The Software Communications Architecture (SCA) 4.0 is a major revision of the standard and is designed to be more scalable, lightweight, and flexible than the current SCA 2.2.2 specification. It is compatible with radio sizes ranging from small, single channel radios to prime-power, multi-channel sets. Importantly the new SCA 4.0 CORBA PSM extends the reach of the standard into DSP and FPGA processing environments more effectively.
In advance of the availability of the next generation of Core Frameworks that will emerge, this presentation shos how SCA 4.0 middleware can be seamlessly used within existing SCA systems for backwards compatibility while offering benefits to new applications and an efficient migration path to full SCA 4.0 compliance.
Spectra IP Core ORB - high-performance, low-latency solution for FPGA-GPP com...ADLINK Technology IoT
Various approaches have been developed for integrating FPGA and GPP application components in a Software Communications Architecture (SCA) radio. Most of these have been less than successful, primarily due to overhead, latency and/or maintainability issues. Spectra IP Core is a second-generation solution to FPGA-GPP component integration that provides a low-latency, standards-based CORBA protocol with excellent performance metrics and the robustness of a proven, deployed solution. Building on PrismTech’s ICO v1, Spectra IP Core is a second-generation COTS product. This webcast will introduce the Spectra IP Core architecture, its main functions and its performance benchmarks. Although FPGA ‘middleware’ is a new concept for many FPGA developers, the capabilities provided by Spectra IP Core not only provide valuable integration ‘hooks’, but also help support a highly-efficient, proven radio component that simplifies the integration of high-level software development with digital design and accelerates the development of SCA-compliant FPGA components for SCA radios. These slides will be of great interest and value to project managers, systems engineers and architects as well as software and digital engineers involved in designing, building and testing SCA-compliant SDRs.
The document discusses Spectra Operating Environment (OE), an SCA compliant radio development environment. It provides an overview of SCA OE requirements including supporting an Application Environment Profile, CORBA middleware, and SCA Core Framework. It outlines the benefits of using a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) OE like Spectra OE over custom development. Spectra OE is highlighted as a standards-based, high performance, portable COTS solution for SCA application deployment across processor types.
MPLS provides motivation to converge voice and data on a single network with increasing traffic demands. It works by assigning labels to packets based on forwarding equivalence classes. Labels are distributed through protocols like LDP and are used to forward packets along label switched paths through label swapping without deep packet inspection. MPLS enables features like traffic engineering, QoS, and virtual private networks.
This document provides an overview and study guide for the CCIP MPLS exam. It discusses key MPLS concepts like label distribution, label switching, and MPLS VPNs. The exam tests knowledge of MPLS fundamentals, frame and cell mode MPLS, MPLS VPN implementation, complex MPLS VPNs, and internet access from an MPLS VPN. It provides details on topics covered in the exam and guidance on how to prepare.
Advanced Topics and Future Directions in MPLS Cisco Canada
This session presents the most recent extensions to the MPLS architecture. The material has a special focus on standardization and forward – looking directions for the evolution of the technology.
An introduction to MPLS networks and applicationsShawn Zandi
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) provides label switched path to deliver packets in networks. This is an introduction course to understand different terminologies and concepts associated with MPLS.
Spectra IP Core ORB - high-performance, low-latency solution for FPGA-GPP com...ADLINK Technology IoT
Various approaches have been developed for integrating FPGA and GPP application components in a Software Communications Architecture (SCA) radio. Most of these have been less than successful, primarily due to overhead, latency and/or maintainability issues. Spectra IP Core is a second-generation solution to FPGA-GPP component integration that provides a low-latency, standards-based CORBA protocol with excellent performance metrics and the robustness of a proven, deployed solution. Building on PrismTech’s ICO v1, Spectra IP Core is a second-generation COTS product. This webcast will introduce the Spectra IP Core architecture, its main functions and its performance benchmarks. Although FPGA ‘middleware’ is a new concept for many FPGA developers, the capabilities provided by Spectra IP Core not only provide valuable integration ‘hooks’, but also help support a highly-efficient, proven radio component that simplifies the integration of high-level software development with digital design and accelerates the development of SCA-compliant FPGA components for SCA radios. These slides will be of great interest and value to project managers, systems engineers and architects as well as software and digital engineers involved in designing, building and testing SCA-compliant SDRs.
The document discusses Spectra Operating Environment (OE), an SCA compliant radio development environment. It provides an overview of SCA OE requirements including supporting an Application Environment Profile, CORBA middleware, and SCA Core Framework. It outlines the benefits of using a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) OE like Spectra OE over custom development. Spectra OE is highlighted as a standards-based, high performance, portable COTS solution for SCA application deployment across processor types.
MPLS provides motivation to converge voice and data on a single network with increasing traffic demands. It works by assigning labels to packets based on forwarding equivalence classes. Labels are distributed through protocols like LDP and are used to forward packets along label switched paths through label swapping without deep packet inspection. MPLS enables features like traffic engineering, QoS, and virtual private networks.
This document provides an overview and study guide for the CCIP MPLS exam. It discusses key MPLS concepts like label distribution, label switching, and MPLS VPNs. The exam tests knowledge of MPLS fundamentals, frame and cell mode MPLS, MPLS VPN implementation, complex MPLS VPNs, and internet access from an MPLS VPN. It provides details on topics covered in the exam and guidance on how to prepare.
Advanced Topics and Future Directions in MPLS Cisco Canada
This session presents the most recent extensions to the MPLS architecture. The material has a special focus on standardization and forward – looking directions for the evolution of the technology.
An introduction to MPLS networks and applicationsShawn Zandi
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) provides label switched path to deliver packets in networks. This is an introduction course to understand different terminologies and concepts associated with MPLS.
This document discusses programmable packet processing using P4. It begins with an agenda and overview of bringing the data plane back under programmatic control. It then discusses the benefits of a programmable pipeline and P4. The document introduces the Protocol Independent Switch Architecture (PISA) model and how P4 programs can define parsers, headers, metadata, tables, actions and controls to process packets. It provides examples of P4 code definitions and capabilities like counters and virtual routing/forwarding tables.
