Of the different patterns that have emerged in governments’ fight against coronavirus—crush and contain is the most effective. While many countries missed the initial opportunity to crush and contain, it is critical that governments prepare now to make sure they don’t miss the opportunity again.
CORE Group Fall Meeting 2010. Maximizing Nutritional Benefits of Agricultural Interventions. A Review of the Food Security and Nutritional Impacts of Agriculture Interventions. - Tom Schaetzel, Infant & Young Child Nutrition (IYCN) Project
Linking research and management of food safety within One health/ecohealth co...ILRI
Presented by H. Nguyen-Viet, D. Grace, M.L. Lapar, F. Unger, J. McDermott and J. Gilbert at the 2nd Food Safety and Zoonoses Symposium for Asia Pacific: One Health Initiative to Food Safety and Pathogen Threat in Asia Pacific, Chiang Mai, 21-22 July 2011.
Kathy Talkington and Joe Swedberg - Antibiotic Stewardship – Recent Activitie...John Blue
Antibiotic Stewardship – Recent Activities in Human Medicine and Animal Agriculture - Kathy Talkington, Project Director, Antimicrobial Resistance, The Pew Charitable Trusts; Joe Swedberg, Chairman of the Board, Farm Foundation, from the 2018 NIAA Antibiotic Symposium: New Science & Technology Tools for Antibiotic Stewardship, November 13-15, 2018, Overland Park, KS, USA.
More presentations at https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8ZKJKD9cmEffjOrjbBvQZeN2_SZB_Skc
Of the different patterns that have emerged in governments’ fight against coronavirus—crush and contain is the most effective. While many countries missed the initial opportunity to crush and contain, it is critical that governments prepare now to make sure they don’t miss the opportunity again.
CORE Group Fall Meeting 2010. Maximizing Nutritional Benefits of Agricultural Interventions. A Review of the Food Security and Nutritional Impacts of Agriculture Interventions. - Tom Schaetzel, Infant & Young Child Nutrition (IYCN) Project
Linking research and management of food safety within One health/ecohealth co...ILRI
Presented by H. Nguyen-Viet, D. Grace, M.L. Lapar, F. Unger, J. McDermott and J. Gilbert at the 2nd Food Safety and Zoonoses Symposium for Asia Pacific: One Health Initiative to Food Safety and Pathogen Threat in Asia Pacific, Chiang Mai, 21-22 July 2011.
Kathy Talkington and Joe Swedberg - Antibiotic Stewardship – Recent Activitie...John Blue
Antibiotic Stewardship – Recent Activities in Human Medicine and Animal Agriculture - Kathy Talkington, Project Director, Antimicrobial Resistance, The Pew Charitable Trusts; Joe Swedberg, Chairman of the Board, Farm Foundation, from the 2018 NIAA Antibiotic Symposium: New Science & Technology Tools for Antibiotic Stewardship, November 13-15, 2018, Overland Park, KS, USA.
More presentations at https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8ZKJKD9cmEffjOrjbBvQZeN2_SZB_Skc
Dr. Lonnie King - One Health Antibiotic Stewardship - What MUST Be Done Next:...John Blue
One Health Antibiotic Stewardship - What MUST Be Done Next: Prioritizing Immediate Actions - Dr. Lonnie King, Professor and Dean Emeritus, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, from the 2017 NIAA Antibiotic Symposium - Antibiotic Stewardship: Collaborative Strategy for Animal Agriculture and Human Health, October 31 - November 2, 2017, Herndon, Virginia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-niaa-antibiotic-symposium-antibiotic-stewardship
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How Scientific Advances Are Being Used To Meet Consumers' Needs And Ensure Public Health - Dr. Peter Davies, Professor, University of Minnesota, from the 2018 NIAA Antibiotic Symposium: New Science & Technology Tools for Antibiotic Stewardship, November 13-15, 2018, Overland Park, KS, USA.
More presentations at https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8ZKJKD9cmEffjOrjbBvQZeN2_SZB_Skc
Introduction 10 points Generally define & describe the polic.docxvrickens
Introduction
10 points
Generally define & describe the policy issue to be addressed. Identify the purpose of analysis, the targeted level of policy (i.e., clinical practice, health care systems, or public/social health) & significance of topic. Identify questions the policy analysis is intended to address.
