Lossless data compression algorithm is most widely used algorithm in data transmission, reception and storage
systems in order to increase data rate, speed and save lots of space on storage devices. Now-a-days, different
algorithms are implemented in hardware to achieve benefits of hardware realizations. Hardware implementation
of algorithms, digital signal processing algorithms and filter realization is done on programmable devices i.e.
FPGA. In lossless data compression algorithms, Huffman algorithm is most widely used because of its variable
length coding features and many other benefits. Huffman algorithms are used in many applications in software
form, e.g. Zip and Unzip, communication, etc. In this paper, Huffman algorithm is implemented on Xilinx
Spartan 3E board. This FPGA is programmed by Xilinx tool, Xilinx ISE 8.2i. The program is written in VHDL
and text data is decoded by a Huffman algorithm on Hardware board which was previously encoded by
Huffman algorithm. In order to visualize the output clearly in waveforms, the same code is simulated on
ModelSim v6.4. Huffman decoder is also implemented in the MATLAB for verification of operation. The
FPGA is a configurable device which is more efficient in all aspects. Text application, image processing, video
streaming and in many other applications Huffman algorithms are implemented.
A hybrid hardware/software approach to cyber security is presented that can help solve problems with rising data rates. Standard software tools have challenges processing high data rates. Offloading processing to specialized network adapters can help filter traffic and detect threats while reducing CPU load. This allows capturing more data without loss even at high speeds like 10Gbps.
Raspberry pi glossary of terms dictionary extendedWiseNaeem
The Extended Version of glossary of Necessary Terms that are used to discover Raspberry pi or Arduino Projects and their Related Content and terms, Which one would have know About the Projects
Spectra IP Core ORB - high-performance, low-latency solution for FPGA-GPP com...ADLINK Technology IoT
Various approaches have been developed for integrating FPGA and GPP application components in a Software Communications Architecture (SCA) radio. Most of these have been less than successful, primarily due to overhead, latency and/or maintainability issues. Spectra IP Core is a second-generation solution to FPGA-GPP component integration that provides a low-latency, standards-based CORBA protocol with excellent performance metrics and the robustness of a proven, deployed solution. Building on PrismTech’s ICO v1, Spectra IP Core is a second-generation COTS product. This webcast will introduce the Spectra IP Core architecture, its main functions and its performance benchmarks. Although FPGA ‘middleware’ is a new concept for many FPGA developers, the capabilities provided by Spectra IP Core not only provide valuable integration ‘hooks’, but also help support a highly-efficient, proven radio component that simplifies the integration of high-level software development with digital design and accelerates the development of SCA-compliant FPGA components for SCA radios. These slides will be of great interest and value to project managers, systems engineers and architects as well as software and digital engineers involved in designing, building and testing SCA-compliant SDRs.
High Performance DSP with Xilinx All Programmable Devices (Design Conference ...Analog Devices, Inc.
This session includes a discussion on rapid prototyping concepts using Xilinx All Programmable FPGAs and SoCs with Analog Devices high speed and precision products. Covered in this session will be common use cases for Xilinx devices in DSP applications that interface to high speed analog. An overview will be provided of how Xilinx accelerates development with DSP platforms that can be used to quickly evaluate and prototype systems that include high speed analog, programmable logic, and embedded processing. Also covered will be an introduction to Xilinx’s new Vivado Design Suite development environment that shortens design cycles by providing an IP centric design flow, easy to use design analysis and debug, and high level design flows supporting C/C++ and MATLAB/Simulink.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Jayachandra Vudumula is seeking a position that allows growth and mutual benefits. He has 3 years of experience as an RTL design engineer developing Ethernet MAC, L2 protocols, SRAM, SPI, UART and interfacing. He is proficient in VHDL, Verilog, C and tools like Quartus. Some of the IP blocks he developed include GFP, Ethernet MAC with DMA, E1 framer, and HDLC. He has expertise in FPGA design flow, protocols, testing tools and Linux. He holds an MSc in Electronics from Sri Krishna Devaraya University with 79%.
Jayachandra Vudumula is a RTL design engineer with over 3 years of experience developing FPGA and ASIC designs using VHDL and Verilog. He has expertise in developing Ethernet, HDLC, E1 and other networking protocol IP cores. Some of the projects he has worked on include developing a GFP framer, Ethernet MAC, E1 framer, and static router designs for networking equipment. He is looking for a new position where he can further contribute his digital design skills.
Team Emertxe explores the C programming language over several days. Day 1 introduces C and discusses its history, characteristics, standard, keywords, typical code structure, compilation process, data representations including numbers, characters, words, integers and floats, basic data types and modifiers, and conditional constructs like if, else if, switch case, for, while, and do while loops. C is presented as a flexible, efficient system programming language used widely in applications like operating systems, embedded systems, and drivers.
A hybrid hardware/software approach to cyber security is presented that can help solve problems with rising data rates. Standard software tools have challenges processing high data rates. Offloading processing to specialized network adapters can help filter traffic and detect threats while reducing CPU load. This allows capturing more data without loss even at high speeds like 10Gbps.
