The document outlines three methods of philosophizing: 1) distinguishing opinion from truth by analyzing situations correctly, 2) realizing that philosophical methods lead to wisdom and truth, and 3) evaluating truth and opinion in different situations using the method of philosophizing.
Philosophy aims to distinguish truth from opinion. The document discusses various philosophical perspectives on truth and how truth is determined. It also examines the differences between facts, claims, and opinions. Philosophy can guide us in determining what is true by analyzing arguments and identifying logical fallacies and biases. Understanding the distinction between truth and opinion from a philosophical standpoint can help us make wiser decisions.
This document discusses the differences between truth and opinion. It states that truth is important for establishing right from wrong, upholding human rights, and maintaining integrity in democratic processes. Facts can be proven through evidence or experiments, while opinions represent personal beliefs and cannot be proven. The document provides examples to distinguish between facts and opinions, and outlines methods of analysis, distinction, and synthesis that are used in philosophy to break down and combine information. It concludes by offering hints for identifying statements as truths or opinions.
This document discusses key topics related to developing primary skills in learners. It covers doing philosophy from partial vs holistic perspectives, methods of philosophizing from opinion vs truth, the human person as an embodied spirit regarding limitations vs possibilities for transcendence, and the human person in their environment regarding disorder vs order. It also discusses freedom of the human person in terms of choices and consequences, intersubjectivity in terms of authentic dialogue and accepting differences, and the human person in society regarding the dialect of individual and society. Finally, it discusses human persons as oriented towards their impending death in terms of death and the meaning of life.
This document discusses key concepts in philosophy, including truth, knowledge, propositions, and methods for determining what is true. It provides definitions and examples of facts, claims, opinions, beliefs, explanations, arguments, and logical fallacies. Common biases are also explained. The overall purpose is to guide the reader in distinguishing truth from opinion and analyzing statements using philosophical methods.
Intro to the philosophy of the human person Chapter 1 the process of doing ...Ariel Gilbuena
This is my first lesson presentation in Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. If you like to watch my other presentation visit https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCltDbhOXh6r9FyYE52rWzCQ/playlists?shelf_id=18&view_as=subscriber&sort=dd&view=50
This document discusses different philosophical methods for determining truth: phenomenology bases truth on consciousness; existentialism bases it on personal freedom and choice; postmodernism rejects absolute truth and emphasizes cultures and power structures; analytic tradition views language as socially constructed. It also discusses logic and critical thinking as tools to reason, distinguish facts from opinions, and identify fallacies. Logical arguments can be deductive, moving from general premises to specific conclusions, or inductive, using observations to make probable claims.
Philosophy module 1 - The Meaning and Method of Doing PhilosophyRey An Castro
Philosophy Module 1: The Meaning and Method of Doing Philosophy of Rey An C. Castro, LPT., was created as a tool for teaching Philosophy in senior high school students.
The author aims to help educators and students in teaching and learning Philosophy.
distinguished holistic from a partial point of view lesson 1.pptxDesireTSamillano
The document discusses the difference between holistic and partial thinking. Holistic thinking looks at all aspects of a problem or situation, tying them together to form an overall perspective. Partial thinking only considers some limited aspects. Examples provided contrast a mother listening to both children in an argument versus just one, and doctors reviewing a patient's lifestyle versus just symptoms. The document emphasizes the importance of both types of thinking and considering large-scale patterns as well as specific areas to understand problems fully.
Philosophy aims to distinguish truth from opinion. The document discusses various philosophical perspectives on truth and how truth is determined. It also examines the differences between facts, claims, and opinions. Philosophy can guide us in determining what is true by analyzing arguments and identifying logical fallacies and biases. Understanding the distinction between truth and opinion from a philosophical standpoint can help us make wiser decisions.
This document discusses the differences between truth and opinion. It states that truth is important for establishing right from wrong, upholding human rights, and maintaining integrity in democratic processes. Facts can be proven through evidence or experiments, while opinions represent personal beliefs and cannot be proven. The document provides examples to distinguish between facts and opinions, and outlines methods of analysis, distinction, and synthesis that are used in philosophy to break down and combine information. It concludes by offering hints for identifying statements as truths or opinions.
This document discusses key topics related to developing primary skills in learners. It covers doing philosophy from partial vs holistic perspectives, methods of philosophizing from opinion vs truth, the human person as an embodied spirit regarding limitations vs possibilities for transcendence, and the human person in their environment regarding disorder vs order. It also discusses freedom of the human person in terms of choices and consequences, intersubjectivity in terms of authentic dialogue and accepting differences, and the human person in society regarding the dialect of individual and society. Finally, it discusses human persons as oriented towards their impending death in terms of death and the meaning of life.
This document discusses key concepts in philosophy, including truth, knowledge, propositions, and methods for determining what is true. It provides definitions and examples of facts, claims, opinions, beliefs, explanations, arguments, and logical fallacies. Common biases are also explained. The overall purpose is to guide the reader in distinguishing truth from opinion and analyzing statements using philosophical methods.
Intro to the philosophy of the human person Chapter 1 the process of doing ...Ariel Gilbuena
This is my first lesson presentation in Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. If you like to watch my other presentation visit https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCltDbhOXh6r9FyYE52rWzCQ/playlists?shelf_id=18&view_as=subscriber&sort=dd&view=50
This document discusses different philosophical methods for determining truth: phenomenology bases truth on consciousness; existentialism bases it on personal freedom and choice; postmodernism rejects absolute truth and emphasizes cultures and power structures; analytic tradition views language as socially constructed. It also discusses logic and critical thinking as tools to reason, distinguish facts from opinions, and identify fallacies. Logical arguments can be deductive, moving from general premises to specific conclusions, or inductive, using observations to make probable claims.