This document discusses the use of stateful Path Computation Element (PCE) and Segment Routing to improve network efficiency. A stateful PCE discovers network topology, collects traffic statistics, and computes optimal paths on request. It can re-optimize paths over time based on changing traffic and network conditions. The PCE supports path setup, failure recovery, load balancing across links, and inter-domain routing between autonomous systems.
This document discusses segment routing and how it simplifies IP/MPLS networks. Segment routing encodes paths through a network as a list of segments carried in packet headers. This eliminates the need for protocols like RSVP-TE and LDP, reducing control plane complexity and overhead. Segment routing provides the same functionality as RSVP-TE for traffic engineering and fast rerouting, but with greater scalability for large networks. The main challenges are ensuring routers have large enough segment routing blocks and supporting deep label stacks on older router hardware.
This document provides an introduction to MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching). It discusses some of the limitations of traditional IP routing and forwarding and how MPLS aims to address these. MPLS uses label switching to establish label switched paths (LSPs) across networks in a way that is independent of the underlying link layer and network layer protocols. Key aspects of MPLS covered include label distribution protocols, traffic engineering capabilities, and explicit routing.
This document provides an overview of segment routing and how it can enable SDN 2.0. Segment routing uses source routing by encoding a path as a segment list in packet headers. It provides a simple stateless forwarding model and enables edge intelligence with the ability for controllers to program segment lists. Use cases discussed include traffic engineering, fast reroute, and integration with SDN controllers using protocols like PCEP to establish segment routing paths without signaling in the core network.
This document provides an introduction to segment routing. It discusses:
- The objective of segment routing is to enable source routing without requiring state in intermediate nodes.
- Segment routing allows encoding paths as sequences of topological sub-paths called segments. Segments can represent nodes, links, or services.
- The IETF SPRING working group is standardizing segment routing to address issues with scalability of traffic engineering and fast reroute with protocols like RSVP-TE and LDP. Segment routing aims to provide these capabilities without per-flow state.
Segment Routing is a source routing architecture that embeds instructions, called segments, directly in the packet. This allows packets to be steered through specific paths in the network by prepending or stitching segment IDs. Segment Routing simplifies network operations by removing the need for signaling, label distribution, and per-flow state. Paths can either be computed distributively using IGP flooding of segment IDs, or explicitly programmed by a controller. This provides flexibility to engineers while keeping the forwarding plane stateless and simple.
This document discusses programmable networking and the future of networking. It provides an overview of programmable switches and how they differ from traditional fixed-function switches. Programmable switches use a domain-specific compiler called P4 to program the forwarding plane and define protocols, packet parsing, and processing pipelines. This allows the behavior of the switch to be defined through software rather than being fixed in hardware. The document demonstrates how P4 programs map to the Programmable Switch Architecture (PISA) and provides examples of simple and complex data plane programs. It also previews some demonstrations of in-band network telemetry and traffic monitoring capabilities enabled by programmable switches.
The document discusses using Segment Routing (SR) for Traffic Engineering (TE) in networks currently using MPLS-TE. It describes how SR overcomes scalability issues in MPLS-TE by removing the need for per-flow state and tunnel signaling. The thesis work aims to enhance the SR-TE model to provide Quality of Service commitments by using a Path Computation Element (PCE) to compute paths based on network state and computing constraints. Maintaining accurate network state at the PCE is challenging due to the lack of signaling and reservation in SR.
Update on IRATI technical work after month 6Eleni Trouva
This document provides an update on technical work in IRATI after month 6, including a description of use cases for integration testing and cloud/network integration, refinement of RINA specifications like the shim DIF over Ethernet and forwarding table generator, and an overview of the high-level software architecture and mapping of RINA concepts to the IRATI implementation. It outlines components like application processes, the IPC process daemon, IPC manager daemon, and supporting libraries.
MPLS SDN 2016 - Microloop avoidance with segment routingStephane Litkowski
The document discusses micro-loops in networks and how segment routing can be used to avoid them. Micro-loops are a natural phenomenon in hop-by-hop routed networks caused by transient disagreements between routers during convergence. Segment routing allows building a temporary loop-free path using a two-stage convergence - first using a precomputed loop-free label stack, then switching to the standard path once convergence is complete. This approach could help address issues caused by micro-loops like broken fast reroute and traffic loss.
This document provides an introduction and overview of MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching). It defines MPLS, discusses why it was developed to address limitations in IP routing, and how it works by assigning labels to packets which are then forwarded based on the label rather than long IP address lookups. Key MPLS concepts covered include label edge routers, label switch routers, label switch paths, and protocols like LDP and RSVP-TE. Applications like traffic engineering and MPLS VPNs are also mentioned.
RINA detailed components overview and implementation discussionEleni Trouva
The document discusses RINA and provides details on several key concepts:
1) Distributed applications in RINA use application naming, flows between applications can have different QoS characteristics, and there is a common application connection establishment phase.
2) The IPC process and API provide a communication service between applications using flows. The API supports operations like flow allocation and data transfer.
3) CDAP is the recommended application protocol for RINA applications to exchange shared state and establish connections. It defines messages and operations for managing objects.
Segment routing is a technology that is gaining popularity as a way to simplify MPLS networks. It has the benefits of interfacing with software-defined networks and allows for source-based routing. It does this without keeping state in the core of the network and needless to use LDP and RSVP-TE.
Segment Routing provides simplified packet forwarding by encoding forwarding instructions as segments rather than per-flow state. This document compares different encodings of segments: 32-bit segments encoded directly in MPLS or UDP over IPv4/IPv6 (SRoMPLS, SRoUDP); and 128-bit segments encoded in a new IPv6 extension header (SRv6). SRoMPLS and SRoUDP are well-suited for brownfield networks as they can reuse existing MPLS and IP infrastructure with minimal overhead. SRv6 is designed for native IPv6 but has higher overhead. All approaches simplify operations but have different performance implications depending on the network environment.
Segment Routing Advanced Use Cases - Cisco Live 2016 USAJose Liste
The document discusses segment routing and its use for inter-domain connectivity at scale. Segment routing allows source routing by encoding a path as an ordered list of segments in packet headers. It can be used to interconnect massive-scale datacenters and networks with hundreds of thousands of nodes. Segment routing scales through the use of globally unique prefix segments, redistribution of routing information only from the core to edges, and segment routing path computation elements. The path computation elements use segment routing native algorithms to optimize paths while maintaining equal-cost multipath routing.
