IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering (IOSR-JPTE) is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between polimer, fibric and all the sciences involved in textile.
SELF-ALIGNED BEARING FAULT DETECTION USING VIBRATION SIGNALS ANALYZED BY SPEC...Journal For Research
Over the past decades there have been many major advances in the development of fault diagnosis of deep grove ball bearing and roller bearing had taken placed. in this paper an effort is made to study the performance of Self aligned ball bearings. Self-aligned ball bearings are widely used in industry from home appliances to aerospace industry. Proper functioning of these machine elements is extremely important in order to prevent catastrophic damages. It is therefore, important to monitor the condition of the bearings and to know the severity of the defects before they cause serious catastrophic damages. Hence, the study of vibrations generated by these defects plays an important role in quality inspection as well as for condition monitoring of the self-aligned ball bearing/machine element. This paper describes the vibration analysis technique to detect the defects in the self-aligned ball bearing. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) detected the frequencies of damage present during the vibration analysis of a ball bearing. This faults and their related frequency is simulated with MATLAB software.
This document describes the design and development of a semi-automatic surface finishing machine for ceramic sleeves. The machine uses a grinding wheel driven by a motor to grind the ceramic sleeves. The sleeves are mounted on a motorized shaft on a movable platform controlled by a pneumatic cylinder. Except for loading and unloading sleeves, the process is automated via an electronic control panel. The key components of the machine - the grinding wheel, pneumatic cylinder, proximity sensor, bearings, solenoid valve and control panel - are selected based on the design requirements. The workpiece shaft, motor base plate, vibration isolators and table are also designed to meet the needs of automating the ceramic sleeve finishing process.
New Microsoft Office PowerPoint PresentationVishnu Vardhan
The document summarizes Vishnu Vardhan's summer internship at Suzlon Generators' manufacturing plant in Pune, India. The internship provided hands-on experience in the manufacturing processes for wind turbine generators. Key processes included lamination of steel sheets for rotors and stators, core building, rotor winding, stator assembly, vacuum pressure impregnation for insulation, and final assembly. The internship gave valuable practical knowledge about renewable energy manufacturing that will help in Vishnu's career goal of working in the renewable energy field.
The document provides information about the ACMAuto Chip Maker instrument, which is used to collect autograft bone from mandibular molars or incisors for guided bone regeneration in defective areas. The instrument comes in various diameters and lengths. It must be cleaned, sterilized and stored properly after use. A clinical case and movie demonstrate how to use the instrument to drill and collect autograft bone chips within seconds for GBR procedures.
An investigation and rectification on failure of bearings of casting shakeout...eSAT Journals
Abstract This project deals with investigation and rectification on failure of bearing of casting shakeout, required in foundry industries to separate solidified casting and sand from mould box. The failure of bearings is mainly due to brinelling tends to create cavities on the bearing raceway. This result in roller and inner races surface of spherical bearing get damage. The rectification of existing system uses four bearings as modified setup of existing system to distribute the load acting on shakeout aims at reducing this frequent breakdown, increases life of bearings and increases the productivity of plant. The software Pro-E wildfire 4 is used for modeling. Keywords: Brinelling, Casting shakeout, Spherical Roller bearing, and Bearing life
This document provides an operation manual for a Panasonic small induction geared motor. It details safety precautions, product descriptions, specifications, installation instructions, and operating guidelines. Key points include potential hazards of electric shock and injury from moving parts, permissible torque and load limits to ensure long motor life, and storage and handling recommendations to prevent damage. Proper use and maintenance are emphasized to safely and effectively operate the motor.
The document describes an expert operator control system called EXPERTOPERATORTM (EOTM) that aims to improve crane safety and productivity. EOTM intercepts operator commands and modifies them to mimic expert crane operators, reducing load swing, collisions, and positioning time. Field tests showed EOTM reduced average load swing by over 90% and cut positioning time by 34% on average. A study also found EOTM decreased operator collisions and near misses from an average of 9.2 to 0.5 incidents per trial. The system allows operators of all skill levels to control cranes like experts for increased safety and efficiency.
This document provides information on solid carbide thread mills for high-hardness steels from Mitsubishi Hitachi Tool Engineering. Key points:
1. The Epoch D Thread Mill can simultaneously drill and cut threads in materials up to 45HRC hardness without a pilot hole.
2. Advanced coatings like ATH and PN provide improved cutting performance, hardness, oxidation resistance and extended tool life.
3. The thread mills can cut various thread types like right-hand and left-hand threads by changing the NC program and reduce risk of breaking compared to taps.
SELF-ALIGNED BEARING FAULT DETECTION USING VIBRATION SIGNALS ANALYZED BY SPEC...Journal For Research
Over the past decades there have been many major advances in the development of fault diagnosis of deep grove ball bearing and roller bearing had taken placed. in this paper an effort is made to study the performance of Self aligned ball bearings. Self-aligned ball bearings are widely used in industry from home appliances to aerospace industry. Proper functioning of these machine elements is extremely important in order to prevent catastrophic damages. It is therefore, important to monitor the condition of the bearings and to know the severity of the defects before they cause serious catastrophic damages. Hence, the study of vibrations generated by these defects plays an important role in quality inspection as well as for condition monitoring of the self-aligned ball bearing/machine element. This paper describes the vibration analysis technique to detect the defects in the self-aligned ball bearing. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) detected the frequencies of damage present during the vibration analysis of a ball bearing. This faults and their related frequency is simulated with MATLAB software.
This document describes the design and development of a semi-automatic surface finishing machine for ceramic sleeves. The machine uses a grinding wheel driven by a motor to grind the ceramic sleeves. The sleeves are mounted on a motorized shaft on a movable platform controlled by a pneumatic cylinder. Except for loading and unloading sleeves, the process is automated via an electronic control panel. The key components of the machine - the grinding wheel, pneumatic cylinder, proximity sensor, bearings, solenoid valve and control panel - are selected based on the design requirements. The workpiece shaft, motor base plate, vibration isolators and table are also designed to meet the needs of automating the ceramic sleeve finishing process.
New Microsoft Office PowerPoint PresentationVishnu Vardhan
The document summarizes Vishnu Vardhan's summer internship at Suzlon Generators' manufacturing plant in Pune, India. The internship provided hands-on experience in the manufacturing processes for wind turbine generators. Key processes included lamination of steel sheets for rotors and stators, core building, rotor winding, stator assembly, vacuum pressure impregnation for insulation, and final assembly. The internship gave valuable practical knowledge about renewable energy manufacturing that will help in Vishnu's career goal of working in the renewable energy field.
The document provides information about the ACMAuto Chip Maker instrument, which is used to collect autograft bone from mandibular molars or incisors for guided bone regeneration in defective areas. The instrument comes in various diameters and lengths. It must be cleaned, sterilized and stored properly after use. A clinical case and movie demonstrate how to use the instrument to drill and collect autograft bone chips within seconds for GBR procedures.
An investigation and rectification on failure of bearings of casting shakeout...eSAT Journals
Abstract This project deals with investigation and rectification on failure of bearing of casting shakeout, required in foundry industries to separate solidified casting and sand from mould box. The failure of bearings is mainly due to brinelling tends to create cavities on the bearing raceway. This result in roller and inner races surface of spherical bearing get damage. The rectification of existing system uses four bearings as modified setup of existing system to distribute the load acting on shakeout aims at reducing this frequent breakdown, increases life of bearings and increases the productivity of plant. The software Pro-E wildfire 4 is used for modeling. Keywords: Brinelling, Casting shakeout, Spherical Roller bearing, and Bearing life
This document provides an operation manual for a Panasonic small induction geared motor. It details safety precautions, product descriptions, specifications, installation instructions, and operating guidelines. Key points include potential hazards of electric shock and injury from moving parts, permissible torque and load limits to ensure long motor life, and storage and handling recommendations to prevent damage. Proper use and maintenance are emphasized to safely and effectively operate the motor.