Philosophy module 1 - The Meaning and Method of Doing PhilosophyRey An Castro
Philosophy Module 1: The Meaning and Method of Doing Philosophy of Rey An C. Castro, LPT., was created as a tool for teaching Philosophy in senior high school students.
The author aims to help educators and students in teaching and learning Philosophy.
distinguished holistic from a partial point of view lesson 1.pptxDesireTSamillano
The document discusses the difference between holistic and partial thinking. Holistic thinking looks at all aspects of a problem or situation, tying them together to form an overall perspective. Partial thinking only considers some limited aspects. Examples provided contrast a mother listening to both children in an argument versus just one, and doctors reviewing a patient's lifestyle versus just symptoms. The document emphasizes the importance of both types of thinking and considering large-scale patterns as well as specific areas to understand problems fully.
This document provides an introduction to philosophy and the philosophy of the human person. It defines philosophy as the love of wisdom and discusses some of the most notable ancient Greek philosophers such as Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Democritus, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. It also outlines some of the main branches of philosophy including aesthetics, logic, epistemology, ethics, political philosophy, metaphysics, and the philosophy of the human person. The document encourages philosophical thinking by asking questions about reality, knowledge, purpose, freedom, and the human person.
Lesson in Introduction to Philosophy of Human Person
"Join me on my YouTube channel for more insightful topics! Don't forget to hit the subscribe button and share with your friends to stay updated on all the latest content!"
https://www.youtube.com/@JehnSimon
This document provides an overview of methods for philosophizing and determining truth. It discusses the importance of truth and differentiating between knowledge, facts, claims, opinions and arguments. Systematic doubt is presented as a philosophical method for establishing truth by scrutinizing and analyzing statements. Examples are provided to illustrate applying systematic doubt to determine whether a statement is factual or an opinion. Fallacies in reasoning that can undermine arguments are also defined and exemplified. The document aims to teach philosophical thinking and analysis to discern truth from falsehood.
Intro to the philosophy of the human person ch 2-1 socratic method of philo...Ariel Gilbuena
Chapter 2 is about method of philosophizing. In this lesson the focus is on Socratic method. Do you want more related presentation? Visit our channel. Here is the link https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCltDbhOXh6r9FyYE52rWzCQ/playlists?shelf_id=18&view_as=subscriber&sort=dd&view=50
The document discusses the differences between opinions and truths. It states that opinions are subjective judgments without evidence, while truths can be verified with facts and data. The document provides examples of objective, social, and personal domains of truth and examines how to distinguish opinions from truths based on whether statements can be verified or are just assumptions.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Here are some ways students can live a life of abundance:
- Focus on personal growth and learning rather than material possessions. Pursue knowledge and new experiences that fulfill your potential.
- Build strong relationships with others through acts of kindness, compassion, and service. Make time for family and friends each day.
- Practice gratitude for the blessings you already have like health, education opportunities, supportive communities. An abundant mindset values what you have.
- Find purpose and meaning in small acts that uplift others, from volunteering to holding doors to leaving encouraging notes. Look for ways to spread abundance wherever you go.
- Take care of your mind, body, and spirit through exercise, meditation, journaling,
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Society influences human development in several ways:
1) It establishes norms, laws, and traditions that regulate human interactions and give rise to social systems and structures like social roles, groups, and institutions.
2) These socializing influences shape values and expected behaviors which transforms individuals and their relationships.
3) Society also provides opportunities for people to better themselves and contribute to social change through decisions, actions, and participation in social movements working towards common goals.
Quarter 1 – Module 2 Methods of Philosophizing.pdfJENNELYNGASO
This document provides an introduction to a philosophy course on human persons. It outlines the most essential learning competencies for the course, which involve distinguishing opinion from truth, realizing that philosophy leads to wisdom and truth, and evaluating truth and opinions. The document then provides an overview of the first module on methods of philosophizing and its learning objectives. It presents some introductory information on facts versus opinions and includes excerpts from Plato's Allegory of the Cave to illustrate philosophical concepts.
This document contains a 25 question multiple choice exam on the introduction to philosophy of the human person. The exam covers key philosophers and concepts in metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and political philosophy. It also includes questions testing understanding of logical fallacies and the main tenets of Islam and Jainism.
This document discusses the concepts of holistic perspective and partial point of view in philosophy. It aims to distinguish between the two, understand the value of philosophy in gaining a broad life perspective, and do philosophical reflection from a holistic lens. Key points covered include defining philosophy as the love of wisdom, identifying Thales as the father of western philosophy, and examining the branches and tools of philosophy, including metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, politics, aesthetics, philosophical questions, logical reasoning, and reflection. Activities encourage applying these philosophic concepts through essays, scripts, and video clips that illustrate holism.
This module is designed for the learner to understand the meaning and process of doing philosophy. It aimed also for the learner to reflect on a concrete experience in a philosophical way.
This is for everybody who are teaching Introduction to the Philosophy of Human Person.
You're welcome in advance.