Raspberry pi glossary of terms dictionary extendedWiseNaeem
The Extended Version of glossary of Necessary Terms that are used to discover Raspberry pi or Arduino Projects and their Related Content and terms, Which one would have know About the Projects
Spectra IP Core ORB - high-performance, low-latency solution for FPGA-GPP com...ADLINK Technology IoT
Various approaches have been developed for integrating FPGA and GPP application components in a Software Communications Architecture (SCA) radio. Most of these have been less than successful, primarily due to overhead, latency and/or maintainability issues. Spectra IP Core is a second-generation solution to FPGA-GPP component integration that provides a low-latency, standards-based CORBA protocol with excellent performance metrics and the robustness of a proven, deployed solution. Building on PrismTech’s ICO v1, Spectra IP Core is a second-generation COTS product. This webcast will introduce the Spectra IP Core architecture, its main functions and its performance benchmarks. Although FPGA ‘middleware’ is a new concept for many FPGA developers, the capabilities provided by Spectra IP Core not only provide valuable integration ‘hooks’, but also help support a highly-efficient, proven radio component that simplifies the integration of high-level software development with digital design and accelerates the development of SCA-compliant FPGA components for SCA radios. These slides will be of great interest and value to project managers, systems engineers and architects as well as software and digital engineers involved in designing, building and testing SCA-compliant SDRs.
High Performance DSP with Xilinx All Programmable Devices (Design Conference ...Analog Devices, Inc.
This session includes a discussion on rapid prototyping concepts using Xilinx All Programmable FPGAs and SoCs with Analog Devices high speed and precision products. Covered in this session will be common use cases for Xilinx devices in DSP applications that interface to high speed analog. An overview will be provided of how Xilinx accelerates development with DSP platforms that can be used to quickly evaluate and prototype systems that include high speed analog, programmable logic, and embedded processing. Also covered will be an introduction to Xilinx’s new Vivado Design Suite development environment that shortens design cycles by providing an IP centric design flow, easy to use design analysis and debug, and high level design flows supporting C/C++ and MATLAB/Simulink.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Jayachandra Vudumula is seeking a position that allows growth and mutual benefits. He has 3 years of experience as an RTL design engineer developing Ethernet MAC, L2 protocols, SRAM, SPI, UART and interfacing. He is proficient in VHDL, Verilog, C and tools like Quartus. Some of the IP blocks he developed include GFP, Ethernet MAC with DMA, E1 framer, and HDLC. He has expertise in FPGA design flow, protocols, testing tools and Linux. He holds an MSc in Electronics from Sri Krishna Devaraya University with 79%.
Jayachandra Vudumula is a RTL design engineer with over 3 years of experience developing FPGA and ASIC designs using VHDL and Verilog. He has expertise in developing Ethernet, HDLC, E1 and other networking protocol IP cores. Some of the projects he has worked on include developing a GFP framer, Ethernet MAC, E1 framer, and static router designs for networking equipment. He is looking for a new position where he can further contribute his digital design skills.
Team Emertxe explores the C programming language over several days. Day 1 introduces C and discusses its history, characteristics, standard, keywords, typical code structure, compilation process, data representations including numbers, characters, words, integers and floats, basic data types and modifiers, and conditional constructs like if, else if, switch case, for, while, and do while loops. C is presented as a flexible, efficient system programming language used widely in applications like operating systems, embedded systems, and drivers.
Ethercat.org industrial ethernet technologiesKen Ott
This document provides an overview of various industrial ethernet technologies. It divides the technologies into three classes - Class A uses standard ethernet hardware and TCP/IP, Class B uses standard hardware but a dedicated process data protocol, and Class C uses dedicated hardware for high performance. The document then summarizes key aspects of several industrial ethernet technologies, including PROFINET, comparing their performance, capabilities and limitations.
The document provides a summary of the candidate's professional experience and qualifications. It includes over 10 years of experience in FPGA design, hardware design, and embedded software development. The candidate has expertise in various tools and programming languages and has worked on several projects involving hardware and software design for defense and communications applications.
Adv. FPGA Motor Control--EBV & Univ. of Koln: Embedded World 2010Altera Corporation
This document discusses using FPGAs for advanced motor control. It describes how FPGAs can reduce components, increase performance and flexibility compared to traditional motor control systems. Specifically, it discusses implementing motor interfaces, fieldbus communication, current measurement, and encoder feedback using programmable logic and IP cores in an FPGA. The document presents a 3-layer model of an FPGA-based motor control system including software, programmable logic/IP cores, and special hardware layers.
A REAL-TIME H.264/AVC ENCODER&DECODER WITH VERTICAL MODE FOR INTRA FRAME AND ...csandit
The video coding standards are being developed to satisfy the requirements of applications for
various purposes, better picture quality, higher coding efficiency, and more error robustness.
The new international video coding standard H.264 /AVC aims at having significant
improvements in coding efficiency, and error robustness in comparison with the previous
standards such as MPEG-2, H261, H263,and H264. Video stream needs to be processed from
several steps in order to encode and decode the video such that it is compressed efficiently with
available limited resources of hardware and software. All advantages and disadvantages of
available algorithms should be known to implement a codec to accomplish final requirement.
The purpose of this project is to implement all basic building blocks of H.264 video encoder and
decoder. The significance of the project is the inclusion of all components required to encode
and decode a video in MatLab .