1) MPLS introduces labels that are prefixed to packet headers and allows forwarding based on these labels instead of long IP addresses, enabling traffic engineering.
2) Labels are assigned based on forward equivalence classes which group packets that should follow the same path. This path is called a label switched path (LSP).
3) Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) extends MPLS to support a wider range of network types and interfaces beyond IP routers, including support for optical and time-division multiplexing networks. It enhances signaling protocols and introduces hierarchical LSP setup.
This document provides an overview of MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching). It discusses the basic idea behind MPLS, the history and components. MPLS assigns labels to IP flows to create label switched paths between ingress and egress routers. Routers forward packets based on lookups of these labels rather than long IP addresses. MPLS supports traffic engineering and quality of service across networks while integrating technologies like IP, ATM, and Frame Relay.
The Boolean expression at TP1 with respect to the corresponding inputs is:
TP1 = A + B
Question 2.
Question :
(TCO 3) Determine the Boolean expression at TP2 with respect to the corresponding inputs.
Student Answer:
TP2 = C
Instructor Explanation:
Correct. TP2 is simply the input C, so the Boolean expression is C.
Question 3.
Question :
(TCO 3) Determine the Boolean expression at TP3 with respect to the corresponding inputs.
Student Answer:
TP3 = A·C + B
Instructor Explanation:
Correct. TP3 is the output of an AND gate (A and C
This document provides an introduction to FPGA design fundamentals including:
- Programmable logic devices like PLDs, CPLDs, and FPGAs which allow for reconfigurable logic circuits.
- The basic architecture of FPGAs including configurable logic blocks (CLBs), input/output blocks (IOBs), and a programmable interconnect structure.
- Verilog and VHDL as common hardware description languages used for FPGA design entry and simulation.
- A simple example of designing a half-adder circuit in VHDL, including entity, architecture, and behavioral modeling style.
This document discusses programmable packet processing using P4. It begins with an agenda and overview of bringing the data plane back under programmatic control. It then discusses the benefits of a programmable pipeline and P4. The document introduces the Protocol Independent Switch Architecture (PISA) model and how P4 programs can define parsers, headers, metadata, tables, actions and controls to process packets. It provides examples of P4 code definitions and capabilities like counters and virtual routing/forwarding tables.
This document discusses the use of stateful Path Computation Element (PCE) and Segment Routing to improve network efficiency. A stateful PCE discovers network topology, collects traffic statistics, and computes optimal paths on request. It can re-optimize paths over time based on changing traffic and network conditions. The PCE supports path setup, failure recovery, load balancing across links, and inter-domain routing between autonomous systems.
This document discusses segment routing and how it simplifies IP/MPLS networks. Segment routing encodes paths through a network as a list of segments carried in packet headers. This eliminates the need for protocols like RSVP-TE and LDP, reducing control plane complexity and overhead. Segment routing provides the same functionality as RSVP-TE for traffic engineering and fast rerouting, but with greater scalability for large networks. The main challenges are ensuring routers have large enough segment routing blocks and supporting deep label stacks on older router hardware.
This document provides an introduction to MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching). It discusses some of the limitations of traditional IP routing and forwarding and how MPLS aims to address these. MPLS uses label switching to establish label switched paths (LSPs) across networks in a way that is independent of the underlying link layer and network layer protocols. Key aspects of MPLS covered include label distribution protocols, traffic engineering capabilities, and explicit routing.
This document provides an overview of segment routing and how it can enable SDN 2.0. Segment routing uses source routing by encoding a path as a segment list in packet headers. It provides a simple stateless forwarding model and enables edge intelligence with the ability for controllers to program segment lists. Use cases discussed include traffic engineering, fast reroute, and integration with SDN controllers using protocols like PCEP to establish segment routing paths without signaling in the core network.
This document provides an introduction to segment routing. It discusses:
- The objective of segment routing is to enable source routing without requiring state in intermediate nodes.
- Segment routing allows encoding paths as sequences of topological sub-paths called segments. Segments can represent nodes, links, or services.
- The IETF SPRING working group is standardizing segment routing to address issues with scalability of traffic engineering and fast reroute with protocols like RSVP-TE and LDP. Segment routing aims to provide these capabilities without per-flow state.
Segment Routing is a source routing architecture that embeds instructions, called segments, directly in the packet. This allows packets to be steered through specific paths in the network by prepending or stitching segment IDs. Segment Routing simplifies network operations by removing the need for signaling, label distribution, and per-flow state. Paths can either be computed distributively using IGP flooding of segment IDs, or explicitly programmed by a controller. This provides flexibility to engineers while keeping the forwarding plane stateless and simple.
This document discusses programmable networking and the future of networking. It provides an overview of programmable switches and how they differ from traditional fixed-function switches. Programmable switches use a domain-specific compiler called P4 to program the forwarding plane and define protocols, packet parsing, and processing pipelines. This allows the behavior of the switch to be defined through software rather than being fixed in hardware. The document demonstrates how P4 programs map to the Programmable Switch Architecture (PISA) and provides examples of simple and complex data plane programs. It also previews some demonstrations of in-band network telemetry and traffic monitoring capabilities enabled by programmable switches.
The document discusses using Segment Routing (SR) for Traffic Engineering (TE) in networks currently using MPLS-TE. It describes how SR overcomes scalability issues in MPLS-TE by removing the need for per-flow state and tunnel signaling. The thesis work aims to enhance the SR-TE model to provide Quality of Service commitments by using a Path Computation Element (PCE) to compute paths based on network state and computing constraints. Maintaining accurate network state at the PCE is challenging due to the lack of signaling and reservation in SR.
Update on IRATI technical work after month 6Eleni Trouva
This document provides an update on technical work in IRATI after month 6, including a description of use cases for integration testing and cloud/network integration, refinement of RINA specifications like the shim DIF over Ethernet and forwarding table generator, and an overview of the high-level software architecture and mapping of RINA concepts to the IRATI implementation. It outlines components like application processes, the IPC process daemon, IPC manager daemon, and supporting libraries.
