On the optimal introduction of a funded pension pillarGRAPE
Jan Woźnica, Marcin Bielecki, Krzysztof Makarski and Joanna Tyrowicz Group for Research in APplied Economics (GRAPE)
15th International Pension Workshop
Paris, May 2017
Welfare effects of fiscal policy in reforming the pension systemGRAPE
Most reforms of the pension systems imply substantial redistribution between cohorts and within cohort. Fiscal policy, which accompanies these changes may counteract or reinforce this redistribution. Moreover, the literature has argued that the insurance motive implicit in some pension systems plays a major role in determining the welfare effects of the reform: reforms otherwise improving welfare become detrimental to welfare once insurance motive is internalized. We show that this result is not universal, i.e. there exists a variety of fiscal closures which yield welfare gains and political support for a pension system reform. In an OLG model with uncertainty we analyze two sets of fiscal adjustments: fiscally neutral adjustments in the pension system (via contribution rate or replacement rate) and balancing pension system by a combination of taxes and/or public debt. We find that fiscally neutral pension system reforms are more likely to yield welfare gains. Many adjustments obtain sufficient political support despite yielding aggregate welfare losses and vice versa. Furthermore, we point to fiscal closures which attenuate and reinforce the relevance of the insurance motive in determining the welfare effects.
Welfare effects of fiscal policy in reforming the pension systemGRAPE
Most reforms of the pension systems imply substantial redistribution between cohorts and within a cohort. Fiscal policy, which accompanies these changes may counteract or reinforce this redistribution. Moreover, the literature has argued that the insurance motive implicit in some pension systems plays a major role in determining the welfare eects of the reform: reforms otherwise improving welfare become detrimental to welfare once insurance motive is internalized. We show that this result is not universal, i.e. there exists a variety of scal closures which yield welfare gains and political support for a pension system reform. In an OLG model with uncertainty, we analyze two sets of fiscal adjustments: fiscally neutral adjustments in the pension system (via contribution rate or replacement rate) and balancing pension system by a combination of taxes and/or public debt. We find that fiscally neutral pension system reforms are more likely to yield welfare gains. Many adjustments obtain sufficient political support despite yielding aggregate welfare losses and vice versa. Furthermore, we point to fiscal closures which attenuate and reinforce the relevance of the insurance motive in determining the welfare effects.
This document analyzes the welfare effects of increasing the retirement age under different pension schemes (defined benefit, notional defined contribution, and fully funded) using overlapping generations models. The key findings are:
1) Increasing the retirement age leads to welfare gains for all cohorts under all pension schemes by increasing aggregate labor supply and lifetime earnings.
2) The sources of gains differ by pension scheme, for example in fully funded schemes it decreases capital per worker and increases interest rates.
3) Raising the retirement age reduces pension deficits, lowers taxes, and boosts pensions and welfare compared to baseline projections.
Does social security reform reduce gains from higher retirement age?GRAPE
Increasing the minimum eligibility retirement age was evaluated under different pension systems: defined benefit (DB), notional defined contribution (NDC), and fully funded defined contribution (FDC). Raising the retirement age was found to increase welfare in all systems. Under DB, leisure decreased and taxes fell. Under NDC and FDC, leisure decreased but pensions increased. Labor supply adjusted downward for individual workers but increased in aggregate due to longer careers. Capital decreased primarily from lower precautionary savings rather than changes in productivity. Overall, retirement age increases were found to have economy-wide benefits regardless of pension system design.
The Sooner The Better - The Welfare Effects of the Retirement Age Increase Un...GRAPE
This document summarizes a study that analyzes the macroeconomic and welfare effects of increasing the retirement age under different pension systems (defined benefit, notional defined contribution, and funded defined contribution). It finds that increasing the retirement age has universally positive welfare effects and increases aggregate labor supply. These effects are largest under a funded defined contribution system and enhanced when productivity increases with age. Various robustness checks considering alternative demographic and productivity assumptions confirm these overall conclusions.
Efficiency of the pension reform: The welfare effects of various fiscal closuresGRAPE
- The document discusses modeling the welfare effects of various fiscal closures (ways of financing) for a pension reform in Poland that moves from a defined benefit to a partially funded defined contribution system.
- It develops an overlapping generations model to compare steady states before and after the reform under different fiscal closures like lump sum taxes, labor taxes, consumption taxes, and debt.
- Preliminary results show the pension reform leads to small net welfare gains of around 0.5-1% of permanent income depending on the fiscal closure and degree of time inconsistency in preferences. Lump sum taxes have among the highest welfare gains.
Inequalities in an OLG economy with heterogeneous cohorts and pension systemsGRAPE
While the inequalities of endowments are widely recognized as areas of policy intervention, the dispersion in preferences may also imply inequalities of outcomes. In this paper, we analyze the inequalities in an OLG model with obligatory pension systems. We model both policy relevant pension systems (a defined benefit system – DB – and a transition from a DB to a defined contribution system, DC). Our framework features within cohort heterogeneity of endowments (individual productivities) and heterogeneity of preferences (preference for leisure and time preference). We introduce two policy instruments, which
are widely used: a contribution cap and a minimum pension. We show four main results. First, longevity increases aggregate consumption inequalities substantially in both pension systems, whereas the effect of a pension system reform works to reinforce the consumption inequalities and reduce the
wealth inequalities. Second, the contribution cap has negligible effect on inequalities, but the role for minimum pension benefit guarantee is more pronounced. Third, the reduction in inequalities due to minimum pension benefit guarantee is achieved with virtually no effect on capital accumulation. The
fourth result and the main policy implication of our study, is demonstrating that the minimum pension benefit guarantee addresses mostly the inequalities which stem from differentiated endowments and not those that stem from differentiated preferences.
On the optimal introduction of a funded pension pillarGRAPE
Jan Woźnica, Marcin Bielecki, Krzysztof Makarski and Joanna Tyrowicz Group for Research in APplied Economics (GRAPE)
15th International Pension Workshop
Paris, May 2017
Welfare effects of fiscal policy in reforming the pension systemGRAPE
Most reforms of the pension systems imply substantial redistribution between cohorts and within cohort. Fiscal policy, which accompanies these changes may counteract or reinforce this redistribution. Moreover, the literature has argued that the insurance motive implicit in some pension systems plays a major role in determining the welfare effects of the reform: reforms otherwise improving welfare become detrimental to welfare once insurance motive is internalized. We show that this result is not universal, i.e. there exists a variety of fiscal closures which yield welfare gains and political support for a pension system reform. In an OLG model with uncertainty we analyze two sets of fiscal adjustments: fiscally neutral adjustments in the pension system (via contribution rate or replacement rate) and balancing pension system by a combination of taxes and/or public debt. We find that fiscally neutral pension system reforms are more likely to yield welfare gains. Many adjustments obtain sufficient political support despite yielding aggregate welfare losses and vice versa. Furthermore, we point to fiscal closures which attenuate and reinforce the relevance of the insurance motive in determining the welfare effects.
Welfare effects of fiscal policy in reforming the pension systemGRAPE
Most reforms of the pension systems imply substantial redistribution between cohorts and within a cohort. Fiscal policy, which accompanies these changes may counteract or reinforce this redistribution. Moreover, the literature has argued that the insurance motive implicit in some pension systems plays a major role in determining the welfare eects of the reform: reforms otherwise improving welfare become detrimental to welfare once insurance motive is internalized. We show that this result is not universal, i.e. there exists a variety of scal closures which yield welfare gains and political support for a pension system reform. In an OLG model with uncertainty, we analyze two sets of fiscal adjustments: fiscally neutral adjustments in the pension system (via contribution rate or replacement rate) and balancing pension system by a combination of taxes and/or public debt. We find that fiscally neutral pension system reforms are more likely to yield welfare gains. Many adjustments obtain sufficient political support despite yielding aggregate welfare losses and vice versa. Furthermore, we point to fiscal closures which attenuate and reinforce the relevance of the insurance motive in determining the welfare effects.