The document describes an expert operator control system called EXPERTOPERATORTM (EOTM) that aims to improve crane safety and productivity. EOTM intercepts operator commands and modifies them to mimic expert crane operators, reducing load swing, collisions, and positioning time. Field tests showed EOTM reduced average load swing by over 90% and cut positioning time by 34% on average. A study also found EOTM decreased operator collisions and near misses from an average of 9.2 to 0.5 incidents per trial. The system allows operators of all skill levels to control cranes like experts for increased safety and efficiency.
This document provides information on solid carbide thread mills for high-hardness steels from Mitsubishi Hitachi Tool Engineering. Key points:
1. The Epoch D Thread Mill can simultaneously drill and cut threads in materials up to 45HRC hardness without a pilot hole.
2. Advanced coatings like ATH and PN provide improved cutting performance, hardness, oxidation resistance and extended tool life.
3. The thread mills can cut various thread types like right-hand and left-hand threads by changing the NC program and reduce risk of breaking compared to taps.
Fiat kobelco e45.2 sr mini crawler excavator service repair manualfjskksmem
This document provides safety precautions and guidelines for repairing and servicing construction machinery. It discusses preparing for disassembly, safety during disassembly and assembly, handling hydraulic and electrical equipment, welding repairs, and environmental measures. Specific safety tips include wearing protective equipment, blocking up machinery, relieving hydraulic pressure, and properly lifting heavy components. The document emphasizes understanding operating procedures, cleaning machinery, recording inspection details, and arranging the work area before beginning repairs.
This document provides an installation and maintenance manual for an Air Cylinder Series 55-CG1. It contains specifications for the cylinder, including maximum operating pressures and temperatures for ambient temperature ranges. It also provides safety instructions, installation instructions, settings for air cushion adjustment, ordering information, outline dimensions, and maintenance procedures including seal replacement.
User guide universal prosthetic kit -151207Kei Lim
This Universal Prosthetic Kit contains dental implant procedure tools and drivers made of medical grade materials. It is used for implanting fixtures, connecting abutments, and detaching cover screws. The kit includes hex, SCS, and Unigrip drivers, a driver holder, and torque ratchet. It must be sterilized via autoclave before use according to the instructions, which include preparing components, washing after use, and storing at room temperature.
This is a Report presented by Sachin Motwani at his College against the successful accomplishment of Internship at a Ceiling Fans & Storage Water Heaters manufacturing Company: Indo Appliances.
The document discusses water jet machining (WJM) and abrasive water jet machining (AWJM). WJM uses high-pressure water to cut softer materials, while AWJM adds abrasive particles to the water jet to cut harder materials. The key components of an AWJM system are water delivery pumps, abrasive hoppers, intensifiers to increase water pressure, mixing and cutting heads, and catchers to contain the abrasive water jet after cutting. AWJM can machine virtually any material and offers advantages like fast setup times and minimal heat generation during cutting.
This document provides an overview of bolted joints, including:
1. Definitions of bolted joints and their design objectives to avoid slipping or disconnection of parts.
2. Methods for assembling bolted joints, including torque control, torque with angle, yield control, and bolt tensioning.
3. Factors that influence bolted joints, such as plating, tools, relaxation, and workloads.
4. Quality controls and failure analysis, emphasizing the importance of maintaining sufficient residual clamp load.
5. A patented technology for analyzing torque-angle curves to measure clamp loads and friction coefficients.
Deeptanshu Pandey presented on ultrasonic machining. Ultrasonic machining is a non-traditional process that uses tool vibration at ultrasonic frequencies along with an abrasive slurry to erode material. It is well-suited for hard and brittle materials. The document discussed the principles, components, parameters, applications and advantages of ultrasonic machining, including how the abrasive particles remove material through impact erosion during the downstroke of tool vibration. In summary, ultrasonic machining uses high frequency tool vibration and an abrasive slurry to precisely machine hard, brittle materials through a brittle fracture material removal process.
This document provides information on servicing Kubota tractors models B1700, B2100, and B2400. It is divided into sections on mechanism and servicing. The mechanism section provides information on construction and function, while the servicing section covers general precautions, troubleshooting, specifications, and repair procedures. Safety instructions are also included to warn of hazards and ensure safe servicing.
This document discusses bearings and lubrication. It defines bearings as any support in direct contact with a moving machine part that is designed to minimize friction. The main types of bearings are described as anti-friction bearings, which provide rolling contact, and plain bearings, which have sliding contact. Anti-friction bearings like ball and roller bearings are advantageous because they have lower starting friction than plain bearings. Plain bearings can use materials like bronze and are simpler but have higher wear. Proper lubrication is also discussed, including different lubrication systems like oil misting which has advantages like lower temperatures and positive pressure prevention of contamination.
This document provides a commercial offer for a 200TPH crushing plant. It includes:
1) A general layout of the plant consisting of a jaw crusher and cone crusher.
2) A table listing the equipment included in the plant along with specifications, quantities, unit prices and total prices. The equipment includes feeders, crushers, screens, and conveyor belts.
3) Descriptions and features of the main equipment: feeder, jaw crusher, cone crusher, screen, and conveyor belts.
4) Additional information on payment terms, delivery time, and after sales service support.
The document discusses various case studies of gearbox diagnosis from different industries using different vibration analysis techniques. These include a misaligned gearbox diagnosed using time waveform analysis showing directional forces, a cracked tooth problem in a cement mill gear diagnosed using high crest factor readings indicating sharp peaks, and a flexible gearbox support structure causing shaft failures diagnosed using operational deflection shapes analysis. The case studies demonstrate the need to use multiple analysis tools to effectively diagnose different types of gearbox faults.
Kubota d1005 e4 b diesel engine service repair manualfiskefksjemkm
This workshop manual provides information on servicing the 05-E4B and 05-E4BG diesel engine series, including specifications, performance curves, dimensions, and sections on information, general notes, mechanism details, and servicing instructions. The manual covers engine identification, maintenance procedures, special tools, troubleshooting, specifications, torque values, and instructions for checking, disassembling and servicing the engine. Refer to another workshop manual for any diesel engine mechanisms not covered in this manual.
This case study describes how proactive maintenance practices helped identify an early failure in a cement mill gearbox bearing.
Over several months, vibration analysis and ferrography showed increasing wear in the bearing. By December, vibration readings had risen significantly and pitting was visible in the bearing. Replacing the bearing prevented a potential breakdown.
Regular monitoring allowed technicians to detect the failure early, avoid lost production time, and prevent additional equipment damage through a timely repair. The case highlights how vibration analysis, oil analysis, and consistent inspection can help reduce downtime and improve plant efficiency.
As rail track technology continues to make major advances, the requirement for abrasives in maintenance and repair operations is increasing. As a multi-solution provider, Saint-Gobain offers a number of abrasive products which comply with all European health, safety and environmental standards and are specially designed for cutting and grinding rail track and surrounding materials.
The document provides instructions for installing, operating, and maintaining a wire rope cutter tool. It describes the tool's specifications and cutting capacity. It outlines safety procedures and gives instructions for cutting wire ropes, maintaining the tool, and replacing parts like the anvil and cutting blade. The document emphasizes following safety procedures like ensuring no pressure remains in the hydraulic system before servicing.
The status of the development of Precision and ultra-precision machine tool a...IJRES Journal
Precision and ultra-precision machine tool plays a decisive role in the precision machining technology. The increasing needs of the modern aerospace and laser technology reflect the prominent importance of precision machine tools which has led to extensive application to itself. In order to keep the steps with times, the accuracy of these precision machining of parts is demanded highly, and beyond the general precision machine. Ultra-precision machine tools are produced and evolved to meet these needs and continually evolving, and they are playing an increasingly important role in these areas of high technology. The paper focuses on precision and ultra-precision machine tool, elaborating the key technology of hardware which includes lathe bad and the precision spindle unit etc. and software which includes CNC. In the end it prospects the development trend of ultra-precision machine tool technology.