MPLS SDN 2016 - Microloop avoidance with segment routingStephane Litkowski
The document discusses micro-loops in networks and how segment routing can be used to avoid them. Micro-loops are a natural phenomenon in hop-by-hop routed networks caused by transient disagreements between routers during convergence. Segment routing allows building a temporary loop-free path using a two-stage convergence - first using a precomputed loop-free label stack, then switching to the standard path once convergence is complete. This approach could help address issues caused by micro-loops like broken fast reroute and traffic loss.
This document provides an introduction and overview of MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching). It defines MPLS, discusses why it was developed to address limitations in IP routing, and how it works by assigning labels to packets which are then forwarded based on the label rather than long IP address lookups. Key MPLS concepts covered include label edge routers, label switch routers, label switch paths, and protocols like LDP and RSVP-TE. Applications like traffic engineering and MPLS VPNs are also mentioned.
RINA detailed components overview and implementation discussionEleni Trouva
The document discusses RINA and provides details on several key concepts:
1) Distributed applications in RINA use application naming, flows between applications can have different QoS characteristics, and there is a common application connection establishment phase.
2) The IPC process and API provide a communication service between applications using flows. The API supports operations like flow allocation and data transfer.
3) CDAP is the recommended application protocol for RINA applications to exchange shared state and establish connections. It defines messages and operations for managing objects.
Segment routing is a technology that is gaining popularity as a way to simplify MPLS networks. It has the benefits of interfacing with software-defined networks and allows for source-based routing. It does this without keeping state in the core of the network and needless to use LDP and RSVP-TE.
Segment Routing provides simplified packet forwarding by encoding forwarding instructions as segments rather than per-flow state. This document compares different encodings of segments: 32-bit segments encoded directly in MPLS or UDP over IPv4/IPv6 (SRoMPLS, SRoUDP); and 128-bit segments encoded in a new IPv6 extension header (SRv6). SRoMPLS and SRoUDP are well-suited for brownfield networks as they can reuse existing MPLS and IP infrastructure with minimal overhead. SRv6 is designed for native IPv6 but has higher overhead. All approaches simplify operations but have different performance implications depending on the network environment.
Segment Routing Advanced Use Cases - Cisco Live 2016 USAJose Liste
The document discusses segment routing and its use for inter-domain connectivity at scale. Segment routing allows source routing by encoding a path as an ordered list of segments in packet headers. It can be used to interconnect massive-scale datacenters and networks with hundreds of thousands of nodes. Segment routing scales through the use of globally unique prefix segments, redistribution of routing information only from the core to edges, and segment routing path computation elements. The path computation elements use segment routing native algorithms to optimize paths while maintaining equal-cost multipath routing.
1) MPLS introduces labels that are prefixed to packet headers and allows forwarding based on these labels instead of long IP addresses, enabling traffic engineering.
2) Labels are assigned based on forward equivalence classes which group packets that should follow the same path. This path is called a label switched path (LSP).
3) Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) extends MPLS to support a wider range of network types and interfaces beyond IP routers, including support for optical and time-division multiplexing networks. It enhances signaling protocols and introduces hierarchical LSP setup.
This document provides an overview of MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching). It discusses the basic idea behind MPLS, the history and components. MPLS assigns labels to IP flows to create label switched paths between ingress and egress routers. Routers forward packets based on lookups of these labels rather than long IP addresses. MPLS supports traffic engineering and quality of service across networks while integrating technologies like IP, ATM, and Frame Relay.
The Boolean expression at TP1 with respect to the corresponding inputs is:
TP1 = A + B
Question 2.
Question :
(TCO 3) Determine the Boolean expression at TP2 with respect to the corresponding inputs.
Student Answer:
TP2 = C
Instructor Explanation:
Correct. TP2 is simply the input C, so the Boolean expression is C.
Question 3.
Question :
(TCO 3) Determine the Boolean expression at TP3 with respect to the corresponding inputs.
Student Answer:
TP3 = A·C + B
Instructor Explanation:
Correct. TP3 is the output of an AND gate (A and C
This document provides an introduction to FPGA design fundamentals including:
- Programmable logic devices like PLDs, CPLDs, and FPGAs which allow for reconfigurable logic circuits.
- The basic architecture of FPGAs including configurable logic blocks (CLBs), input/output blocks (IOBs), and a programmable interconnect structure.
- Verilog and VHDL as common hardware description languages used for FPGA design entry and simulation.
- A simple example of designing a half-adder circuit in VHDL, including entity, architecture, and behavioral modeling style.
Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD) Architecture and Its Applicationselprocus
A CPLD (complex programmable logic device) chip includes several circuit blocks on a single chip with inside wiring resources to attach the circuit blocks. Each circuit block is comparable to a PLA or a PAL.
Programmable logic controller performance enhancement by field programmable g...ISA Interchange
This document proposes designing a programmable logic controller (PLC) using a field programmable gate array (FPGA) to improve performance. The FPGA implementation allows for parallel execution of logic compared to a typical microprocessor-based PLC. A GUI is developed in Visual Basic to program ladder logic into the FPGA by transmitting hex codes representing the logic. The proposed design architecture includes 4 rungs that can each contain up to 16 components. Simulation results demonstrate the FPGA-based PLC functioning for typical logic and alarm applications.
Programmable logic devices (PLD) like PALs, PLAs, GALs and CPLDs allow complex digital logic designs to be implemented in a single device. Newer devices like FPGAs can implement thousands of logic gates, supporting more complex designs than simpler PLDs which are limited to hundreds of gates. FPGAs contain an array of configurable logic blocks and interconnects that can be programmed by the user to realize different logic functions. CPLDs have a complexity between basic PLDs and FPGAs, including non-volatile configuration memory and supporting more complicated feedback paths than PLDs.
Communication Protocols Augmentation in VLSI Design ApplicationsIJERA Editor
With the advancement in communication System, the use of various protocols got a sharp rise in the different applications. Especially in the VLSI design for FPGAs, ASICS, CPLDs, the application areas got expanded to FPGA based technologies. Today, it has moved from commercial application to the defence sectors like missiles & aerospace controls. In this paper the use of FPGAs and its interface with various application circuits in the communication field for data (textual & visual) & control transfer is discussed. To be specific, the paper discusses the use of FPGA in various communication protocols like SPI, I2C, and TMDS in synchronous mode in Digital System Design using VHDL/Verilog.
This document discusses programmable logic devices (PLD) including their purpose, types, and structure. The main types of PLDs are SPLDs (simple PLDs like ROM, PLA, PAL, GAL), CPLDs (complex PLDs), and FPGAs (field-programmable gate arrays). SPLDs have an input connection matrix connecting inputs to AND gates and an output connection matrix connecting AND gates to OR gates. CPLDs and FPGAs can implement more complex designs than SPLDs and support thousands of gates versus hundreds for SPLDs. FPGAs contain many identical logic cells that can be programmed to implement different functions.
Cisco Live! :: Introduction to Segment Routing :: BRKRST-2124 | Las Vegas 2017Bruno Teixeira
This session provides an overview of the segment routing technology and its use cases. This new routing paradigm provides high operational simplicity and maximum network scalability and flexibility. You will get an understanding of the basic concepts behind the technology and its wide applicability ranging from simple transport for MPLS services, disjoint routing, traffic engineering and its benefits in the context of software defined networking. Previous knowledge of IP routing and MPLS is required.
The document provides a technical description of the Ericsson Smart Packet (SP) 415/420 router platform. It can be summarized as follows:
1. The SP 415/420 is a carrier-grade routing and aggregation platform that provides Layer 2, Layer 3, and advanced services in a single system. It supports routing protocols, Ethernet transport, Quality of Service, and other features.
2. The platform consists of hardware modules including SFP ports, expansion modules, and power supplies in a 1.5U chassis. It uses virtualization to support multiple logical "contexts" that operate as independent routers.
3. The SP 415/420 can be used for layer 2 VPNs, layer 3 VPNs
The document provides a technical overview of the Ericsson Smart Packet (SP) 415/420 router platform. It discusses:
1) The SP 415/420 combines routing, Ethernet aggregation, and advanced services in a single platform for carrier-class reliability, scalability, and performance.
2) It supports Layer 2 VPNs, Layer 3 VPNs, routing, and integration with other Ericsson solutions for IP radio access networks and mobile backhaul.
3) Key features include synchronization, Layer 2/3 routing, QoS, monitoring tools, and various interface, module, and cable specifications.
4) The software architecture uses multiple logical "contexts" that operate as separate routing domains within a
The document discusses the evolution of next generation IP transport networks using a Unified MPLS approach. Key points include:
- Unified MPLS aims to simplify MPLS operations in large, complex networks through common MPLS technology across domains and hierarchical BGP routing.
- It reduces the number of operational points needed for services by minimizing static configuration and integrating previously separate MPLS islands.
- The network is divided into IGP/LDP domains with inter-domain communication handled through labeled BGP routes. This reduces route tables and the number of label switched paths required in the access domains.
The document describes the design and implementation of digital circuits on a Kintex-7 FPGA using the KC705 evaluation board. It discusses developing logic circuits like half adders, full adders, multiplexers, and counters in VHDL, simulating them using Xilinx ISE, and testing the designs on the FPGA board. Key circuits were also implemented using Xilinx IP cores for subtraction and multiplication.
This document discusses FPGA based system design. It begins with an introduction to digital system design approaches, including using discrete logic gates on a board versus using a single programmable chip. It then covers the evolution of programmable logic devices from simple PLDs like PLA and PAL, to more complex CPLDs, and finally modern FPGAs. FPGAs contain logic blocks, programmable routing switches, and I/O pads. Commercial FPGA products from companies like Xilinx and Altera are also mentioned.
Introduction of A Lightweight Stage-Programming FrameworkYu Liu
The Lightweight Stage-Programming Framework introduced in this slides can be used for making efficient parallel DSL which can be transformed to MapReduce programs. To understand this slides, please firstly read http://www.slideshare.net/YuLiu19/a-generatetestaggregate-parallel-programming-library-on-spark.
FPGAs were introduced in 1984 as a programmable alternative to PLDs. They fill the gap between discrete logic and smaller PLDs on the low end and more expensive ASICs on the high end. The basic elements of an FPGA are configurable logic blocks (CLBs), configurable I/O blocks (IOBs), and a programmable interconnect. FPGAs from vendors like Xilinx and Altera have a regular architecture of CLBs surrounded by IOBs and connected via a hierarchy of programmable interconnects.
FPGAs can be programmed after manufacturing to implement custom logic functions. They contain programmable logic blocks and interconnects that can be configured to create custom circuits. FPGAs provide flexibility compared to ASICs but have higher per-unit costs. The FPGA architecture consists of configurable logic blocks, programmable interconnects, and I/O blocks. Configurable logic blocks contain LUTs that implement logic functions. Programmable interconnects connect the logic blocks, and I/O blocks interface with external components. FPGAs are commonly used for prototyping, emulation, parallel computing, and other applications that require customizable hardware.
FPGAs can be programmed after manufacturing to implement custom logic functions. They contain programmable logic blocks and interconnects that can be configured to create custom circuits. FPGAs have advantages over ASICs like lower development costs and shorter time to market, though ASICs can be produced more cheaply at scale. FPGA architecture consists of configurable logic blocks, programmable interconnects, and I/O blocks. Logic blocks contain LUTs that implement functions. Interconnects connect blocks, and I/O blocks interface with external components. FPGAs are used for applications like hardware emulation, ASIC prototyping, and parallel computing.
The document discusses implementing convolution on an FPGA. It begins by introducing convolution and its applications in image processing. It then discusses the scope and technical approach of implementing discrete linear convolution on FPGA kits in order to perform convolution on images in real-time. The document outlines the structure of FPGAs, including configurable logic blocks and wiring tracks. It also discusses software requirements and provides an organization plan for subsequent chapters on linear convolution, FPGA technology, and a literature survey.
