The document summarizes information about India's Chandrayaan missions to the Moon. It provides details about Chandrayaan-1 which was India's first lunar probe launched in 2008. It carried 11 scientific instruments and successfully mapped the lunar surface. The Moon Impact Probe crash landed as planned. Chandrayaan-1 provided evidence that water exists on the Moon. Chandrayaan-2 was launched in 2019 carrying 13 payloads but the lander Vikram hard landed instead of soft landing successfully as planned. Chandrayaan-3 was launched in 2023 and its ChaSTE payload has provided the first temperature profile of the lunar surface at the south pole.

1. • Dr. Sayyad S. B.
A laser-guided observation of the Milky Way Galaxy at the Paranal Observatory in Chile in 2010; Courtesy: Wikipedia, CC By 4.0
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Sp[ace Science

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4. Signatures of Different Materials
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5. Image acquisition
Capricorn Seamount
Schedule acquisition
Acquire picture
Transfer picture
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6. Earth Observation/ Planetary Observation
Courtesy: ESA, CC By 4.0
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7. Remote Sensing
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8. Satellite sensors
Imagery is the output of the satellite sensors, at a given spatial resolution with bands
corresponding to a range of visible, infrared (or radar wavelengths for radar satellites)
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9. Radar imagery
Water is opaque to radar wavelengths. Radar imagery can be used to detect boats
but is onerous and often impractical for coastal applications
• A small boat would only be a few pixels on a radar image
• The image is not received in real time
• Once a boat is detected and there is suspicion of illegal activity, you still need to
send aerial and naval forces to control the boat and gather evidences.
Boats
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10. Multispectral imagery
Satellite Resolution Bands
Landsat-8 30m/15m Pan+8 MS +TIR
Sentinel-2 10m-60m 12 bands
IKONOS 4m/1m Pan+4 MS (defunct)
QuickBird 3m/.7m Pan+4 MS (destroyed)
GeoEye-1 1.8m/.5m Pan+4 MS
WorldView-1 .6m Pan
WorldView-2 2m/.5m Pan+8 MS
WorldView-3 1.2m/.3m Pan+8 MS
+SWIR+CAVIS
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11. Hyperspectral imagery
Airborne (AVIRIS, CASI) and satellite (EO-1, HySIS)
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12. Earth Observation Applications
• Agriculture & Soils
• Renewable Energy
• Forest & Environment
• Geology &
Geomorphology
• Governance
• Land Resources
• Ocean Science
• Rural Development
• Urban Development
• Water Resources
• Weather & Climate
• National Meet Outcomes
• GIS
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13. Earth's Moon Our Natural Satellite
Near Side Far Side
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17. Major influences of the Moon on Earth
• As the mass of the Moon is substantial as compared
with that of the Earth, Earth and Moon have contributed
mutually to their relative motion.
• In science, it is referred to as a two-body problem,
where both the entities have substantial contributions to
their collective dynamics. For the Earth-Moon system,
this had a few major effects, which shaped the scenario
we see today.
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18. Major influences of the Moon on Earth
• First, Moon is believed to have gravitationally stabilized
the orbit of the Earth with respect to its wobble, which
was substantial during its initial years of formation.
• Thus, Moon’s gravitational influence has facilitated an
equitable climate on Earth. Had the wobble of the Earth
not been subsided by the gravitational effects of the
Moon, Earth would have experienced extreme
temperature conditions.
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19. Major influences of the Moon on Earth
Secondly, In addition to this, the tidal effects due to the
gravitation of the Moon has reduced the spin of the Earth
from very fast (~ 2 to 5 hour) to the present ~24-hour
period.
Imagine what would have been the state of our biological
clock had Earth really span this fast today. Whether we
would have existed may also be debated.
Thirdly, it is believed that it was the Lunar tides brought
marine life from seas, where life presumably originated,
to land, which evolved into land species.
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21. Chandrayaan-1
• Chandrayaan-1 (Sanskrit: चन्द्रयान-१: Moon vehicle
was India's first lunar probe. Chandrayaan-1, India's
first mission to Moon, was launched successfully on
October 22, 2008 from SDSC-Satish Dhawan, SHAR,
Sriharikota.
• The mission included a lunar orbiter and
an impactor*. India launched the spacecraft using
a PSLV-XL rocket.
• The spacecraft was orbiting around the Moon at a
height of 100 km from the lunar surface for
chemical, mineralogical and photo-geologic mapping
of the Moon.
*Impactor – (spacecraft), a craft designed for high
velocity landing
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22. • The spacecraft carries 11 scientific
instruments(payloads)built in India, USA, UK,
Germany, Sweden and Bulgaria.
• The mission was a major boost to India's
space program, as India researched and
developed its own technology in order to
explore the Moon.
• The vehicle was successfully inserted into
lunar orbit on 8 November 2008.
• India the fourth country to place its flag on
the Moon.
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24. Content Credit : www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/chandrayaan-1 Jayati Datta and S. C. Chakravarty(Space Science Office, ISRO Headquarters Bangalore)
Objectives and Wavelength Range
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25. Impact of the MIP on
the lunar surface
• The Moon Impact Probe (MIP) crash landed on the
lunar surface on 14 November 2008, 15:01 UTC (20:31
Indian Standard Time (IST)) near the crater Shackleton
at the south pole.
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28. Moon Mineralogy Mapper
Imageshowa lunarcraterontheside
oftheMoonthatfacesawayfrom
Earth,asviewedbyChandrayaan-1's
NASAMoonMineralogyMapper
equipment
Image Source
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chandrayaan1_Spacecraft_Discovery
_Moon_Water.jpg
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29. Image of the Moon taken by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper. Blue shows the spectral signature
of hydroxide, green shows the brightness of the surface as measured by reflected infrared
radiation from the Sun and red shows a mineral called pyroxene.
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30. Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/The_image_shows_the_distribution_of_surface_ice_at_the_Moon%27s_south_pole_%28left%29_and_north_pole_%28right%29.webp
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34. Origin of Lunar Water: Possible Theories
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Lunar water has two potential origins:
1) water-bearing comets (and other bodies) striking the Moon
2) in situ production.
When hydrogen ions (protons) in the solar wind chemically combine with
the oxygen atoms present in the lunar minerals (oxides, silicates etc.) to
produce small amounts of water trapped in the minerals' crystal lattices or
as hydroxyl groups, potential water precursors.