CS Unitec Air Powered Concrete Cutting ChainsawCS Unitec
CS Unitec Air Powered Concrete Cutting Chain Saw Model CS71773 Operator’s manual talks about how to operate the concrete cutting chainsaw to reduce chatter, extend diamond life and create a straighter cut, and enable the use of the Walkwalker more quickly.
This document provides guidance on the usage and installation of steel sleepers in accordance with ARTC standards. It outlines requirements for ballasting and resurfacing steel sleepers, and inspection after installation. Steel sleepers must be installed at consistent spacing and tamped effectively to ensure support. Additional ballast is required to fill pods under steel sleepers. Inspections after installation and during maintenance check that pods are filled correctly.
Study of Fault Diagnosis on Inner Surface of Outer Race of Roller Bearing usi...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on using acoustic emission techniques to diagnose faults on the inner surface of the outer race of roller bearings. An experimental setup was designed to simulate early stage bearing defects. Both healthy and defective bearings were tested at varying speeds. Defective bearings with different sized cracks were created using electrical discharge machining. Acoustic emissions were measured and compared between healthy and defective bearings. The results showed that acoustic emission amplitude increased significantly with the presence and size of defects. Therefore, acoustic emission is an effective non-destructive testing technique for diagnosing faults on the inner surface of roller bearing outer races.
Combing is a very important process for a spinning mill. The object of combing is removal of short fibres, Neps, impurities and to improve the fibre length uniformity followed with improvement in mean length. The removal of immature cotton, foreign matter and improvement in fibre fineness and fibre bundle strength are the additional advantages of combing process. In totality combing process significantly improves the cotton characteristics by removing the useless fibres (i.e. Fibres which are not suitable for a particular end use) from the process. These fibres are extracted as comber Noil waste. This Complete combing process carried out by action of different combing elements. During combing process along with useless fibres good quality fibres are also removed especially in modern high speed combers which are huge raw material & financial losses for the industry. We have studied in detail the combing action of these different combing elements w.r.t. removal of Neps, SFC % & other impurities with mean length improvement. The object of this article is to present the effect of different combing elements on cotton processed and how we can perfectly set these combing elements to get the better combing process with respect to desire Quality, so we can achieve maximum removal of useless fibres with minimum losses of good fibres.
Fiat kobelco e45.2 sr mini crawler excavator service repair manualfjskksmem
This document provides safety precautions and guidelines for repairing and servicing construction machinery. It discusses preparing for disassembly, safety during disassembly and assembly, handling hydraulic and electrical equipment, welding repairs, and environmental measures. Specific safety tips include wearing protective equipment, blocking up machinery, relieving hydraulic pressure, and properly lifting heavy components. The document emphasizes understanding operating procedures, cleaning machinery, recording inspection details, and arranging the work area before beginning repairs.
This document provides an installation and maintenance manual for an Air Cylinder Series 55-CG1. It contains specifications for the cylinder, including maximum operating pressures and temperatures for ambient temperature ranges. It also provides safety instructions, installation instructions, settings for air cushion adjustment, ordering information, outline dimensions, and maintenance procedures including seal replacement.
User guide universal prosthetic kit -151207Kei Lim
This Universal Prosthetic Kit contains dental implant procedure tools and drivers made of medical grade materials. It is used for implanting fixtures, connecting abutments, and detaching cover screws. The kit includes hex, SCS, and Unigrip drivers, a driver holder, and torque ratchet. It must be sterilized via autoclave before use according to the instructions, which include preparing components, washing after use, and storing at room temperature.
This is a Report presented by Sachin Motwani at his College against the successful accomplishment of Internship at a Ceiling Fans & Storage Water Heaters manufacturing Company: Indo Appliances.
The document discusses water jet machining (WJM) and abrasive water jet machining (AWJM). WJM uses high-pressure water to cut softer materials, while AWJM adds abrasive particles to the water jet to cut harder materials. The key components of an AWJM system are water delivery pumps, abrasive hoppers, intensifiers to increase water pressure, mixing and cutting heads, and catchers to contain the abrasive water jet after cutting. AWJM can machine virtually any material and offers advantages like fast setup times and minimal heat generation during cutting.
This document provides an overview of bolted joints, including:
1. Definitions of bolted joints and their design objectives to avoid slipping or disconnection of parts.
2. Methods for assembling bolted joints, including torque control, torque with angle, yield control, and bolt tensioning.
3. Factors that influence bolted joints, such as plating, tools, relaxation, and workloads.
4. Quality controls and failure analysis, emphasizing the importance of maintaining sufficient residual clamp load.
5. A patented technology for analyzing torque-angle curves to measure clamp loads and friction coefficients.
Deeptanshu Pandey presented on ultrasonic machining. Ultrasonic machining is a non-traditional process that uses tool vibration at ultrasonic frequencies along with an abrasive slurry to erode material. It is well-suited for hard and brittle materials. The document discussed the principles, components, parameters, applications and advantages of ultrasonic machining, including how the abrasive particles remove material through impact erosion during the downstroke of tool vibration. In summary, ultrasonic machining uses high frequency tool vibration and an abrasive slurry to precisely machine hard, brittle materials through a brittle fracture material removal process.
This document provides information on servicing Kubota tractors models B1700, B2100, and B2400. It is divided into sections on mechanism and servicing. The mechanism section provides information on construction and function, while the servicing section covers general precautions, troubleshooting, specifications, and repair procedures. Safety instructions are also included to warn of hazards and ensure safe servicing.
This document discusses bearings and lubrication. It defines bearings as any support in direct contact with a moving machine part that is designed to minimize friction. The main types of bearings are described as anti-friction bearings, which provide rolling contact, and plain bearings, which have sliding contact. Anti-friction bearings like ball and roller bearings are advantageous because they have lower starting friction than plain bearings. Plain bearings can use materials like bronze and are simpler but have higher wear. Proper lubrication is also discussed, including different lubrication systems like oil misting which has advantages like lower temperatures and positive pressure prevention of contamination.
This document provides a commercial offer for a 200TPH crushing plant. It includes:
1) A general layout of the plant consisting of a jaw crusher and cone crusher.
2) A table listing the equipment included in the plant along with specifications, quantities, unit prices and total prices. The equipment includes feeders, crushers, screens, and conveyor belts.
3) Descriptions and features of the main equipment: feeder, jaw crusher, cone crusher, screen, and conveyor belts.
4) Additional information on payment terms, delivery time, and after sales service support.
The document discusses various case studies of gearbox diagnosis from different industries using different vibration analysis techniques. These include a misaligned gearbox diagnosed using time waveform analysis showing directional forces, a cracked tooth problem in a cement mill gear diagnosed using high crest factor readings indicating sharp peaks, and a flexible gearbox support structure causing shaft failures diagnosed using operational deflection shapes analysis. The case studies demonstrate the need to use multiple analysis tools to effectively diagnose different types of gearbox faults.
Kubota d1005 e4 b diesel engine service repair manualfiskefksjemkm
This workshop manual provides information on servicing the 05-E4B and 05-E4BG diesel engine series, including specifications, performance curves, dimensions, and sections on information, general notes, mechanism details, and servicing instructions. The manual covers engine identification, maintenance procedures, special tools, troubleshooting, specifications, torque values, and instructions for checking, disassembling and servicing the engine. Refer to another workshop manual for any diesel engine mechanisms not covered in this manual.
This case study describes how proactive maintenance practices helped identify an early failure in a cement mill gearbox bearing.
Over several months, vibration analysis and ferrography showed increasing wear in the bearing. By December, vibration readings had risen significantly and pitting was visible in the bearing. Replacing the bearing prevented a potential breakdown.