The document describes the design and implementation of digital circuits on a Kintex-7 FPGA using the KC705 evaluation board. It discusses developing logic circuits like half adders, full adders, multiplexers, and counters in VHDL, simulating them using Xilinx ISE, and testing the designs on the FPGA board. Key circuits were also implemented using Xilinx IP cores for subtraction and multiplication.
Vijay Raj Hada has over 10 years of experience as a Lead Engineer and Design Engineer working on projects involving device driver development, Linux kernel programming, and embedded systems. He has expertise in C, data structures, Linux, QNX, ARM, DSPs, and real-time operating systems. Currently he is a Lead Engineer at Samsung Research Institute developing video decoder drivers under the Linux V4L2 framework.
The Software Communications Architecture (SCA) 4.0 is a major revision of the standard and is designed to be more scalable, lightweight, and flexible than the current SCA 2.2.2 specification. It is compatible with radio sizes ranging from small, single channel radios to prime-power, multi-channel sets. Importantly the new SCA 4.0 CORBA PSM extends the reach of the standard into DSP and FPGA processing environments more effectively.
In advance of the availability of the next generation of Core Frameworks that will emerge, this presentation shos how SCA 4.0 middleware can be seamlessly used within existing SCA systems for backwards compatibility while offering benefits to new applications and an efficient migration path to full SCA 4.0 compliance.
The Reliability in Decoding of Turbo Codes for Wireless CommunicationsIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Zhijun Lei has a Ph.D in Computer Science from the University of Ottawa. He has extensive experience in video coding, multimedia communications, and software development. He is currently a software engineer at Roxio, Inc where he works on video transcoding and encoding.
Port numbers are used to identify protocols and applications using the TCP/IP protocol suite. Some common port numbers and their associated protocols include port 80 for HTTP, port 443 for HTTPS, port 25 for SMTP email, and port 53 for DNS. Port numbers help direct network traffic to the appropriate application or service.
MAF ICIMS™ Monitoring, Analytics & Reporting for Microsoft Teams and UC - glo...MAF InfoCom
MAF ICIMS™ is a reporting and analytics solution for Unified Communication and Collaboration (UC&C) platforms and other data sources such as Session Border Controllers (SBC’s), Gateways, Trading Platforms, Turrents & Dealer Boards. It allows you to gain valuable business and technical insights through its reports, daily dashboards and historical trend monitors. Its flexible, user defined nature means you tell the software what you want to see instead of the software dictating to you what you will see.
This presentation discusses FOQA (Flight Operational Quality Assurance), a program that uses digital flight data from routine operations to proactively improve aviation safety. It describes how FOQA works, the technology involved, data analysis process, and benefits. FOQA allows identification of safety issues from aggregated and de-identified data to reduce risks rather than punish individuals. The presentation outlines the history and regulatory framework of FOQA in the US and how it can integrate with a Safety Management System and other programs like ASAP.
This study paper portrays a fresh approach for
a course and laboratory design to establish low cost prototypes
and other entrenched devices that accentuate virtual
programmable logic device (VPLD), object oriented java and
real time processing tactics. JAVA is used for software
development. The study encompasses the use of host and node
application. A high performance, low power AVR with high
endurance non-volatile memory segments and with an advance
RISC structure is used to construct prototypes. The paperwork
deals with the VPLD board which is capable to work as
corresponding digital logic analyzer, equation parser, standard
digital IC and design wave studio
License Plate Recognition Using Python and OpenCVVishal Polley
License Plate Recognition Systems use the concept of optical character recognition to read the characters on a vehicle license plate. In other words, LPR takes the image of a vehicle as
the input and outputs the characters written on its license plate.
The subject of this study is to show the application of fuzzy logic in image processing with a brief introduction to fuzzy logic and digital image processing.
This document proposes enhancing the security of wireless networks using physical layer protection. It discusses weaknesses in conventional encryption systems and proposes encrypting data at the physical layer instead of the MAC layer. This is done by using physical layer transforms like XOR, scrambling, or phase shifting based on a cipher stream. Encrypting at the physical layer makes the decrypted data difficult for hackers to record. Simulation results show the proposed techniques do not degrade communication performance for modulation schemes up to QAM-16 over AWGN channels. Future work includes analyzing different error coding schemes' effects on hacking complexity and exploring joint encryption and error coding.
The document provides an overview of Wi-Fi technology and HDL (Hardware Description Language) tools. It discusses VLSI design flow and introduces VHDL. It describes the capabilities of VHDL and different modeling styles (structural, dataflow, behavioral). It also discusses simulation tools like Active-HDL and synthesis tools like Xilinx ISE, covering their design entry methods, implementation processes, and supported standards.
Implementing an interface in r to communicate with programmable fabric in a x...Vincent Claes
This paper shows the details for implementing an interface between the programming language R and programmable fabric of a Xilinx Zynq FPGA on a zedboard.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Fuzzy Inventory Model with Perishable and Aging ItemsIJERA Editor
A parametric multi-period inventory model for perishable items considered in this paper. Each item in the stock
perishes in a given period of time with some uncertainty. A model derived for recursive unnormalized
conditional distributions of { } given the information accumulated about the inventory level- surviving items
processes.
