Chandrayaan-2, launched by ISRO on July 22, 2019, consists of a lunar orbiter, Vikram lander, and Pragyan rover, aimed at exploring the moon's south pole. The Vikram lander aimed for a soft landing but lost communication just before touchdown on September 7, 2019, resulting in a hard landing. The mission's scientific objectives include studying lunar topography, mineralogy, and the presence of water ice and liquid water on the moon's surface.