The document provides an overview of different philosophical theories for determining truth and discusses concepts like biases, facts vs opinions, and fallacies that are relevant to assessing the truthfulness of statements or ideas. It explains key theories such as the correspondence theory, which views something as true if it corresponds to reality, and the coherence theory, which sees truth as something making sense within a given context. The document also outlines common biases like confirmation bias and cultural bias that can influence perspectives, as well as logical fallacies to watch out for in arguments. It emphasizes that determining truth requires careful consideration of evidence, perspectives, and potential biases or flaws in reasoning.

1. DETERMINING
TRUTH
DANILO F. MARIBAO
PALIPARAN III SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
DASMARINAS CITY, CAVITE

2. 1. Group the class into 5 groups
2. Each group must appoint for a
leader and secretary.
3. Once you hear “what is your
score” the group must announce
their score.
4. The first group who announce
their score will get an additional
points.
5. Highest score gets 10pts- 8 pts- 6

4. REVIEW

5. 1. Skeptical attitude in
looking an ideas, events
or things.

6. Systematic doubt

7. 2. Varied and differing ideas
and perspectives are
analyzed and from the
information gathered, new
ideas and views are
formulated.

8. Dialectic

9. 3. Analyzing a topic by
formulating a series of
questions designed to
analyze its various aspects,
and examine and clarify a
person’s view on it.

10. Socratic Method

11. 4. Refers to
assumptions which
are taken for granted
in a philosophical
discussion.

12. Axioms

13. 5. It is a problem
solving device used in
analyzing possible
explanations regarding
a phenomenon.

14. Occam’s razor

15. DETERMINING
TRUTH

16. ACTIVITY
LET’S PONDER

17. Asia is the largest continent in the world.
God made the world in seven days.
Man has the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness.
China’s continued presence in the Spratlys is a violation
of international law.
A person must always consider the interests of his
family before his own happiness.
Citizens have the right to take up arms and overthrow an
oppressive government.
The President has done very little to upload
democracy and look after the interests of the Filipino people.
The sun is the center of the solar system
Put a check in the box of the statement that is true.

18. ANALYSIS
1. Were you able to judge easily the
truthfulness of the statements? Why?
2. Which of the statements are obviously
true?
3. Which of these statements may be true
for others but not true in the judgment?
4. Which of these statements do you
personally believe to be true but may be
disputed by other people?

19. ABSTRACTION
How do we use
Philosophy to figure out
what is true?

20. In today’s society, we are often
bombarded with a lot of information.
Most of these are helpful, but there are
some that seem to mislead us or even
utterly false.

22. These kind of information often have a
negative impact in our lives.
People have been mislead by claims of
“miracle drugs” which were eventually
proven to have a no significant effects
on health.

23. Selling some
herbal beauty
soap ❤ at budget
price . Pm me if
intrested. ❤

24. How do we know that
what they are telling is
true

25. TRUTH lies at the heart of any
inquiry.
Knowledge must be truthful to gain
validity and acceptance. But the
concept of truth remains a
controversial and much-discussed
topic among philosophers.

26. What is true, or even a
definition of truth, is tricky
concept in Philosophy.
Philosophers agree that
there is no absolute measure
of truth.

27. Concept of truth:
- Rooted in an ancient Greek
philosophy’s concept of
knowledge as “justified, true
belief”.
- This concept states that
something is true because you
believe it is be true, and there is
justification for such belief.

28. CORRESPONDENCE THEORY
states that something is true if it
corresponds to reality or the actual
state of affairs.
- This theory assumes a direct
relationship between an idea and
reality and that can be taken as
“fact”.

29. Example:
“A mammal is an animal which is warm-
blooded, has hair, and feed its young
with milk” is considered to be true.
“a dog barks” is also true
“ pigs can fly” however, is false since
in reality pigs do not have the capability
to fly.

30. Is this true?

31. manananggal
Ng lakas”

32. COHERENCE THEORY propose that
something is true if it makes sense
when placed in a certain situation or
context.
Unclean for
Muslims

33. makes sense in the context of
Islamic faith.