This document analyzes the welfare effects of increasing the retirement age under different pension schemes (defined benefit, notional defined contribution, and fully funded) using overlapping generations models. The key findings are:
1) Increasing the retirement age leads to welfare gains for all cohorts under all pension schemes by increasing aggregate labor supply and lifetime earnings.
2) The sources of gains differ by pension scheme, for example in fully funded schemes it decreases capital per worker and increases interest rates.
3) Raising the retirement age reduces pension deficits, lowers taxes, and boosts pensions and welfare compared to baseline projections.
Does social security reform reduce gains from higher retirement age?GRAPE
Increasing the minimum eligibility retirement age was evaluated under different pension systems: defined benefit (DB), notional defined contribution (NDC), and fully funded defined contribution (FDC). Raising the retirement age was found to increase welfare in all systems. Under DB, leisure decreased and taxes fell. Under NDC and FDC, leisure decreased but pensions increased. Labor supply adjusted downward for individual workers but increased in aggregate due to longer careers. Capital decreased primarily from lower precautionary savings rather than changes in productivity. Overall, retirement age increases were found to have economy-wide benefits regardless of pension system design.
The Sooner The Better - The Welfare Effects of the Retirement Age Increase Un...GRAPE
This document summarizes a study that analyzes the macroeconomic and welfare effects of increasing the retirement age under different pension systems (defined benefit, notional defined contribution, and funded defined contribution). It finds that increasing the retirement age has universally positive welfare effects and increases aggregate labor supply. These effects are largest under a funded defined contribution system and enhanced when productivity increases with age. Various robustness checks considering alternative demographic and productivity assumptions confirm these overall conclusions.
Efficiency of the pension reform: The welfare effects of various fiscal closuresGRAPE
- The document discusses modeling the welfare effects of various fiscal closures (ways of financing) for a pension reform in Poland that moves from a defined benefit to a partially funded defined contribution system.
- It develops an overlapping generations model to compare steady states before and after the reform under different fiscal closures like lump sum taxes, labor taxes, consumption taxes, and debt.
- Preliminary results show the pension reform leads to small net welfare gains of around 0.5-1% of permanent income depending on the fiscal closure and degree of time inconsistency in preferences. Lump sum taxes have among the highest welfare gains.
Inequalities in an OLG economy with heterogeneous cohorts and pension systemsGRAPE
While the inequalities of endowments are widely recognized as areas of policy intervention, the dispersion in preferences may also imply inequalities of outcomes. In this paper, we analyze the inequalities in an OLG model with obligatory pension systems. We model both policy relevant pension systems (a defined benefit system – DB – and a transition from a DB to a defined contribution system, DC). Our framework features within cohort heterogeneity of endowments (individual productivities) and heterogeneity of preferences (preference for leisure and time preference). We introduce two policy instruments, which
are widely used: a contribution cap and a minimum pension. We show four main results. First, longevity increases aggregate consumption inequalities substantially in both pension systems, whereas the effect of a pension system reform works to reinforce the consumption inequalities and reduce the
wealth inequalities. Second, the contribution cap has negligible effect on inequalities, but the role for minimum pension benefit guarantee is more pronounced. Third, the reduction in inequalities due to minimum pension benefit guarantee is achieved with virtually no effect on capital accumulation. The
fourth result and the main policy implication of our study, is demonstrating that the minimum pension benefit guarantee addresses mostly the inequalities which stem from differentiated endowments and not those that stem from differentiated preferences.
Welfare effects of fiscal policy in reforming the pension systemGRAPE
Most reforms of the pension systems imply substantial adjustments in between cohort and within cohort redistribution. Fiscal policy, which accompanies these changes may counteract or reinforce this redistribution. In an OLG model with uncertainty, we show that fiscal closure is crucial for determining the welfare effects of the pension system reforms as well as political support for introducing it. We analyze two sets of fiscal adjustments: fiscally neutral adjustments in the pension system (via contribution rate or replacement rate) and balancing pension system by a combination of taxes and/or public debt. We find that in general, fiscally neutral pension system reforms are more likely to yield welfare gains. Many adjustments obtain sufficient political support despite yielding aggregate welfare losses and vice versa. We show the role of the insurance motive implicit in some pension systems for determining the welfare effects of the reform and point to fiscal closures which attenuate and reinforce the relevance of this motive for determining the welfare effects.
Welfare effects of fiscal closures when implementing pension reformsGRAPE
This document discusses modeling pension reforms in Poland using an overlapping generations model. It aims to analyze the welfare effects of different fiscal closures used to finance gaps in the social insurance fund resulting from pension reforms. The model will examine five potential fiscal closures: lump sum taxes, labor taxes, consumption taxes, debt financing plus labor taxes, and debt financing plus consumption taxes. The results will help determine which fiscal closure has the best or worst effects on welfare, savings, labor supply, and economic output.
Effiency of the pension reform: the welfare effetcs of various fiscal closuresGRAPE
This document describes a model developed to analyze the welfare effects of different fiscal closures (ways of financing) for pension reforms in Poland. The model is an overlapping generations model that considers household optimization of consumption and leisure over a lifetime, as well as a production sector. The document outlines the baseline scenario, pension reform scenario, and three fiscal closure options analyzed: labor tax increases, lump sum taxes, and debt accumulation. Preliminary results suggest that while all reforms increase long run GDP and capital, a labor tax increase leads to the smallest reduction in labor supply and is most efficient according to a lump sum redistribution analysis.
Starzenie się społeczeństwa w Polsce jest faktem i system ubezpieczeń społecznych musiał w związku z tym zostać zreformowany. W 1999 roku system emerytalny zdefiniowanego świadczenia został zmieniony na system zdefiniowanej składki - czy w tej sytuacji podniesienie wieku emerytalnego wciąż jest konieczne?
Welfare effects of fiscal policy in reforming the pension systemGRAPE
Joanna Tyrowicz, Olivia Komada and Krzysztof Makarski
Group for Research in APplied Economics (GRAPE)
15th International Pension Workshop
Paris, May 2017
Inequalities in an OLG economy with heterogeneous cohorts and pension systemsGRAPE
1) A pension system reform from defined benefit to defined contribution in Poland would likely increase consumption inequalities but decrease wealth inequalities.
2) The demographic transition alone would increase consumption inequalities more than the pension reform.
3) Minimum pensions could reduce the rise in consumption inequality from the pension reform by around 40% by targeting those with lower incomes, but would slightly increase consumption by reducing savings incentives. The effects of contribution caps would be negligible.
Political (In)Stability of Pension System ReformsGRAPE
We analyze the political stability of welfare enhancing privatization of the social security. We consider an economy populated by overlapping generations, who vote on abolishing the funded system and replacing it with the pay-as-you-go scheme, i.e. “unprivatizing” the pension system. We show that even if abolishing the system reduces overall welfare, the distribution of benefits across cohorts along the transition path implies that some ways of “unprivatizing” social security are always politically favored
Pension (In)Stability of Social Security ReformGRAPE
In this paper we consider an economy populated by overlapping generations, who vote on abolishing the funded system and replacing it with the pay-as-you-go scheme (i.e. unprivatizing the pension system). We compare politically stable and politically unstable reforms and show that even if the funded system is overall welfare enhancing, the cohort distribution of benefits along the transition path turns unprivatizing social security politically favorable.
Is the retirement age increase in Poland still necessary given the 1999 reform of the pension system? EmerytGRAPE analysis with the use of OLG model answers this question.
Efficiency versus insurance: The role for fiscal policy in social security pr...Oliwia Komada
Pension system reforms imply substantial redistribution between cohorts and within cohorts. They also implicitly affect the scope of risk sharing in societies. Linking pensions to individual incomes increases efficiency but reduces the insurance motive implicit in Beveridgean systems. The existing view in the literature argues that the insurance motive dominates the efficiency gains when evaluating the welfare effects. We show that this result is not universal: there exist ways to increase efficiency or compensate the loss of insurance, assuring welfare gains from pension system reform even in economies with uninsurable idiosyncratic income shocks. The fiscal closure, which necessarily accompanies the changes in the pension system, may boost efficiency and/or make up for lower insurance in the pension system. Indeed, fiscal closures inherently interact with the effects of pension system reform, counteracting or reinforcing the original effects. By analyzing a variety of fiscal closures, we reconcile our result with the earlier literature. We also study the political economy context and show that political support is feasible depending on the fiscal closure.
Evaluating welfare and economic effects of raised fertilityGRAPE
In the context of second demographic transition many countries consider pro-natalistic policies as viable solutions to the fiscal pressure stemming from longevity and declining fertility. However, increased number of births implies immediate economic costs and delayed economic gains. Moreover, quantification of these gains remains a challenge. We develop an overlapping generations model with family structure and utilize this model to quantify the effects in the increases in birth rates. We show the overall welfare and macroeconomic effects as well as distribution of these effects across cohorts. We also show how the distribution of children across families affects those estimations for a given birth rate.
Political (In)Stability of Social Security ReformGRAPE
We analyze the political stability of welfare enhancing privatization of the social security. We consider an economy populated by overlapping generations, who vote on abolishing the funded system and replacing it with the pay-as-you-go scheme, i.e. “unprivatizing” the pension system. We show that even if abolishing the system reduces overall welfare, the distribution of benefits across cohorts along the transition path implies that some ways of “unprivatizing” social security are always politically favored
Inequality in an OLG economy with heterogeneous cohorts and pension systemsGRAPE
The document analyzes how inequality changes in an overlapping generations economy with heterogeneous cohorts and pension systems. It finds that wealth and consumption inequalities increase due to demographic transitions and a pension reform from defined benefit to defined contribution systems. Minimum pensions can reduce inequality increases from the reform by 40-50% by raising incomes at the bottom, but have little effect on preferences. Contribution caps have a negligible impact on inequality. Overall, demographic changes contribute more to rising inequalities than the pension system reform.
This document summarizes a study on the welfare effects of Poland's 1999 pension reform, which introduced a three-pillar pension system including a notional defined contribution scheme and a fully funded defined contribution scheme. The study uses an overlapping generations model to assess the aggregate efficiency of the reform, the effects across generations, and the importance of different fiscal closure approaches used to finance the transition. The results show that the reform improved welfare and most gains came from reduced pension benefits rather than pre-funding. The choice of fiscal closure, such as using public debt, also significantly impacted welfare and the distribution of costs across generations.
Inequality in an OLG economy with heterogeneous cohorts and pension systemsGRAPE
Marcin Bielecki, Krzysztof Makarski and Joanna Tyrowicz
GRAPEjFAME & University of Warsaw & National Bank of Poland
International Workshop Economic Growth, Macroeconomic Dynamics and
Agents’ Heterogeneity, St. Petersburg, 2017
Inequality in an OLG economy with heterogeneous cohorts and pension systemsGRAPE
This document discusses inequality in an overlapping generations economy with heterogeneous cohorts and pension systems. It motivates the study by noting that wealth inequality has increased due to demographic transitions and pension reforms from defined benefit to defined contribution systems. The document outlines an overlapping generations model with ex ante heterogeneity in endowments and preferences within cohorts to examine the distributional effects of pension reforms and policy instruments. Key results presented are that a reform from defined benefit to defined contribution pensions increases both wealth and consumption inequality, and that a minimum pension reduces inequality from the reform by 40-50% by affecting the endowments margin.
Presentation contains brief review of the analysis of return to commuting in Sweden. The research is based on highly informative administrative data set and various econometric techniques to tackle the problem of endogeneity. Results assign the monetary value for the return per kilometer of commuting.
Welfare effects of fiscal policy in reforming the pension systemGRAPE
Most reforms of the pension systems imply substantial adjustments in between cohort and within cohort redistribution. Fiscal policy, which accompanies these changes may counteract or reinforce this redistribution. In an OLG model with uncertainty, we show that fiscal closure is crucial for determining the welfare effects of the pension system reforms as well as political support for introducing it. We analyze two sets of fiscal adjustments: fiscally neutral adjustments in the pension system (via contribution rate or replacement rate) and balancing pension system by a combination of taxes and/or public debt. We find that in general, fiscally neutral pension system reforms are more likely to yield welfare gains. Many adjustments obtain sufficient political support despite yielding aggregate welfare losses and vice versa. We show the role of the insurance motive implicit in some pension systems for determining the welfare effects of the reform and point to fiscal closures which attenuate and reinforce the relevance of this motive for determining the welfare effects.
Welfare effects of fiscal closures when implementing pension reformsGRAPE
This document discusses modeling pension reforms in Poland using an overlapping generations model. It aims to analyze the welfare effects of different fiscal closures used to finance gaps in the social insurance fund resulting from pension reforms. The model will examine five potential fiscal closures: lump sum taxes, labor taxes, consumption taxes, debt financing plus labor taxes, and debt financing plus consumption taxes. The results will help determine which fiscal closure has the best or worst effects on welfare, savings, labor supply, and economic output.
Effiency of the pension reform: the welfare effetcs of various fiscal closuresGRAPE
This document describes a model developed to analyze the welfare effects of different fiscal closures (ways of financing) for pension reforms in Poland. The model is an overlapping generations model that considers household optimization of consumption and leisure over a lifetime, as well as a production sector. The document outlines the baseline scenario, pension reform scenario, and three fiscal closure options analyzed: labor tax increases, lump sum taxes, and debt accumulation. Preliminary results suggest that while all reforms increase long run GDP and capital, a labor tax increase leads to the smallest reduction in labor supply and is most efficient according to a lump sum redistribution analysis.
Starzenie się społeczeństwa w Polsce jest faktem i system ubezpieczeń społecznych musiał w związku z tym zostać zreformowany. W 1999 roku system emerytalny zdefiniowanego świadczenia został zmieniony na system zdefiniowanej składki - czy w tej sytuacji podniesienie wieku emerytalnego wciąż jest konieczne?
Welfare effects of fiscal policy in reforming the pension systemGRAPE
Joanna Tyrowicz, Olivia Komada and Krzysztof Makarski
Group for Research in APplied Economics (GRAPE)
15th International Pension Workshop
Paris, May 2017
Inequalities in an OLG economy with heterogeneous cohorts and pension systemsGRAPE
1) A pension system reform from defined benefit to defined contribution in Poland would likely increase consumption inequalities but decrease wealth inequalities.
2) The demographic transition alone would increase consumption inequalities more than the pension reform.
3) Minimum pensions could reduce the rise in consumption inequality from the pension reform by around 40% by targeting those with lower incomes, but would slightly increase consumption by reducing savings incentives. The effects of contribution caps would be negligible.
Political (In)Stability of Pension System ReformsGRAPE
We analyze the political stability of welfare enhancing privatization of the social security. We consider an economy populated by overlapping generations, who vote on abolishing the funded system and replacing it with the pay-as-you-go scheme, i.e. “unprivatizing” the pension system. We show that even if abolishing the system reduces overall welfare, the distribution of benefits across cohorts along the transition path implies that some ways of “unprivatizing” social security are always politically favored
Pension (In)Stability of Social Security ReformGRAPE
In this paper we consider an economy populated by overlapping generations, who vote on abolishing the funded system and replacing it with the pay-as-you-go scheme (i.e. unprivatizing the pension system). We compare politically stable and politically unstable reforms and show that even if the funded system is overall welfare enhancing, the cohort distribution of benefits along the transition path turns unprivatizing social security politically favorable.
Is the retirement age increase in Poland still necessary given the 1999 reform of the pension system? EmerytGRAPE analysis with the use of OLG model answers this question.