Regular monitoring allowed technicians to detect the failure early, avoid lost production time, and prevent additional equipment damage through a timely repair. The case highlights how vibration analysis, oil analysis, and consistent inspection can help reduce downtime and improve plant efficiency.
As rail track technology continues to make major advances, the requirement for abrasives in maintenance and repair operations is increasing. As a multi-solution provider, Saint-Gobain offers a number of abrasive products which comply with all European health, safety and environmental standards and are specially designed for cutting and grinding rail track and surrounding materials.
The document provides instructions for installing, operating, and maintaining a wire rope cutter tool. It describes the tool's specifications and cutting capacity. It outlines safety procedures and gives instructions for cutting wire ropes, maintaining the tool, and replacing parts like the anvil and cutting blade. The document emphasizes following safety procedures like ensuring no pressure remains in the hydraulic system before servicing.
The status of the development of Precision and ultra-precision machine tool a...IJRES Journal
Precision and ultra-precision machine tool plays a decisive role in the precision machining technology. The increasing needs of the modern aerospace and laser technology reflect the prominent importance of precision machine tools which has led to extensive application to itself. In order to keep the steps with times, the accuracy of these precision machining of parts is demanded highly, and beyond the general precision machine. Ultra-precision machine tools are produced and evolved to meet these needs and continually evolving, and they are playing an increasingly important role in these areas of high technology. The paper focuses on precision and ultra-precision machine tool, elaborating the key technology of hardware which includes lathe bad and the precision spindle unit etc. and software which includes CNC. In the end it prospects the development trend of ultra-precision machine tool technology.
CS Unitec Air Powered Concrete Cutting ChainsawCS Unitec
CS Unitec Air Powered Concrete Cutting Chain Saw Model CS71773 Operator’s manual talks about how to operate the concrete cutting chainsaw to reduce chatter, extend diamond life and create a straighter cut, and enable the use of the Walkwalker more quickly.
This document provides guidance on the usage and installation of steel sleepers in accordance with ARTC standards. It outlines requirements for ballasting and resurfacing steel sleepers, and inspection after installation. Steel sleepers must be installed at consistent spacing and tamped effectively to ensure support. Additional ballast is required to fill pods under steel sleepers. Inspections after installation and during maintenance check that pods are filled correctly.
Study of Fault Diagnosis on Inner Surface of Outer Race of Roller Bearing usi...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on using acoustic emission techniques to diagnose faults on the inner surface of the outer race of roller bearings. An experimental setup was designed to simulate early stage bearing defects. Both healthy and defective bearings were tested at varying speeds. Defective bearings with different sized cracks were created using electrical discharge machining. Acoustic emissions were measured and compared between healthy and defective bearings. The results showed that acoustic emission amplitude increased significantly with the presence and size of defects. Therefore, acoustic emission is an effective non-destructive testing technique for diagnosing faults on the inner surface of roller bearing outer races.
Combing is a very important process for a spinning mill. The object of combing is removal of short fibres, Neps, impurities and to improve the fibre length uniformity followed with improvement in mean length. The removal of immature cotton, foreign matter and improvement in fibre fineness and fibre bundle strength are the additional advantages of combing process. In totality combing process significantly improves the cotton characteristics by removing the useless fibres (i.e. Fibres which are not suitable for a particular end use) from the process. These fibres are extracted as comber Noil waste. This Complete combing process carried out by action of different combing elements. During combing process along with useless fibres good quality fibres are also removed especially in modern high speed combers which are huge raw material & financial losses for the industry. We have studied in detail the combing action of these different combing elements w.r.t. removal of Neps, SFC % & other impurities with mean length improvement. The object of this article is to present the effect of different combing elements on cotton processed and how we can perfectly set these combing elements to get the better combing process with respect to desire Quality, so we can achieve maximum removal of useless fibres with minimum losses of good fibres.
The document discusses drafting in textile manufacturing. It defines drafting as reducing the mass per unit length of sliver by passing it over rotating rollers of increasing speed. The drafting process involves three stages - break draft, main draft, and tension draft. In the main draft stage, where the bulk of drafting occurs, methods like aprons and pressure bars are used to control fibers. A roving frame inserts twist and winds the roving onto bobbins after drafting. Calculations are provided to determine the ratch, or distance between rollers, based on parameters like roller diameter, winding rate, and angular velocity. Drafting results in fibers becoming more compact and chemically stable with improved strength and lower moisture absorption.
Lasting success requires credible business practices and the prevention of such activities as fraudulent accounting and labour exploitation.
Recognition of the need for more ethically responsible business practices has seen the emergence of a strong global movement to embrace and promote the concept of social responsibility.
ISO 26000 : 2010 standard offers a definition of what it means to be a socially responsible organization and why it is important that companies adopt this position.
Hairiness is characterized by the quantity of freely moving fibre ends or fibre loops projecting from a yarn or textile fabric (woven, knitted or non woven fabrics).
In term of measurement Hairiness corresponds to the total length of the protruding fibres in unit length of one centimeter.
Guidelines for selection of yarn part 2 12.02.14Ravikeerthi Rao
Twist is the primary binding mechanism for spun yarns. The amount and direction of twist influences many yarn and fabric properties. For knitting yarns, less twist is preferred to produce softer yarns and fabrics. Twist also affects strength, elongation, hairiness, torque, and cover factor. Maintaining a consistent twist level within 3.5% CV is important to avoid quality issues. The formation of spirality in knitted fabrics can be reduced through methods like using low-twist yarns, balanced plied yarns, or alternating S-twist and Z-twist yarns in the feeders.
1. The document defines various textile terms and definitions related to fibers, yarns, fabrics and processes. It discusses terms like abrasion, acid dye, acrylic, affinity, ageing, alpaca fiber, American cloth, angora fabric, aramid fiber and many others.
2. Key processes defined include bleaching, blending, beaming, dyeing methods like beam dyeing and bale dyeing. Fabric constructions addressed are patterns, weaves like balance weave. Quality aspects covered are imperfection index, micronaire, breaking load and elongation.
3. The document provides a comprehensive glossary of technical textile industry terms related to fibers, yarns, fabrics
The document discusses the manufacturing process of staple or spun yarn, describing the various processes involved from blow room to ring spinning that transform raw cotton fibers into yarn. It provides an overview of each processing stage including blow room, carding, combing, drawing, roving, and ring spinning. The goal is to produce clean, strong, and uniform yarns through these continuous operations of opening, blending, mixing, cleaning, carding, drawing, roving and spinning.
Yarn is composed of fibers that are twisted together. The amount of twist is measured in turns per inch and can be low, medium, or high. Twist direction is indicated by S or Z letters. Natural fiber yarns are made through processes like opening, carding, combing, drawing and roving to align fibers, then ring spinning draws, twists and winds them into yarn. Man-made fibers are extruded through spinnerets as filaments and solidified, then converted into yarns using wet, melt or dry spinning.
This document discusses yarn properties that affect knitted fabric quality. It explains that yarn count, twist, evenness, imperfections, and strength are important characteristics to consider for knitting. It also compares carded and combed yarns, noting that combed yarns produce fabrics with higher quality attributes like strength, less pilling and shrinkage, and uniformity compared to carded yarns of the same count. The document provides classifications for yarn counts and says other yarn parameters will be discussed in future editions.
Importance, Effect & Testing of Yarn EvennessAmirul Eahsan
This document discusses irregularity or unevenness of fiber, which refers to variations in mass per unit length of a fiber assembly. It describes two common methods for measuring irregularity - the irregularity U% and the coefficient of variation C.V%. Several methods for measuring fiber irregularity are outlined, including visual inspection, cutting and weighing, and various testing machines like the Uster Evenness Tester and photoelectric testers. Irregular fibers can affect yarn strength, fabric appearance, and dyeing/finishing. Maintaining low irregularity is important for quality control in textile production.