Background
10 points
Provide details of the issue or problem, including its nature/scope, relevant literature & history, & the context within which the issue exists. Describe existing policy addressing the issue, if any. Discuss strengths & shortcomings in existing policy. Identify & describe key stakeholders (individuals & groups) that are or will be affected by the policy & why.
Analysis
15 points
Identify alternative policies to achieve objectives. Establish/identify criteria that will be used for selection of “best” policy. Evaluate each alternative & its potential impact relative to the healthcare & patient outcomes. Assess the trade-offs between alternatives.
Recommendations
15 points
Based on the analysis, identify the “best” alternative to address the current issue & policy situation. Provide rationale for selection. Describe possible strategies to implement selected alternative. Identify barriers to implementation of selected alternative. Describe methods to evaluate policy implementation.
Discussion
20 points
Discuss analysis & recommendations relative to the original questions identified, & the level of policy it is intended to address (i.e., clinical practice, health care systems, or public). Identify limitations of analysis. Discuss implications for practice, education, research, & policy-making.
Conclusion
15 points
Summarize findings & recommendations of analysis Identify questions to be addressed in future studies or policy analyses.
References
5 points
List all references cited in paper. Must be completed in APA format.
Appendices
10 points
Table displaying results of analysis, including, for example, a list of alternatives & the degree to which each alternative may be most effective. Other tables & appendices as needed to support analysis.
Running head: FOOD AND DRUG REGULATION IN USA
1
FOOD AND DRUG REGULATION IN USA
17
Food and Drug Regulation in the USA
Sample Policy Analysis Paper
University Name
Introduction
Every day across the United States, people purchase foods, groceries, eat out and prepare their families’ meals. It is expected that all food is safe, and the role of the FDA is to ensure food safety. The FDA has the authorization of ensuring the safety of the immeasurable range of foods eaten by the Americans, which is about 80% of all the foods that are sold in the Country. The food includes everything except the processed egg products, poultry, and meat that are controlled by the Department of Agriculture in the US. The FDA was given the mandate of developing an integrated and comprehensive FDA Food Protection Pla ...
· The Hard Side of Change ManagementIntroduction to the Lesson w.docxodiliagilby
· The Hard Side of Change Management
Introduction to the Lesson with the author’s summary:
Everyone agrees that managing change is tough, but few can agree on how to do it. Most experts are obsessed with "soft" issues, such as culture and motivation, but, say the authors, focusing on these issues alone won't bring about change. Companies also need to consider the hard factors-like the time it takes to complete a change initiative, the number of people required to execute it, and so forth. When the authors studied change initiatives at 225 companies, they found a consistent correlation between the outcomes of change programs (success versus failure) and four hard factors, which they called DICE: project duration, particularly the time between project reviews; integrity of performance, or the capabilities of project teams; the level of commitment of senior executives and staff; and the additional effort required of employees directly affected by the change. The DICE framework is a simple formula for calculating how well a company is implementing, or will be able to implement, its change initiatives. The framework comprises a set of simple questions that help executives score their projects on each of the four factors; the lower the score, the more likely the project will succeed. Companies can use DICE assessments to force conversations a bout projects, to gauge whether projects are on track or in trouble, and to manage project portfolios. The authors have used these four factors to predict the outcomes and guide the execution of more than 1,000 change management programs worldwide. Not only has the correlation held, but no other factors (or combination of factors) have predicted outcomes as successfully.
Instructions
Please follow the APA style for your writing. Postings should be a minimum of 300 to 400 words in length. Discussion postings are expected to be more than just “I absolutely agree” or “Excellent point!” to receive credits.