Efficiency versus insurance: The role for fiscal policy in social security pr...Oliwia Komada
Pension system reforms imply substantial redistribution between cohorts and within cohorts. They also implicitly affect the scope of risk sharing in societies. Linking pensions to individual incomes increases efficiency but reduces the insurance motive implicit in Beveridgean systems. The existing view in the literature argues that the insurance motive dominates the efficiency gains when evaluating the welfare effects. We show that this result is not universal: there exist ways to increase efficiency or compensate the loss of insurance, assuring welfare gains from pension system reform even in economies with uninsurable idiosyncratic income shocks. The fiscal closure, which necessarily accompanies the changes in the pension system, may boost efficiency and/or make up for lower insurance in the pension system. Indeed, fiscal closures inherently interact with the effects of pension system reform, counteracting or reinforcing the original effects. By analyzing a variety of fiscal closures, we reconcile our result with the earlier literature. We also study the political economy context and show that political support is feasible depending on the fiscal closure.
Evaluating welfare and economic effects of raised fertilityGRAPE
In the context of second demographic transition many countries consider pro-natalistic policies as viable solutions to the fiscal pressure stemming from longevity and declining fertility. However, increased number of births implies immediate economic costs and delayed economic gains. Moreover, quantification of these gains remains a challenge. We develop an overlapping generations model with family structure and utilize this model to quantify the effects in the increases in birth rates. We show the overall welfare and macroeconomic effects as well as distribution of these effects across cohorts. We also show how the distribution of children across families affects those estimations for a given birth rate.
Political (In)Stability of Social Security ReformGRAPE
We analyze the political stability of welfare enhancing privatization of the social security. We consider an economy populated by overlapping generations, who vote on abolishing the funded system and replacing it with the pay-as-you-go scheme, i.e. “unprivatizing” the pension system. We show that even if abolishing the system reduces overall welfare, the distribution of benefits across cohorts along the transition path implies that some ways of “unprivatizing” social security are always politically favored
Inequality in an OLG economy with heterogeneous cohorts and pension systemsGRAPE
The document analyzes how inequality changes in an overlapping generations economy with heterogeneous cohorts and pension systems. It finds that wealth and consumption inequalities increase due to demographic transitions and a pension reform from defined benefit to defined contribution systems. Minimum pensions can reduce inequality increases from the reform by 40-50% by raising incomes at the bottom, but have little effect on preferences. Contribution caps have a negligible impact on inequality. Overall, demographic changes contribute more to rising inequalities than the pension system reform.
This document summarizes a study on the welfare effects of Poland's 1999 pension reform, which introduced a three-pillar pension system including a notional defined contribution scheme and a fully funded defined contribution scheme. The study uses an overlapping generations model to assess the aggregate efficiency of the reform, the effects across generations, and the importance of different fiscal closure approaches used to finance the transition. The results show that the reform improved welfare and most gains came from reduced pension benefits rather than pre-funding. The choice of fiscal closure, such as using public debt, also significantly impacted welfare and the distribution of costs across generations.
Inequality in an OLG economy with heterogeneous cohorts and pension systemsGRAPE
Marcin Bielecki, Krzysztof Makarski and Joanna Tyrowicz
GRAPEjFAME & University of Warsaw & National Bank of Poland
International Workshop Economic Growth, Macroeconomic Dynamics and
Agents’ Heterogeneity, St. Petersburg, 2017
Inequality in an OLG economy with heterogeneous cohorts and pension systemsGRAPE
This document discusses inequality in an overlapping generations economy with heterogeneous cohorts and pension systems. It motivates the study by noting that wealth inequality has increased due to demographic transitions and pension reforms from defined benefit to defined contribution systems. The document outlines an overlapping generations model with ex ante heterogeneity in endowments and preferences within cohorts to examine the distributional effects of pension reforms and policy instruments. Key results presented are that a reform from defined benefit to defined contribution pensions increases both wealth and consumption inequality, and that a minimum pension reduces inequality from the reform by 40-50% by affecting the endowments margin.
Presentation contains brief review of the analysis of return to commuting in Sweden. The research is based on highly informative administrative data set and various econometric techniques to tackle the problem of endogeneity. Results assign the monetary value for the return per kilometer of commuting.
This document compares different methods for analyzing the gender wage gap in Poland using data from the Polish Labour Force Survey of 2012. It finds that the adjusted gender wage gap is 20% according to the methods analyzed, which is twice as large as the raw gap, indicating evidence of a glass ceiling. The different methods produced generally similar results on average but with large variations. After correcting for selection bias and common support, the differences between methods increased.
The document analyzes the relationship between female entrepreneurship and country competitiveness in manufacturing sectors. It finds that female entrepreneurship has little impact on competitiveness overall, except in retail products where a positive correlation was found. The motivation for starting a business also did not impact competitiveness. The study uses export and survey data from 67 countries from 2002-2010 to examine entrepreneurship rates and competitiveness across sectors.
This document summarizes the results of a field experiment on the impact of internet piracy on book sales in Poland. The experiment involved 11 Polish publishers who provided sales data for 249 book titles over more than a year. The titles were split into matched pairs based on attributes like publication date. For each pair, one book was protected from piracy (enforcement treatment) while the other was not (control treatment). The experiment found no significant differences in sales between the protected and unprotected books, suggesting that internet piracy may not currently pose a threat to the Polish book industry. The results were robust to additional checks and regressions analyzing potential heterogeneous effects.
Inequalities in an OLG economy with heterogeneity within cohorts and an oblig...GRAPE
While the inequalities of endowments are widely recognized as areas of policy intervention, the dispersion in preferences may also imply inequalities of outcomes. In this paper, we analyze the inequalities in an OLG model with obligatory pension systems. We model both policy relevant pension systems (a defined benefit system — DB — and a transition from a DB to a defined contribution system, DC).
This document summarizes research on estimating the gender wage gap across different age groups using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel from 1984-2008. The researchers find that the raw gender wage gap tends to decrease with age, indicating older women face greater penalties than younger women. When decomposing the wage gap using the DiNardo-Fortin-Lemieux method, they find some support for human capital explanations but that changes in wage structures also play a significant role. Panel models show the wage gap is higher for older age cohorts and decreases slightly over time, as women's participation rates increase. The researchers plan to extend this analysis to other countries like the US, France and UK.
'Piracy is not theft!' - Is it just the students who think so?GRAPE
This document discusses a study comparing the views of students and members of an intellectual property group on the ethics of different methods of acquiring copyrighted content without payment. The study presented participants with 18 hypothetical stories varying across dimensions like physical theft, loss to rights holders, and sharing content. It found that both groups viewed physical theft as least acceptable and considered similar story aspects as more or less ethical. The study concludes that students can be a representative sample for research on piracy views.
Author's gender aects rating of academic articlesGRAPE
The document summarizes an experiment that tested whether the perceived gender of an academic author affects evaluations of their work. In the experiment, participants rated papers that were identical except for the described gender of the author. The results showed that papers were less likely to be judged as having been published in a top journal if the author was described as female. However, ratings of the paper's quality did not differ significantly based on author gender. The study suggests author gender bias may negatively impact early career evaluations and opportunities for women in academia.
This study examined potential gender bias in academic support networks through two field experiments. In the first experiment, researchers randomly sent requests for data from published experiments to academics, using either a male or female student name. There was no significant difference in response or compliance rates. A second experiment varied the gender and attractiveness of the requester and type of request (article or meeting). Attractive female students received lower response rates for article requests but not meeting requests. Overall, the study found little evidence of gender bias, though attractiveness may influence responses to female students.
The document analyzes differences in research funding received by men and women in Poland. It finds that while women make up about half of grant applicants, they receive a lower proportion of funds and have a slightly lower success rate than men. Interviews with experts found the funding system is seen as fair and merit-based. However, some noted family responsibilities may disadvantage women scientists. Suggested reforms include policies to better support scientists with family/care duties such as childcare funding and extended eligibility for leave periods. Overall, the document presents data on gender differences in Polish research funding and perspectives on improving support for female scientists.
The shadow of longevity – does social security reform reduce gains from incre...GRAPE
This document summarizes a study that analyzes the macroeconomic and welfare effects of increasing the retirement age under different pension systems (defined benefit, notional defined contribution, and funded defined contribution). The study finds that increasing the retirement age is a universally efficient reform that improves welfare. Specifically:
1) Increasing the retirement age leads to higher aggregate labor supply, though individual labor supply may decrease for some.
2) Everyone gains from the reform, as beneficiaries receive higher pensions under defined contribution systems and taxpayers pay lower taxes to support defined benefit pensions.
3) While capital per worker decreases slightly, this is mostly due to a reduction in precautionary savings rather than true economic effects.
The impact of business cycle fluctuations on aggregate endogenous growth ratesGRAPE
This document summarizes Marc Bielecki's research on modeling the impact of business cycle fluctuations on endogenous growth rates. The research aims to develop a single framework to analyze both business cycle and growth phenomena. Key contributions include a microfounded aggregate R&D intensity function and modeling of innovating, heterogeneous firms hit by aggregate and idiosyncratic shocks. Empirical evidence shows entry, expansions and contractions are procyclical. The model can replicate these features and shows that temporary productivity shocks can have permanent effects by shifting the long-run growth rate.
Productivity and Inequality Effects of Labor Reallocation Transition -- Insig...GRAPE
This document presents a meta-analysis of the literature on the productivity and inequality effects of rapid labor reallocation during economic transitions. It examines over 450 estimates of job and worker flows from 10 transition economies over 18 years. The analysis finds little support for simple stories about the relationship between transition speed and outcomes. In the short run, inequality increases with job destruction but productivity effects are unclear. In the long run, job creation is positively connected to inequality but productivity effects remain uncertain. The evidence together does not support or reject theories about an optimal transition speed based on synchronizing job destruction and creation.
This document summarizes a study that examines the welfare effects of increasing the retirement age under different pension schemes (defined benefit, notional defined contribution, and funded defined contribution) using overlapping generations models. It finds that increasing the retirement age leads to overall welfare gains in all schemes. The mechanisms through which welfare increases differ across schemes, with labor supply, pensions, taxes, and other macroeconomic variables changing to different degrees depending on the pension design. The study aims to better understand how macroeconomic effects and welfare impacts may vary when the retirement age is increased under different existing pension-benefit linkages.
Political (In)Stability of Social Security ReformGRAPE
We analyze the political stability of welfare enhancing privatization of the social security. We consider an economy populated by overlapping generations, who vote on abolishing the funded system and replacing it with the pay-as-you-go scheme, i.e. “unprivatizing” the pension system. We show that even if abolishing the system reduces overall welfare, the distribution of benefits across cohorts along the transition path implies that some ways of “unprivatizing” social security are always politically favored
Political (In)Stability of Social Security ReformGRAPE
We analyze the political stability social security reforms which introduce a funded pillar (a.k.a. privatizations). We consider an economy populated by overlapping generations, which introduces a funded pillar. This reform is efficient in Kaldor-Hicks sense and has political support. Subsequently, agents vote on abolishing the funded system and replacing it with the pay-as-you-go scheme, i.e. “unprivatizing” the pension system. We show that even if abolishing the system reduces welfare in the long run, the distribution of benefits across cohorts along the transition path implies that “unprivatizing” social security is always politically favored. This suggests that property rights definition over retirement savings may be of crucial importance for determining the stability of retirement systems with a funded pillar.
Political (In)Stability of Social Security ReformGRAPE
In this paper we consider an economy populated by overlapping generations, which may decide about abolishing the funded system and replacing it with the pay-as- you-go scheme (i.e. unprivatizing the pension system). We compare politically stable and politically unstable reforms and show that even if the funded system is overall welfare enhancing, the cohort distribution of benefits along the transition path turns unprivatizing social security politically favorable.
This document summarizes a study that analyzes the macroeconomic and welfare effects of increasing the retirement age under different pension systems (defined benefit, notional defined contribution, and funded defined contribution). It finds that increasing the retirement age is universally welfare improving. Specifically, it leads to a decrease in average labor supply but an increase in aggregate labor supply. Capital and output per capita decrease due to lower savings. The positive welfare effects are enhanced when productivity increases with age.
We analyze political stability of social security that involves pre-funding. We employ an overlapping generations model with intra-cohort heterogeneity and introduce partial funding, which is efficient in Kaldor-Hicks sense and has majority political support. Subsequently, agents vote on capturing the accumulated pension assets, and replacing it with the pay-as-you-go scheme. We show that even if capturing assets reduces welfare in the long run, the distribution of benefits across cohorts living at the time of voting yields always sufficient political support. We explain the mechanisms which yield this counter-intuitive result. Preventing the asset capture requires switching off the fiscal channel, i.e. funding becomes politically stable if capturing of the pension assets cannot be used to reduce taxation and/or public debt.
Increasing the retirement age is analyzed under different pension systems (defined benefit, notional defined contribution, funded defined contribution) using an overlapping generations model. The results show:
1) Increasing the retirement age is efficient and leads to welfare gains for all generations under all systems.
2) Labor supply increases at the aggregate level, though individual labor supply may decrease for those close to retirement.
3) Capital per worker decreases primarily due to reduced precautionary savings rather than labor supply adjustments.
Eficiency versus insurance: The role for fiscal policy in social security pri...GRAPE
Pension system reforms imply substantial redistribution between cohorts and within cohorts. They also implicitly affect the scope of risk sharing in societies. Linking pensions to individual incomes increases efficiency but reduces the insurance motive implicit in Beveridgean systems. The existing view in the literature argues that the insurance motive dominates the efficiency gains when evaluating the welfare effects. We show that this result is not universal: there exist ways to increase efficiency or compensate the loss of insurance, assuring welfare gains from pension system reform even in economies with uninsurable idiosyncratic income shocks. The fiscal closure, which necessarily accompanies the changes in the pension system, may boost efficiency and/or make up for lower insurance in the pension system. Indeed, fiscal closures inherently interact with the effects of pension system reform, counteracting or reinforcing the original effects. By analyzing a variety of fiscal closures, we reconcile our result with the earlier literature. We also study the political economy context and show that political support is feasible depending on the fiscal closure
Macroeconomic modeling of the pension reformsGRAPE
This document discusses modeling pension reforms in Poland using an overlapping generations model. It aims to examine how different fiscal closures of the 1999 pension reform affected welfare, and the effects of changes proposed in 2011 and 2013. The model includes heterogeneous agents, endogenous labor supply, a production sector, a public finance sector, and different pension systems. The reforms transitioned Poland's pension system from defined benefit to a multi-pillar system. The document outlines the model, solution method, and questions it aims to explore regarding the welfare effects of fiscal policies and pension reforms.
In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension systemGRAPE
- The document discusses a model of an overlapping generations economy with heterogeneous cohorts and pension systems. It examines the distributional effects of pension reform from defined benefit to defined contribution and the effectiveness of policy instruments.
- The model finds that such a pension reform and demographic transition increase both wealth and consumption inequalities. Minimum pensions are shown to reduce inequality from the reform by 40-50% by affecting endowments, but not preferences. Contribution caps have an unnoticeable effect.
Stimulating old-age savings under incomplete rationalityGRAPE
Fully rational agents respond to old-age savings incentives with complete crowing out, hence any effects of such incentives stem from second order general equilibrium adjustments. However, agents facing constraints in obtaining optimal savings profiles experience also first order effects, i.e. substantial changes to the lifetime profiles of assets accumulation. We develop a fully-fledged overlapping generations model with intra-cohort heterogeneity. In addition to fully rational agents, each generation has also agents with other types of preferences. In this economy we introduce a variety of tax incentivized old-age savings schemes with endogenous participation. We analyze macroeconomic and welfare effects of such instruments.
Stimulating old-age savings under incomplete rationalityGRAPE
1) Government-subsidized voluntary old-age saving schemes reduce poverty and increase welfare compared to raising payroll taxes or reducing pension benefits alone under incomplete rationality.
2) However, the subsidies disproportionately benefit households who need them least.
3) While capital accumulation increases overall, crowd-out of private savings is large, limiting macroeconomic gains.