An approach to the integration of knowledge mapsIJERA Editor
This document proposes an approach for integrating knowledge maps from different enterprises to facilitate inter-enterprise knowledge sharing. The approach involves:
1. Integrating explicit knowledge by classifying documents from original knowledge maps into categories in the main knowledge map based on relevance, clustering unclassified documents to derive new categories.
2. Integrating implicit knowledge by classifying experts from original knowledge maps into categories in the main knowledge map based on their registered documents or documents they are associated with, and ranking experts in each category.
3. The approach aims to integrate both explicit knowledge (documents) and implicit knowledge (experts) from multiple original knowledge maps into a single main knowledge map to enable easier knowledge finding across enterprises.
Ethercat.org industrial ethernet technologiesKen Ott
This document provides an overview of various industrial ethernet technologies. It divides the technologies into three classes - Class A uses standard ethernet hardware and TCP/IP, Class B uses standard hardware but a dedicated process data protocol, and Class C uses dedicated hardware for high performance. The document then summarizes key aspects of several industrial ethernet technologies, including PROFINET, comparing their performance, capabilities and limitations.
The document provides a summary of the candidate's professional experience and qualifications. It includes over 10 years of experience in FPGA design, hardware design, and embedded software development. The candidate has expertise in various tools and programming languages and has worked on several projects involving hardware and software design for defense and communications applications.
Adv. FPGA Motor Control--EBV & Univ. of Koln: Embedded World 2010Altera Corporation
This document discusses using FPGAs for advanced motor control. It describes how FPGAs can reduce components, increase performance and flexibility compared to traditional motor control systems. Specifically, it discusses implementing motor interfaces, fieldbus communication, current measurement, and encoder feedback using programmable logic and IP cores in an FPGA. The document presents a 3-layer model of an FPGA-based motor control system including software, programmable logic/IP cores, and special hardware layers.
A REAL-TIME H.264/AVC ENCODER&DECODER WITH VERTICAL MODE FOR INTRA FRAME AND ...csandit
The video coding standards are being developed to satisfy the requirements of applications for
various purposes, better picture quality, higher coding efficiency, and more error robustness.
The new international video coding standard H.264 /AVC aims at having significant
improvements in coding efficiency, and error robustness in comparison with the previous
standards such as MPEG-2, H261, H263,and H264. Video stream needs to be processed from
several steps in order to encode and decode the video such that it is compressed efficiently with
available limited resources of hardware and software. All advantages and disadvantages of
available algorithms should be known to implement a codec to accomplish final requirement.
The purpose of this project is to implement all basic building blocks of H.264 video encoder and
decoder. The significance of the project is the inclusion of all components required to encode
and decode a video in MatLab .
The document describes the design and implementation of digital circuits on a Kintex-7 FPGA using the KC705 evaluation board. It discusses developing logic circuits like half adders, full adders, multiplexers, and counters in VHDL, simulating them using Xilinx ISE, and testing the designs on the FPGA board. Key circuits were also implemented using Xilinx IP cores for subtraction and multiplication.
Vijay Raj Hada has over 10 years of experience as a Lead Engineer and Design Engineer working on projects involving device driver development, Linux kernel programming, and embedded systems. He has expertise in C, data structures, Linux, QNX, ARM, DSPs, and real-time operating systems. Currently he is a Lead Engineer at Samsung Research Institute developing video decoder drivers under the Linux V4L2 framework.
The Software Communications Architecture (SCA) 4.0 is a major revision of the standard and is designed to be more scalable, lightweight, and flexible than the current SCA 2.2.2 specification. It is compatible with radio sizes ranging from small, single channel radios to prime-power, multi-channel sets. Importantly the new SCA 4.0 CORBA PSM extends the reach of the standard into DSP and FPGA processing environments more effectively.
In advance of the availability of the next generation of Core Frameworks that will emerge, this presentation shos how SCA 4.0 middleware can be seamlessly used within existing SCA systems for backwards compatibility while offering benefits to new applications and an efficient migration path to full SCA 4.0 compliance.
The Reliability in Decoding of Turbo Codes for Wireless CommunicationsIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Zhijun Lei has a Ph.D in Computer Science from the University of Ottawa. He has extensive experience in video coding, multimedia communications, and software development. He is currently a software engineer at Roxio, Inc where he works on video transcoding and encoding.
Port numbers are used to identify protocols and applications using the TCP/IP protocol suite. Some common port numbers and their associated protocols include port 80 for HTTP, port 443 for HTTPS, port 25 for SMTP email, and port 53 for DNS. Port numbers help direct network traffic to the appropriate application or service.
MAF ICIMS™ Monitoring, Analytics & Reporting for Microsoft Teams and UC - glo...MAF InfoCom
MAF ICIMS™ is a reporting and analytics solution for Unified Communication and Collaboration (UC&C) platforms and other data sources such as Session Border Controllers (SBC’s), Gateways, Trading Platforms, Turrents & Dealer Boards. It allows you to gain valuable business and technical insights through its reports, daily dashboards and historical trend monitors. Its flexible, user defined nature means you tell the software what you want to see instead of the software dictating to you what you will see.