Discussion Questions:
1. When there is change, is it possible to minimize the risk of failure? How?
2. How can the people-side of change be managed effectively?
Running head: FOOD AND DRUG REGULATION IN USA
1
FOOD AND DRUG REGULATION IN USA
17
Food and Drug Regulation in the USA
Sample Policy Analysis Paper
University Name
Introduction
Every day across the United States, people purchase foods, groceries, eat out and prepare their families’ meals. It is expected that all food is safe, and the role of the FDA is to ensure food safety. The FDA has the authorization of ensuring the safety of the immeasurable range of foods eaten by the Americans, which is about 80% of all the foods that are sold in the Country. The food includes everything except the processed egg products, poultry, and meat that are controlled by the Department of Agriculture in the US. The FDA was given the mandate of developing an integrated and comprehensive FDA Food Protection Plan (Thomas, 2014). The plan was to make sure ...
Food safety performance in animal-source food value chainsILRI
Presentation by Fred Unger, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Phuc Pham-Duc, Pham Van Hung, Huyen Le Thi Thanh, Sinh Dang-Xuan, Nguyen Thanh Luong, Hai Ngo Hoang Tuan and Delia Grace at the 1st International Conference on Veterinary and Animal Science - the role of veterinary science to cope with pandemics, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang, Indonesia, 20 October 2020.
Food environment related to the Decline in Bee PShainaBoling829
Food environment related to the Decline in Bee Populations as a Public Health Issue
Would Approaching the Food Environment Related to the Decline in Bee Populations as a Public Health Issue Decrease Rates of Chronic Disease for Americans?
A Registered Dietitian’s Perspective
December 6, 2020
Abstract
This paper investigates the scientific, economic, societal and ethical need of approaching the decline in bee populations as a public health issue from a registered dietitian’s perspective. Bees provide essential pollination services to crops that have been linked with decreased chronic diseases. Their decline in population could lead to shortages of produce and a continued increase in unhealthy food environments in America.
The Pubmed and Florida International University data bases were used to find academic articles that fit specific criteria. The search terms used included decline in bee populations, biodiversity, agriculture, micronutrients, chronic disease and public health. The population focus was Americans because these individuals are at an increased risk of chronic disease and higher healthcare costs due to unhealthy food environments.
The scientific and economical perspective suggest that production and availability of fruits and vegetables is essential for agricultural revenue as well as decreasing medical costs for chronic diseases. The cultural and ethical perspectives suggest that the standard American diet is the driving force of the decline in bee populations. Demand for processed foods and animal products has supported the expansion of monocultured crops as well as market and political control by large agricultural industry. These agricultural practices provide nutritionally inadequate diets for both bees and humans and work to derail environmental policy. The profession of dietetics has recognized its role in preventing chronic disease and supporting environmental stewardship - a fundamental component in protecting the pollinators responsible for producing the foods that fight chronic disease.
Therefore, a preventative approach to the decline in bee populations would have environmental, medical and economic advantages. Protecting bee populations through education, research and compressive policy change promotes biodiversity, continued profitability of nutrient dense produce and decreases medical costs.
Conclusion
Complex economic and cultural shifts have led to changes in food environments for both bees and Americans. The consequences of these shifts include environmental destruction, a decline in bee populations, potential decrease of disease fighting crops and the creation of an agriculture oligarchy. The solution to such an interrelated and far reaching problem will require cross collaboration between policy makers and several fields of science to create legislative changes and prevention programs.
Future policy reform that views this issue through a preventive lens must be more compressive than past propos ...
"Health Impact Assesment in Confirmed Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO) Permitting" presented by Ellen Mee, JD, at the Ohio Clean Water Conference 2011.
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More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2013-leman-swine-conference-material
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Climate change and variability and extreme events adaptation: what are the ch...ILRI
A presentation prepared by John Ingram for the workshop on Dealing with Drivers of Rapid Change in Africa: Integration of Lessons from Long-term Research on INRM, ILRI, Nairobi, June 12-13, 2008.