Human beings are by nature social and exist to relate to others through various relationships that shape their identity. Society is an organized group of people who interact frequently and share a common culture and territory. The social contract theory proposes that in the state of nature individuals are governed by their desires which often lead to conflict, so they form a social contract and consent to be governed for the common good and development of each individual. Different forms of societies have existed throughout history from hunting and gathering to more advanced industrial and post-industrial societies, with technology increasingly impacting social organization but the human person remaining central.
Detailed Lesson Plan in Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person.docxRENECATALANLACABA
This lesson plan aims to teach students about traditional Filipino beliefs and superstitions. It will have them identify existing beliefs in their community, explain how those beliefs impact society, and appreciate Filipino culture. Students will present different superstitions through skits or storyboards. The teacher will then explain the concepts of superstition and how they originated in the Philippines from various influences. While superstitions are part of Filipino heritage, students will discuss how they can also promote fatalism, endanger health, close-mindedness, and hinder community development. The lesson evaluates learning through an essay on how superstitions impact and change individuals in society.
Philosophical Reflection from a Holistic PerspectiveAntonio Delgado
Six blind men encounter an elephant. Each man touches a different part of the elephant and believes he understands the whole animal based on only that partial experience. This illustrates the difference between a partial and holistic view, where considering only parts provides an incomplete understanding versus considering the whole system. Reflection involves stepping back to understand one's beliefs from different perspectives in order to gain a more holistic view of reality through both primary reflection on objective elements and secondary reflection on the unified situation.
Realize the value of doing philipsophy in obtainin a broad perspective on lif...DesireTSamillano
This document provides an introduction to philosophy and discusses several key concepts:
- It defines philosophy as the "love of wisdom" and explores its main branches including metaphysics, ethics, epistemology, logic, and aesthetics.
- Filipino indigenous philosophical thoughts like "loob," "bahala na," and cultural values like "utang na loob" and "bayanihan" are examined.
- The value of philosophy in providing perspective and aiming for an abundant life is discussed, and students are given activities to reflect on concepts like happiness and purpose.
The document discusses a classic Indian fable about six blind men encountering an elephant. Each man touches a different part of the elephant's body - its side, tusk, trunk, knee, ear - and based on their limited perspective, concludes the elephant resembles different objects like a wall, spear, snake, tree, or fan. This highlights the limitations of partial or narrow perspectives in understanding complex realities that require a holistic view.
The document discusses four methods of philosophizing: logic, existentialism, analytic tradition, and phenomenology. It provides details on each method:
- Logic uses premises and inferences to build arguments and draw conclusions. It teaches correct thinking.
- Existentialism asserts individual freedom and responsibility over one's choices and future.
- Analytic philosophy validates truths through scientific processes and experimentation rather than perception alone.
- Phenomenology seeks the essential meaning of things by examining different perspectives on them.
The document advocates using these philosophy methods, especially logic, to develop critical thinking skills and make reasoned judgments.
This document provides an introduction to philosophy and the philosophy of the human person. It defines philosophy as the love of wisdom and discusses some of the most notable ancient Greek philosophers such as Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Democritus, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. It also outlines some of the main branches of philosophy including aesthetics, logic, epistemology, ethics, political philosophy, metaphysics, and the philosophy of the human person. The document encourages philosophical thinking by asking questions about reality, knowledge, purpose, freedom, and the human person.
Lesson in Introduction to Philosophy of Human Person
"Join me on my YouTube channel for more insightful topics! Don't forget to hit the subscribe button and share with your friends to stay updated on all the latest content!"
https://www.youtube.com/@JehnSimon
This document provides an overview of methods for philosophizing and determining truth. It discusses the importance of truth and differentiating between knowledge, facts, claims, opinions and arguments. Systematic doubt is presented as a philosophical method for establishing truth by scrutinizing and analyzing statements. Examples are provided to illustrate applying systematic doubt to determine whether a statement is factual or an opinion. Fallacies in reasoning that can undermine arguments are also defined and exemplified. The document aims to teach philosophical thinking and analysis to discern truth from falsehood.
Intro to the philosophy of the human person ch 2-1 socratic method of philo...Ariel Gilbuena
Chapter 2 is about method of philosophizing. In this lesson the focus is on Socratic method. Do you want more related presentation? Visit our channel. Here is the link https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCltDbhOXh6r9FyYE52rWzCQ/playlists?shelf_id=18&view_as=subscriber&sort=dd&view=50
The document discusses the differences between opinions and truths. It states that opinions are subjective judgments without evidence, while truths can be verified with facts and data. The document provides examples of objective, social, and personal domains of truth and examines how to distinguish opinions from truths based on whether statements can be verified or are just assumptions.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Here are some ways students can live a life of abundance:
- Focus on personal growth and learning rather than material possessions. Pursue knowledge and new experiences that fulfill your potential.
- Build strong relationships with others through acts of kindness, compassion, and service. Make time for family and friends each day.
- Practice gratitude for the blessings you already have like health, education opportunities, supportive communities. An abundant mindset values what you have.
- Find purpose and meaning in small acts that uplift others, from volunteering to holding doors to leaving encouraging notes. Look for ways to spread abundance wherever you go.
- Take care of your mind, body, and spirit through exercise, meditation, journaling,
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Society influences human development in several ways:
1) It establishes norms, laws, and traditions that regulate human interactions and give rise to social systems and structures like social roles, groups, and institutions.
2) These socializing influences shape values and expected behaviors which transforms individuals and their relationships.
3) Society also provides opportunities for people to better themselves and contribute to social change through decisions, actions, and participation in social movements working towards common goals.