Stimulating old-age savings under incomplete rationalityGRAPE
We study macroeconomic and welfare effects of old-age savings incentives (OAS incentives). Fully rational agents respond to OAS incentives with complete crowding out, hence any effects of such incentives stem from second order general equilibrium adjustments. Meanwhile, agents with incomplete rationality face constraints in obtaining optimal savings profiles, and thus experience also first order effects in presence of OAS incentives. We develop an overlapping generations model with intra-cohort behavioral heterogeneity. In addition to fully rational agents, each generation has also agents with variety of incompletely rational preferences. In this economy we introduce tax incentivized old-age savings schemes with endogenous participation.
Similar to In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system (13)
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Revisiting gender board diversity and firm performanceGRAPE
Cel: oszacować wpływ inkluzywności władz spółek na ich wyniki.
Co wiemy?
• Większość firm nie ma równosci płci w organach (ILO, 2015)
• Większość firm nie ma w ogóle kobiet we władzach
Demographic transition and the rise of wealth inequalityGRAPE
We study the contribution of rising longevity to the rise of wealth inequality in the U.S. over the last seventy years. We construct an OLG model with multiple sources of inequality, closely calibrated to the data. Our main finding is that improvements in old-age longevity explain about 30% of the observed rise in wealth inequality. This magnitude is similar to previously emphasized channels associated with income inequality and the tax system. The contribution of demographics is bound to raise wealth inequality further in the decades to come.
(Gender) tone at the top: the effect of board diversity on gender inequalityGRAPE
The research explores to what extent the presence of women on board affects gender inequality downstream. We find that increasing presence reduces gender inequality. To avoid reverse causality, we propose a new instrument: the share of household consumption in total output. We extend the analysis to recover the effect of a single woman on board (tokenism(
Gender board diversity spillovers and the public eyeGRAPE
A range of policy recommendations mandating gender board quotas is based on the idea that "women help women". We analyze potential gender diversity spillovers from supervisory to top managerial positions over three decades in Europe. Contrary to previous studies which worked with stock listed firms or were region locked, we use a large data base of roughly 2 000 000 firms. We find evidence that women do not help women in corporate Europe, unless the firm is stock listed. Only within public firms, going from no woman to at least one woman on supervisory position is associated with a 10-15% higher probability of appointing at least one woman to the executive position. This pattern aligns with various managerial theories, suggesting that external visibility influences corporate gender diversity practices. The study implies that diversity policies, while impactful in public firms, have limited
effectiveness in promoting gender diversity in corporate Europe.
This document introduces a framework for analyzing contracts between a principal and multiple agents who have interdependent preferences. It begins with a simple example involving two agents who can choose between working and shirking, and whose outputs are either success or failure. The agents have interdependent utility that depends on both their own material payoff and their conjecture of the other agent's utility.
The document then outlines the research agenda, which is to characterize optimal contracts when agents have interdependent preferences and to provide recommendations for contract design based on whether preferences are positively or negatively interdependent. Finally, it presents some general results, finding that independent contracts are no longer optimal when preferences are interdependent, and that contracts should incorporate both individual performance bonuses and team
Tone at the top: the effects of gender board diversity on gender wage inequal...GRAPE
We address the gender wage gap in Europe, focusing on the impact of female representation in executive and non-executive boards. We use a novel dataset to identify gender board diversity across European firms, which covers a comprehensive sample of private firms in addition to publicly listed ones. Our study spans three waves of the Structure of Earnings Survey, covering 26 countries and multiple industries. Despite low prevalence of female representation and the complex nature of gender wage inequality, our findings reveal a robust causal link: increased gender diversity significantly decreases the adjusted gender wage gap. We also demonstrate that to meaningfully impact gender wage gaps, the presence of a single female representative in leadership is insufficient.
Gender board diversity spillovers and the public eyeGRAPE
A range of policy recommendations mandating gender board quotas is based on the idea that "women help women". We analyze potential gender diversity spillovers from supervisory to top managerial positions over three decades in Europe. Contrary to previous studies which worked with stock listed firms or were region locked, we use a large data base of roughly 2 000 000 firms. We find evidence that women do not help women in corporate Europe, unless the firm is stock listed. Only within public firms, going from no woman to at least one woman on supervisory position is associated with a 10-15\% higher probability of appointing at least one woman to the executive position. This pattern aligns with the Public Eye Managerial Theory, suggesting that external visibility influences corporate gender diversity practices. The study implies that diversity policies, while impactful in public firms, have limited effectiveness in promoting gender diversity in corporate Europe.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large New Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economies, we use this model to provide comparative statics across past and contemporaneous age structures of the working population. Thus, we quantify the extent to which the response of labor markets to adverse TFP shocks and monetary policy shocks becomes muted with the aging of the working population. Our findings have important policy implications for European labor markets and beyond. For example, the working population is expected to further age in Europe, whereas the share of young workers will remain robust in the US. Our results suggest a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle. Furthermore, with the aging population, lowering inflation volatility is less costly in terms of higher unemployment volatility. It suggests that optimal monetary policy should be more hawkish in the older society.
This document discusses how labor market inequality may push disadvantaged groups like women into entrepreneurship out of necessity. It presents a theoretical framework showing how greater gender employment gaps could increase the prevalence of female self-employment. The authors test this using data on gender wage and employment gaps matched with survey data on entrepreneurship. Their results show a robust positive effect of gender employment gaps on necessity-driven female entrepreneurship but little effect of wage gaps. This provides empirical support that labor market discrimination can push disadvantaged groups into self-employment when other employment options are limited.
Evidence concerning inequality in ability to realize aspirations is prevalent: overall, in specialized segments of the labor market, in self-employment and high-aspirations environments. Empirical literature and public debate are full of case studies and comprehensive empirical studies documenting the paramount gap between successful individuals (typically ethnic majority men) and those who are less likely to “make it” (typically ethnic minority and women). So far the drivers of these disparities and their consequences have been studied much less intensively, due to methodological constraints and shortage of appropriate data. This project proposes significant innovations to overcome both types of barriers and push the frontier of the research agenda on equality in reaching aspirations.
Overall, project is interdisciplinary, combining four fields: management, economics, quantitative methods and psychology. An important feature of this project is that it offers a diversified methodological perspective, combining applied microeconometrics, as well as experimental methods.
- The document discusses the optimal assignment of property rights when a social planner cannot commit to future trading mechanisms. This lack of commitment results in ex-post inefficiency and inefficient investment decisions due to hold-up problems.
- The social planner chooses property rights to alleviate these frictions. The paper proposes a framework to characterize the optimal property right using a mechanism design approach. The main result is that the optimal property right is simple but flexible, often featuring an option to own the property.
The document presents a framework for studying the optimal design of contractual property rights using mechanism design. It discusses how property rights determine agents' outside options in economic interactions and impact ex-post efficiency and investment incentives when the social planner cannot commit to future mechanisms. The authors analyze how to design property rights to alleviate these frictions in a setting with one-sided private information and bargaining power. A key result is that the optimal property right is often simple but flexible, featuring an option to own the resource.
The document presents a framework for studying the optimal design of contractual property rights. It discusses how property rights determine agents' outside options in economic interactions and impact ex-post efficiency and investment incentives when a social planner cannot commit to future mechanisms. The authors' contribution is characterizing the optimal property right from a non-parametric class in a setting with one-sided private information and bargaining power, finding that flexible rights featuring an option to own are often optimal.
The Rise and Fall of Ponzi Schemes in America.pptxDiana Rose
Ponzi schemes, a notorious form of financial fraud, have plagued America’s investment landscape for decades. Named after Charles Ponzi, who orchestrated one of the most infamous schemes in the early 20th century, these fraudulent operations promise high returns with little or no risk, only to collapse and leave investors with significant losses. This article explores the nature of Ponzi schemes, notable cases in American history, their impact on victims, and measures to prevent falling prey to such scams.
Understanding Ponzi Schemes
A Ponzi scheme is an investment scam where returns are paid to earlier investors using the capital from newer investors, rather than from legitimate profit earned. The scheme relies on a constant influx of new investments to continue paying the promised returns. Eventually, when the flow of new money slows down or stops, the scheme collapses, leaving the majority of investors with substantial financial losses.
