of PSLV-XL which was the launch vehicle for the spacecraft. I hope this presentation is useful for you.The video will work.
Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), also called Mangalyaan With Mp4 Video..best pptNoman Jarang
The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), also called Mangalyaan ("Mars-craft" from Sanskrit मंगल mangala, "Mars" and यान yāna, "craft, vehicle"), is a spacecraft orbiting Mars since 24 September 2014. It was launched on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Chandrayaan-2 is the second lunar exploration mission developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation, after Chandrayaan-1. It currently consists of a lunar orbiter, and also included the Vikram lander, and the Pragyan lunar rover, all of which were developed in India.
Mangalyaan india's first MOM at first attempt,
so over view of MOM, and brief explanation of instruments used in payload spacecraft, and phases of orbital transformation
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
The Metaverse and AI: how can decision-makers harness the Metaverse for their...Jen Stirrup
The Metaverse is popularized in science fiction, and now it is becoming closer to being a part of our daily lives through the use of social media and shopping companies. How can businesses survive in a world where Artificial Intelligence is becoming the present as well as the future of technology, and how does the Metaverse fit into business strategy when futurist ideas are developing into reality at accelerated rates? How do we do this when our data isn't up to scratch? How can we move towards success with our data so we are set up for the Metaverse when it arrives?
How can you help your company evolve, adapt, and succeed using Artificial Intelligence and the Metaverse to stay ahead of the competition? What are the potential issues, complications, and benefits that these technologies could bring to us and our organizations? In this session, Jen Stirrup will explain how to start thinking about these technologies as an organisation.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !
Indian Lunar Space Exploration - Chandrayaan I and II Missions
1. Credit: ISRO
AIAA SPACE 2012 CONFERENCE
By
Prasad Sundararajan
Indian Lunar Exploration Program –
Chandrayaan I & II Missions
2. Indian Lunar Exploration Program
- Chandrayaan I & II Missions
Indian Space Program - ISRO
Earth Observation - Indian Remote Sensing (IRS)
Satellites
Telecommunication – INSAT Satellites
Meteorology & Navigation Satellites
Indigenous Launch Vehicles
PSLV
GSLV – MK II & III
Space Science/ Exploration
Astronomy Missions
Planetary Missions
Human Spaceflight Program
International Collaboration
5. Indian Lunar Exploration Program
- Chandrayaan I & II Missions
Objectives:
Place an unmanned spacecraft in polar orbit
around the moon
Conduct mineralogical and chemical
mapping of the entire lunar surface (95%
completed)
Upgrade national technological base for
future planetary missions
Orbit: Lunar Polar Circular Orbit at 100
KM / 200 KM. Launched by Indian PSLV XL.
Timeline: Oct 22, 2008 - Aug 29, 2009
(more than 3400 lunar orbits)
Spacecraft:
Basic architecture derived from the IRS
satellite bus, Spacecraft weight 1380 kg.
Single solar panel generated 700 W power.
Onboard liquid engine with 440 N performed
orbit raising maneuvers.
Eleven Science Instruments (six foreign)
Chandrayaan–I Spacecraft
Credit: ISRO
6. Indian Lunar Exploration Program
- Chandrayaan I & II Missions
Detection of Water (OH/ H2O) Molecules
NASA M3 Instrument, Mini-SAR instrument
CHACE payload of MIP from ISRO
Lunar Mineral/ Topography Mapping
Possible detection of Sodium (Na)
Regional mapping of Apollo 14, 15 and 17 sites
Interaction of Solar Wind with Lunar Regolith
SARA Experiment found ~ 20% of incident solar wind get
backscattered (high hydrogen reflection)
Explains low abundance seen by Apollo 17 samples
Lunar Radiation Environment
Average flux and dose increased from 100 km to 200 km
orbit
Total radiation dose accumulated during CH-I transfer from
Chandrayaan–I Science Findings
9. Indian Lunar Exploration Program
- Chandrayaan I & II Missions
Reasons for failure before the planned two year
mission
Power Converter Failure for loss of communication
Loss of Star Sensors early in the mission
Thermal & Power Management
Radiation tolerance for electronic components
Power management among the 11 instruments
Effect of dependency among instruments/ bus mgt. unit
New Materials & Miniaturization
Development and incorporation of new materials
Core components redundancy and Instruments
miniaturization
Orbital perturbation corrections
Chandrayaan–I Lessons Learned
10. Indian Lunar Exploration Program
- Chandrayaan I & II Missions
Chandrayaan–II Mission
Objectives:
Investigate the origin and evolution of the Moon
with improved versions of Chandrayaan-1
instruments for imaging, mineralogy and chemical
analysis
Study of lunar radiation environment with alpha
and neutron spectrometers
Timeline: 2014-15 (Launch by Indian GSLV MK
II)
Spacecraft:
Lunar Orbiter basic architecture derived from the
IRS satellite bus.
Russian Lunar Lander
Indian Lunar Orbiter & Rover
In-situ analysis of lunar regolith by instruments
carried by rover and lander.
Credit: Roscosmos/ ISRO
11. Indian Lunar Exploration Program
- Chandrayaan I & II Missions
Indian Orbiter
Three-dimensional map to study lunar mineralogy and
geology
TMC-2, IIRS, SAR, CLASS and ChASE-2 (all Indian)
Russian Lunar Lander
Neutron and Gamma-ray Analyzer to study the physical
and chemical properties of landing site by in-situ analysis
Communication Hub – with Rover/ Orbiter, with Earth
stations
Indian Rover
Alpha Particle induced X-ray Spectrometer (APXS)
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
Navigation – pair of cameras to provide 3-D Digital Elevation Model
Wireless Sensor Network
Chandrayaan–II Science Instruments
12. Indian Lunar Exploration Program
- Chandrayaan I & II Missions
The Indian Space Program entered a new phase with the
successful launch and completion of a dedicated lunar mission –
Chandrayaan-I
Chandrayaan-I was a scientific success and proved ISRO
capability for deep space missions but also provided ISRO several
lessons learned to be incorporated in CH-II and future planetary
missions
Provided a boost for international collaboration in space
science for humanity, especially between developed/ developing
space powers
On Aug. 15,2012 (Indian Independence Day] Prime Minister
officially announced launch of an Indian Mars Orbiter Mission
by Nov. 2013
Successful development/ flight-test of GSLV MK-II & III
crucial for future deep space missions and planned Human
Spaceflight program
CONCLUSION
Editor's Notes
* Prasad Sundararajan has been an active member of AIAA since 1992 and currently a member of its Economics Technical Committee. He was elected as an Associate Fellow of AIAA in January 2010. He has been involved in aerospace and AIAA related activities for the past 16 years both at the regional and national levels. He is the founder and research director at aerospaceinindia.org, an independent open access network on Indian space activities. He holds a Master’s degree in Mechanical Engineering from Concordia University, Montreal, Canada and an MBA from Crummer Gradual School of Business, Rollins College, Florida. He also earned an Advanced Project Management Certificate from Stanford University School of Engineering, California. * His primary areas of interest and expertise are in space strategy and policy studies of emerging space powers, comparative economic and technology analysis, and the practical application of internet technologies for knowledge management and disbursement of aerospace related information.
Indian Space Program – started in early 1960s with the launch of American Sounding Rockets from Thumba in southern India. Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) was established in 1972 under the aegis of Dept. of Space, Govt. of India. Primary objective - Utilization of space assets for socio-economic benefits of the one billion and two hundred million citizens. Emphasis on IRS, INSAT and Meteorology satellites with indigenous launch vehicles. GSLV MK-II with Indian Cryogenic engine is still in development phase, the first launch in April 2010 was not successful. Successful development of GSLV MK II will allow India to be self-sufficient in launching INSAT series satellites. (next flight test by end of 2012). The maturity of Indian space program and national economic growth since liberalization (GDP in 2011 - $1.848 Trillion (per World Bank) = $5 Trillion in PPP) allowed ISRO to start dedicated space science/ planetary exploration program. Accelerate technology & science development. HSF – design stage, 2-3 person for orbit in the 200-300 KM altitude with indigenous launcher. GSLV MK-III would be needed for Human Space Flight program (2015-18).
Space application and technology development – policy goals. International collaboration for mutual benefit and technology development. Tool to advance foreign policy goals. Department of Space and Space Commission comes under the direct leadership of the Prime Minister. Since 1990s – space science and exploration being advocated by ADCOS – Advisory Committee on Space Sciences to ISRO. Chandrayaan I – Lunar mission was India’s 1 st deep space mission (launched on Oct. 22, 2008) 5) ASTROSAT – to be launched in 2013 – First Indian Astronomy Multi-wavelength Satellite to be placed in 600 KM SSO. (UV Instrument from Canada)
ISRO Budget for 2012-13: Indian Rupees 6,705.88 Crores (1 Crore is 10 Million) ~ $1.34 Billion $1 ~ 50 Indian Rupees LV Tech Devl. (GSLV MK II&III) – 29%; Launch Support (PSLV & GSLV) – 24%; Satellite Tech – 15%; INSAT – 15%; Space Applications – 9%; Space Science / Exploration – 6%; Administration – 3% Chandrayaan-I spacecraft cost $80 Million
Chandrayaan – I Mission – India’s first lunar orbiter mission (also first deep space mission) Chandra means Moon in Sanskrit; Yaan means Vehicle. Developed entire deep space infrastructure – 18m and 32m deep space antennas for Indian DSN; Indian Space Science Data Center; Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology; CH-I also carried a mini-spacecraft – Indian Moon Impact Probe that made a hard landing on the lunar south pole on Nov. 14, 2008 – Birth day of India’s first prime minister Nehru. MIP carried three instruments including a video recorder. Five Indian instruments and NASA (2), ESA (3) and Bulgaria (1) provided science instruments. Launched by an uprated version of PSLV – PSLV XL.