Quarter 1 – Module 2 Methods of Philosophizing.pdfJENNELYNGASO
This document provides an introduction to a philosophy course on human persons. It outlines the most essential learning competencies for the course, which involve distinguishing opinion from truth, realizing that philosophy leads to wisdom and truth, and evaluating truth and opinions. The document then provides an overview of the first module on methods of philosophizing and its learning objectives. It presents some introductory information on facts versus opinions and includes excerpts from Plato's Allegory of the Cave to illustrate philosophical concepts.
This document contains a 25 question multiple choice exam on the introduction to philosophy of the human person. The exam covers key philosophers and concepts in metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and political philosophy. It also includes questions testing understanding of logical fallacies and the main tenets of Islam and Jainism.
This document discusses the concepts of holistic perspective and partial point of view in philosophy. It aims to distinguish between the two, understand the value of philosophy in gaining a broad life perspective, and do philosophical reflection from a holistic lens. Key points covered include defining philosophy as the love of wisdom, identifying Thales as the father of western philosophy, and examining the branches and tools of philosophy, including metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, politics, aesthetics, philosophical questions, logical reasoning, and reflection. Activities encourage applying these philosophic concepts through essays, scripts, and video clips that illustrate holism.
This module is designed for the learner to understand the meaning and process of doing philosophy. It aimed also for the learner to reflect on a concrete experience in a philosophical way.
This is for everybody who are teaching Introduction to the Philosophy of Human Person.
You're welcome in advance.
Human beings are by nature social and exist to relate to others through various relationships that shape their identity. Society is an organized group of people who interact frequently and share a common culture and territory. The social contract theory proposes that in the state of nature individuals are governed by their desires which often lead to conflict, so they form a social contract and consent to be governed for the common good and development of each individual. Different forms of societies have existed throughout history from hunting and gathering to more advanced industrial and post-industrial societies, with technology increasingly impacting social organization but the human person remaining central.
Detailed Lesson Plan in Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person.docxRENECATALANLACABA
This lesson plan aims to teach students about traditional Filipino beliefs and superstitions. It will have them identify existing beliefs in their community, explain how those beliefs impact society, and appreciate Filipino culture. Students will present different superstitions through skits or storyboards. The teacher will then explain the concepts of superstition and how they originated in the Philippines from various influences. While superstitions are part of Filipino heritage, students will discuss how they can also promote fatalism, endanger health, close-mindedness, and hinder community development. The lesson evaluates learning through an essay on how superstitions impact and change individuals in society.
Philosophical Reflection from a Holistic PerspectiveAntonio Delgado
Six blind men encounter an elephant. Each man touches a different part of the elephant and believes he understands the whole animal based on only that partial experience. This illustrates the difference between a partial and holistic view, where considering only parts provides an incomplete understanding versus considering the whole system. Reflection involves stepping back to understand one's beliefs from different perspectives in order to gain a more holistic view of reality through both primary reflection on objective elements and secondary reflection on the unified situation.
Realize the value of doing philipsophy in obtainin a broad perspective on lif...DesireTSamillano
This document provides an introduction to philosophy and discusses several key concepts:
- It defines philosophy as the "love of wisdom" and explores its main branches including metaphysics, ethics, epistemology, logic, and aesthetics.
- Filipino indigenous philosophical thoughts like "loob," "bahala na," and cultural values like "utang na loob" and "bayanihan" are examined.
- The value of philosophy in providing perspective and aiming for an abundant life is discussed, and students are given activities to reflect on concepts like happiness and purpose.
The document discusses a classic Indian fable about six blind men encountering an elephant. Each man touches a different part of the elephant's body - its side, tusk, trunk, knee, ear - and based on their limited perspective, concludes the elephant resembles different objects like a wall, spear, snake, tree, or fan. This highlights the limitations of partial or narrow perspectives in understanding complex realities that require a holistic view.
The document discusses four methods of philosophizing: logic, existentialism, analytic tradition, and phenomenology. It provides details on each method:
- Logic uses premises and inferences to build arguments and draw conclusions. It teaches correct thinking.
- Existentialism asserts individual freedom and responsibility over one's choices and future.
- Analytic philosophy validates truths through scientific processes and experimentation rather than perception alone.
- Phenomenology seeks the essential meaning of things by examining different perspectives on them.
The document advocates using these philosophy methods, especially logic, to develop critical thinking skills and make reasoned judgments.
Introduction to Philosophy of Educationbladetrinity2
This document discusses different philosophies of education including idealism, realism, pragmatism, and existentialism. It defines key terms like metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and provides examples of logical fallacies. It also covers curriculum approaches and the methodology of instruction. Idealism views reality as mental and ideas as the only things that are truly real. The role of the teacher under idealism is to bring out latent ideas in students' minds through subjects like philosophy, theology, and the liberal arts.
This document provides examples and explanations of different types of logical fallacies, specifically appeal fallacies. It discusses 12 different appeal fallacies: appeal to fear, appeal to flattery, appeal to novelty, appeal to pity, appeal to ridicule, appeal to emotions, appeal to disgust, appeal to spite, appeal to authority, appeal to coherence, appeal to consensus, and appeal to common practice. For each fallacy, it provides a definition and an example to illustrate how that fallacy works. The document aims to help the reader identify and understand different types of appeal fallacies that exploit emotional reasoning rather than logical reasoning.
1. The document discusses different aspects of how mental maps and beliefs are formed.
2. It explains that mental maps are influenced by a variety of sources like teachers, friends, family, books, and culture.
