Chapter 13 "The Will to Believe" by William James
Name: Junio Ryan
NIM: 20191000025
Faculty: Faculty of Science & Technology
University: Buddhi Dharma University
Why do people believe the things they believe? What does it even mean to “know” something is true, and how can we determine what is true? In this sermon by Harmony member Mike Markey, you'll learn about epistemology—the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion.
Why are we doing this again1) Generally speaking,.docxphilipnelson29183
Why are we doing this again?1) Generally speaking, humans are not very good at reasoning.2) The purpose of this class is to make you better at reasoning.3) Fallacies are specific examples of bad reasoning, and they are all around us.Thus, learning to recognize fallacies is likely to make you commit them less often, and consequently become a better reasoner.
Hasty generalizationHasty generalization: inappropriately generalizing from too few examples.Anecdotal evidence
Freewrite: Hasty Generalization
Is there reasoning behind prejudice? What is the motivating force of prejudice or racism (as a subcategory of prejudice)? Does a person’s limited experiences with another group lead them to unjustified conclusions about an entire race (in which case it’s a hasty generalization)? Or is it some deep-seated prejudice that goes beyond reason?
Generalization from an exceptional caseGeneralization from an exceptional case: Inappropriately generalizing from cases that are unique, or unusual.Biased sampleSelf-selection fallacy
AccidentAccident: Assuming a general claim applies to a specific case that could be unusual.Example: “In America we have the right to bear arms. So if I want to point a gun at a police officer, I should be able to do so.”
Weak AnalogyWeak analogy: a weak argument based on unimportant or irrelevant similarities between the things being compared.Example: “Going to SWC is like being in prison. After all, both the campus and the prison are buildings constructed by humans.”Example: “Corporations are like people. If people can be tried in a court of law, then so can corporations.”
Untestable ExplanationUntestable explanation: when someone provides an explanation that cannot even be tested in principle.Example: “Charlene is really good at helping people because she gives off such good vibes.”
Slippery SlopeSlippery Slope: the suggestion that something will progress by degrees to an exaggerated or undesirable outcome.
False cause/correlation is not causationFalse cause: assuming that because one event happened after (or around the same time as) another that it was caused by the other.In assuming that one event causes another, the person committing this fallacy can overlook:CoincidenceA common causeRandom variationRegression to the mean
False cause (random variation)“In our tests, we randomly selected men to drive a golf ball as far as they could. We then had them wear our magnetic bracelet and try again. On the second occasion the men hit the ball an average of ten feet further. Our bracelet can lengthen your drive as well.”
False cause (regression to the mean)“The girls were well below their average on Monday, so I made them do 50 sets of pushups. Guess what? Their average was much better on Tuesday. Pushups did the trick.”
Appeal to AuthorityAppeal to authority: giving the opinion of a non-authoritative source to support a claim.Example: “My smart friend says that Obamacare is bad for the country. So he mu.
Chapter 13 "The Will to Believe" by William James
Name: Junio Ryan
NIM: 20191000025
Faculty: Faculty of Science & Technology
University: Buddhi Dharma University
Why do people believe the things they believe? What does it even mean to “know” something is true, and how can we determine what is true? In this sermon by Harmony member Mike Markey, you'll learn about epistemology—the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion.
Why are we doing this again1) Generally speaking,.docxphilipnelson29183
Why are we doing this again?1) Generally speaking, humans are not very good at reasoning.2) The purpose of this class is to make you better at reasoning.3) Fallacies are specific examples of bad reasoning, and they are all around us.Thus, learning to recognize fallacies is likely to make you commit them less often, and consequently become a better reasoner.
Hasty generalizationHasty generalization: inappropriately generalizing from too few examples.Anecdotal evidence
Freewrite: Hasty Generalization
Is there reasoning behind prejudice? What is the motivating force of prejudice or racism (as a subcategory of prejudice)? Does a person’s limited experiences with another group lead them to unjustified conclusions about an entire race (in which case it’s a hasty generalization)? Or is it some deep-seated prejudice that goes beyond reason?
Generalization from an exceptional caseGeneralization from an exceptional case: Inappropriately generalizing from cases that are unique, or unusual.Biased sampleSelf-selection fallacy
AccidentAccident: Assuming a general claim applies to a specific case that could be unusual.Example: “In America we have the right to bear arms. So if I want to point a gun at a police officer, I should be able to do so.”