Prakash Sahoo is a senior software engineer with over 4 years of experience developing telecom software in C/C++. He has expertise in LTE protocols and wireless network elements. Currently, he works for Aricent Technologies developing their LTE eNodeB protocol stack integrated with a Broadcom chipset board. Previously, he developed monitoring tools for LTE networks and performed protocol analysis. He is proficient in C/C++ and tools like Linux, gdb and clearcase.
A review on various types of software defined radios (sdrs) in radio communic...eSAT Journals
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• Q/A
4. 4
The Software Communications
Architecture (SCA) has remained
largely unchanged since 2001
when v2.2 was released and the
Joint Tactical Radio System
(JTRS) program started.
SCA 4.0, approved February
2012, represents a radical shift in
the approach to specifying the
architecture, design and
implementation of a software
defined radio (SDR).
Background
4
5. 5SCA 4.0 Approach
The SCA 4.0 specification has been developed following
the Model Driven Architecture (MDA) approach
The base specification has been developed as a
Platform Independent Model (PIM)
Appendices define transfer mechanisms to provide co-
located or distributed client/server operations
Currently the only transfer mechanism indentified in
Appendix E is based on the Common Object Request
Broker Architecture (CORBA)
Appendix E-1 defines the CORBA PSM for use with SCA
4.0
6. SCA v4.0
JPEO Objectives
Reduce development resources
Budget
Schedule
Reduce test and certification time
Reduce number of requirements
Increase use of automated testing
Improve performance
Reduce boot up latency
Reduce memory footprint
Technology refresh
Incorporate lessons learned
Backwards compatibility of applications is an
overarching tenet
6
7. SCA v4.0 Key Changes
Lightweight Components
Component Registration
Deployment Optimizations
Profiles and SCA Conformance
Platform Independent Model
7
8. 8
Operating System
ORB and
CORBA
Services
Core Framework Control,
Services, Devices, and
File access
AEP
Application Resources
CORBA APIs
CF Interfaces
Operating System
ORB and
CORBA
Services
Core Framework Control,
Services, Devices, and
File access
AEP
Application Resources
CORBA APIs
CF Interfaces
SCA 2.2.2 OE and AEP
SCA 2.2.2 specifies the use of CORBA as the protocol for data transfer and inter-
process application function calls on the GPP.
It does not preclude the use of CORBA on a DSP or FPGA but assumes that these
are not CORBA capable CEs and recommends MHAL or MOCB instead.
9. SCA 2.2.2 - CORBA on GPP, MHAL to Communicate with DSP and FPGA
Host Development Tools
GPP DSP FPGA
SCA 2.2.2.
CF
CORBA ORB
MHAL transport
CORBA on GPP, MHAL to Communicate with DSP and FPGA
Component
A
SCA Resource
CORBA
MHAL
Waveform
Logic
C
Waveform
Logic
D
MHAL
Device
MHAL
Component
B
SCA Resource
CORBA
CORBA
transport
e.g., IIOP
(GIOP over
TCP/IP)
SCA 2.2.2 Communication Model
9
10. 10SCA 4.0 OE and AEP
SCA products can be realized using a variety of transports and technologies (e.g.
CORBA, C++, SOAP, Data Distribution Service (DDS), MHAL Communication
Service, etc.). (excerpt from Appendix E)
11. 11Model Driven Architecture Views
SCA 2.2
SCA 2.2.1
SCA 2.2.2
CIM – Computationally Independent Model
PIM – Platform Independent Model
PSM – Platform Specific Model
PSI – Platform Specific Implementation
SCA 4.0 AppendicesSCA 4.0
Functional
View
Architecture
View
Design
Model
Implementation
and Deployment
12. 12PSM Appendices
E Transports and Technologies
E.1 – Common Object Request Broker
Architecture (CORBA)
Full – Provides features for general platforms and
applications
Lightweight – Provides minimal features for highly
constrained resources
Ultra-Lightweight – Essential capabilities supported
by FPGAs
E.2 – C++
E.3 – OMG Interface Definition Language
14. 14Appendix E-1 CORBA PSM
Three CORBA profiles based on CORBA/e with
additional features from RT CORBA
The SCA CORBA profiles are characterized as follows:
1. SCA Full CORBA (Full) Profile – is the Full CORBA profile and is
targeted for applications hosted on GPPs
2. SCA Lightweight CORBA (LW) Profile – is more constrained than the
SCA Full CORBA Profile and is targeted towards environments with
limited computing support (e.g. DSPs)
3. SCA Ultra-Lightweight CORBA (ULW) Profile – is more constrained
than the SCA Lightweight CORBA Profile and is specifically intended
for processing elements with even more limited computing support
(e.g., DSPs & FPGAs)
15. 15Appendix E-1 CORBA PSM
Each profile characterizes the IDL features allowed for definition of
interfaces between application components
The LW Profile narrows the IDL feature set in order to limit the
processing overhead caused by a number of types in the Full
Profile
The ULW Profile narrows the constructs even further to
accommodate typical limitations of DSP and FPGA environments
The shared IDL foundation of the profiles facilitates portability not
only between platforms, but also across processing elements and
transfer mechanisms
Component portability may be enhanced if the IDL from more
constrained profiles are used when defining application interfaces
targeted for components deployed within less constrained
processing elements
16. 16Full Profile (Highlights)
Based on CORBA/e Compact Profile
IDL data types - boolean, octet, short, unsigned short, long,
unsigned long, enum, float, double, long double, long long,
unsigned long long, char, string, unions, arrays, struct, sequence,
object
Minimum CORBA POA
Restricted Any data type
SYNC_SCOPE_POLICY
RT CORBA – including PriorityModelPolicy,
PriorityBandedConnectionPolicy, ServerProtocolPolicy and RT
Thread Pools
COS Event – PushSupplier and PushConsumer
ORB_init() parameters - allows Root POA to be created with non
default parameters
17. 17Lightweight Profile (Highlights)
Based on CORBA/e Micro Profile
IDL data types - boolean, octet, short, unsigned short,
long, unsigned long, enum, float, double, long double,
long long, unsigned long long, char, string, unions,
arrays, struct, sequence, object
Any data type not allowed
Root only POA
ORB_init() parameters - allows Root POA to be created
with non default parameters
18. 18Ultra-Lightweight Profile (Highlights)
ULW profile only standardises
the subset of IDL a CORBA
capable FPGA can use
String, Any or Object data
types not allowed
ORB internal details are
unspecified and could be
implemented in a number of
ways, for example:
1. Software ORB – using a
processor core
embedded on the FPGA
2. Hardware ORB – key
functions of an ORB
implemented as an IP
core
IDL basic data types Short
Long
unsigned short
unsigned long
Boolean
Octet
IDL complex data types struct (restricted to supported basic data types)
sequence (restricted to supported basic data types)
Enum
IDL keywords Module
Interface
In
Out
Inout
Void
Typedef
oneway
Return value
Return values of a basic data type to be supported
19. SCA 4.0 – CORBA on GPP, DSP and FPGA
Host Development Tools
GPP DSP FPGA
SCA
2.2.2CFCORBA ORB CORBA ORB CORBA ORB
CORBA Transport
CORBA on GPP, DSP and FPGA
SCA Resource
Component
A
SCA Resource
CORBA
CORBA
CORBA
CORBA
Component
C
Component
D
SCA Resource
Component
B
SCA Resource
CORBA
SCA 4.0 Communication Model
CORBA
transport
e.g., IIOP
(GIOP over
TCP/IP)
19
21. Spectra SDR Product Suite 21
Spectra
CX
Spectra
CF
Spectra
CDB
Spectra
DTP
Spectra CX is a model-
driven development tool
that enables SDR and
waveform software to be
rapidly developed,
integrated and tested.