Knowing the basics of raw material, yarn production process and the other factors influencing quality will put the sourcing manager at the same eye level as a spinner /supplier when negotiating quality issues.
As a consequence this puts the sourcing manager in the position to pay the right price for the corresponding quality level.
This kind of know-how supports a retailer enormously in his efforts to establish a reliable supply chain which is based on mutual understanding.
The document provides information on the physical properties of raw cotton including fiber length, fineness, strength, cleanliness, and chemical deposits. It then discusses the components and processes of a blow room line. The key goals of the blow room are to open compressed cotton fibers with minimal damage, remove impurities, and create an evenly blended sliver. Common blow room machines include bale openers, mixers, cleaners, and scutchers which use beaters, grids, and air flow to open, clean, and blend the fibers into a uniform lap for input to the carding process.
The document discusses various concepts related to spinning calculations including:
1) It describes two systems for measuring yarn count - direct and indirect. The direct system measures weight per unit length while the indirect measures length per unit weight.
2) It provides formulas for calculating yarn production rates for various machines like scutchers, cards, draw frames, and ring frames. The key factors are roller diameter, rpm, yarn count, efficiency, and number of machines/spindles.
3) It defines terms like hank, twists per inch, beats per inch, efficiency, and provides conversions between different units of measurement.
This document summarizes the process of yarn manufacturing from fibers through spinning. It describes how fibers are opened, cleaned and formed into laps in the blowroom. The laps then go through carding to be further cleaned and formed into slivers. Combing is used to straighten and parallelize fibers. Drawing drafts and blends slivers. Roving/Simplex frames draft and add twist to form rovings. Ring frames further draft and twist rovings to produce yarn, which is then wound onto bobbins. The key steps are blowroom, carding, combing or drawing, roving/Simplex frame, and ring frame spinning.
This document provides information about measuring moisture in textile materials and various related calculations. It lists the standard moisture regain for different materials like cotton, wool, viscose, silk, and jute. It also defines terms like absolute humidity, relative humidity, original weight, dry weight, oven dry weight, correct invoice weight, regain, and moisture content. The document includes examples of calculations for moisture content, regain, conditioned count weight, blending and mixing of materials, and piping diameters.
This document provides information about various yarn defects seen in ring spinning, their causes, effects, and methods for rectification. It describes 18 different types of defects like slubs, neps, thin places, kinks, thick places, etc. For each defect, it mentions the potential effects on subsequent processes and the fabric, likely causes related to machine settings or raw material issues, and recommended actions to address the problem. The goal is to help spinning mill staff properly identify and troubleshoot quality issues.
This document provides calculations and formulas related to yarn count, twist, winding, warping, sizing, weaving, and yarn quality parameters. It discusses three systems for calculating yarn count: indirect, direct, and universal. It also covers formulas for twist per inch, multi-filament yarns, winding calculations, warping calculations, sizing calculations, weaving calculations, and parameters for assessing yarn appearance, unevenness, linear density, and single thread strength.
Fibers are converted into yarns through several processes to prepare them for fabric construction. Fibers are first opened, blended, and cleaned. They then undergo either carding or combing to further clean and align the fibers into slivers. The slivers are drawn and spun into yarns, which can be done through ring spinning, rotor spinning, or air jet spinning. Ring spinning produces the highest quality yarns while rotor and air jet spinning have higher production rates. The yarns are then wound onto packages or cones and are ready to be used to create fabrics through weaving or knitting.
A Wavelet Based fault Detection of Induction Motor: A Reviewijsrd.com
This paper presents a review of the researches done on fault detection and tolerant control , main aim of the fault tolerant control and fault detection of induction motor is used the wavelet transform. Wavelet transform is much better tool for the fault diagnosis point of view and a overview of the wavelet types (continuous and discrete), machine faults detection methods and their validation. The software, generality of codes, one dimensional and two dimensional DWT and frequency characteristics components of healthy as well as faulty induction motor has explained. So Finally, stator short winding , shaft fault, bearing fault ,rotor broken bar and open winding are taken as a case study to show the better diagnosis of fault by using wavelet techniques.
This document presents a mathematical model of ball bearing anomalies in induction machines. It begins with background on ball bearing failures accounting for around 50% of induction machine breakdowns. It then discusses modeling the kinematic frequencies of ball bearings and developing models to represent anomalies on the outer ring and inner ring. The outer ring anomaly is modeled as a series of radial pulses with a frequency equal to the ball rotation frequency around the outer ring. The inner ring anomaly is modeled in a reference frame rotating with the inner ring speed. The modeling aims to analyze the effects of anomalies on electrical and mechanical quantities of the machine and its stability during operation.
Defect Evaluation in Rolling Element Bearings Using Frequency Domain AnalysisIRJET Journal
This document discusses defect evaluation in rolling element bearings using frequency domain analysis. It begins by introducing bearing defects and how they produce characteristic vibration signals. Frequency domain analysis is described as the most common technique for bearing health monitoring, as it can identify fault frequencies related to issues in the inner race, outer race, and rolling elements. The document then provides equations to calculate the theoretical fault frequencies for different bearing components. It evaluates various condition monitoring techniques including visual inspection, audible monitoring, temperature monitoring, and vibration analysis in both the time and frequency domains. Frequency domain analysis is highlighted as the most important method for fault detection and diagnosis in rolling element bearings.
This document provides an overview of bearing vibration analysis. It discusses the various sources of bearing vibration, including variable compliance, geometrical imperfections like surface roughness and waviness, and discrete defects. It describes how these factors can generate complex vibration signatures. The document also outlines characteristic bearing frequencies that may be present in vibration spectra and how they are calculated based on bearing geometry. It provides an example of how vibration analysis can detect deterioration by identifying anomalies in the bearing speed ratio. In summary, the document examines the causes of bearing vibration and how vibration analysis is used to monitor bearing health and detect issues.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
IRJET - Vibration Analysis Technique for the Diagnosis of Bearing Housing Vib...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on analyzing vibrations in a bearing housing made of different materials. The study used mild steel and Bakelite as housing materials for a 30205 taper roller bearing tested between 500-2500 RPM. Vibration signals were collected from the housings using an FFT analyzer. Results showed Bakelite housing had more uniform vibration patterns and lower amplitudes compared to mild steel across all speeds and axes. Bakelite demonstrated better damping of vibrations. The study concluded Bakelite is a more reliable housing material than mild steel for applications like offshore pumps due to its vibration damping and chemical resistivity properties.
Vibration analysis and diagnostics for oil production units by pumping rodeSAT Journals
Abstract Operating status of equipment can be appreciated in mechanical vibration analysis products and their parameters change over time. The paper presents methods of making a real analysis of oil extraction plant and how to interpret the results. Index Terms:analysis, structure, vibration
This document summarizes research on using vibration signal analysis to detect wear and identify multiple faults in rolling element bearings operating under harsh conditions. A test rig was used to accelerate wear in bearings filled with contaminated grease. Vibration signals were analyzed in the time and frequency domains. Frequency analysis clearly identified faults developing on bearing raceways over time as peaks emerged at the expected fault frequencies, regardless of noise from random particle contamination. Post-test inspections verified the vibration analysis results had correctly identified the fault sources.
Vibration analysis and diagnostics for oil production units by pumping rodeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Finite Element Analysis of Roller Burnishing ProcessIRJET Journal
This document discusses a finite element analysis of the roller burnishing process. Roller burnishing is a cold working process that improves the surface finish of machine parts through plastic deformation, without removing material. The document outlines the burnishing process and parameters such as burnishing speed, feed rate, force, and number of passes. It then discusses previous research on using finite element analysis to model burnishing. The document goes on to describe the workpiece material, burnishing tool, and experimental setup used. It concludes by outlining the general steps to perform finite element analysis of the roller burnishing process using ANSYS software.
