lungs ppt

1. INTRODUCTION:
• The Liver is a vital organ located in the Upper right side of the Abdomen.
• It is one of the largest organs in the human body, weighs approximately 1500g and performs a wide range
of crucial functions essential for maintaining overall health.
• The organ is closely associated with the Small Intestine, processing the nutrient-enriched venous blood
that leaves the digestive tract.
• The Liver is a major metabolic organ only found in vertebrate animals, which performs many essential
biological functions such as Detoxification of the organism and the synthesis of Proteins and Biochemicals
necessary for digestion and growth.
• It consists of both exocrine and endocrine glands.
• The liver filters all of the blood in the body and breaks down poisonous substances, such as
alcohol and drugs.

2. DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF LIVER:

3. MORPHOLOGY:
SHAPE:
The Liver is wedge shaped and resembles a four sided pyramid laid on one side with its base directed
towards the right and apex directed towards the left.
 COLOUR:
It is reddish brown in colour.
WEIGHT:
In males: 1.4 to 1.8 kg.
In females: 1.2 to 1.4 kg.
In newborn: 1/18th of the body weight.
At birth: 150g.
Proportional weight: In adult ,1/40th of the body weight.

4. ANATOMY OF THE LIVER:
• The liver is reddish-brown and shaped approximately like a cone or a wedge, with the small end
above the spleen and stomach and the large end above the small intestine.
• The entire organ is located below the lungs in the right upper abdomen.
• It weighs between 3 and 3.5 pounds.

5. STRUCTURE:
• The liver consists of four lobes:
The larger right lobe and left lobe
The smaller caudate lobe and quadrate lobe
• The left and right lobe are divided by the falciform (“sickle-shaped” in Latin) ligament,
which connects the liver to the abdominal wall.
• The liver’s lobes can be furtherdivided into eight segments, which are made up of
thousands of lobules (small lobes). Each of these lobules has a duct flowing toward the
common hepatic duct, which drains bile from the liver.

6. PARTS:
The following are some of the most important individual parts of the liver:
• Common Hepatic Duct: A tube that carries bile out of the liver. It is formed from the intersection of the right
and left hepatic ducts.
• Falciform Ligament: A thin, fibrous ligament that separates the two lobes of the liver and connects it to the
abdominal wall.
• Glisson’s Capsule: A layer of loose connective tissue that surrounds the liver and its related arteries and ducts.
• Hepatic Artery: The main blood vessel that supplies the liver with oxygenated blood.
• Hepatic Portal Vein: The blood vessel that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas,
and spleen to the liver.
• Lobules: Microscopic building blocks of the liver.
• Peritoneum: A membrane covering the liver that forms the exterior.

7. PHYSIOLOGY:
• The liver is an essential organ of the body that performs over 500 vital functions. These include
removing waste products and foreign substances from the bloodstream, regulating blood sugar
levels, and creating essential nutrients.
• Here are some of its most important functions:
• Albumin Production: Albumin is a protein that keeps fluids in the bloodstream from leaking into
surrounding tissue. It also carries hormones, vitamins, and enzymes through the body.
• Bile Production: Bile is a fluid that is critical to the digestion and absorption of fats in the small
intestine.
• Filters Blood: All the blood leaving the stomach and intestines passes through the liver, which
removes toxins, byproducts, and other harmful substances.
• Regulates Amino Acids: The production of proteins depend on amino acids. The liver makes
sure amino acid levels in the bloodstream remain healthy.

8. • Regulates Blood clotting:
Blood clotting coagulants are created using vitamin K, which can only be
absorbed with the help of bile, a fluid the liver produces.
• Resists Infections:
As part of the filtering process, the liver also removes bacteria from the
bloodstream.
• Stores Vitamins and Minerals:
The liver stores significant amounts of vitamins A, D, E, K, and B12, as well
as iron and copper.
• Processes Glucose: The liver removes excess glucose (sugar) from the
bloodstream and stores it as glycogen. As needed, it can
convert glycogen back into glucose.
*Blood Supply:* Receives blood from the hepatic artery (oxygenated) and the portal vein
(nutrient-rich blood from the digestive
organs).

9.  Detoxification:
• The liver plays a key role in detoxifying drugs, alcohol, and harmful substances.
Bile Production:
• The liver produces bile, containing bile salts that aid in fat digestion and absorption in the small
intestine.
Storage:
• The liver stores vitamins (A, D, B12), iron, and glycogen for future use.
Regulation of Blood Glucose:
• The liver helps maintain blood glucose levels within a normal range by storing or releasing glucose
as needed.
• These metabolic functions are crucial for maintaining overall homeostasis and ensuring the body
has a constant supply of energy and essential nutrients.

10. Amino acid metabolism:
• the liver is active in protein synthesis. Liver is rich in aminotransferases and glutamate
dehydrogenase.
• The liver is the organ of urea formation. Also, it participates in the glucose-alanine cycle, along with
the muscle. In addition, the liver has intense gluconeogenic activity.
Biotransformation:
• refers to the detoxification of foreign or xenobiotic substances by the liver.
• The main reactions to detoxify foreign substance involve enzyme systems associated with the
endoplasmic reticulum (microsomal fraction). They comprise:
Oxidation or phase I:
• It is an oxidizing system or microsomal mixed function oxidative system. It requires NADPH and O2 along with
FAD and cytochrome P450.