Mr. Lowell Randel - Grand Societal Challenges and the Role of Animal ScienceJohn Blue
Grand Societal Challenges and the Role of Animal Science - Mr. Lowell Randel, Science Policy Director, Federation of Animal Sciences Societies, from the 2013 NIAA Merging Values and Technology conference, April 15-17, 2013, Louisville, KY, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2013-niaa-merging-values-and-technology
GRF One Health Summit 2012, Davos: Presentation by Dr. Berhe Tekola - Director - Animal Production and Health - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Disaster risk reduction and nursing - human science research the view of surv...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
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Dr. Lonnie King - One Health Antibiotic Stewardship - What MUST Be Done Next:...John Blue
One Health Antibiotic Stewardship - What MUST Be Done Next: Prioritizing Immediate Actions - Dr. Lonnie King, Professor and Dean Emeritus, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, from the 2017 NIAA Antibiotic Symposium - Antibiotic Stewardship: Collaborative Strategy for Animal Agriculture and Human Health, October 31 - November 2, 2017, Herndon, Virginia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-niaa-antibiotic-symposium-antibiotic-stewardship
Dr. Peter Davies - How Scientific Advances Are Being Used To Meet Consumers' ...John Blue
How Scientific Advances Are Being Used To Meet Consumers' Needs And Ensure Public Health - Dr. Peter Davies, Professor, University of Minnesota, from the 2018 NIAA Antibiotic Symposium: New Science & Technology Tools for Antibiotic Stewardship, November 13-15, 2018, Overland Park, KS, USA.
More presentations at https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8ZKJKD9cmEffjOrjbBvQZeN2_SZB_Skc
Introduction 10 points Generally define & describe the polic.docxvrickens
Introduction
10 points
Generally define & describe the policy issue to be addressed. Identify the purpose of analysis, the targeted level of policy (i.e., clinical practice, health care systems, or public/social health) & significance of topic. Identify questions the policy analysis is intended to address.
Background
10 points
Provide details of the issue or problem, including its nature/scope, relevant literature & history, & the context within which the issue exists. Describe existing policy addressing the issue, if any. Discuss strengths & shortcomings in existing policy. Identify & describe key stakeholders (individuals & groups) that are or will be affected by the policy & why.
Analysis
15 points
Identify alternative policies to achieve objectives. Establish/identify criteria that will be used for selection of “best” policy. Evaluate each alternative & its potential impact relative to the healthcare & patient outcomes. Assess the trade-offs between alternatives.
Recommendations
15 points
Based on the analysis, identify the “best” alternative to address the current issue & policy situation. Provide rationale for selection. Describe possible strategies to implement selected alternative. Identify barriers to implementation of selected alternative. Describe methods to evaluate policy implementation.
Discussion
20 points
Discuss analysis & recommendations relative to the original questions identified, & the level of policy it is intended to address (i.e., clinical practice, health care systems, or public). Identify limitations of analysis. Discuss implications for practice, education, research, & policy-making.
Conclusion
15 points
Summarize findings & recommendations of analysis Identify questions to be addressed in future studies or policy analyses.
References
5 points
List all references cited in paper. Must be completed in APA format.
Appendices
10 points
Table displaying results of analysis, including, for example, a list of alternatives & the degree to which each alternative may be most effective. Other tables & appendices as needed to support analysis.
Running head: FOOD AND DRUG REGULATION IN USA
1
FOOD AND DRUG REGULATION IN USA
17
Food and Drug Regulation in the USA
Sample Policy Analysis Paper
University Name
Introduction
Every day across the United States, people purchase foods, groceries, eat out and prepare their families’ meals. It is expected that all food is safe, and the role of the FDA is to ensure food safety. The FDA has the authorization of ensuring the safety of the immeasurable range of foods eaten by the Americans, which is about 80% of all the foods that are sold in the Country. The food includes everything except the processed egg products, poultry, and meat that are controlled by the Department of Agriculture in the US. The FDA was given the mandate of developing an integrated and comprehensive FDA Food Protection Pla ...