3. Mental maps can distort reality and be influenced by biases without us realizing it, so common sense and intuition cannot always be trusted.
This document provides an introduction to epistemology, the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge. It discusses key questions in epistemology such as what knowledge is, the difference between knowledge and belief, and the historical evolution of theories of knowledge in Western philosophy. Specifically, it examines the contributions of early Greek philosophers like Thales, Anaximander, Pythagoras, Heraclitus, and Parmenides to the development of epistemological thought.
03. intro to argument, informal fallaciesJustin Morris
Thank You for Arguing (TYFA) Selected pages:
Team 1: Ch. 1 (3-15)
Team 2: Ch. 2 (15-26)
Team 3: Ch. 3 (27-37)
Team 4: Ch. 14 (137-154)
Team 5: Ch. 15 (155-170)
Team 6: Ch. 16 (171-180)
This document discusses four methods of philosophizing: phenomenology, existentialism, analytic tradition, and logic. Phenomenology studies how reality is perceived, existentialism examines how humans define meaning in life, the analytic tradition uses ordinary language to analyze concepts, and logic increases ability to reason correctly through deductive and inductive reasoning. The document provides examples of each method and explains how logic can help remove bias and think critically about determining what is probable versus what is true.
This document provides an overview of methods for determining the truth or validity of claims through philosophical analysis. It discusses key concepts like knowledge, facts, opinions, arguments, logic, and fallacies. The document encourages applying systematic doubt to statements to analyze them, using examples like claims about one's identity or abilities. Readers are advised to consider whether a statement is factual, an opinion, belief, argument, or explanation in order to distinguish truth from falsehood. Philosophical tools like logic and identifying logical fallacies can guide determining the truthfulness of different types of statements.
This document discusses different philosophical concepts related to determining truth. It defines truth, propositions, knowledge, facts, and claims. Truth lies at the heart of inquiry and refers to statements that correspond with reality. Propositions directly state something about the world and can be true or false. Knowledge is clear understanding based on facts and reality. Facts are observable truths while claims require examination to determine their validity. Philosophers employ systematic doubt to scrutinize existing knowledge and determine truth through evidence and reason rather than assumptions.
This document discusses various methods of determining truth and distinguishing it from opinion. It outlines Rene Descartes' view of systematic doubt to determine truth. Some bases for determining truth include using one's senses, relying on facts, getting consensus, proving through actions, and subjecting claims to tests. Philosophy can help filter information by applying doubt, facts, actions, and tests. The document also defines facts and opinions, with facts being verifiable and opinions based on emotions. It notes several philosophical methods like the Socratic method, dialectic method, scientific method, and historical method.
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature, scope, and validity of knowledge. It investigates how knowledge is acquired and what qualifies as acceptable knowledge. There are various perspectives on what constitutes knowledge and how it can be obtained. Epistemology aims to define knowledge and establish the means of achieving it.
Here are examples of statements demonstrating each type of bias:
1. Attribution effect: "He failed the exam so he must be lazy."
2. Confirmation bias: "I don't believe the studies showing vaccines are safe because I'm convinced they cause autism."
3. Framing: "The debate focuses on tax cuts and ignores spending cuts."
4. Hindsight: "In retrospect it was obvious they would get divorced."
5. Conflict of interest: "As an employee of the company, I think their practices are ethical."
6. Cultural bias: "Their parenting style is too permissive based on my cultural upbringing."
This document discusses various methods and concepts for distinguishing opinions from facts and truth, including:
1. Activities that analyze statements as either facts or opinions, and determine truth through senses, facts, consensus, or documentation.
2. Key terms like arguments, fallacies, biases that can influence opinions. Logic, fallacies like appeals and biases must be considered when evaluating arguments.
3. Philosophical methods like the Socratic method, scientific method, and historical method can be used to determine truth from opinions in different situations. Understanding the difference between opinions and truth can guide us to wisdom in evaluating varied views and making wise decisions.
The document provides an overview of different philosophical theories for determining truth and discusses concepts like biases, facts vs opinions, and fallacies that are relevant to assessing the truthfulness of statements or ideas. It explains key theories such as the correspondence theory, which views something as true if it corresponds to reality, and the coherence theory, which sees truth as something making sense within a given context. The document also outlines common biases like confirmation bias and cultural bias that can influence perspectives, as well as logical fallacies to watch out for in arguments. It emphasizes that determining truth requires careful consideration of evidence, perspectives, and potential biases or flaws in reasoning.
What is knowledge 2016 revison conceptual analysis of knowledgeJon Bradshaw
This document discusses different types of knowledge and provides an overview of the tripartite view of knowledge as justified true belief. It defines propositional knowledge as any knowledge that can be expressed as "I know that X" where X is a statement. The document then examines Plato's view that knowledge requires true belief, justification, and an explanation for why the belief is true. It outlines different theories of what constitutes justification, including coherentism, reliabilism, and foundationalism.
This document discusses the nature of scientific thought and the stages of scientific thinking. It argues that scientific thought involves metaphorical constructions rather than real representations. It describes three stages of scientific thought: the concrete stage, the concrete-abstract stage, and the abstract stage. It also discusses the task of the philosophy of science as psychoanalyzing interests to understand how the mind moves from the real to the artificial and representation to abstraction. Lastly, it emphasizes that concepts in science are arrived at through research and understanding sources, and that the most authentic research challenges pre-existing concepts through methodological critique and understanding of sources.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING.pdf
1. METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING
• Distinguish opinion from truth (Nakikilala ang pagkakaiba ng katotohanan sa
opinyon);
• Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth (Nahihinuha
na patungo sa katotohanan ang mga pamamaraan ng pamimilosopiya); and
• Evaluate truth from opinions in different situations using the method of
philosophizing (Natataya ang katotohanan at opinyon sa iba't -ibang sitwasyon
gamit ang pamamaraan ng pamimilosopiya).
2. Lesson 1: Distinguish
Opinion from Truth
• Determine the differences between truth and
knowledge;
• Distinguish opinion from truth by analyzing given
situation correctly; and
• Illustrate the three perspectives reagarding truth.
3. When your mother asks you to look
for a missing object at home:
Friend:T
ara na!YOLOpre!
Mom: Kung di mo makikita! Makikita
mo!!!!
When your friend asks you to join
them in a gimmick:
4. PERCEPTION
A process in which a man
organizes and interprets his
sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their
environment.
Two types of perception
External perception
happens when we try to understand things using our 5
senses.
product is called percept
When you perceive a chair, you have the percept of a
chair.
Internal perception
happens when you use your imagination and memory
product is called image or phantasm
5. ABSTRACTION
The stage that distinguishes us from an
imals.
Abstraction in philosophy is the process of forming a
concept by identifying common features among a group
of individuals, or by ignoring unique aspects of these
individuals.
Product is called concepts
6. JUDGEMENT
This is where we make a stand on
a certain topic
that could either be true or false to the world.
Result is called statement/ proposition
Completes the act before knowledge becomes
possible
7. • perception
• Statements or propositions if observed to be real or truthful are
consideredfacts.
⚬ However, if these are NOT evidently known to be true these
are called claims.
• abstraction
• statement/ proposition
8. Opinion
statements go beyond
providing facts. It could
provide conclusions or
perspectives regarding
certain issues
Conclusion
It is a judgement
based on certain
facts
Beliefs
statements that express
convictions that are not
easily and clearly explained
by facts
Explanation
These are statements that are assumed to be true and provide reasons
why the statement is true.
9. TRUTH
Truth is the property of being in accord with fact or
reality. In everyday language, truth is typically ascribed
to things that aim to represent reality or otherwise
correspond to it, such as beliefs, propositions, and
declarative sentences.
KNOWLEDGE
clear awareness and undersanding of
something
FACTS
Propositions or statements which are
observed to be real or truthful
CLAIM
Statements that are not evidently or
immediately known to be true
11. Three Perspectives Regarding Truth
• A belief is true if it can be justified or proven
through the use ofone's senses
⚬ I am alive.
⚬ I am here today.
⚬ I am feeling well today.
In Philosophy, we apply systematic doubt:
⚬ Am I alive?
⚬ Am I here today?
⚬ Do I fell well today?
The obvious answer is to examine yourself.
If your answer is "yes" then you can conclude with
certainty that the previous statements about yourself
are true.
Systematic Doubt
Rene Descarte's Skeptical
method
• Cogito Ergo Sum
• Rationalism: reason and
logic considered the basis of
knowledge and belief
12. Three Perspectives Regarding Truth
2. A belief or statement is true if it is based on facts.
⚬ I am a Filipino.
⚬ I am a responsible student.
⚬ I love my country.
Applying systematic doubt:
⚬ Am I a Filipino?
⚬ Am I a responsible student?
⚬ Do I love my country?
Obviously to answer these questions is use a "priori
knowledge" to conclude with certainty that the previous
statements you claim are true.
David Hume
Empiricism
• Knowledge is gained
through the senses and
experience
13. Three Perspectives Regarding Truth
3. Getting a consensus or having people agree on a common belief
• But this approach has certain limitations
14. Three Perspectives
Regarding Truth
• A belief is true if it can be justified or
proven through senses
• A belief or statement is true if it is based
on facts.
• Getting aconsensusor having people
agree on a common belief
15. • It takes 15 minutes to finish the Flag Raising
Ceremony before the class starts.
• Ana is a lazy student, I talked to her yesterday
she did not respond.
ACTIVITY 1: Fact or Opinion
16. FACT or OPINION
• It takes me an hour to walk from school to home.
• Living near the school is better because we don't have
to spend much for transportation.
• My sister ate the last pizza.
• My sister is a selfish person because she ate the last
pizza and did not share it with me.
• The policemen firmly pushed the suspect to his knees
and placed him in handcuffs.
• The aggressive manner by which the policeman
arrested the suspect is an example of the brutality that
characterizes our police force.
Direction: Apply systematic doubt in analyzing the following statements. Describe how you
will determine the truthfulness.
18. David Hume's Analytic and Empirical Statements
Let us analyze the following statements:
• A kitten is a young cat.
• An adult cat is not a kitten.
• A kitten is on the mat.
Analytic Statement (ideas)
• Truth or falsity of a knowledge claim could be found within the statement itself.
⚬ "A bachelor is an unmarried male of marriageable age."
• If denied it could lead to absurdity or contradiction.
• Tautalogous statements: saying of the same twice over in different words:
⚬ "No bachelor has a mother-in-law."
19. David Hume's Analytic and Empirical Statements
Analytic Statement (ideas)
Analytic Statements:
• truths of language
• truths of reason
• is of identity
• a priori
• matters of logic
• formal statements
20. David Hume's Analytic and Empirical Statements
Let us analyze the following statements:
• "All ducts are white."