The most sensational scientific finding of the Chandrayaan-I Mission came from NASA Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) instrument – Discovery of surfacial water (top few millimeters of the lunar regolith and over extended region in the higher latitudes). The CHACE (Chandra’s Altitudinal Composition Explorer) payload on the Moon Impact probe found direct detection of water molecules during its descent from the Orbiter before impacting the lunar surface. NASA Mini-SAR instrument detected ice deposits near Moon’s north pole and it is estimated that there could be at least 1.3 trillion pounds (600 million metric tons) of water ice. The C1XS instrument (ESA) spectra from Fra Mauo Formation include possible detection of Sodium (Na) The regional mapping of Apollo sites allowed India to calibrate/ verify its remote sensing instruments with Apollo samples and Clementine spacecraft results. This is important for ISRO to have confidence in its science instruments as future planetary missions program grows.
The Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M 3 ) on Chandrayaan-1 has recently detected absorption features near 2.8 to 3.0 micrometers on the surface of the Moon. (JPL/ Brown University) According to the Principal Investigators, Hydroxyl/water production processes may feed polar cold traps and make the lunar regolith a candidate source of volatiles for human exploration. NASA’s Cassini and Deep Impact Probe confirmed these findings by analysis of prior data obtained from their instruments en-route to their destination.
The Moon Impact Probe (MIP) was released from an altitude of 100 KM on 14 Nov. 2008 impacted the Moon’s South Pole after a 25 minute descent. The CHACE instrument onboard the MIP sniffed the tenuous lunar atmosphere as it descended. It provided “direct evidence” of the presence of water molecules at higher lunar latitudes. The above spectrum just before impact shows spikes at 18, 28 and 44 amus (atomic mass units) detailing the various content of the lunar atmosphere. 18 is water, 28 is nitrogen and 44 is carbon dioxide. VSSC – Vikram Sarabhai Space Center, named after the first Chairman of ISRO, considered the Father of Indian Space Program.
The spacecraft lost star sensor early in the mission once placed in the intended 100 km lunar polar orbit. The spacecraft experienced thermal problems once the science instruments were all commissioned. Given the large number (# 11) of science instruments, they needed to be phased for better thermal and power management. There is a need for understanding on dependency among the various components, instruments, distributed system/ bus management unit. The Moon’s uneven gravity necessitated constant orbital management, especially in the original 100 KM orbit. It was later raised to 200 KM orbit to reduce maneuvers. Chandrayaan-II is planned to be in a 200 KM orbit. ISRO did not immediately notify all PIs and press on the loss of sensors and waited a few days to report loss of contact once the mission ended after 10 months.
Chandrayaan–II Mission – India’s second lunar orbiter mission and its first soft landing mission with a Rover. Russia to provide Lunar Lander and instruments for lander; communication hub with both the Indian Rover and Indian Orbiter. Orbiter to communicate with Indian DSN. Development/ deployment of advanced technologies – thermal management, Orbit maintenance, propulsion & power systems, systems development for rover maneuvers and in-situ analysis.
Chandrayaan-II Mission: Orbiter-Lander-Rover (possible lander site in the lunar south pole) India has already selected and developing seven science instruments – 5 for the Orbiter and 2 for the Rover The main objective for the orbiter science is further chemical/ mineralogical/ topographical mapping with improved version of CH-I science instruments. (i) Terrain Mapping Camera-2 (TMC-2) (ii) Imaging Infra-red Spectrometer (IIRS) (iii) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) (iv) Collimated Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer (CLASS) (v) Neutral Mass Spectrometer (ChASE-2) Russian Lander will carry the Indian Rover and perform in-situ analysis of lunar regolith utilizing a lander manipulator Science instruments - neutron and gamma-ray analyzer Russian lander is to act as the communication hub. Indian Rover consists of two science instruments to perform in-situ physical/ chemical analysis. Rover based wireless sensor network for in situ probing of water and ice on the surface of the moon. Rover to be capable of traversing up to 1 km. Battery powered.