Spectra CX allows radio
platform details to be
packaged and delivered to
distributed independent
development groups using
the tools to hide platform
complexities and IP as
needed.
Spectra Core
Framework (CF) is a
high-performance,
ultra low footprint,
radio management
framework providing
advanced capabilities
and extensibilities for
multiple software
radio architectures.
Spectra Common Data Bus
(CDB) is a high-
performance, integrated data
bus providing a unified data
exchange protocol and
format. Spectra CDB
supports a wide range of
General Purpose Processor
(GPP), Digital Signal
Processor (DSP) and Field
Programmable Gate Array
(FPGA) processing
elements.
Spectra DTP is an SDR
development and test
platform that supports
waveform design and
implementation for military,
homeland security and
commercial SDRs. Spectra
DTP is an optimized small
form-factor platform with low
power consumption that
enables the development,
testing and deployment of
waveforms.
PrismTech Proprietary Information
22. 22Spectra Common Data Bus (CDB) – “SCA Everywhere”
SCA Everywhere
Spectra ORB
C & C++
Spectra ORB
C
Spectra ICO
VHDL
Extensible Transport Framework (TCP/IP, Rapid IO, Gigabyte Ethernet etc.)
Waveform
Component
Waveform
Component
Waveform
Component
GPP DSP FPGA
Spectra SCA
CF
Standards based, high performance, low footprint, fully interoperable COTS SCA middleware
solution that can be deployed across multiple processor types, including GPP, DSP and FPGA
environments
23. 23Spectra Common Data Bus (CDB)
Spectra Common Data Bus (CDB) is a fully integrated and optimized
Software Defined Radio (SDR) middleware stack
Spectra Common Data Bus (CDB), runs across a wide range of
General Purpose Processor (GPP), Digital Signal Processor (DSP) and
Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) processing elements
Spectra CDB includes the following:
Spectra ORB
C++ ORB (for GPP)
C ORB (for GPP and DSP)
Spectra Lightweight Services
Spectra Lightweight Naming Service
Spectra Lightweight Event Service
Spectra Lightweight Log Service
Spectra IP Core ORB (ICO) for FPGA and ASIC
24. Spectra ORB SCA 4 Edition
Common Micro Kernel Architecture Supporting
Multiple Language Implementations (C & C++)
IDL
Compiler
Micro ORB Kernel
Server
IDL
Client
IDL ORB
Interface
GIOP
Extensible Transport Framework
IIOP DIOPSSLIOP
RT CORBA
Portable
Interceptors
CORBA
Messaging
Pluggable POA
RT-POAM-POA
Threading Models
Thread Pool
Thread Per Connection
3rd Party
Scheduler
SHMIOP
OpenFusion e*ORB SDR Lightweight COS – Naming, Event & Log
Thread per Request
UIOP
Key Features:
Fully compliant with the Software Communications
Architecture (SCA) v4.0 specification, including
pluggable support for :
SCA 4.0 Full Profile (C++ ORB)
SCA 4.0 Lightweight Profile (C & C++ ORBs)
Minimum CORBA (C & C++ ORBS)
CORBA/e Compact Profile (C & C++ ORBs)
CORBA/e Micro Profile (C ORB)
IDL compiler (C and C++)
GIOP 1.1
Extensible Transport Framework (ETF) – providing
multi-transport plug-in support, for transports such
as TCP/IP, UDP and Compact PCI
Multi-thread safe
Extensible server-side threading framework.