• "Face-to-face learners will go to school twice a week."
Empirical Statement (matters of fact)
• Truth or falsity of a statement depends on the current state of affairs
• Based on correspondence or facts
⚬ "The sky is blue."
⚬ "The cat is on the mat."
⚬ "He is an honest man."
• You need to go outside of the statement to prove the claim if it corresponds with
the empirical world.
21. David Hume's Analytic and Empirical Statements
Empirical Statement (empirical world)
Empirical Statements:
• truths of fact
• synthetic
• matters of fact
• posteriori statements
22. RATIONALISM
• reason and logic considered the basis of knowledge
and belief;
• man has innate knowledge that can be accessed
through intuition or deduction.
Rene Descartes
Immanuel Kant
Gottfried Leibniz
23. Theories of Truth
• Coherence Theory
• Correspondence Theory
• Pragmatic Theory
24. Coherence Theory
• well-formed formulas (wff)
• a matter of consistency within the system
• Faculty of reason is the one responsible for the
formal types of knowledge that we accept.
25. Coherence Theory
States that if a proposition coheres will all the other
propositions taken to be true, then it is true.
• 'The snow is white.'
⚬ One needs to check if it is consistent with other
beliefs known to be true:
⚬ a. 'Ice is white.'
⚬ b. 'Snow is frozen water.'
⚬ c. 'Frozen water is ice.'
⚬ Problem: Can't a body of false statements be
coherent as well? What made others' beliefs
true?
26. EMPIRICISM
• knowledge is gained through the sense and
experience.
• reliance on inductive reasoning to arrive at
generalizxation
DAVID HUME
FRANCIS BACON
JOHN LOCKE
27. Correspondence Theory
States that a proposition is true if it is
corresponding to the facts
• 'The snow is white.'
⚬ One needs to check if the statement corresponds to
facts
⚬ Strength: simplicity and appeal to common sense
⚬ Problem: What about religious truth?
■ If we can't see God, does it mean there is no God?
28. PragmaticTheory
States that a proposition is true if it is useful to believe
• practical consequences of an idea.
• 'The snow is white.'
⚬ One needs to check if the proposition works in
reality; specifying the pigment white and
checking to see if different snow samples exhibit
the white pigment
⚬ Problem: If fake news works, does it become true?
WILLIAM JAMES
Father of Pragmatism
29. PRAGMATISM
⚬ emphasis on the practical use of knowledge CHARLES PEIRCE
WILLIAM JAMES
JOHN DEWEY
Modern period (19th to 20th century)
30. Let us have a drill
• Read and analyze the following statement, Determine
if it is a Coherence Theory, Correspondence Theory,
or a Pragmatic Theory:
• Government does not mean the head of the state
alone.
• RSHS III is classified as a large type of school.
• My seatmate is a good person, he shares his answers
in the test.
• I understand the lesson.
• That which is blue is not colored.
31. Lesson II
Methods of Philosophizing
OBJECTIVES:
• Discuss the various philosophical methods in
determining the truth.
• J ustify the validity of statement "The scientific
method leads to wisdom and truth; and
• Compare the Socratic Method, dialectic Method, and
the Scientific Method as methods of philosophizing
33. RATIONALISM
reason and logic
considered the basis of
knowledge and belief
• RENE DESCARTES
• IMMANUEL KANTZ
• GOTTFRIED LEUBNIZ
Notable Philosophers
man has innate
knowledge that can be
accessed through
intuition or deduction
34. Science
Scientia Greek word: "to produce knowledge"
Aristotle: Deductive Reasoning
• Founder of Lyceum
• Philosophy: all ideas and views are based on perception and our
reality is based on what we can sense and perceive: Physical
Sciences
Scientific Method: Empirical Method
Process of determing truth or knowledge through experimentation,
inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testing
35. Premise: All known fish species in this
genus have yellow fins;
Conclusion: Any newly discovered
species in the genus is likely to have
yellow fins.
Scientific Method
• INDUCTIVE REASONING:
⚬ From specific premises to form
general conclusion
Premise: This volcano has erupted about
every 500 years for the last 1 million
years. It last erupted 499 years ago.
Conclusion: It will erupt again soon.
36. Premise: All plants with rainbow berries
are poisonous. This plant has rainbow
berries.
Conclusion:This plant is poisonous..
Scientific Method
• DEDUCTIVE REASONING:
⚬ Using general premises to form a
specific conclusion
Premise: I am lactose intolerant,people
get sick when they consume dairy. This
milkshake contains dairy.
Conclusion: I will get sick if I drink this
milkshake.
37. How can I be a leader?
Can you think of previous experience when
someone asked you to take charged?
My mother did when my parents leave the country
for a week for conference then I was asked to take
charge of my younger siblings while they were
away.
SOCRATIC METHOD
DIDACTIC DIALOGUE: expressed in the
critical examination and cross examination
of the propositions of every participant to
the conversation
• intends not to convey new truth but only
as a GUIDE to arriving the truth
So what did you learn about your previous
experience of taking-in-charge?
How will you apply this to your present
situation?
38. Inductive
Reasoning
from specific to general
Deductive
Reasoning
from general to specific
• All garments are worn.
⚬ All worn things are used.
⚬ Therefore all garments are used.
an argument whose relations between its
premis/ s and its conclusion is of necessity
Logic: bra nch of Philosophy w hich dea ls w ith correct rea soning
• Everyday since I was born, the sun
has risen from the East.
⚬ Therefore, tomorrow the sun will
rise from the East.
an argument whose relations between its
premis/ s and its conclusion is of probability.
39. Identify the following statement
Inductive or Deductive
• All Triangles are white.
• All white things are colorless.
• Therefore, all triangles are colorless.
2. All oranges are fruits.
• All fruits grow on trees.
• Therefore, all oranges grow on trees.
3. The chair in the living room is red.
• The chair in the dining is red. The chair in the
bedroom is red.
• Therefore, All the chairs in the house is red.
Let us have another Drill
Drill No. 2
4. Bob is taller than his wife, and his wife
is taller than his son.
• So, Bob is taller than his son.
5. All men are mortal.
• Socrates is a man.
• Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
40. The Dialectic Method: base a discourse between two or
more people holding differenet points of view about a
subject but wishing to establish the truth through
reasoned methods or argumentation
• it resembles a debate but the concept excludes
subjective elements
41. Module 2-Lesson 2
Diale c tic Me thod
to inquire or cross-examine
• ask, find, or use examples
• reject
• ask again
SOCRATIC METHOD
Origin
DIALECTIC METHOD SCIENTiFiC METHOD
Me aning
Me t hod s
elenchus
Purp ose
to gain the truth
""the art of conversation"
• ask
• clarify
• reject
dialektike
knowledge and truth
to produce knowledge
• define a question from a
hypothesis
• perform an experiment
• collect data
• draw conclusions
• publish results
scientia
wisdom and to know
42. Evaluating Truth from Opinions using the methods of
philosophizing
OBJECTIVES:
• Determine the truth from opinion;
• Evaluate arguments and ways of expressing one's beliefs, emotions, and opinions;
and
• Illustrate methods or ways of looking at truth and considered as mere opinion
Lesson 3
Module 2
43. Arguments
Series of statements that provide reasons
to convince the reader or listener that a
claim or opinion is truthful
Critical thinking
• "kritikos" (to separate)
• "ana"-throughout
• "lusis"- to loosen
Thinking Analytically
44. Fallacies
• Fallacies are arguments
based on faulty reasoning.
Some may be intentional,
some are not.
Bias
• Bias are personal views of the
person presenting an opinion.
They are tendencies or
influences which affect the
views of people.
45. Fallac ie s Charac t e rist ic s Exam p le
ad hominem
ad baculum
(appeal to force)
ad misericordiam
( appelal to pity)
attacking the person
presenting the argument
instead of the argument
itself
using a threat or force
or an undesirable event
to advance an argument
using emotion such as
pity or sympathy
"Of course, he believes
that the government is
flawed, he is a rebel and
a communists!"
If you do not agree with
my political opinions,
you will receive flat 70
on your grades
"You can't fire me: I have
a wife and 12 kids who
will go hungry if I lose
this job."
46. Fallac ie s Charac t e rist ic s Exam p le
ad populum (appeal to
the majority)
ad antiquities
(appeal to tradition)
fallacy of composition
the idea is presented as
acceptable because a lot
of people accept it
the idea is acceptable
because it has been
true for a long timet
assuming that what is
true for the whole
"Every boy your age
already has a girlfriend,
you should go find one."
"Marriage should be between man
and a woman. It has been so far true
for a long time in this country; it
should remain today and in the
future."
"These cases of robbery in this
district have convinced me that
the city has become a den of
thieves and criminals."
47. Fallac ie s Charac t e rist ic s Exam p le
petitio principi
(begging the question)
fallacy of division
post hoc
( cause-and-effect)
assuming that the thing or
idea to be proven is true; also
known as "circular argument"
assuming that what is true
for the whole is true to its
parts
assuming a "cause-and-
effect"
Relationship between
unrelated events
"I have a right to free speech;
therefore, you cannot stop me
from talking."
"You came from a family of doctors
and intellectuals! Surely you can do
better in this subject."
Ever since you bought that
sweater, everything has been
going wrong in your life. You
should get rid of it."
48. BIAS Charac t e rist ic s Exam p le
Correspondence Bias
Confirmation Bias
Conflict of Interest
tendency to judge a person's
personaliy by his/her actions,
without regard for external factors
or influences.
The tendency to look for and
accept information in a way that
confirms one's own beliefs and
rejects ideas that go against it
a person or group is
connected to or has a vested
interest in the issue being
discussed
"These soldiers who fought in
the war are all bloodthirsty
murderers!"
"How can I accept this view that
there is no God? I am a Christian!"
"As the daughter of the accused,
I believe I have the right to
express my opinion on the issue
of his alleged corrupt practices."
49. BIAS Charac t e rist ic s Exam p le
Cultural Bias
Framing
analyzing an event or issue
based on one's cultural
standards
focusing on a certain aspect of a
problem while ignoring other
aspects
" I do not agree with this
Western practice of placing
aged parents in retirement
homes. We Filipinos take care
of our family members."
""Preliminary evidence has still
not pointed out the actual cause
of the plane crash, but
investigations are currently
focusing on the possibility of
pilot error."
51. Phenomenology
Edmund Husserl
a method of finding and
guaranteeing the truth that focuses
on careful inspection and description
of phenomena or appearances.
phainomenon: appearance
52. Activities for all types of learners:
• Answer Module 2 - Worksheet via G Form.
• Use module(SLM) as your primary reference and for
consideration and added notes refer to the lecture
presentation uploaded via files.
• Prepare for a Summative Test (Module 1 and 2)