This presentation discusses FOQA (Flight Operational Quality Assurance), a program that uses digital flight data from routine operations to proactively improve aviation safety. It describes how FOQA works, the technology involved, data analysis process, and benefits. FOQA allows identification of safety issues from aggregated and de-identified data to reduce risks rather than punish individuals. The presentation outlines the history and regulatory framework of FOQA in the US and how it can integrate with a Safety Management System and other programs like ASAP.
This study paper portrays a fresh approach for
a course and laboratory design to establish low cost prototypes
and other entrenched devices that accentuate virtual
programmable logic device (VPLD), object oriented java and
real time processing tactics. JAVA is used for software
development. The study encompasses the use of host and node
application. A high performance, low power AVR with high
endurance non-volatile memory segments and with an advance
RISC structure is used to construct prototypes. The paperwork
deals with the VPLD board which is capable to work as
corresponding digital logic analyzer, equation parser, standard
digital IC and design wave studio
License Plate Recognition Using Python and OpenCVVishal Polley
License Plate Recognition Systems use the concept of optical character recognition to read the characters on a vehicle license plate. In other words, LPR takes the image of a vehicle as
the input and outputs the characters written on its license plate.
The subject of this study is to show the application of fuzzy logic in image processing with a brief introduction to fuzzy logic and digital image processing.
This document proposes enhancing the security of wireless networks using physical layer protection. It discusses weaknesses in conventional encryption systems and proposes encrypting data at the physical layer instead of the MAC layer. This is done by using physical layer transforms like XOR, scrambling, or phase shifting based on a cipher stream. Encrypting at the physical layer makes the decrypted data difficult for hackers to record. Simulation results show the proposed techniques do not degrade communication performance for modulation schemes up to QAM-16 over AWGN channels. Future work includes analyzing different error coding schemes' effects on hacking complexity and exploring joint encryption and error coding.
The document provides an overview of Wi-Fi technology and HDL (Hardware Description Language) tools. It discusses VLSI design flow and introduces VHDL. It describes the capabilities of VHDL and different modeling styles (structural, dataflow, behavioral). It also discusses simulation tools like Active-HDL and synthesis tools like Xilinx ISE, covering their design entry methods, implementation processes, and supported standards.
Implementing an interface in r to communicate with programmable fabric in a x...Vincent Claes
This paper shows the details for implementing an interface between the programming language R and programmable fabric of a Xilinx Zynq FPGA on a zedboard.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Fuzzy Inventory Model with Perishable and Aging ItemsIJERA Editor
A parametric multi-period inventory model for perishable items considered in this paper. Each item in the stock
perishes in a given period of time with some uncertainty. A model derived for recursive unnormalized
conditional distributions of { } given the information accumulated about the inventory level- surviving items
processes.
An approach to the integration of knowledge mapsIJERA Editor
This document proposes an approach for integrating knowledge maps from different enterprises to facilitate inter-enterprise knowledge sharing. The approach involves:
1. Integrating explicit knowledge by classifying documents from original knowledge maps into categories in the main knowledge map based on relevance, clustering unclassified documents to derive new categories.
2. Integrating implicit knowledge by classifying experts from original knowledge maps into categories in the main knowledge map based on their registered documents or documents they are associated with, and ranking experts in each category.
3. The approach aims to integrate both explicit knowledge (documents) and implicit knowledge (experts) from multiple original knowledge maps into a single main knowledge map to enable easier knowledge finding across enterprises.
SVM Based Identification of Psychological Personality Using Handwritten Text IJERA Editor
This document describes a study that uses handwriting analysis to identify psychological personality traits using support vector machines (SVM). Handwriting samples were collected and preprocessed by removing noise and segmenting lines. Features like slope, shape, and edge histograms were extracted. SVM with radial basis function kernel was used for classification. Analysis of single lines achieved 95% accuracy while multiple lines achieved 91% accuracy in identifying traits like cheerfulness and weariness. The methodology was also applied to analyze handwriting of celebrities and compare the results to analyses by graphologists. The study aims to automate handwriting analysis using machine learning techniques.
Short Term Electrical Load Forecasting by Artificial Neural NetworkIJERA Editor
This paper presents an application of artificial neural networks for short-term times series electrical load
forecasting. An adaptive learning algorithm is derived from system stability to ensure the convergence of
training process. Historical data of hourly power load as well as hourly wind power generation are sourced from
European Open Power System Platform. The simulation demonstrates that errors steadily decrease in training
with the adaptive learning factor starting at different initial value and errors behave volatile with constant
learning factors with different values
Design and Implementation of Low Power 3-Bit Flash ADC Using 180nm CMOS Techn...IJERA Editor
Analog-to-digital converter has become a very important device in today’s digitized world as they have a very
wide variety of applications. Among all the ADC’s available, the Flash ADC is the fastest one but a main
disadvantage of Flash ADC is its power consumption. So, this paper aims at implementing a low power high
speed Flash ADC. A 3-bit Flash ADC has been designed using CMOS technology. A two stage open loop
comparator and a priority encoder have been implemented using which the ADC has been designed. All the
circuits are simulated using 180nm technology in Tanner EDA environment. The supply voltage Vdd is
1.8v.Analog output of each comparator depending upon the comparison between the input and the reference
voltage is fed to the encoder and finally the compressed digital output is obtained. The power dissipation of
each circuit implemented is calculated individually including other parameters like are, resolution gain and
speed.