34. RELATIVISM is a philosophical
concept which contends that there are
no absolute truths.
Abortion is
acceptable
practice for
Catholics.

35. CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORY holds
that knowledge is shaped by social
forces and influenced by culture and
history.
This is reflected
by laws and
traditions.

36. CONSENSUS THEORY views
knowledge as based on argument, and
that something is true if almost
everyone agrees that is true.
Pluto’s classification
into a “dwarf planet”

37. PRAGMATIC THEORY holds the view
that something is true if we can put it
into practice or is useful in real life. It
also believes that ideas should be
continually treated to confirm their
validity.
A related theory, verification, considers
that ideas must be verified using the
senses of experience.

38. OTHER THINGS
SHOULD WE CONSIDER
IN DETERMINING THE
TRUTH

39. Determining the truth of any statement
Ideas and claims are often presented in
the form of ARGUMENTS
These kinds of arguments are called
FALLACIES

40. 1. Ad hominem
2. Appeal to force
3. Appeal to emotion
3. Appeal to the popular
4. Appeal to tradition
5. Begging the question
6. cause-and-effect
7. Fallacy of composition
8. Fallacy of division
Fallacies:

41. You make
me happy
in a way,
no one else
can

42. One should also know the difference
between fact and opinion.
Facts are generally established truths,
easily verified, and do not easily
change from one situation to another.
Opinions on the other hand, are aware
of bias or personal views of the person
presenting it.

43. Kabahan ka na.
😂 #Transformer

44. Biases are not necessarily errors in
reasoning, but refer to tendencies or
influences which affect the views of
people.

45. 1. Correspondence bias or attribution effect
2. Confirmation bias
3. Framing
4. Hindsight
5. Conflict of interest
6. Cultural bias
Biases:

46. CORRESPONDENCE BIAS OR ATTRIBUTION EFFECT
Tendency to judge a person’s personality
by his or her actions, without regard for
external factors on influence.
Ex:
These soldiers who fought in the war are
all bloodthirsty murderer.

47. CONFIRMATION BIAS
Tendency to look for and readily accept
information which fits with one’s own
beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views
that go against it.
Ex:
How can I accept his view that there is no
God? I am a Christian!

48. FRAMING
Focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while
ignoring other aspects.
Ex: Preliminary evidences have still not
pointed out the actual cause of the plane
crash, but investigators are currently focusing
on the possibility of pilot error.

49. HINDSIGHT
The tendency to see past events as
predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to
historical; events.
Ex: Magellan’s assault on Mactan Island
was a foolhardy venture, made by an
overconfident, careless man who
underestimated the valor of the native
Filipinos.

50. CONFLICT OF INTEREST
A person or group is connected to or has a
vested interest in the issue being
discussed.
Ex:
As the daughter of the accused, I believe I
have the right to express my opinion on the
issue of his alleged corrupt practices.

51. CULTURAL BIAS
Analyzing an event or issue based on
one’s cultural standards.
Ex:
I do not agree with this Western practice of
placing aged parents in retirement homes.
We Filipinos take care of ur family
members.

52. THEORY Something is
true if…
We can determine
truth if…
THINK
Compare the various theories on knowledge by
completing the table.
APPLICATION

53. 1. What are some of your personal
biases?
2. How do these biases affect the
way you deal with other people’s
views and opinions?

54. ASSESSMENT

55. 1. Lies at the heart of any
inquiry.

56. 2. states that something is true if it
corresponds to reality or the actual
state of affairs

57. 3. Propose that something is true if
it makes sense when placed in a
certain situation or context.

58. 4. It is a philosophical concept
which contends that there are no
absolute truths.

59. 5. Holds that knowledge is shaped by
social forces and influenced by culture
and history.

60. 1. TRUTH
2. Correspondence theory
3. Coherence Theory
4. Relativism
5. Constructivist Theory
ANSWERS: