Brief description is given about different types of estimates of buildings in civil engineering with basic technical terminology used in civil engineering field
Brief description is given about different types of estimates of buildings in civil engineering with basic technical terminology used in civil engineering field
This presentation covers introduction to Estimating and costing and its importance. Also, types of estimation, different terms and provisions used in estimating, are explained in it. Format of measurement sheet and abstract sheet and the rate analysis has been covered in this presentation. It can be helpful to study basics of estimating and costing.
Contracts and Tenders
When two or more persons have common intention communicated to each other to create same obligation between them there is said to be an agreement. An agreement which is enforceable by law is a Contract.
A Tenders is called upon for executing certain specified work, or supplying specified materials; subjected to certain terms and conditions like rates, time limit, etc. It is an offer in written form: Legally speaking, it is an offer to receive an offer for the work, within the specified financial limits.
Check for more presentations at - www.archistudent.net
This presentation will give the brief introduction to the specifications, its different types along with link to example of detailed specifications. Specifications of buildings and roads are discussed.
Project
A Project is defined as a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique product/service/results.
Product
The product in case of a construction project is the constructed facility such as a building, a bridge, a highway, a dam, a canal, a factory etc.
Presentation is trying to define the intent , content, methods and scope of arbitration and tendering and its implications for the architectural practice.
This presentation covers introduction to Estimating and costing and its importance. Also, types of estimation, different terms and provisions used in estimating, are explained in it. Format of measurement sheet and abstract sheet and the rate analysis has been covered in this presentation. It can be helpful to study basics of estimating and costing.
Contracts and Tenders
When two or more persons have common intention communicated to each other to create same obligation between them there is said to be an agreement. An agreement which is enforceable by law is a Contract.
A Tenders is called upon for executing certain specified work, or supplying specified materials; subjected to certain terms and conditions like rates, time limit, etc. It is an offer in written form: Legally speaking, it is an offer to receive an offer for the work, within the specified financial limits.
Check for more presentations at - www.archistudent.net
This presentation will give the brief introduction to the specifications, its different types along with link to example of detailed specifications. Specifications of buildings and roads are discussed.
Project
A Project is defined as a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique product/service/results.
Product
The product in case of a construction project is the constructed facility such as a building, a bridge, a highway, a dam, a canal, a factory etc.
Presentation is trying to define the intent , content, methods and scope of arbitration and tendering and its implications for the architectural practice.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
or
Call us at : 08263069601
(Prefer mailing. Call in emergency )
Estimating is a complex process involving collection of available and pertinent information relating to the scope of a project, expected resource consumption, and future changes in resource costs. This process is required in all stages of the project life-cycle.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
1. BILLS OF QUANTITIES (BOQ)
The survival of any business is heavily depend on the success of commercial
management. When it comes to commercial management in construction industry, Bill of
Quantities (BOQ) is the term which brings attention of every construction professionals
and stakeholders.
It is one of the communication tool which connects the parties (Client, consultant &
contractor) of construction project. Keith defines, BOQ is a schedule which categories,
details and quantifies the materials and other cost items to be used in construction project.
It is important to know that, direct costs & indirect costs are to be considered for complete
cost of the project which are covered in different parts of the BOQ.
Generally BOQ is in tabular form which contents description, unit, quantity, rate & amount
in different columns.
Sample
BOQ Document, PDF
Description column provides a brief explanation of what to be done. For example, in the first item,
the 32mm diameter CPVC pipes should be laid for cold water services in 20 bar operating pressure.
2. Specification & drawings are other two important items to be analyzed in detail for clear
understanding. Here the term engineer means the consultant for the project.
The Importance of BOQ
BOQ shall be used in every phase (pre-contract & post-contract) of the project but need of BOQ
differs based on different contract agreements & project. The major usages are listed below.
1. It provides basic idea of the project by giving the quantities to tenderers.
2. It defines the extent of the work. (But it should be identified in line with drawings &
specification as well).
3. It gives estimated or anticipated contract sum. (very important to client)
4. It provides a basis for valuation of variation. (Variation is to be discussed in detail).
The major Parts of BOQ
Parts of BOQ can be varied according to the project size as well the practices. Generally it has
measured works, Preliminaries & Provisional sums. The contract sum would be addition of these
three items.
3. BILL OF QUANTITIES
INTRODUCTION
Quantity surveying emerged as a separate profession in Britain in the 19th century. It is
simply a task of measuring construction work required to implement the architects' design
for new or renovated buildings. The purpose of the work is to produce quantified
specifications of works known as Bills of Quantities.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the Bill of Quantities are: (1) to provide sufficient information on the
quantities of Works to be performed to enable bids to be prepared efficiently and
accurately; and when a contract has been entered into, (2) to provide a priced Bill of
Quantities foruse in the periodic valuation of works executed.
In order to attain these objectives, works are itemized in the Bill of Quantities in sufficient
detail to distinguish between the
different classes of works, or between works of the same nature carried out in different
locations or in other circumstances which may
give rise to different considerations of cost. Consistent with these requirements, the layout
and content of the Bill of Quantities are required to be
as simple and brief as possible.
The large data bank of information contained in the Bill of Quantities can be used in many
ways to help the post-contract control of a project.
4. QUANTITY SURVEYOR
Bill of Quantities form a part of the contract in many countries. The World
Bank and FIDIC documents also include Bill of Quantities.
In order to produce the Bill of Quantities, a detailed quantity survey ormaterials takeoff
has to be completed. The services are provided by a professional Quantity Surveyor (QS).
A Quantity Surveyor is usually hired by the owner at the inception of a project. The QS
makes cost feasibility studies, establishes construction budget, makes cost checks at all
stages of the design process, and prepares a final Bill of Quantities. This Bill of Quantities is
included in the bidding documents of the project. The bidders use this information, along
with the construction drawings and specifications, as the basis fortheir pricing of the work.
The QS advises the owner on contractual arrangements and compiles certificates of interim
and final payment to the contractordoing the work.
Based on their detailed knowledge of construction costs, the Quantity Surveyors
can provide design cost planning service that allows customers to decide on their total
budget, even before any design work is commissioned. Without cost planning, designs may
result in bids that are too expensive.
AN OVERVIEW OF BILLS OF QUANTITIES
The Bills of Quantities are usually indicated by items of work, units of measurement,
quantities of work, rate fordoing the work, and total value of the work. An example is
shown below:
ItemID
Descriptionof
item
Unit of
measurement
Quantityof work Rate inUS $
Total amountinUS
$
1
Reinforced
cementconcrete
workin grade
beams(attaining
compressive
strengthof 3,000
psi in 28 days)
withthe leanest
permissible mix,
2:3:6 with3/4"
downgraded
crushedstone as
coarse aggregate
Cubicyard 1,000 75 75,000
5. and coarse sand
withan FMnot
lessthan2.7 as
fine aggregate.
Usually the contractorgoes through the Bills of Quantities and would quote her/his rate as
a percentage above or below the rates indicated.
Even though the QS employed by the owner provides a detailed estimate forthe project,
sometimes the rates and total amount to do the works may not be shown in the Bills of
Quantities. In that case, the bidder provides the rates of the items at which she/he is
capable to do the works.
Pricing of different items of work are done on the basis of the cost of materials, equipment,
labor, and overheads and profit.
o Materials: The materials costs are calculated by examining the material quotations
received fromsuppliers, applying appropriate wastage factors, and delivery charges.
o Equipment: Cost of equipment is calculated usually as a percentage of the cost of
materials. Depending on whether the equipment is owned or rented, this percentage
will vary.
o Labor: The most difficult element to price is the labor cost. Most of the times, it is
not sufficient to rely on published standard rates. Allowances for absences due to
sickness, loss of time due to inclement weather, overtime, etc. are required to be
built in to arrive at a pragmatic all-inclusive labor rate. Rate of productivity is another
factorthat plays an important role in fixing labor prices.
o Overheads and profit: Once the cost of materials, equipment, and labor has been
added up, a percentage foroverhead and profit is added to the item rate. This
percentage may vary from project to project depending on how well the document
has been prepared by the QS and also on market conditions. It may range from2.5 to
over 25 percent.
Once the pricing of all individual items forall trades is completed, the amounts are carried
to a summary page to indicate the total bid price.