35. Origin of Lunar Water: Possible Theories
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चंद्रावर पृथ्वीमुळं तयार होतंय पाणी; क
ै क वर्ाांपूवीच्या इवल्याश्या यंत्रामुळं मोठी
माहहती जगासमोर
Water on Moon: भारतीय शास्त्रज्ञ गेल्या बऱ्याच काळापासून चाांद्रयान 1 मोहिमेशी सांबांहित ररमोट सेंहसांग
डेटावर काम करत असून, आता त्ाांनी एक लक्षवेिी खुलासा क
े ला आिे. सांशोिकाांच्या माहितीनुसार पृथ्वीवरील
िाय एनर्जी इलेक्ट्रॉनमुळां चांद्रावरिी पाण्याची हनहमिती िोत असावी.
तज्ज्ाांच्या मते र्जेव्हा चांद्र मॅग्नेटोटलच्या बािेर र्जातो तेव्हा त्ाच्या पृष्ठावर सौरवायूचा दबाव असतो. मॅग्नेटोटलच्या
अांतगित भागात कोणतािी प्रोटॉन आहण पाण्याची हनहमिती िोण्याची हचन्हां नािीत. िे एक असां क्षेत्र आिे र्जो
चांद्राला सौरवायूपासून सुरहक्षत ठे वतो.
चाांद्रयान 1 च्या ररमोट सेंहसांग ऑब्जवेशन मिून समोर आलेल्या पण्याच्या हनहमितीसांदभाितील माहितीचे सांदभि
पाहून शास्त्रज्ञिी िैराण झाले. आश्चयािची बाब म्हणर्जे 2008 मिील िी मोिीम 2009 मध्ये सांचाहलत करण्यात
आली आहण त्ातील माहितीची आर्जिी वापर िोत आिे.

