Immunization Schedule In Zambia.pdf
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The immunization schedule for Zambia outlines the vaccines recommended and their administration details. Ten diseases are vaccinated against including polio, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, hepatitis B, Hib, measles, rotavirus, and pneumococcus. Most vaccines are administered in a series with the first dose given at birth or 6 weeks of age and subsequent doses at regular intervals up to 18 months. The vaccines target both live attenuated and killed fractions and viruses, and are administered via intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral routes depending on the vaccine.
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Vitamin K deficiency in newborns can cause a condition called haemorrhagic disease of the newborn (HDN) where there is bleeding due to a lack of vitamin K dependent clotting factors. Newborns are especially vulnerable because of minimal vitamin K transfer from mother and lack of intestinal bacteria. HDN presents as bleeding from the GI tract, skin, or brain. It is classified as early, classical or late-onset depending on timing. Treatment involves vitamin K supplementation while serious or intracranial bleeding may require transfusions. Prophylactic vitamin K shots at birth can prevent most cases of HDN.
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- The virus was isolated in the 1960s and a live attenuated vaccine was developed in 1967.
- Infection during pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the baby.
- Transmission is via respiratory droplets and the infection is usually mild but can cause birth defects if a woman is infected during pregnancy.
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- It is usually caused by viruses in young children and bacteria in older children, though over 50% of cases the pathogen is not identified.
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- Symptoms include excessive drooling, coughing/choking/cyanosis during feeding as fluid returns through the mouth and nose.
- Diagnosis can be made prenatally via ultrasound or fetal MRI, or postnatally via x-ray, bronchoscopy, or inability to pass a nasogastric
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This document provides information on rubella (German measles), including:
- It is a viral disease that mainly affects children and causes a rash and lymph node swelling.
- The virus was isolated in the 1960s and a live attenuated vaccine was developed in 1967.
- Infection during pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the baby.
- Transmission is via respiratory droplets and the infection is usually mild but can cause birth defects if a woman is infected during pregnancy.
- Rubella vaccination is recommended to control the disease.
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- Pneumonia is a major cause of death in children under 5 years old worldwide, though mortality has decreased with interventions.
- It is usually caused by viruses in young children and bacteria in older children, though over 50% of cases the pathogen is not identified.
- Clinical features include fever, cough, rapid breathing and in severe cases cyanosis and respiratory fatigue. Diagnosis is usually by chest x-ray but cannot differentiate between bacterial and viral pneumonia.
- Treatment involves antibiotics, oxygen and supportive care. The choice of antibiotic depends on the child's age and illness severity. Most children can be managed at home but some require hospital admission.
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This document outlines a protocol for taking a pediatric history that includes 12 sections. The sections cover: 1) the patient's profile, 2) presenting complaints, 3) history of present illness, 4) birth history, 5) feeding history, 6) immunization history, 7) developmental history, 8) past medical history, 9) personal history, 10) drug history, 11) family history, and 12) socioeconomic history. For each section, the protocol lists specific questions and areas of inquiry to comprehensively understand the child's medical background and current issues.
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This document discusses tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), which is an abnormal connection between the trachea and esophagus. Key points include:
- TEF occurs in about 1 in 3500 births and is more common in males, prematurity, and those with associated cardiac anomalies.
- Risk factors include young or elderly mothers, multiple births, and Trisomy 18.
- Symptoms include excessive drooling, coughing/choking/cyanosis during feeding as fluid returns through the mouth and nose.
- Diagnosis can be made prenatally via ultrasound or fetal MRI, or postnatally via x-ray, bronchoscopy, or inability to pass a nasogastric
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Urinary tract infections are common in children, especially girls. The most common cause is Escherichia coli bacteria spreading from the intestines. Symptoms vary from mild cystitis to severe pyelonephritis. Diagnosis involves urinalysis and urine culture. Treatment depends on severity but commonly involves antibiotics like trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Imaging with ultrasound is recommended for the first UTI in infants and children under 3, or those with fever or systemic illness, to check for anatomical abnormalities.
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This document describes several neonatal reflexes present in newborn infants, including Moro's reflex, the palmar grasp, tonic neck reflex, rooting reflex, and sucking reflex. These reflexes are unconditioned responses to specific stimuli and help assess neurodevelopment. The document provides details on what elicits each reflex, the typical response, when they appear and disappear during development, and potential abnormalities if a reflex is absent, exaggerated, or persists beyond the normal timeframe. Understanding neonatal reflexes is important for evaluating infant development and identifying possible neurodevelopmental issues.
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Fever is a common reason children see doctors and causes concern for parents. A fever is defined as a temperature over 37.2°C before noon or 37.7°C after noon. Fever occurs due to infection, inflammation or injury and raises the hypothalamic temperature set point. While sometimes indicating a minor self-limiting infection, fever can also signal a serious disorder. The document discusses evaluating fever, defining related terms like bacteremia and sepsis, the pathophysiology of fever production, and methods for safely measuring a child's temperature.
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- Lactobacillus GG has been shown to reduce the duration and severity of infectious diarrhea. Higher doses of 10 billion cfu or more are most effective.
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- Probiotics including Lactobacillus GG and L. reuteri may help prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea by reducing the risk by about 50%.
Infant feeding
1. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months provides all the nutrition and protection a baby needs. Breast milk contains antibodies and nutrients tailored to the baby's needs.