· The Hard Side of Change ManagementIntroduction to the Lesson w.docxodiliagilby
· The Hard Side of Change Management
Introduction to the Lesson with the author’s summary:
Everyone agrees that managing change is tough, but few can agree on how to do it. Most experts are obsessed with "soft" issues, such as culture and motivation, but, say the authors, focusing on these issues alone won't bring about change. Companies also need to consider the hard factors-like the time it takes to complete a change initiative, the number of people required to execute it, and so forth. When the authors studied change initiatives at 225 companies, they found a consistent correlation between the outcomes of change programs (success versus failure) and four hard factors, which they called DICE: project duration, particularly the time between project reviews; integrity of performance, or the capabilities of project teams; the level of commitment of senior executives and staff; and the additional effort required of employees directly affected by the change. The DICE framework is a simple formula for calculating how well a company is implementing, or will be able to implement, its change initiatives. The framework comprises a set of simple questions that help executives score their projects on each of the four factors; the lower the score, the more likely the project will succeed. Companies can use DICE assessments to force conversations a bout projects, to gauge whether projects are on track or in trouble, and to manage project portfolios. The authors have used these four factors to predict the outcomes and guide the execution of more than 1,000 change management programs worldwide. Not only has the correlation held, but no other factors (or combination of factors) have predicted outcomes as successfully.
Instructions
Please follow the APA style for your writing. Postings should be a minimum of 300 to 400 words in length. Discussion postings are expected to be more than just “I absolutely agree” or “Excellent point!” to receive credits.
Discussion Questions:
1. When there is change, is it possible to minimize the risk of failure? How?
2. How can the people-side of change be managed effectively?
Running head: FOOD AND DRUG REGULATION IN USA
1
FOOD AND DRUG REGULATION IN USA
17
Food and Drug Regulation in the USA
Sample Policy Analysis Paper
University Name
Introduction
Every day across the United States, people purchase foods, groceries, eat out and prepare their families’ meals. It is expected that all food is safe, and the role of the FDA is to ensure food safety. The FDA has the authorization of ensuring the safety of the immeasurable range of foods eaten by the Americans, which is about 80% of all the foods that are sold in the Country. The food includes everything except the processed egg products, poultry, and meat that are controlled by the Department of Agriculture in the US. The FDA was given the mandate of developing an integrated and comprehensive FDA Food Protection Plan (Thomas, 2014). The plan was to make sure ...
Food safety performance in animal-source food value chainsILRI
Presentation by Fred Unger, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Phuc Pham-Duc, Pham Van Hung, Huyen Le Thi Thanh, Sinh Dang-Xuan, Nguyen Thanh Luong, Hai Ngo Hoang Tuan and Delia Grace at the 1st International Conference on Veterinary and Animal Science - the role of veterinary science to cope with pandemics, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang, Indonesia, 20 October 2020.
Food environment related to the Decline in Bee PShainaBoling829
Food environment related to the Decline in Bee Populations as a Public Health Issue
Would Approaching the Food Environment Related to the Decline in Bee Populations as a Public Health Issue Decrease Rates of Chronic Disease for Americans?
A Registered Dietitian’s Perspective
December 6, 2020
Abstract
This paper investigates the scientific, economic, societal and ethical need of approaching the decline in bee populations as a public health issue from a registered dietitian’s perspective. Bees provide essential pollination services to crops that have been linked with decreased chronic diseases. Their decline in population could lead to shortages of produce and a continued increase in unhealthy food environments in America.
The Pubmed and Florida International University data bases were used to find academic articles that fit specific criteria. The search terms used included decline in bee populations, biodiversity, agriculture, micronutrients, chronic disease and public health. The population focus was Americans because these individuals are at an increased risk of chronic disease and higher healthcare costs due to unhealthy food environments.
The scientific and economical perspective suggest that production and availability of fruits and vegetables is essential for agricultural revenue as well as decreasing medical costs for chronic diseases. The cultural and ethical perspectives suggest that the standard American diet is the driving force of the decline in bee populations. Demand for processed foods and animal products has supported the expansion of monocultured crops as well as market and political control by large agricultural industry. These agricultural practices provide nutritionally inadequate diets for both bees and humans and work to derail environmental policy. The profession of dietetics has recognized its role in preventing chronic disease and supporting environmental stewardship - a fundamental component in protecting the pollinators responsible for producing the foods that fight chronic disease.
Therefore, a preventative approach to the decline in bee populations would have environmental, medical and economic advantages. Protecting bee populations through education, research and compressive policy change promotes biodiversity, continued profitability of nutrient dense produce and decreases medical costs.