Historical Context: Charles Ponzi and His Legacy
Charles Ponzi is the namesake of this deceptive practice. In the 1920s, Ponzi promised investors in Boston a 50% return within 45 days or 100% return in 90 days through arbitrage of international reply coupons. Initially, he paid returns as promised, not from profits, but from the investments of new participants. When his scheme unraveled, it resulted in losses exceeding $20 million (equivalent to about $270 million today).
Notable American Ponzi Schemes
1. Bernie Madoff: Perhaps the most notorious Ponzi scheme in recent history, Bernie Madoff’s fraud involved $65 billion. Madoff, a well-respected figure in the financial industry, promised steady, high returns through a secretive investment strategy. His scheme lasted for decades before collapsing in 2008, devastating thousands of investors, including individuals, charities, and institutional clients.
2. Allen Stanford: Through his company, Stanford Financial Group, Allen Stanford orchestrated a $7 billion Ponzi scheme, luring investors with fraudulent certificates of deposit issued by his offshore bank. Stanford promised high returns and lavish lifestyle benefits to his investors, which ultimately led to a 110-year prison sentence for the financier in 2012.
3. Tom Petters: In a scheme that lasted more than a decade, Tom Petters ran a $3.65 billion Ponzi scheme, using his company, Petters Group Worldwide. He claimed to buy and sell consumer electronics, but in reality, he used new investments to pay off old debts and fund his extravagant lifestyle. Petters was convicted in 2009 and sentenced to 50 years in prison.
4. Eric Dalius and Saivian: Eric Dalius, a prominent figure behind Saivian, a cashback program promising high returns, is under scrutiny for allegedly orchestrating a Ponzi scheme. Saivian enticed investors with promises of up to 20% cash back on everyday purchases. However, investigations suggest that the returns were paid using new investments rather than legitimate profits. The collapse of Saivian l
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Dr. Alyce Su Cover Story - China's Investment Leadermsthrill
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
Explore the world of investments with an in-depth comparison of the stock market and real estate. Understand their fundamentals, risks, returns, and diversification strategies to make informed financial decisions that align with your goals.
South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcriptynfqplhm
办理美国SDSU毕业证书制作南达科他州立大学假文凭定制Q微168899991做SDSU留信网教留服认证海牙认证改SDSU成绩单GPA做SDSU假学位证假文凭高仿毕业证GRE代考如何申请南达科他州立大学South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcript
Every business, big or small, deals with outgoing payments. Whether it’s to suppliers for inventory, to employees for salaries, or to vendors for services rendered, keeping track of these expenses is crucial. This is where payment vouchers come in – the unsung heroes of the accounting world.
A toxic combination of 15 years of low growth, and four decades of high inequality, has left Britain poorer and falling behind its peers. Productivity growth is weak and public investment is low, while wages today are no higher than they were before the financial crisis. Britain needs a new economic strategy to lift itself out of stagnation.
Scotland is in many ways a microcosm of this challenge. It has become a hub for creative industries, is home to several world-class universities and a thriving community of businesses – strengths that need to be harness and leveraged. But it also has high levels of deprivation, with homelessness reaching a record high and nearly half a million people living in very deep poverty last year. Scotland won’t be truly thriving unless it finds ways to ensure that all its inhabitants benefit from growth and investment. This is the central challenge facing policy makers both in Holyrood and Westminster.
What should a new national economic strategy for Scotland include? What would the pursuit of stronger economic growth mean for local, national and UK-wide policy makers? How will economic change affect the jobs we do, the places we live and the businesses we work for? And what are the prospects for cities like Glasgow, and nations like Scotland, in rising to these challenges?
Fabular Frames and the Four Ratio ProblemMajid Iqbal
Digital, interactive art showing the struggle of a society in providing for its present population while also saving planetary resources for future generations. Spread across several frames, the art is actually the rendering of real and speculative data. The stereographic projections change shape in response to prompts and provocations. Visitors interact with the model through speculative statements about how to increase savings across communities, regions, ecosystems and environments. Their fabulations combined with random noise, i.e. factors beyond control, have a dramatic effect on the societal transition. Things get better. Things get worse. The aim is to give visitors a new grasp and feel of the ongoing struggles in democracies around the world.
Stunning art in the small multiples format brings out the spatiotemporal nature of societal transitions, against backdrop issues such as energy, housing, waste, farmland and forest. In each frame we see hopeful and frightful interplays between spending and saving. Problems emerge when one of the two parts of the existential anaglyph rapidly shrinks like Arctic ice, as factors cross thresholds. Ecological wealth and intergenerational equity areFour at stake. Not enough spending could mean economic stress, social unrest and political conflict. Not enough saving and there will be climate breakdown and ‘bankruptcy’. So where does speculative design start and the gambling and betting end? Behind each fabular frame is a four ratio problem. Each ratio reflects the level of sacrifice and self-restraint a society is willing to accept, against promises of prosperity and freedom. Some values seem to stabilise a frame while others cause collapse. Get the ratios right and we can have it all. Get them wrong and things get more desperate.
How to Identify the Best Crypto to Buy Now in 2024.pdfKezex (KZX)
To identify the best crypto to buy in 2024, analyze market trends, assess the project's fundamentals, review the development team and community, monitor adoption rates, and evaluate risk tolerance. Stay updated with news, regulatory changes, and expert opinions to make informed decisions.
“Amidst Tempered Optimism” Main economic trends in May 2024 based on the results of the New Monthly Enterprises Survey, #NRES
On 12 June 2024 the Institute for Economic Research and Policy Consulting (IER) held an online event “Economic Trends from a Business Perspective (May 2024)”.
During the event, the results of the 25-th monthly survey of business executives “Ukrainian Business during the war”, which was conducted in May 2024, were presented.
The field stage of the 25-th wave lasted from May 20 to May 31, 2024. In May, 532 companies were surveyed.
The enterprise managers compared the work results in May 2024 with April, assessed the indicators at the time of the survey (May 2024), and gave forecasts for the next two, three, or six months, depending on the question. In certain issues (where indicated), the work results were compared with the pre-war period (before February 24, 2022).
✅ More survey results in the presentation.
✅ Video presentation: https://youtu.be/4ZvsSKd1MzE
In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
1. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded
pension system
Joanna Tyrowicz
with Marcin Bielecki, Krzysztof Makarski, Marcin Waniek and Jan Woznica
National Bank of Poland
University of Warsaw
Warsaw School of Economics
Group for Research in Applied Economics
ISCEF 2016 – April 2016
2. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Motivation
Background
Reform: two (or more!) dimensions
The way pensions (or implicit debt) is computed: DB → DC
Privatizing: PAYG → F or no system at all
Plus: changing parameters such as retirement age, contribution rates,
eligibility rules, etc.
What is an optimal reform?
Hicks optimality: welfare gains exceed welfare loss (after discounting) ⇒
lump-sum redistribution authority
Pareto optimality: reform such that nobody looses
Why relevant?
3. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Motivation
Literature
Breyer (1989): transition from PAYG to FF system implies loss on at least
one cohort
Economy with no pension system can be achieved with Pareto optimal
paths
Kotlikoff (1996), Kotlikof et al (1999), Hirte and Weber (1997), Belan and
Pestieu (1999), Gy´arf´as and Marquardt (2001), McGrattan and Prescott
(2014)
Typically, adjustment in contribution rates or pensions to keep pension
system fiscally neutral
Economy with a pension system (FF)
???, Roberts (2013) needs endogenous growth and specific parametrizations
4. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Motivation
Our contribution
Pareto-improving privatization of social security
Politically feasible
Credible
Features
OLG model with no adjustments in contributions / pensions
realistic demographics
Start: DC PAYG
End: DC partially funded
5. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Motivation
1 Motivation
2 Model Setup
Production
Consumers
Pension system and the government
Optimal reform
3 Calibration
4 Results
Robustness
5 Conclusions
6. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Model Setup
Production
Production
Perfectly competitive representative firm
Standard Cobb-Douglas production function
Yt = Kα
t (zt Lt )1−α
Profit maximization implies
wt = z1−α
t (1 − α)Kα
t L−α
t
rt = αKα−1
t (zt Lt )1−α
− d
7. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Model Setup
Consumers
Consumers
”born” at age 20 (j = 1) and live up to 100 years (J = 80)
subject to time and cohort dependent survival probability π
choose labor supply l endogenously until exogenous retirement age ¯J
(forced to retire)
8. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Model Setup
Consumers
Consumers
”born” at age 20 (j = 1) and live up to 100 years (J = 80)
subject to time and cohort dependent survival probability π
choose labor supply l endogenously until exogenous retirement age ¯J
(forced to retire)
optimize remaining lifetime utility derived from leisure 1 − l
and consumption c
Uj,t =
J−j
s=0
βs πj+s,t+s
πj,t
u(cj+s,t+s , lj+s,t+s )
with
u(c, l) = cj,t (1 − lj,t )φ
9. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Model Setup
Consumers
Consumers’ choice
receive market clearing wage for labor
receive market clearing interest rate on private savings
receive pension income + unintentional bequests
pay taxes
10. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Model Setup
Consumers
Consumers’ choice
receive market clearing wage for labor
receive market clearing interest rate on private savings
receive pension income + unintentional bequests
pay taxes
Subject to the budget constraint
(1 + τc
t )cj,t + sj,t = (1 − τl
t )(1 − τs
t )wj,t lj,t ← labor income
+ (1 + (1 − τk
t )rt )sj−1,t−1 ← capital income
+ (1 − τl
t )bι
j,t ← pension income
+ beqj,t ← bequests
11. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Model Setup
Pension system and the government
Government
collects taxes on earnings, interest and consumption (sum up to T)
spends a fixed share of GDP on government consumption G
collects social security contributions and pays out pensions
of the NDC and FDC systems
subsidyt = τι
¯J−1
j=1
wj,t lj,t −
J
j= ¯J
pj,t Nj,t
services debt D and targets a fixed long-run debt/GDP ratio
Gt + subsidyt + rt Dt−1 = Tt + (Dt − Dt−1)
12. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Model Setup
Pension system and the government
Pension system
Initial steady state: defined contribution PAYG (NDC)
bNDC
¯J,t =
¯J−1
s=1 Πs
i=1(1 + rNDC
t− ¯J+i−1) τt− ¯J+s−1wt− ¯J+s−1ls,t− ¯J+s−1
J
s= ¯J πs,t
rNDC
= payroll growth
13. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Model Setup
Pension system and the government
Pension system
Initial steady state: defined contribution PAYG (NDC)
bNDC
¯J,t =
¯J−1
s=1 Πs
i=1(1 + rNDC
t− ¯J+i−1) τt− ¯J+s−1wt− ¯J+s−1ls,t− ¯J+s−1
J
s= ¯J πs,t
rNDC
= payroll growth
Final steady state: NDC + funded defined contribution (FDC)
bFDC
¯J,t =
¯J−1
s=1 Πs
i=1(1 + rFDC
t− ¯J+i−1) τFDC
t− ¯J+s−1wt− ¯J+s−1ls,t− ¯J+s−1
J
s= ¯J πs,t
with τ = τNDC
+ τFDC
14. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Model Setup
Pension system and the government
Pension system
Initial steady state: defined contribution PAYG (NDC)
bNDC
¯J,t =
¯J−1
s=1 Πs
i=1(1 + rNDC
t− ¯J+i−1) τt− ¯J+s−1wt− ¯J+s−1ls,t− ¯J+s−1
J
s= ¯J πs,t
rNDC
= payroll growth
Final steady state: NDC + funded defined contribution (FDC)
bFDC
¯J,t =
¯J−1
s=1 Πs
i=1(1 + rFDC
t− ¯J+i−1) τFDC
t− ¯J+s−1wt− ¯J+s−1ls,t− ¯J+s−1
J
s= ¯J πs,t
with τ = τNDC
+ τFDC
and rFDC
> rNDC
15. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Model Setup
Pension system and the government
Pension system
Initial steady state: defined contribution PAYG (NDC)
bNDC
¯J,t =
¯J−1
s=1 Πs
i=1(1 + rNDC
t− ¯J+i−1) τt− ¯J+s−1wt− ¯J+s−1ls,t− ¯J+s−1
J
s= ¯J πs,t
rNDC
= payroll growth
Final steady state: NDC + funded defined contribution (FDC)
bFDC
¯J,t =
¯J−1
s=1 Πs
i=1(1 + rFDC
t− ¯J+i−1) τFDC
t− ¯J+s−1wt− ¯J+s−1ls,t− ¯J+s−1
J
s= ¯J πs,t
with τ = τNDC
+ τFDC
and rFDC
> rNDC
and rFDC
is tax free
16. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Model Setup
Optimal reform
Forming the funded pillar
Policy instrument
Transition cohorts receive an indexation of pension in excess of rNDC
:
rNDC
t = rNDC
t + generosity(rFDC
t − rNDC
t )
Politically feasible (unlike LSRA)
Generosity: year specific or cohort specific
Year specific : easily enacted
Cohort specific : similar to the LSRA but not a lump-sum transfer
Policy instrument = algorithm for optimization
17. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Model Setup
Optimal reform
Algorithm
Search values of generosityt that :
maximizes the number of cohorts that benefited from the reform
minimize loss to the cohort which suffers most due to the reform, thus
reducing differences between welfare of transition cohorts
allow compensations for a limited time (180 periods)
18. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Model Setup
Optimal reform
Algorithm
Search values of generosityt that :
maximizes the number of cohorts that benefited from the reform
minimize loss to the cohort which suffers most due to the reform, thus
reducing differences between welfare of transition cohorts
allow compensations for a limited time (180 periods)
Computations
1 generate periodically constant paths
2 calculate welfare effects
3 genetic algorithm: take the best paths and combines them to test if any
combination results in beter outcomes
4 some slight randomization of combined paths improves efficiency of search
5 two approaches: pure generosity or generosity + τNDC
t
19. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Calibration
Calibration
Replicates micro- and macroeconomic features of the Polish economy
in 1999
Demographics based on projection by EU’s Economic Policy Committee
Working Group on Aging Populations and Sustainability
20. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Calibration
Demographics
Total population size (left) and Total Factor Productivity (right) projections
Source: AWG demographic forecast.
21. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Calibration
Calibrated parameters
Parameters
α capital share of income 0.33
d depreciation rate 0.05
β discounting factor 0.9735
φ preference for leisure 0.825
γg share of govt expenditure in GDP 20%
D/Y share of public debt to GDP 45%
τk
capital income tax 19%
τc
consumption tax 11%
τι
effective social security contribution 6.2%
Outcome values (initial steady state)
(dk)/y share of investment in GDP 21%
b/y share of pensions in GDP 5.0%
r interest rate 7.2%
labor force participation rate 56.9%
τl
labor income tax 17.4%
22. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Results
Year specific generosity
23. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Results
Year specific generosity
349 cohorts out of 399 benefit from reform
24. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Results
Cohort specific generosity
25. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Results
Cohort specific generosity
200 cohorts out of 399 benefit from reform, but losses small
26. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Results
Robustness
Robustness checks (year specific)
27. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Results
Robustness
Robustness checks (year specific)
28. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Results
Robustness
Robustness checks (cohort specific)
29. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Conclusions
Main findings
We seek Pareto-improving pension system reform
30. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Conclusions
Main findings
We seek Pareto-improving pension system reform
We propose a politically feasible instrument of redistribution
Compensation via higher indexation costs nothing (unlike debt)
Results prove robust to parametrization
31. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Conclusions
Main findings
We seek Pareto-improving pension system reform
We propose a politically feasible instrument of redistribution
Compensation via higher indexation costs nothing (unlike debt)
Results prove robust to parametrization
Still, no ful Pareto-optimality
32. In the search for the optimal path to establish a funded pension system
Conclusions
Thank you for your attention!