36. Origin of Lunar
Water: Latest
Result using
Ch-1 Data
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37. Chandrayaan-1 Image Gallery
Image Source (Credit) : http://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c11-chandrayaan-i/ch1-gallery
https://webapps.issdc.gov.in/CHBrowse/index.jsp
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38. Image Source (Credit) : http://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c11-chandrayaan-i/ch1-gallery
https://webapps.issdc.gov.in/CHBrowse/index.jsp
Chandrayaan-1 Image Gallery
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39. Awards for
Chandrayaan1
• The American Institute of Aeronautics and
Astronautics (AIAA) has selected ISRO's
Chandrayaan1 contributions to space science and
technology.
• The International Lunar Exploration Working
Group awarded the Chandrayaan1 team the
International Cooperation Award in 2008 for
accommodation and tests of the most
international lunar payload ever (from 20
countries, including India, the European Space
Agency of 17 countries, USA, and Bulgaria).
• US based National Space Society awarded ISRO
the 2009 Space Pioneer Award in the science and
engineering category, for the Chandrayaan1
mission.
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45. Source https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home-0
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46. Source: https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-mission
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47. • Source
https://www.issdc.gov.in/images/c
h2/ch2vsch1_-_v9.jpg
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48. https://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission/launch-kit-glance
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49. Courtesy: ISRO: https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-latest-updates
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50. Courtesy: ISRO: https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-latest-updates
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51. Courtesy: ISRO: https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-latest-updates
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52. Courtesy: ISRO: https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-latest-updates
Schematic of the origin and dynamics of 40Ar in lunar exosphere
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53. Courtesy: ISRO: https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-latest-updates
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54. Courtesy: ISRO: https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-latest-updates
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55. Courtesy: ISRO: https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-latest-updates
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56. Courtesy: ISRO: https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-latest-updates
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57. Courtesy: ISRO: https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-latest-updates 57

58. Courtesy: ISRO: https://web.archive.org/web/20190806151253/https://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-mk-iii-m1-
chandrayaan-2-mission/first-set-of-beautiful-images-of-earth-captured-chandrayaan-2
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64. Courtesy: https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_Details.html
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65. Courtesy: https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_Details.html 65

66. Courtesy: https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_Details.html
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67. Courtesy: https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_Details.html 67

68. Source: https://www.isro.gov.in/Ch3_ScienceResults.html
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The first observations from the ChaSTE payload onboard
Vikram Lander
August 27, 2023
ChaSTE (Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment)
measures the temperature profile of the lunar topsoil around
the pole, to understand the thermal behaviour of the moon's
surface.
It has a temperature probe equipped with a controlled
penetration mechanism capable of reaching a depth of 10 cm
beneath the surface.
The probe is fitted with 10 individual temperature sensors.
The payload is developed by a team led by the Space Physics
Laboratory (SPL), VSSC in collaboration with PRL, Ahmedabad
The presented graph illustrates the temperature variations of
the lunar surface/near-surface at various depths, as recorded
during the probe's penetration. This is the first such profile for
the lunar south pole.

69. Courtesy: https://www.isro.gov.in/Ch3_ScienceResults.html 69

70. Courtesy: https://www.isro.gov.in/Ch3_ScienceResults.html 70

71. Courtesy: https://www.isro.gov.in/Ch3_ScienceResults.html 71

72. Courtesy: https://www.isro.gov.in/Ch3_ScienceResults.html 72

73. Courtesy: https://www.isro.gov.in/Ch3_ScienceResults.html 73

74. Data Handling of Chandryaan Mission (HySI Dataset)
• https://www.issdc.gov.in/index.html
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77. Opportunities in Space Science Industries

78. Indian Space
Industry moving
towards
आत्महनभिर भारत
across the value
chain
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As part of the government's आत्महनभिर भारत (Self-
Reliant India) initiative, India is taking steps
towards becoming a self-reliant nation in the space
sector.
This includes reducing import dependence and
encouraging domestic manufacturing.
To promote coordination in the industry, the
Government of India has taken many initiatives by
launching the Indian Space Association (ISpA),
NSIL and Indian National Space Promotion and
Authorization Centre (IN-SPACe) with the aim of
promoting private players and making India