2. Proper positioning and attachment during breastfeeding ensures the baby sucks effectively and ensures comfort. Mothers should breastfeed on demand, at least 8-12 times per day.
3. While breastfeeding may present some challenges, with proper support most difficulties can be overcome. For mothers who truly cannot breastfeed, alternatives like expressed breast milk or formula are acceptable, but breastfeeding remains the best option for most.
Immunisation
This document provides information on various vaccines used in India's national immunization schedule. It defines key terms related to immunization and vaccination. The national schedule recommends vaccines for diseases like tuberculosis, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, hepatitis B, Hib, measles, and others to be administered to infants and children at specific ages. Details are provided on vaccine names, ingredients, dosage, administration route and effectiveness. The history and achievements of immunization programs in India and globally are also summarized.
Pasteurization Of Human Milk To Prevent Transmission Of Chagas Disease
Three sets of human milk samples were tested to evaluate the effectiveness of pasteurization in preventing transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease: a) contaminated with T. cruzi and pasteurized, b) contaminated with T. cruzi and not pasteurized, and c) not contaminated and pasteurized. Samples from each set were administered to mice. Mice that received contaminated, non-pasteurized milk became infected, while mice receiving contaminated, pasteurized milk or the non-contaminated milk did not. The study concluded that pasteurization inactivates T. cruzi trypomastigotes suspended in human milk.
Epi program (blood)
The document discusses Pakistan's Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI). It defines key terms like immunity, vaccination, active immunity and passive immunity. It explains that EPI was launched globally by WHO in 1974 with the goal of making immunizations for diseases like diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, tuberculosis and measles available worldwide by 1997. Pakistan started its EPI program in 1978 with support from WHO and UNICEF. The EPI schedule in Pakistan provides for vaccines like BCG, OPV, Penta, PCV and measles to be administered to children at specific ages. It also details the female immunization schedule which provides tetanus toxoid vaccines to women of
Intrauterine fetal demise
This document summarizes the case of a 36-week pregnant primigravida woman who presented with absent fetal movements for 2 days and was diagnosed with intrauterine fetal demise. Her antenatal period was otherwise uneventful. Evaluation of the stillborn fetus, placenta, and maternal factors found no anomalies or risks except for acute chorioamnionitis seen on placental histopathology. A thorough evaluation was conducted including autopsy, cultures, and genetic testing to investigate the cause, though it remained undetermined.
POLIO VIRUS
This document discusses a case of a 10-year-old boy presenting with fever, headache, sore throat, vomiting, and then weakness in his right lower limbs. Differential diagnoses included Guillain-Barré syndrome, acute intermittent porphyria, acute flaccid paralysis, snake bite, and tick paralysis. Examination found weakness and absent reflexes in the right lower limb. CSF analysis showed mild leukocytosis and slightly raised proteins. Stool and blood samples were collected and sent for testing. The stool sample tested positive for poliovirus at the national poliovirus laboratory. The document then discusses polio viruses, laboratory testing for poliovirus, treatment, immunization including Sabin and Salk vaccines, pathogenesis
Tb blood test by igra
The document provides information about tuberculosis (TB) blood tests, also called interferon gamma release assays or IGRAs. It explains that a TB blood test can detect if a person has TB germs in their body and is done by drawing blood and testing it in a laboratory. It outlines reasons for getting a TB blood test and what positive and negative test results may indicate in terms of latent or active TB infection.
Vaccine , vaccine preventable disease and national immunization
This document provides information on vaccines, the diseases they prevent, and the national immunization schedule in India. It lists various vaccines such as BCG, DPT, hepatitis B, JE, MR/MMR, oral polio vaccine, pentavalent vaccine, TT/Td, and newer vaccines including PCV. For each vaccine, it specifies the diseases prevented. It then outlines the national immunization schedule, indicating the appropriate ages to administer different vaccines, doses, administration routes, sites, and maximum ages. The schedule includes vaccines for infants, children, pregnant women, and adults.
Immunization (1).pptx
This document discusses different types of vaccines and vaccination. It defines key terms like immunity, vaccine, vaccination, and immunization. It describes active and passive immunization. There are four main types of vaccines: live, inactivated, subunit/toxoid, and combination vaccines. The document provides examples of each type and explains the advantages and mechanisms of live and inactivated vaccines. It also includes tables listing recommended vaccines for pregnant women, infants, and children along with dosage, administration route, and injection site.
Immunization
This document discusses immunization and vaccination. It defines immunization as introducing antigens and antibodies into the body to protect against infection. There are two types of immunization: active and passive. Vaccines produce specific protection against diseases by stimulating antibody production and immune mechanisms. The document then outlines the national immunization schedule in India, listing the various vaccines recommended at different ages to prevent diseases like tuberculosis, polio, pertussis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. It concludes by describing the roles of nurses in maintaining knowledge, administering vaccines, documenting immunizations and educating patients.
26.IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM.pdf
The document discusses immunization and vaccination. It defines key terms like vaccination, immunization, seroconversion, and seroprotection. It outlines the national immunization schedule from birth through adolescence according to both the universal immunization program and the Indian association of paediatrics. The schedule includes vaccines for diseases like tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, hepatitis B, Hib, measles, mumps, rubella, and typhoid. The document also discusses the route of administration for different vaccines and possible adverse effects.
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