Conclusion
Complex economic and cultural shifts have led to changes in food environments for both bees and Americans. The consequences of these shifts include environmental destruction, a decline in bee populations, potential decrease of disease fighting crops and the creation of an agriculture oligarchy. The solution to such an interrelated and far reaching problem will require cross collaboration between policy makers and several fields of science to create legislative changes and prevention programs.
Future policy reform that views this issue through a preventive lens must be more compressive than past propos ...
"Health Impact Assesment in Confirmed Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO) Permitting" presented by Ellen Mee, JD, at the Ohio Clean Water Conference 2011.
Dr. Tim Snider - PEDV-Warning Shot for National Biosecurity and Foreign Anima...John Blue
PEDV-Warning Shot for National Biosecurity and Foreign Animal Disease Preparedness and Response - Dr. Tim Snider, Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, from the 2013 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 14-17, 2013, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2013-leman-swine-conference-material
Presentation by Delia Grace, Bernard Bett, Theo Knight-Jones, Florence Mutua, Hung Nguyen, Himadri Pal and Kristina Roesel at the World One Health Congress, Singapore, 7–11 November 2022.
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More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2013-niaa-merging-values-and-technology
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
Incorporation of Integrative Risk Management into National Response Plans for Catastrophic Livestock and Poultry Diseases
1. Integrative Risk Management for National Response Plans Will Hueston, University of Minnesota Tim Goldsmith, University of Minnesota Todd McAloon, Cargill, Inc. Jon Zack, USDA, APHIS Veterinary Services
15. A ‘One Health Approach’ for Managing Competing Risks in HPAI Preparedness Planning Animal Health, Public Health, Ecosystem Health and Economic Health (Business Continuity)
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21. Prototype: A ‘One Health Approach’ for HPAI Preparedness Planning for US Egg Food System
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26. Iterative Process Work with industry to identify products of concern and establish priority Work with industry to describe normal business processes For selected product, develop detailed outline of daily production work flow iterate Complete proactive risk assessment (RA) including risk mitigation steps for selected product and production process Develop risk mitigation steps for critical points in the production process Develop draft compliance agreements, and standard operating procedures (SOP ) Communicate results of proactive RA and all draft agreements and procedures to broader stakeholder group iterate Recommend inclusion in federal, state and dairy business contingency plans. Make policy recommendations Select next highest priority dairy business process and repeat Develop risk assessments to evaluate likelihood/consequences of product movement
These challenges can not be successfully addressed individually. Success in resolving complex issues is dependent upon working together across boundaries and sectors. It requires shared vision, common purpose and an agreed plan of action that is flexible, and has the ability to respond and adapt in ongoing ways. Continuity of business planning is being discussed by public, private and academic partners. All stakeholders benefit in the development of these plans and the relationships that form as a result of the collaborations. Active engagement of both industry and regulatory authorities is imperative in development of a preparedness and response plan. It is also important to note, that sometimes the most useful part of plan is the process it took to get there. To quote Dwight Eisenhower: “ In preparing for battle, I have always found that plans are useless, but planning is indispensable.”
Evaluate the critical pieces of the industry that are important to the maintenance of continuity of operations for the agricultural and food sectors including both small and large operations. Identify the components of existing national and state response plans that will adversely affect business continuity After an initial assessment of the key aspects of the normal dairy business processes, the project will require prioritizing, and then focusing on each process one, by one. As the group becomes familiar with the process and depending on the complexity of a given component, the amount of time to complete the task will likely become less over time.
Most extensive planning has been completed by the egg industry and all the information is available on the web
Provides tools to animal health officials and incident commanders make effective, risk-based decisions at critical junctures of emergency response Greater confidence in the HPAI preparedness and response capabilities among stakeholders Opportunity for creating beneficial working relationships among stakeholders Proactive rather than reactive
The process of developing these products has led to the extremely close working relationship between industry and government, with academia as the mortar between the bricks. It also has created enormous industry buy in because of involvement at every step of the way and input in the final products. It has also enabled industry to understand why government puts certain stipulations in place.