79. आत्महनभिर in space and satellite technology.
• With the approval of the Indian Space Policy
2023, the private sector is being encouraged to
participate in the space sector through investment
opportunities and conducive regulatory policies.
• Apart from this, indigenization also has strategic
benefits, as it can provide India with greater control
over its space assets and improve its national
security.
• To enhance India's competitiveness in the space
industry and enable it to provide affordable and
innovative space-related services to other
countries.
• Indigenization of the space technology value
chain will also have spillover effects in other
industries, leading to the development of new
technologies and products.
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80. Earth Observation: current trends, innovations, challenges and opportunities
• Earth observation is a significant
aspect of the Indian space sector. With
increasing demand for satellite-based
remote sensing and earth observation
services, companies in India have a
great opportunity to develop and
manufacture satellites and related
technologies.
• EO has become increasingly
important in recent years due to its
applications in agriculture, disaster
management, climate change
monitoring, defense, and natural
resource management. 80

81. Earth Observation: current trends, innovations, challenges and opportunities
• The means of acquiring and
processing huge amounts of EO data
are getting cheaper with the advent of
technology and the miniaturization of
the avionics used in satellites.
• This will explore how the emerging
industry will address challenges in
Earth Observation (high costs
associated with satellite development
and launch, data privacy concerns, the
lack of standardization in data
collection and processing) and
solutions for combating problems like
climate change, food security, and
resource management.
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Propelling India’s Economy through Space start-ups
The Indian government has recently approved the Indian Space Policy, which aims to encourage private sector participation
in the space sector.
The government is offering investment opportunities and friendly regulatory policies to encourage private sector
participation.
These initiatives are expected to propel India's economy through space sector start-ups and make India self-reliant in the
sector.
India is home to close to 4% of the world’s space technology companies.
To achieve the vision of capturing 10% of the global space economy, the sector will see significant consolidation to increase
the technological capacity of each company.
A new wave of startups has emerged in the last couple of years that intend to solve some of the most pressing problems in
space engineering. In doing so, they will significantly contribute to the Indian economy, both directly and indirectly.
This will explore how Indian startups are contributing to the Indian economy, the challenges they are facing, and their
vision for the next 10 years.

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Human Spaceflight and Space Exploration Missions
• As ISRO begins the preparations for its maiden human
spaceflight mission, the country waits in eager anticipation to
send human beings to space on an Indian crew module and
launch vehicle for the very first time.
• This can be the most important step in making space truly
accessible.
• This wonder and fascination with humans in space, however,
comes at a significant cost.
• The private sector’s role in supporting human spaceflight while
still maintaining its responsibility for being commercially healthy.
• This will also explore the advances in technology that will
enable space exploration missions in the future.
• This can range from how human habitats can be designed for
space, how food can be preserved, and the engineering that goes
behind making space safe and livable, among many others

84. Innovation and Emerging Technologies: The future of Space
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Technology
innovation is
a key driver
of the
developmen
t of a nation.
It is prudent
for every
nation to
identify its
priority
technology
innovation
sectors.
Space is one of
the sectors
that is
evolving
rapidly and is
becoming one
of today's
most
technologicall
y innovative
sectors across
the world.
The adoption
of emerging
technologies
such as
AI and ML
Advanced
Satellite
Systems
5G and 6G
Big Data
3D printing
Quantum
Computing
Nanotechnology
It has seen a
quantum leap
in the space
sector across
the globe.

85. Big Data, AI in Remote Sensing
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86. Google Earth Engine
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https://earthengine.google.com/
https://explorer.earthengine.google.com/#workspace

87. Microsoft Planetary Computer
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https://planetarycomputer.microsoft.com/

88. Tutorial Websites
• IEEE-GRSS: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNOdGBo--6UVCiwKSNTMqyg
• ISRO-IIRS Dehradun: https://www.youtube.com/user/edusat2004/videos
• EO College:-
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL_co7pCozSFKK5Wj7HKdWuiPKHTaX_nno
• RUS Copernicus: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCB01WjameYMvL7-
XfI8vRIA/videos
• United Nations Un-Spider Knowledge Portal: https://www.un-spider.org/news-and-
events/events
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89. https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lunarsurface2020/pdf/5039.pdf
https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/planetdata2019/pdf/7074.pdf
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98. • Any quires/ Guidance: syedsb@yahoo.com
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