Weak AnalogyWeak analogy: a weak argument based on unimportant or irrelevant similarities between the things being compared.Example: “Going to SWC is like being in prison. After all, both the campus and the prison are buildings constructed by humans.”Example: “Corporations are like people. If people can be tried in a court of law, then so can corporations.”
Untestable ExplanationUntestable explanation: when someone provides an explanation that cannot even be tested in principle.Example: “Charlene is really good at helping people because she gives off such good vibes.”
Slippery SlopeSlippery Slope: the suggestion that something will progress by degrees to an exaggerated or undesirable outcome.
False cause/correlation is not causationFalse cause: assuming that because one event happened after (or around the same time as) another that it was caused by the other.In assuming that one event causes another, the person committing this fallacy can overlook:CoincidenceA common causeRandom variationRegression to the mean
False cause (random variation)“In our tests, we randomly selected men to drive a golf ball as far as they could. We then had them wear our magnetic bracelet and try again. On the second occasion the men hit the ball an average of ten feet further. Our bracelet can lengthen your drive as well.”
False cause (regression to the mean)“The girls were well below their average on Monday, so I made them do 50 sets of pushups. Guess what? Their average was much better on Tuesday. Pushups did the trick.”
Appeal to AuthorityAppeal to authority: giving the opinion of a non-authoritative source to support a claim.Example: “My smart friend says that Obamacare is bad for the country. So he mu.
03. intro to argument, informal fallaciesJustin Morris
Thank You for Arguing (TYFA) Selected pages:
Team 1: Ch. 1 (3-15)
Team 2: Ch. 2 (15-26)
Team 3: Ch. 3 (27-37)
Team 4: Ch. 14 (137-154)
Team 5: Ch. 15 (155-170)
Team 6: Ch. 16 (171-180)
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. If evidence is lacking, so what?
‘ A W I S E M A N , T H E R E F O R E , P R O P O R T I O N S
H I S B E L I E F T O T H E E V I D E N C E ’
DAVID HUME ( 1 7 1 1 - 1 7 76)
2. What is the point of critical thinking?
Why should we think critically and rationally?
Why does it matter?
What harm is there in believing in something if it
makes you feel good or provides you with comfort, or
gives you hope?
If evidence is lacking so what?
3. Belief and evidence
Where do our beliefs
Come from ?
BRAINSTORM THE WAYS IN WHICH PEOPLE ACQUIRE
BELIEFS
School and
learning
5. Task
You will be divided into 3 or 4 groups and each group
will watch an episode of South Park
All about Mormons
The biggest douche in the universe
Trapped in the closet
(Super best friends if 4 groups)
You will then carry out a 15 minute presentation on
the following …
6. Your presentation will need to focus on the following
Give a brief outline of the episode – what is the theme and plot?
What beliefs are being presented to the boys and the people of South
Park?
Are the beliefs based on proof or evidence?
Why do you think people decide to adopt those beliefs?
Is it dangerous to adopt the beliefs as facts? Why?
What does Stan learn from having listened and learnt from the people
involved – Do you agree with them?
You will need to use a multi-media tool in order to edit sections of the
episode, that you will use to enhance your presentation (approx 6 mins
of presentations time)
Link your presentation at some point to Voltaire’s quote
‘Those that can make you believe absurdities can make you commit
atrocities’
Voltaire (1694-1778)
Any other points relating to what we have studied so far in philosophy
7. Rational belief requires EVIDENCE
Beliefs like that of the church of Scientologists or the
Book of Mormon need evidence to back them up
Mormon/Scientology beliefs should be rejected unless
they can be defended
They need to provide what Philosophers call the ‘burden
of proof’, in other words they need to provide evidence or
proof for their claims
Formulating beliefs and making decisions without
sufficient evidence always leads to trouble
Would you really choose a university, career, place to
live, or anything for that matter without examining the
facts involved
8. Inquiry, Hard Work and Progress – Stan sums it up
brilliantly
‘You see, I learned something today. At first I
thought you were all just stupid listening to this
douche’s advice but now I understand that
you’re all here because your scared. You’re
scared of death and he offers you some kind of
understanding. You all want to believe in it so
much, I know you do. You find comfort in the
thought that your loved ones are floating
around trying to talk to you, but think about it:
is that really what you want? To just be floating
around after you die having to talk to this
asshole? We need to recognise this stuff or what
it really is: magic tricks. Because whatever is
really going on in life and in death is much
more amazing than this douche.’