Experimental Analysis of Vibration Control in Boring Operation using Passive ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on using passive dampers to control vibration during boring operations. Boring bars are prone to chatter vibrations due to their cantilever shape. Nylon and Teflon dampers were inserted onto boring bars to reduce displacement, temperature, and tool wear. Experiments were conducted varying cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate. Vibration, temperature, and surface roughness were measured with and without dampers. Results showed that both Nylon and Teflon dampers significantly reduced acceleration compared to without dampers, with Teflon generally performing best. The dampers improved damping and helped minimize vibration-related issues during boring.
STUDY OF EFFECT OF SOLID CONTAMINANTS IN GREASE ON PERFORMANCE OF BALL BEARIN...ijiert bestjournal
Rolling element bearings are common in any rotating machinery. They are subjected to failure under continuous running therefore they have received a great deal of attention in the field of condition monitoring. Machinery vibration monitoring programs are e ffective in reducing overall operating cost of industrial plant. Monitoring vibration levels over time allows the plant engineer to predict the problems before serious damage and avoid the shutdown of plant. When pending problems are discovered early the p lant engineer has the opportunity to schedule maintenance and reduce down time in a cost effective manner. Vibration analysis is used as a tool to determine machine condition and find specific location of machinery problems. This expedites repairs and mini mizes cost. In rolling element bearings,contamination of lubricant grease by solid particles is one of the several reasons for an early bearing failure. In this respect,this project work deals with the effect of contamination of lubricant by solid partic les on the dynamic behavior of rolling bearings. Generally different materials such as Silica,metal - burr,dolomite - powder,and iron - ore,all at three concentration levels and different particle sizes were used to contaminate the lubricant.
Abstract: Gear roll testers are used to measure and analyse functional performance of gears. Gear testing is a technique that has been used in the gear industry to identify potential manufacturing defects in the design intent of the gear. It is a practical, fast and effective screening tool that can identify when the gear manufacturing process has deviated from an ideal condition that could result in a change in backlash, or an unwanted noise and vibrations in a gear mesh therefore, in the present work it was decided to develop a gear roll tester to analyse effects of different types of defects in gear on its functional performance in terms of run out, pitch errors, backlash, profile errors, noise and vibration. For the present work a spur was selected with the specifications matching with the gear used in automobiles. A test rig was designed and developed for the functional testing of spur gears. Various components were designed and selected according to the standard design procedure. The test rig was fabricated with very high accuracy. Gears with different types of defects were tested on the test rig to ensure the accuracy of it. This test rig is an important tool to the gear manufacturer to test the gears for their functional performance. The test rig can be used further to analyse noise and vibrations along with a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analyser.
Condition Monitoring of Ball Bearing Using Vibration Analysis and Feature Ext...IRJET Journal
This document discusses condition monitoring of ball bearings using vibration analysis and feature extraction. It presents an experimental setup to analyze ball bearing vibration under different loads using an FFT analyzer. Frequency spectra are obtained for healthy and defective bearings, showing higher peaks for defective cases. Features like RMS, variance, mean and standard deviation are extracted from the spectra and plotted against load to identify defects in the outer race, inner race and balls of bearings. The goal is to detect bearing faults early through vibration monitoring and feature analysis.
The document describes a proposed combination of a single helical gear with a flat belt system for a ball mill machine. Helical gears arranged vertically would allow the system to attain higher gear ratios and speeds. A flat belt made of polyamide rubber was chosen because it does not require grooves, preventing energy loss and longer wear time. Calculations using specifications of the proposed pulleys, flat belt, and C45 steel helical gear showed the system could meet the ball mill's torque and speed requirements. The combination was proposed to address issues like scoring and tooth breaking in conventional ball mill gear systems.
Computer Science
Active and Programmable Networks
Active safety systems
Ad Hoc & Sensor Network
Ad hoc networks for pervasive communications
Adaptive, autonomic and context-aware computing
Advance Computing technology and their application
Advanced Computing Architectures and New Programming Models
Advanced control and measurement
Aeronautical Engineering,
Agent-based middleware
Alert applications
Automotive, marine and aero-space control and all other control applications
Autonomic and self-managing middleware
Autonomous vehicle
Biochemistry
Bioinformatics
BioTechnology(Chemistry, Mathematics, Statistics, Geology)
Broadband and intelligent networks
Broadband wireless technologies
CAD/CAM/CAT/CIM
Call admission and flow/congestion control
Capacity planning and dimensioning
Changing Access to Patient Information
Channel capacity modelling and analysis
Civil Engineering,
Cloud Computing and Applications
Collaborative applications
Communication application
Communication architectures for pervasive computing
Communication systems
Computational intelligence
Computer and microprocessor-based control
Computer Architecture and Embedded Systems
Computer Business
Computer Sciences and Applications
Computer Vision
Computer-based information systems in health care
Computing Ethics
Computing Practices & Applications
Congestion and/or Flow Control
Content Distribution
Context-awareness and middleware
Creativity in Internet management and retailing
Cross-layer design and Physical layer based issue
Cryptography
Data Base Management
Data fusion
Data Mining
Data retrieval
Data Storage Management
Decision analysis methods
Decision making
Digital Economy and Digital Divide
Digital signal processing theory
Distributed Sensor Networks
Drives automation
Drug Design,
Drug Development
DSP implementation
E-Business
E-Commerce
E-Government
Electronic transceiver device for Retail Marketing Industries
Electronics Engineering,
Embeded Computer System
Emerging advances in business and its applications
Emerging signal processing areas
Enabling technologies for pervasive systems
Energy-efficient and green pervasive computing
Environmental Engineering,
Estimation and identification techniques
Evaluation techniques for middleware solutions
Event-based, publish/subscribe, and message-oriented middleware
Evolutionary computing and intelligent systems
Expert approaches
Facilities planning and management
Flexible manufacturing systems
Formal methods and tools for designing
Fuzzy algorithms
Fuzzy logics
GPS and location-based app
The document discusses vibration monitoring techniques for detecting rolling element bearing failures. It describes the different frequency regions of vibrations produced by bearings, including the rotor vibration region, prime spike region, and high frequency region. It then explains different transducer systems that can be used, including REBAM probes that directly measure bearing vibrations and casing vibration measurements. The key conclusions are that rotor vibration and prime spike measurements from permanent probes or casing sensors are the primary techniques for monitoring bearings and determining when replacement is needed, while high frequency measurements can provide early failure indications but require closer monitoring due to changing readings.
Gearbox Noise & Vibration Prediction and ControlIRJET Journal
This document discusses techniques for reducing noise and vibration in gearboxes. It begins by reviewing common sources of gearbox noise like transmission error between gear teeth and vibration transferred to surrounding structures. Next, it examines factors that influence gear noise like torque, speed, and tooth design properties. Methods for analyzing noise like determining transmission error and time-varying gear mesh stiffness are presented. The goal is to minimize excitations from meshing gears that cause vibration of the gearbox casing and radiate noise.
Sensitivity Analysis on Variation of Vane Natural Frequency of a Typical Aero...IJERA Editor
Centrifugal compressors are widely used in small and medium class turbo shaft and turbo prop aero engines. Inevitably the variation in the manufacturing process will lead to variation in natural frequency of blade vanes in an impeller which usually termed as Mistuning. The variation in natural frequency will increase the forced frequency response of the vanes than the tuned vanes. In-service deterioration of vanes dimension due to erosion, corrosion and FOD also adds to further variation in natural frequency. The amplification factor of the response will lead to reduced HCF life of the vanes than the tuned vanes. It is important for the designer to envisage the variation of natural frequency of the vanes to estimate the life of the impeller to avoid premature failure. This also helps in monitoring the health of the impeller during service. This paper deals with prediction of the effects of manufacturing/geometry variation and variation in material properties on impeller vane natural frequency of a turbo shaft engine. FEM model is created to accommodate the geometry variation of the impeller. The parameters influencing the natural frequency are varied and its corresponding variation in frequency is predicted. Several conditions are also simulated and sensitivity analysis is carried out with the above result to predict the order of influencing parameters. Influencing parameters are ranked and the most influencing parameter is found to be the Young’s Modulus of the material for this case of impeller. Maximum influencing parameter Young’s modulus contributes to 5.8% variation and the least contributing factor density to 0.6% variation in natural frequency. This result enables the designer to forecast the possible range of natural frequencies in the design phase, so that he can limit the analysis to predict the response due to mistuning to the estimated range of frequencies.
IRJET- Experimental Analysis of Boring Tool’s by using Viscous OilIRJET Journal
This document discusses experimental analysis of boring tool vibrations using passive damping. It begins with an introduction to boring operations, vibration basics, and definitions of problems like deflection that occur during boring. It then reviews past literature on topics like using viscous oil and particle dampers to reduce boring tool vibrations. The document describes the methodology used, which involves measuring vibration acceleration and surface roughness with and without passive dampers. Results showed that passive damping, like using teflon or nylon, reduced vibrations by up to 75% and improved surface finish compared to conventional boring tools. In conclusion, passive damping techniques are effective for vibration reduction during boring.
Similar to Impact of Bearing Vibration on yarn quality in Ring Frame (20)
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
1. The document describes a study that designed a balanced scorecard for a nonprofit organization called Yayasan Pembinaan dan Kesembuhan Batin (YPKB) in Malang, Indonesia.
2. The balanced scorecard translated YPKB's vision and mission into strategic objectives across four perspectives: financial, customer, internal processes, and learning and growth.
3. Key strategic objectives included donation growth, budget effectiveness, customer satisfaction, reputation, service quality, innovation, and employee development. Customers perspective had the highest weighting, suggesting a focus on public service over financial growth.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets – A comparative studyiosrjce
- The document examines customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets in India through a survey of 418 customers.
- It finds that in supermarkets, previous experience, atmosphere, price, social environment and experience in other channels most influence customer experience, while in hypermarkets, previous experience, product assortment, social environment and experience in other channels are most influential.
- The study provides insights for retailers on key determinants of customer experience in each format to help them improve strategies and competitive positioning.
Social Media and Small Businesses: A Combinational Strategic Approach under t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Secretarial Performance and the Gender Question (A Study of Selected Tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
This document discusses the implementation of quality management principles at Zimbabwe Open University's Matabeleland North Regional Centre. It begins with background information on ZOU and the importance of quality management in open and distance learning institutions. The study aimed to determine if quality management and its principles were being implemented at the regional centre. Key findings included that the centre prioritized customer focus and staff involvement. Decisions were made based on data analysis. The regional centre implemented a quality system informed by its policy documents. The document recommends ensuring staffing levels match needs and providing sufficient resources to the regional centre.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
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Impact of Bearing Vibration on yarn quality in Ring Frame
1. IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering (IOSR-JPTE)
e-ISSN: 2348-019X, p-ISSN: 2348-0181, Volume 2, Issue 3 (May - Jun. 2015), PP 50-59
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/019X-0235059 www.iosrjournals.org 50 | Page
Impact of Bearing Vibration on yarn quality in Ring Frame
S Sundaresan*, Dr.M.Dhinakaran**, Arunraj Arumugam***
*Assistant professor (SRG),
**Associate Professor (SRG),
*** Assistant professor,
Department of Textile Technology, Kumaraguru College of Technology,
Coimbatore -641049, Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract: This digital generation makes everything vibrates in the world, some vibrations are good and useful
and the rest fall under the dangerous category. In spinning industry, the impact of vibration is affecting the
quality of yarn. The vibration of the tin roller shaft is measured in ring spinning machine LR G5/1 equipped
with 1008 spindles. The vibration of the tin roller shaft is measured in various position of the machine (near
gear end, middle portion of the machine and from the off end of the machine). The vibration of the bearing also
noted with respect to the cop position ( ¼ stage, ½ stage and ¾ stage). With the help of accelerometer which
consists of piezoelectric sensor used to measure the vibration and to measure the acceleration of the frequency
spectrum. This sensor is placed on the bearing with the help of magnetic attachment to analyse the vibration by
using FFT analyser.
[1]. Introduction
In modern days the ring spinning operates at the maximum speed up to 25000 rpm. The ring frame also
consists of 1008 to 1220 spindles per machine. The effect of tin roller bearing vibration on yarn quality can be
studied by measuring the vibration of tin roller shaft bearing at different points during the running condition. A
vibrating machine consumes more power than the normally running machines. i.e., consumes extra one unit than
the other machines. When it is converted for one year it leads to more loss for industry. Also when there is a
fault in the bearing, the friction increases in the shaft and it consumes more power to rotate than the normal
speed. The power consumption in a spinning mill can be given in the following figure 1.
Figure 1. Power consumption of various departments in spinning mill.
The ring spinning department consumes 55% of total energy consumed by the spinning mill. Vibration produced
by rolling bearings can be complex and can result from geometrical imperfections during the manufacturing
process, defects on the rolling surfaces or geometrical errors in associated components. Noise and vibration is
becoming more critical in all types of equipment since it is often perceived to be synonymous with quality and
often used for predictive maintenance. Unfortunately though, many bearings fail prematurely in service because
of contamination, poor lubrication, misalignment, temperature extremes, poor fitting/fits, shaft unbalance and
misalignment. All these factors lead to an increase in bearing vibration and condition monitoring has been used
for many years to detect degrading bearings before they catastrophically fail, with the associated costs of
downtime or significant damage to other parts of the machine
2. Impact of Bearing Vibration on yarn quality in Ring Frame
DOI: 10.9790/019X-0235059 www.iosrjournals.org 51 | Page
Bearing vibration is therefore becoming increasingly important from both an environmental perspective and
because it is synonymous with quality. Rolling contact bearings represent a complex vibration system whose
components i.e. rolling elements, inner raceway, outer raceway and cage interact to generate complex vibration
signatures. Although rolling bearings are manufactured using high precision machine tools and under strict
cleanliness and quality controls, like any other manufactured part they will have degrees of imperfection and
generate vibration as the surfaces interact through a combination of rolling and sliding. The components of
bearing can be given in the figure 2.
Figure 2 Components of bearing
Nowadays, although the amplitudes of surface imperfections are in the order of nanometres, significant
vibrations can still be produced in the entire audible frequency range (20Hz - 20kHz). The level of the vibration
will depend upon many factors including the energy of the impact, the point at which the vibration is measured
and the construction of the bearing. Rolling element bearings are among the most significant components in the
vast Majority of machines and exacting demands are made upon their carrying capacity and reliability. The
continued research and development of rolling element bearing Technology has enabled engineers to calculate
the life of a bearing with some substantial accuracy, thus enabling bearing life and machine service life to be
accurately coordinated. Fatigue and surface distress usually describe the limits for reliable operation of a rolling
element bearing. Under different operating conditions, the bearings have different life spans and in general
bearing failure is caused by surface distress and is indicated by temperature rise. This leads to bearing damage in
due course, resulting in micro-pitting, smearing, indentation and plastic deformation, besides surface corrosions.
When measuring vibration, there are several methods that can be used which are overall vibrations, FFT
spectrum, Acceleration Enveloping, phase, and SEE Technology (Acoustic Emissions) and high Frequency
detection (HFD). The frequency component in the spectrum will change when a mechanical part such as rolling
element bearing either wear or break up. In fact, each fault in a rolling element bearing produces vibration with
distinctive characteristics that can be measured and compared with reference ones in order to perform the faults
detection and diagnosis. Vibration analysis is probably the most important tool to diagnose a problem in a
machine and has become accepted and proven worldwide in industries.
Figure 3 Causes of bearing failure
3. Impact of Bearing Vibration on yarn quality in Ring Frame
DOI: 10.9790/019X-0235059 www.iosrjournals.org 52 | Page
Detection Methods of Bearing Failure
In majority of the cases every initial problem starts in the bearings and propagates to the rest of the
members of the machine. A bearing devoid of lubrication tends to wear out fast and fails quickly, but before this
is noticed it damages the remaining components in the machine and an initial look would seem as if something
had gone wrong with the other components leading to the bearing failure. Such is the criticality of the bearings
in any machinery. From the figure we can understand that the major cause for bearing failure is due to vibration
(46%). Contamination is a very common source of bearing deterioration and premature failure and is due to the
ingress of foreign particles, either as a result of poor handling or during operation. By it is very nature the
magnitude of the vibration caused by the contamination will vary and in the early stages may be difficult to
detect but this depends very much on the types and nature of the contaminants. Contamination can cause wear
and damage to the rolling contact surfaces and generate vibration across a broad frequency range. In the early
stages the crest factor of the time signal will increase, but it is unlikely that this will be detected in the presence
of other sources of vibration. Roller bearings are very sensitive to dirt or foreign matter, because of the very
high unit pressure between the rollers and raceways. Due to the rolling action of the balls dirt particles will
easily enter in to the bearing. With grease lubricated bearings, the vibration may be initially high as the bearing
―works‖ and distributes the grease. The vibration will generally be irregular but will disappear with running time
and generally for most applications does not present a problem.
Signal from a good bearing Signal from a damaged bearing
The following table gives a details about the causes and % of failure rate of bearing
Table 1 The causes and % of failure rate of bearing
Figure 4 Types of Bearing Failure
Failure by
Wear
Failure by
corrosion
Failure by Dirt Failure Due To
Over Heating
Spalling Defect
4. Impact of Bearing Vibration on yarn quality in Ring Frame
DOI: 10.9790/019X-0235059 www.iosrjournals.org 53 | Page
Experimental set up
To study the vibration in ring spinning machine LR G5/1 machine equipped with 1008 spindles has
been selected. The count processed in the machine 40’s Ne combed hosiery. The roving hank of the feed
material is 1.2. The machine operates with a slow speed of 13,000 rpm and with a high speed of 20,000 rpm.
The twist per inch given to the yarn is 25.3. The vibration of the tin roller shaft is measured in various position
of the machine (near gear end, middle portion of the machine and from the off end of the machine). The
vibration of the bearing also noted with respect to the cop position ( ¼ stage, ½ stage and ¾ stage). The
measurement of vibration is done by using accelerometer which consists of piezoelectric sensor. This sensor is
placed on the bearing with the help of magnetic attachment to analyze the vibration by using FFT analyzer. The
accelerometers are used to measure the acceleration of the frequency spectrum. Figure 5 shows the
accelerometer that are used and their specifications that are listed in the table 2.
Figure 5 Accelerometer
Defects are analyzed with the help of accelerometer along with DIGITAL STORAGE OSCILLOSCOPE device
for spectrum and waveform analysis to detect the roller bearing defect in the Ring frame. Vibration
measurement data will be collected by CMVA65 Micro log Data Collector/Analyzer and various Micro log
Bearing
failure may
lead to
Increase the
power
consumption
Machine
breakdown
Noise
pollution
Uneven yarn
winding in
the bobbin
Incorrect
twist per
inch
Increased
yarn
hairiness
5. Impact of Bearing Vibration on yarn quality in Ring Frame
DOI: 10.9790/019X-0235059 www.iosrjournals.org 54 | Page
plots will be manipulated for analysis and to generate FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation) spectrum reports from
the Micro log data collector
Table 2 Accelerometer Specifications
DSO (Digital Storage Oscilloscope) FFT analyser was used to take the vibration readings. This analyzer shows
the vibration signals with the help of accelerometer sensor. This vibration signals will be can be converted in to
either in the form of analog or digital by using MATLAB software. The voltage signal from the accelerometer is
measured using the digital storage oscilloscope which can be recorded in the form of image and it is for
spectrum analysis purpose. Figure 6 shows the DSO running condition image while running the setup and the
table gives the settings that are made in the DSO.
Figure 6 Digital Storage Oscilloscope
Bearing Specification
Bearing type : 45NPPB
Number of balls : 9
Inner diameter : 45 mm
Outer diameter: 85 mm
Thickness: 19 mm
24 tin roller bearing used in one machine
The process of measurement and setup has been given in the following figure.
Figure 7 Experimental Setup
6. Impact of Bearing Vibration on yarn quality in Ring Frame
DOI: 10.9790/019X-0235059 www.iosrjournals.org 55 | Page
The calculation of vibration has been done by using the following formula
Where,
Nf – Fundamental Train Frequency
Nb –Ball Spin Frequency
No – Outer Race Frequency
Ni – Inner Race Frequency
A – Perfect Condition
B – Average Condition
C - Below Average Condition
D- Failure Condition
7. Impact of Bearing Vibration on yarn quality in Ring Frame
DOI: 10.9790/019X-0235059 www.iosrjournals.org 56 | Page
Comparison results of ring frame machines
8. Impact of Bearing Vibration on yarn quality in Ring Frame
DOI: 10.9790/019X-0235059 www.iosrjournals.org 57 | Page
Power Consumption
Quality of Yarn
Year of make
Calculated value of
Vibration
Measured value of
vibration
Power
consumption
Total
Imperfection
2002 252.93 242.18075 30.2925 83.9125
2003 282.875 241.0725 30.725 93.175
2004 268.875 211.92 30.725 93.91
2005 267.42 234.80825 30.6725 92.0675
2006 258.8225 220.8425 30.725 93.705
2007 244.4045 227.765 30.55 83.055
The table shows the average value of measured vibration frequency Calculated value of frequency, Power
consumption, and total imperfection in the yarn. It is also represented graphically as shown below
9. Impact of Bearing Vibration on yarn quality in Ring Frame
DOI: 10.9790/019X-0235059 www.iosrjournals.org 58 | Page
[2]. Conclusion
By comparing the different experimental results the amplitude peak values are differ which depend
upon the conditions of filling cops. At the ¼ condition cop filling its takes some little time (84 minutes) smaller
vibration frequency. During the ½ condition at constant load and constant speed is maintained for long period of
time (93 minutes). At this the vibration frequency response is little higher when compare to ¼ conditions. At ¾
stage of cop build up the vibration frequency attains maximum peak which indicates the higher load on the
machine. As seen by the results the vibration frequency has a direct impact on the quality of yarn produced,
which can be indicated by the testing of total imperfection of the yarn. It has been concluded that the year of
make of machine has got less significant effect on vibration since the machine bearings has been properly
maintained. The vibration has also has direct impact on power consumption during running of the machine. So
we can conclude that the vibration of tin roller shaft bearing has got a direct impact on power consumption and
total imperfection level of the yarn produced.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1 2 3 4 5 6
Calculated value of
Vibration
Measured value of
vibration
Power consumption
Total Imperfection
10. Impact of Bearing Vibration on yarn quality in Ring Frame
DOI: 10.9790/019X-0235059 www.iosrjournals.org 59 | Page
References
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46, No-1, February- 2003
[2]. Braun S and Datner B 1977 Analysis of Roller/Ball Bearing Vibrations. ASME paper 77-WA/DE-5.
[3]. Harris T A, Rolling Bearing Analysis (4th Ed) , Wiley, New York, 2001
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http://evolution.skf.com/yarn-spinning-innovation/, Accessed Date: May 1, 2013.
[5]. Basu, A. and Gotipamul, R., Effect of some ring spinning and winding parameters on extra sensitive yarn imperfections. Indian
Journal of Fibre & Textile Research (South India Textile Research Association) 30: 211–214, June 2005.
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production. Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research 29: 190–195, June 2004
[7]. Shiffler, D.A., Roll wraps in ring spinning. Part II—Effect of fibre and spinning variables. Textile Research Journal 9: 515–522,
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