Pluggable POA framework
Pluggable ANY data type support
Request timeouts
Pluggable Real-Time CORBA support
Bundled Lightweight Naming. Event & Log Services
(both C & C++)
Availability:
Broad platform support, including:
OS: Windows, Solaris, Linux
RTOS: VxWorks, Integrity, LynxOS, QNX, ThreadX, TI BIOS, OSEck
CPU: x86, SPARC, ARM, PowerPC, TI C64x, TI C55x
24
25. 25Spectra ORB SCA 4 Edition – Key Benefits
An ORB specifically designed for SDR and other resource
constrained DRE (Distributed Real-Time Embedded) systems
Smallest footprint and memory overhead
More efficient use of resources
Highest performance and throughput
The best ORB for SCA-compliant SDR development
Open and configurable architecture
Highly portable, scalable, flexible & reliable
An interoperable GPP and DSP solution in the same ORB family
Complementary SDR products & wireless software solutions
Key middleware component of the PrismTech’s SDR
products
Lowers Total Cost Of Ownership – no runtime fees for internal
use
26. Spectra IP Core ORB (ICO)
ICO CORBA Core Available For Any FPGA or ASIC
ICO is a hardware implementation of a
CORBA ORB
Implements a subset of the most commonly
used CORBA functions
Eliminates the need to develop custom proxies
(HALs) on GPP processor or DSP in order to
establish communication with the FPGA
ICO has been written in portable VHDL & can
be synthesized onto any FPGA or ASIC
platform
The ICO design environment
consists of:
The ICO engine (IP interface core)
IDL to VHDL code generator
A hardware developer treats ICO as
any other IP core interface
Software developers treat ICO
components as they would any other
CORBA object
26
27. ICO Feature Summary
Provides a superset of functionality that is fully compliant with the Software Communications
Architecture (SCA) v4.0 specification:
Ultra-Lightweight CORBA Profile
Supports GIOP version 1.0 protocol
Support for CORBA clients and servers
Servants implemented on FPGA in VHDL
Clients can be internal to the FPGA written in VHDL or external to FPGA(e.g., on a GPP or DSP) implemented by
a conventional software application
No arbitrary restriction on the number of clients and servers that can be supported on the FPGA IDL compiler
support
One way operations and two way operations
Supports IDL to VHDL language mapping and will auto generate VHDL equivalent of CORBA stubs and
skeletons allowing ICO to be easily connected to servants implementing waveform logic
Based on CORBA 3 grammar, but only supporting a subset of data types and constructs:
Simple data types - Char, Octet, Boolean, Short, Unsigned Short, Long, Unsigned Long, Long Long, Unsigned
Long Long, String
Any type (of simple data types)
Object Type
Enumerated Types
Complex data types
Struct
Sequence
Array
CORBA exceptions support
User exceptions
System exceptions
Pluggable and open transport interface allows user-defined custom transports to be plugged into ICO
Written in pure VHDL and portable across FPGA devices
27
28. Spectra ICO – Key Benefits
High performance standards based messaging for FPGAs
Greatly simplifies FPGA application integration
Helps support FPGA application portability
High throughput low latency messaging solution
Helps reduce time to market for new FPGA applications
Low footprint—efficient use of available FPGA resources
Available as part of a complete range of complementary SDR
products
Can support a unified messaging protocol across GPP, DSP and
FPGA processing elements
Can support a broad range of FPGA devices from the leading
vendors
No export restrictions - not subject to International Traffic in Arms
Regulations (ITAR) or Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) export
restrictions
28
29. 29Spectra SCA 4.0 Roadmap
Spectra SCA 4 Edition – GA availability May
2013
Spectra ICO v2.3 – available now
ICO already supports SCA 4.0 Ultra-Lightweight Profile
ULW profile defines a subset of the functionality and data types that ICO can
actually support
34. 34
Leveraging The Benefits of SCA 4.0 Middleware in an
SCA 2.2.2 Environment
Can I use SCA 4.0 middleware to enable the redeployment of SCA
CORBA enabled components on a DSP or FPGA in an SCA 2.2.2
based system ?
Problem - SCA 2.2.2 Resource interface is fixed and the
Lightweight and Ultra-Lightweight Profiles do not support all of the
required IDL types
Solution
Spectra ORB SCA 4 Edition C ORB Full Profile can be used on a DSP and still
support full SCA 2.2.2 Resource interface
Spectra ICO with its “Meta Driven Design” can also support all of the IDL types
required by the SCA 2.2.2 Resource interface
Users can create SCA 2.2.2 compliant applications with Resource
components deployed on a DSP or FPGA
In an SCA 4.0 OE core business logic for DSP or FPGA component
can remain unchanged, but Resource interface IDL modified to
support light weight component interface hosted on Light or Ultra-
Lightweight Profile compliant middleware
35. 35SCA 2.2.2 to SCA 4.0 Migration Issues
A significant issue that must be addressed is that SCA 4.0 does not
support backwards compatibility with SCA 2.2.2 application and
platform components as originally envisaged
An SCA 4.0 Core Framework will not be able to deploy an SCA
2.2.2 waveform
Parts of the Resource and Device interfaces such as the connection
APIs have changed between SCA 2.2.2 and 4.0
Manually migrating SCA 2.2.2 application or platform components to
SCA 4.0 could be a time consuming process
This is major area where PrismTech MDD approaches can bring
significant benefits by helping automate much of the migration
process
36. 36Automating the SCA 2.2.2 to SCA 4.0 Migration Process
class Resource Interface
«CORBAInterface»
Resource
+ identifier: string
+ start() : void
+ stop() : void
«CORBAInterface»
PropertySet
+ query(configProperties :Properties) : void
+ configure(configProperties :Properties*) : void
«CORBAInterface»
PortSupplier
+ getPort(name :string) : Object
«CORBAInterface»
LifeCycle
+ initialize() : void
+ releaseObject() : void
«CORBAInterface»
TestableObject
+ runTest(testid :unsigned long, testValues :Properties*) : void
Wav eform
Component
SCA 4.0
SCA 2.2.2
MDD tools such as Spectra CX will be able to auto-generate an SCA 4.0 model from a SCA 2.2.2
model using a set of mapping rules
The MDD tools will generate the SCA 4.0 component container code (including XML, source
code, make files) based on the target PSM technologies
If the business code is also being maintained as part of the SCA 2.2.2 model as is possible with
tool such Spectra CX then it can also be automatically migrated into the new SCA 4.0 model
If the business code is being maintained independently (e.g. library includes) then these
references can be automatically migrated into the SCA 4.0 model
37. 37Conclusions
SCA 4.0 introduces major changes to the standard
Interfaces now defined specified as a PIM that can be mapped to different
PSMs
Standard aligns with a Model Driven Development approach to developing
SDRs
New CORBA PSM extends SCA support for DSPs and FPGAs
Using Spectra ORB and ICO allows users to develop components for DSPs
and FPGAs and deploy in an SCA 2.2.2 OE
Migrating SCA 2.2.2 Resource components to SCA 4.0 Lightweight
Resource components is possible but requires IDL changes and CORBA
Profile Support
Spectra ORB and ICO’s support for multi profiles in single implementation
makes SCA 4.0 middleware adoption straight forward
Model Driven Development and advanced tooling with automated migration
support will be a key to the successful of adoption of SCA 4.0