Enhanced Anti-Weathering of Nanocomposite Coatings with Silanized Graphene Na...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes research on developing nanocomposite coatings containing silanized graphene nanoparticles to improve coating resistance to corrosion and weathering. Coatings were applied to glass fiber composites and aluminum alloy substrates. Coatings containing 2% silanized graphene showed better performance than those with unmodified graphene when exposed to ultraviolet light and salt fog over 20 days, with a 17.15% reduction in thickness versus 20.60% and lower corrosion rates. The positive effects of graphene silanization on coating properties were confirmed by various analysis methods.
Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor -A New Perspective In Pulp And Paper Waste Water T...IJERA Editor
The pulp and paper mill effluent is one of the high polluting effluent amongst the effluents obtained
from polluting industries. All the available methods for treatment of pulp and paper mill effluent have certain
drawbacks. In this work, experiments were conducted to treat the pulp and paper mill effluent using moving bed
biofilm reactor (MBBR).The wastewater generated by these industries contains high COD, BOD, colour, organic
substances and toxic chemicals. This study was carried out on laboratory scale Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor with
proflex type biocarriers, where the biofilm grows on small, free floating plastic elements with a large surface area
and a density slightly less than 1.0 g/cm3
. The reactor was operated continuously at 50% percentages filling of
biocarriers. During the filling percentage, the removal efficiencies of COD & BOD were monitored at the time
period of 2h, 4h, 6h and 8h. The result showed that the maximum COD and BOD removal of 87% were achieved
for the 50 percent filling of biocarriers at the HRT of 8 h. From the experimental results, the moving bed biofilm
reactor could be used as an ideal and efficient option for the organic and inorganic removal from the wastewater
of pulp and paper industry
Probable technologies behind the Vimanas described in RamayanaIJERA Editor
In Sanskrit literature there is a prominent place for Maharshi Valmiki‟s Ramayana. This is one of the very few
popular epics which are translated to multiple languages across the world. It has seven kaandas (books), five
hundred sargas (chapters) and twenty four thousand slokas (verses) in it. The vimanas are described in various
kaandas of Ramayana. It is said that Ravana had the vimana which could appear and disappear, travel long
distances with high speed based on the thought power of the master. A few years ago in the year 2013
researchers from the University of Minnesota have designed a model quadcopter which can be flown by the
human thought power. As per Prof Bin He from the University of Minnesota, for the first time humans are able
to control the flight of flying robots using just their thought sensed from non-invasive brain waves. German
scientists from the Technical University of Munich under the leadership of Professor Tim Fricke have simulated
the flight of aircraft using thought power of the pilots. This makes us think if such an aircraft with an advanced
technology like this existed once upon a time during the era of Ramayana. Carvings of Ravana‟s vimana in
Ellora cave temples help us in comparing it with that of modern Jetpack. Descriptions on seating capacity of
Pushpaka vimana help us in comparing the same with Airbus 380-800 which can accommodate 853 passengers.
Concepts of invisibility of aircrafts make us think of camouflaging techniques and stealth technology used in
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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The Boolean expression at TP1 with respect to the corresponding inputs is:
TP1 = A + B
Question 2.
Question :
(TCO 3) Determine the Boolean expression at TP2 with respect to the corresponding inputs.
Student Answer:
TP2 = C
Instructor Explanation:
Correct. TP2 is simply the input C, so the Boolean expression is C.
Question 3.
Question :
(TCO 3) Determine the Boolean expression at TP3 with respect to the corresponding inputs.
Student Answer:
TP3 = A·C + B
Instructor Explanation:
Correct. TP3 is the output of an AND gate (A and C
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1. Safia Amir Dahri et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 3) January 2016, pp.84-88
www.ijera.com 84|P a g e
Implementation of Huffman Decoder on Fpga
Safia Amir Dahri1
, Dr Abdul Fattah Chandio2
, Nawaz Ali Zardari3
Department of Telecommunication Engineering, QUEST NawabShah, Pakistan1,3
Principal, QUCEST Larkana, Pakistan2
Abstract
Lossless data compression algorithm is most widely used algorithm in data transmission, reception and storage
systems in order to increase data rate, speed and save lots of space on storage devices. Now-a-days, different
algorithms are implemented in hardware to achieve benefits of hardware realizations. Hardware implementation
of algorithms, digital signal processing algorithms and filter realization is done on programmable devices i.e.
FPGA. In lossless data compression algorithms, Huffman algorithm is most widely used because of its variable
length coding features and many other benefits. Huffman algorithms are used in many applications in software
form, e.g. Zip and Unzip, communication, etc. In this paper, Huffman algorithm is implemented on Xilinx
Spartan 3E board. This FPGA is programmed by Xilinx tool, Xilinx ISE 8.2i. The program is written in VHDL
and text data is decoded by a Huffman algorithm on Hardware board which was previously encoded by
Huffman algorithm. In order to visualize the output clearly in waveforms, the same code is simulated on
ModelSim v6.4. Huffman decoder is also implemented in the MATLAB for verification of operation. The
FPGA is a configurable device which is more efficient in all aspects. Text application, image processing, video
streaming and in many other applications Huffman algorithms are implemented.
Keywords: Huffman algorithm; FPGA; Variable length coding; communication;
I. INTRODUCTION
Recent developments in the field of hardware
design make it possible to achieve higher speed and
parallelism. Due to which software based systems or
algorithms used in various communication systems
and digital signal processing are implemented in
Hardware. Huffman decoder is one of the most
widely used algorithms to transmit variable length
code in order to reduce bandwidth, higher efficiency
and higher data rate. The Huffman decoder algorithm
can also be implemented on field programmable gate
array (FPGA). The FPGA is reconfigurable and
programmable device through which hardware can be
formed and it can achieve more speed than software
counterpart. In order to achieve these benefits, we
need to create hardware and software platform.
Realization is done on Spartan-3E FPGA board. To
program FPGA, Xilinx ISE8.2i software is used,
which performed synthesis, design, implementation
and bit file generation for the Huffman design file.
That file will be downloaded into the FPGA by an
iMPACT tool. The result verification is done by
simulating the design and MATLAB is used to
perform Huffman decoding.
Huffman algorithm is mostly used in data
compression in software applications. In this paper,
Huffman algorithm decoding is implemented on
FPGA. MATLAB is also used to verify and simulate
the data. The ModelSim is used to simulate the data
for clear visualization of results. The motivation of
hardware implementation of Huffman decoder is
clear from the fact that, the hardware implementation
is fast, and every algorithm is being implemented on
FPGA. Digital signal processing algorithms, fast
fourier transforms and filter design is now
implemented on hardware i.e. Field Programmable
Gate Array.
In recent years, the demand for lossless data
compression is increased drastically and software
implementation is not sufficient, hence Huffman
decoding algorithm is needed to implement on
hardware.
A Huffman decoder algorithm is used in data
communication and other fields. It requires less
transmission time and storage space because it has a
minimum average length. It has unique prefix
properties, it does not require end of character
delimiter. It is easy to implement and provides a
lossless compression and minimum redundancy.
It gains popularity due to its variable length
coding. It is used in data transmission, video and
voice streaming, wireless coding where transmission
and reception of data is needed. Some fields where
Huffman encoding and decoding is most widely used,
are, Text application (Zip and Unzip) For JPEG
compression For image/video coding standards
H.261, H.263 and MPEG1 and 2. MPEG format
compression and decompression.
II. PREVIOUS WORK
This is the type of source coding that was
developed by David A. Huffman in 1952. This is also
called entropy coding algorithm because it follows
the principle that the average number of bits per
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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message should be less or equal to the average bits of
information per message which means entropy [1].
To achieve the higher efficiency, we have to reduce
the redundancy and for that purpose variable length
coding algorithms were developed. Both the Shannon
fanno algorithm and Huffman algorithm produce
variable length codes because according to these
theories the small numbers of bits are assigned to
frequently occurring symbol as compared to rare
occurred symbols.
Shannon fanno algorithm and Huffman algorithm
working on the same principle and depends upon the
probability of occurrence of each symbol or message,
but the difference is that unlike Shannon fanno
algorithm, the Huffman algorithm produces an
average number of bits per message equal to the
entropy [1].
Currently, some features of embedded systems
such as speed, time and power consumption make the
system more reliable and to be used in a wide variety
of applications [2]. It is the reason, software based
algorithm and digital signal processing algorithms are
implemented in hardware. Recent advances in the
field of programmable devices, i.e. FPGA make
realization simple on hardware. The FPGA is
programmable hardware. After programming it
behaves as hardware. It is used in many applications
on a software level.
A few decades earlier, Hatsukazu Tanaka,
presents his work about Huffman codes and its
applications in various fields [3]. In 2000, Zulifkar
Aspar et al presents his research paper about parallel
Huffman decoder on FPGA. He describes that
parallelism is important in some applications like
JPEG and MPEG. He also describes serial and
parallel bit Huffman decoder [4]. In 2004, Ying Chen
et al describes the JPEG application to make it
lossless. They used integer reversible transformation.
They also compare iJPEG and JPEG. More about this
can be found at [5]. In 2009, Tomas Frysa et al
contributed in the field of wireless transmission for
video streaming. In order to code the video streaming,
Huffman coding is used because of any advantages.
Their approach was to insert special symbols in the
Huffman codeword [6]. In 2010, Hoang-Anh Pham et
al described the adaptive Huffman algorithm in the
applications of MP3 encoding and decoding [7]. They
used single side growing approach for Huffman
coding. In 2012, Ke Zhu et al presented his work
about Huffman decoder implementation in the JPEG
application [8]. He presented the hardware JPEG
decoder with three functions for embedded systems.
This decoder could decode a JPEG image, and widely
used in digital camera, mobile phones and tablet PC,
etc. It uses soft IP core for processing.
III. FPGA TECHNOLOGY AND
PROGRAMMING
The FPGA gardware contains logic blocks to
program and build specific function or circuit rather
than planes of AND/OR gates. There are more
advantages of FPGA over ASIC (Application
Specific Integrated Circuit). Major advantages are
reconfigurability, higher performance, higher speed
and cost effectiveness. The only disadvantage can be
considered is that the circuit formed inside the FPGA
is larger than the ASIC design [9], [10], [11]. The
FPGA architecture is also called FPGA fabric. The
architecture consists of three main components.
Logic Element
Interconnects
Input / Output Pins
The Fig.1. shows the generic structure of FPGA
fabric. Logic elements or CLB (Combinational Logic
Block) is the smaller unit and it consists of Look-Up
Table (LUT) which usually forms the functions of
most logic gates. These logic elements are combined
to form a larger design. The Logic elements are
connected through interconnects that can be
programmed. The FPGA has different types of
interconnect depending on the distance between the
logic elements to be connected as shown in Fig. 2.
Figure 1. FPGA Fabric/architecture
The third element I/O pins also known as IOBs
(I/O Blocks) to connect the function implemented to
the outside world [11]. The FPGA is discussed so far,
can be programmed by language, and is called
Hardware Description Language (HDL). There are
two major types HDLs which are most widely used
languages are VHDL and Verilog HDL. The program
written in these two languages are behaving as a
higher level of abstraction. In this language the
hardware is built in the form of codes, which means it
represents the textual representation of Hardware.
These languages can support RTL, Switch, logic and
other abstraction levels [12]. There are following
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processes used in order to generate a bitstream file for
FPGA programming, i.e. Synthesis, translate, map,
place & route and bit file generation. Bit file is
downloaded into the FPGA by using impact tool.
Figure 2. FPGA Interconnects
IV. METHODOLOGY AND
IMPLEMENTATION ON SPARTAN-3E
There are two main manufacturers of FPGA
boards, Xilinx and Altera. The board used in this
paper is from Xilinx Spartan series i.e. Spartan3E.
The Spartan3E can be programmed with the couple of
steps required. The software used to program the
FPGA on Spartan3E FPGA board is Xilinx ISE 8.2I,
provided by Xilinx have been used. The below flow
chart shows the methodology through which Huffman
coding is done in HDL.
Figure 3. Proposed Methodology (Flowchart)
The language used to program the FPGA is
VHDL, which is described in detail below.
A. VHDL
In this paper, Code is written in VHDL language.
In 1980, there were needed to make a standard
language in order to structure and function of
integrated ICs. For that purpose, a very high speed
integrated IC program (VHSIC) was initiated in the
USA under the contract from DRAPA, which results
in the development of VHDL Language [13].
The structure of the VHDL program consists of
two parts, entity and architecture. The entity is
declarative part and contains the input output ports. In
other words, it represents the black box model of the
circuit, while architecture referred to the internal
circuitry or internal structure of the actual logic.
VHDL contains a wide variety of data types and
its conversions. It is not case sensitive. VHDL is like
any other programming language, it contains
identifier, comments, variables, constants, numbers,
string, bitwise operations, and enumeration types and
many more features [13]. VHDL also fairly deals
with an array to analyzed data in one, two or more
dimensions. Advanced VHDL covers signal
resolution and buses, concurrent statements and
assertions in procedure call, etc. There are some
disadvantages of VHDL; it does not cover the all
levels of abstractions.
When the code is downloaded into the FPGA and
run the several process, it shows the device utilization
summary for a particular FPGA as shown in below
Fig. 4.
Figure 4. Device Utilization summary for Spartan
3E
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this paper, Huffman decoder is implemented
and its operation is verified on FPGA. In order to
verify the Huffman decoder, firstly it is designed and
implemented in Matlab. Then for testing purpose a
text file is taken that contains the data i-e Safia Amir
Dahri (11-MCME-04) and applied to Huffman
encoder. The encoder has generated the encoded
bitstream and table that shows code for individual
data as shown in Fig. 5.
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Figure 5. MATLAB Program for encoding
The figure 5 shows that after running the
Huffman encoder program, it will ask for the text file
that is to be compressed so the Data1.txt is the name
of file and in the next line the data of the file is
shown. Then for code generation program requires
the file on which encoded bitstream and table is to be
saved, for that purpose Data1codes.txt and
Data1table.txt is provided respectively.
After verification of the Huffman decoder on
MATALB, we have developed code in VHDL and
simulated by using ModelSim v6.4 and actual data in
waveforms is found in Fig. 6.
Figure 6. Modelsim for Simulation
The simulation results are shown in below Fig. 7.
Figure 7. Results
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, Huffman decoding is studied and
implemented on Field Programmable Gate Array
(FPGA). Huffman algorithm is most widely used
algorithm in data communication because of several
reasons. In order to implement the Huffman decoder
on hardware, we need hardware platform. The
hardware platform needed, to make it possible, to
configure the FPGA device. For that purpose, Xilinx
ISE 8.2i tool is used. The programming is done in
VHDL language and whole algorithm is described in
that language, then in order to compile the code
synthesis process is needed. Design implementations
and bit file generation, logic, are ready to implement
in FPGA. In order to verify the operation of Huffman
algorithm, some data is selected and encoded by
Huffman algorithm and those codes are placed in the
VHDL code file and run the algorithm on hardware
and verify that the results are being decoded properly.
To visualize the output properly, the design file is
also simulated in ModelSim v6.4. To validate the
design, the same logic is performed on MATLAB as
well.
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