6. SOME OTHER ADVANTAGES OF THE USE OF
BILL OF QUANTITIES
Save the cost and time of several contractors measuring the same design in order to
calculate their bids for competition.
Provide a consistent basis for competitive bids so that the contractorwho is the most
efficient and least expensive in providing the items of work is likely to be commissioned for
the job.
Provide an open basis forthe contract; the client provides an extensive and clear statement
of the work he/she requires and the contractorstates the price at which he/she is prepared
to undertake the job.
Provide a very strong basis for financial administration of the contract.
The preparation of a BQ also has other advantages as well, such as:
Assisting the comparison and assessment of tenders, as tenders will be based on the same
information;
Providing a good and fair basis for assessing variations during construction;
Being a basis for assessing and recommending progress claims and payments;
Helping to reduce the tender period (and its associated costs) as the tenderers then do not have to
each individually reproduce the tender documents for their own ‘quick’ (though it may take
weeks), and sometimes abridged, measurement and builders’ quantities;
And it also provides a basis for project cost analysis, so that future cost planning efforts have
reliable information to refer to.
Benefits of Bills of Quantities
Bills of Quantities which we produce allow for obtaining a competitive tender price for
completing the building works, valuing the extent of building works complete for the
purpose of making payments to the contractor, valuing variations in the content or extent
of building works, or to support applications for tax or other financial incentives.
Our detailed measurement for the purpose of bills of quantities production is beneficial for
a number of reasons:
It saves considerable time and cost of several contractors measuring the same
design in order to calculate their bids for competition;
It provides a consistent basis for obtaining competitive tenders from contractors;
It provides an extensive and clear statement of the work to be executed;
It provides a very strong basis for budgetary control and accurate cost reporting of
the contract including:
- the preparation of cash flow forecasts,
7. - a basis for valuing variations, and
- a basis for the preparation of progress payments (ie. interim payments)
It allows, when BQ items are codified, reconciliation and any necessary transfers
and adjustments to be made to the cost plan;
When priced it provides data to support claims for grants;
It provides one of the best sources of real-time cost data, which can be used for
estimating the cost of future building projects
Types of Bill of Quantities
The main use of a bill of quantities in support of a contract is the traditional and proven
means of securing a lump-sum price for carrying out the building works for the client.
SC Quantity Surveyors produce several types of Bills of Quantities which include
Firm (to obtain a lump-sum price for a fully designed building project)
Approximate (subject to re measurement as built)
Firm Bill of Quantities
The reliability of the tender price will increase in relation to the accuracy of the quantities
provided (i.e. the more precisely the work is measured and described). Provided there
were no design changes, then firm bills of quantities would provide a price at tender stage,
which would equal the final cost. However, there will be changes, and the bill of quantities
provides a good basis for cost control, since the direct cost can be assessed with
reference to the bill of quantity rates. In general the firmer the bill of quantities the better it
is as a means of financial control.
Approximate Bill of Quantities
SC Quantity Surveyors can produce approximate bills of quantities which are mainly used
when there is insufficient details to prepare firm bills of quantities or where the client has
decided that the time and cost of a firm bill of quantities is not warranted. These types of
contracts do not provide a lump-sum price, but instead tender price totals (ie. a quantified
schedule of rates), since the quantities are subject to re-measurement on completion by
the quantity surveyor. In general these contracts are usually subject to greater variation
than lump sum contracts and therefore should only be used where time is a limiting factor
or where there is great uncertainty in respect of certain elements, such as major
excavations and earthworks.
It is important to note that the initial resource cost of approximate bills of quantities is likely
to be lower than firm bills of quantities, but the need for re-measurement invariably results
in an overall higher resource cost. Although the measured quantities are approximate, the
descriptions of work items should be correct in the approximate bill of quantities.
8. Bills of Quantities that are required for a lump sum contract based on firm or approximate
quantities will normally be prepared by the employer's quantity surveyor, whereas under a
design and build contract, the employer's project team will prepare the employer's
requirements and the Bill of Quantities or quantified schedules of work will be prepared by
either the main contractor or, more likely, the main contractor's work package contractors.
In general the choice of who quantifies building works is solely down to the employer's
preference of contract strategy.