11. Conjugation or phase II:
• It is performed by UDP-glucuronyl transferase, sulfokinase, transacetylases or enzymes that catalyse
conjugation with glycine.
Reduction.
Hydrolysis.
Excretion or phase III.
First-pass liver metabolism:
• First-pass liver metabolism is found especially with the highly lipid-soluble compounds, such
as propranolol, labetalol, and oxprenolol.
• Major hepatic clearance is also found with acebutolol, nebivolol, metoprolol, and timolol.
• First-pass metabolism varies greatly among patients and alters the dose required.

12. Epidemiology of Liver Diseases:
World wide:
• Liver diseases accounts for two million deaths annually and is responsible for 4% of all deaths(1 out of every 25
deaths worldwide).
• According to the World Health Organization (WHO), liver diseases are the tenth leading cause of death in India,
accounting for 2.4 per cent of all deaths.
• The incidence of liver diseases is estimated to be around 10-15 per cent of the population, with a higher
prevalence in rural areas (19 Apr 2023).
In India:
• Liver diseases are fast being recognized as public health priorities in India.
• The burden of liver disease in India is significant because it alone contributed to 18.3% of the two million global
liver disease–related deaths in 2015 (28 Jan 2022).

13. Graphical Representation:

14. Liver Diseases: Symptoms
• Liver disease can be inherited (genetic).
• Liver problems can also be caused by a variety of factors that damage the liver, such as viruses,
alcohol use and obesity.
• Early symptoms generally feeling unwell and tired all the time.
• Loss of appetite.
• Loss of weight.
• Feeling sick (nausea) and vomiting.
• Tenderness/pain in the liver area.
• Spider-like small blood capillaries on the skin above waist level (spider angiomas)blotchy red palms.
• Disturbed sleep patterns.

15. ALCOHOL :
• Alcohol is a psychoactive drug that has been consumed in drinks for most of human history.
• Alcohol is produced naturally when yeasts ferment sugars to generate energy.
• The only type of alcohol that humans can safely drink is ethanol.
• We use the other two types of alcohol for cleaning and manufacturing, not for making drinks.
• For example, methanol (or methyl alcohol) is a component in fuel for cars and boats.
• The consumption of alcoholic drinks, often referred to as "drinking", plays an important social role in many
cultures.
• Alcoholic drinks are typically divided into three classes—beers, wines, and spirits—and typically
their alcohol content is between 3% and 50%.
• Alcohol is a depressant, which in low doses causes euphoria, reduces anxiety, and increases sociability.
• In higher doses, it causes drunkenness, stupor, unconsciousness, or death.

16. Pharmacological Action of Ethanol:

17. EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON LIVER:
• Consuming alcohol can significantly affect your health, as well as your overall well-being and safety.
• The liver breaks down most of the alcohol you drink so that it can be removed from the body.
• This process creates substances that are more harmful than alcohol. Large amounts of these substances
can
damage liver cells and cause serious liver disease.
• Alcohol causes 4 out of 5 deaths from liver disease.
• Excessive alcohol consumption can significantly affect the liver and contribute to three types of liver
disease:
• Excessive buildup of fat in the liver, also known as fatty liver or hepatic steatosis
• Inflammation of the liver or alcoholic hepatitis
• Replacement of normal liver tissue by scared tissue or alcohol-related cirrhosis.
Fatty liver (steatosis)
• Fatty liver is the most common type of alcohol-related liver disease. Fat builds up in the liver and stops it
from working properly. This can lead to scarring of the liver (cirrhosis).

18. Inflammation of the liver (alcoholic hepatitis):
• About a third of people with fatty liver will develop a mild or moderate inflammation of the liver.
• This is alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatitis may not cause any symptoms at first, so you may not realise that you
have it.
Acute alcoholic hepatitis:
• More serious and life-threatening inflammation of the liver can cause:
• a loss of appetite
• jaundice (yellow skin)
• liver failure
• Around 1 in 3 people who develop acute alcoholic hepatitis will die from it.
Scarring of the liver (cirrhosis):
• Around 1 in 5 heavy drinkers have cirrhosis.
• Fat and inflammation in the liver lead to scarring. When the scarring is severe, this is called cirrhosis.

19. Diagrammatic Representation of Alcoholic Liver Diseases:

20. ALCOHOL METABOLISM:
• The chemical breakdown of alcohol:
• The chemical name for alcohol is ethanol (CH3CH2OH). The body processes and eliminates ethanol in
separate steps.
• Chemicals called enzymes help to break apart the ethanol molecule into other compounds (or
metabolites), which can be processed more easily by the body.
• Most of the ethanol in the body is broken down in the liver by an enzyme called alcohol
dehydrogenase (ADH), which transforms ethanol into a toxic compound called acetaldehyde (CH3CHO),
a known carcinogen.
• However, acetaldehyde is generally short-lived; it is quickly broken down to a less toxic compound
called acetate (CH3COO-) by another enzyme called aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH).