This document discusses different types of vaccines and vaccination. It defines key terms like immunity, vaccine, vaccination, and immunization. It describes active and passive immunization. There are four main types of vaccines: live, inactivated, subunit/toxoid, and combination vaccines. The document provides examples of each type and explains the advantages and mechanisms of live and inactivated vaccines. It also includes tables listing recommended vaccines for pregnant women, infants, and children along with dosage, administration route, and injection site.
Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an infectious agent (known as the immunogen).
Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an infectious agent (known as the immunogen).
Continents
Definitions
EPI
Current EPI Schedule
Different EPI Vaccines
Cold Chain
Non-EPI vaccines
Immunization
It is process where by a person is made immune or resistant to an infection, typically by administration of vaccine
It is proven tool for controlling and elimination life-threatening infectious.
Types of immunity
Innate or natural Immunity
Immunity with birth
Acquired Immunity
Develops during life time
Acquired naturally or artificially
Vaccine
A vaccine is a non- pathogenic antigen that mimics a particular pathogen in order to elicit an immune response as if that actual pathogen were in the body
Types
Live, attenuated Vaccine
Inactive Vaccine
Whole cell vaccine
Protein based: Toxoid, subunit
Polysaccharide based: Conjugate, pure
EPI: Extended Program of Immunization
EPI was established in 1974.
Built on success of the global smallpox eradication
It ensures that all children in worldwide benefited from life saving vaccines.
AIM
It focuses on following items
Standard Immunization Schedule
Supplemental immunization activities
Disease survillance
Mopping up
Promoting safe injection techniques
Improving the stocking and availability of vaccines
Protecting vaccines’ potency through cold chain management
To prepare for introduction of new vaccines
Objectives
To increase coverage of immunization for eligible children
To reduce incidence of immunizable diseases among children below five years of age
Eradication of polio, measles, neonatal tetanus, diphtheria
Reduce incidence of hepatitis B, whooping cough, bacterial meningitis
Prevention of severe forms of TB
Overview of vaccine and vaccination, types of vaccines with examples, vaccine production technique, adverse effects of vaccination, precautions
Email: jeevan@smail.nchu.edu.tw
Universal Programme Immunization as per World Health Organisation in India with Cold Chain and Vaccine Storage in Overall Health Management for Children under 5 years of age
Continents
Definitions
EPI
Current EPI Schedule
Different EPI Vaccines
Cold Chain
Non-EPI vaccines
Immunization
It is process where by a person is made immune or resistant to an infection, typically by administration of vaccine
It is proven tool for controlling and elimination life-threatening infectious.
Types of immunity
Innate or natural Immunity
Immunity with birth
Acquired Immunity
Develops during life time
Acquired naturally or artificially
Vaccine
A vaccine is a non- pathogenic antigen that mimics a particular pathogen in order to elicit an immune response as if that actual pathogen were in the body
Types
Live, attenuated Vaccine
Inactive Vaccine
Whole cell vaccine
Protein based: Toxoid, subunit
Polysaccharide based: Conjugate, pure
EPI: Extended Program of Immunization
EPI was established in 1974.
Built on success of the global smallpox eradication
It ensures that all children in worldwide benefited from life saving vaccines.
AIM
It focuses on following items
Standard Immunization Schedule
Supplemental immunization activities
Disease survillance
Mopping up
Promoting safe injection techniques
Improving the stocking and availability of vaccines
Protecting vaccines’ potency through cold chain management
To prepare for introduction of new vaccines
Objectives
To increase coverage of immunization for eligible children
To reduce incidence of immunizable diseases among children below five years of age
Eradication of polio, measles, neonatal tetanus, diphtheria
Reduce incidence of hepatitis B, whooping cough, bacterial meningitis
Prevention of severe forms of TB
Overview of vaccine and vaccination, types of vaccines with examples, vaccine production technique, adverse effects of vaccination, precautions
Email: jeevan@smail.nchu.edu.tw
Universal Programme Immunization as per World Health Organisation in India with Cold Chain and Vaccine Storage in Overall Health Management for Children under 5 years of age
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
2. • Immunity: Protection from an
infectious disease. If you are
immune to a disease, you can be
exposed to it without becoming
infected.
• Vaccine: A preparation that is used
to stimulate the body’s immune
response against diseases. Vaccines
are usually administered through
needle injections, but some can be
administered by mouth or sprayed
into the nose.
3. • Vaccination: The act of introducing a vaccine
into the body to produce protection from a
specific disease.
• Immunization: A process by which a person
becomes protected against a disease through
vaccination.
4. Active immunization is the process of
stimulating the body to produce antibody or
other immune responses through administration
of a vaccine or toxoid.
5. • Passive immunization is provision of
temporary immunity by administration of
preformed antibodies derived from humans or
animals
6. 1.Live vaccine.
2.Inactivated or killed vaccine.
3. SUB UNITVACCINES
a. Toxoids .
b. Protein vaccine
c. RECOMBINANT protein vaccine
d. Polysaccharide-based vaccines
e. Conjugated vaccine
4.Combination
7. 1. LIVE VACCINE-
• Antigen in vaccine is live but
attenuated.
• Since antigen are live, they multiply in body
after administration so stimulus is more.
• Generally given in single dose.
• E.g.-BCG, OPV, MMR, Rotavirus,
Typhoid
8. 2. KILLED VACCINE-
• Organism are inactivated or killed by heat
or chemical.
• They are given by multiple doses.
• Immunity last shorter than live vaccine.
• E.G.-Je Vaccine, Anti-Rabies Vaccine,
Influenza Killed Vaccine, IPV, Pertussis
9. 3. TOXOID-
• They are modified toxins.
• Toxins are detoxicated.
• They are required in multiple doses.
• E.g.- Tetanus toxoid, Diptheria toxoid
11. Vaccine When to give Dose Route Site
For Pregnant Women
Tetanus &
adult
Diphtheria
(Td)1
Early in
pregnancy
0.5 ml Intra-muscular Upper Arm
Td-2 4 weeks after
Td1
0.5 ml Intra-muscular Upper Arm
Td- Booster If received 2
TT/Td doses in
a pregnancy
within the last
3 years*
0.5 ml Intra-muscular Upper Arm
12.
13. Vaccine When to give Dose Route Site
For Infants
Bacillus
Calmette Guerin
(BCG)
At birth or as
early as possible
till one year of
age
0.1ml (0.05ml
until 1 month
age)
Intra-dermal
Left Upper Arm
Hepatitis B -
Birth dose
At birth or as
early as possible
within 24 hours
0.5 ml
Intra-muscular Antero-lateral side
of mid-thigh
Oral Polio
Vaccine (OPV)-
0
At birth or as
early as possible
within the first
15 days
2 drops Oral Oral
OPV 1, 2 & 3 At 6 weeks, 10
weeks & 14
weeks (OPV
can be given till
5 years of age)
2 drops Oral Oral
14. Pentavalent 1, 2
& 3
At 6 weeks, 10
weeks & 14
weeks (can be
given till one
year of age)
0.5 ml Intra-muscular Antero-lateral
side of midthigh
Pneumococcal
Conjugate
Vaccine(PCV)
Two primary
doses at 6 and
14 weeks
followed by
Booster dose at
9-12 months
0.5 ml Intra-muscular Antero-lateral
side of midthigh
Rotavirus (RVV) At 6 weeks, 10
weeks & 14
weeks (can be
given till one
year of age)
5 drops (liquid
vaccine) 2.5 ml
(lyophilized
vaccine)
Oral Oral Oral
Inactivated Polio
Vaccine (IPV)
Two fractional
dose at 6 and 14
weeks of age
0.1 ml Intra dermal two
fractional dose
Intra-dermal:
Right upper arm
15.
16.
17.
18.
19. Measles
Rubella (MR)
1st dose
9 completed months-
12 months.
(Measles can be
given till 5 years of
age)
0.5 ml Sub-cutaneous Right upper
Arm
Japanese
Encephalitis
(JE) - 1
9 completed months-
12 months.
0.5 ml Sub-cutaneous
(Live
attenuated
vaccine)
Intramuscular(
Killed vaccine)
Left upper Arm
(Live
attenuated
vaccine)
Anterolateral
aspect of mid
thigh (Killed
vaccine
Vitamin A (1st
dose)
At 9 completed
months with
measles-Rubella
1 ml ( 1
lakh IU)
Oral Oral
20. Vaccine When to give Dose Route Site
For Children
Diphtheria,
Pertussis &
Tetanus (DPT)
booster-1
16-24 months 0.5 ml Intra-muscular Antero-lateral
side of mid-thigh
MR 2nd dose 16-24 months 0.5 ml Sub-cutaneous Right upper Arm
OPV Booster 16-24 months 2 drops Oral Oral
JE-2 16-24 months 0.5 ml Sub-cutaneous (Live
attenuated vaccine)
Intramuscular(Killed
vaccine)
Left upper Arm
(Live attenuated
vaccine)
Anterolateral
aspect of mid
thigh (Killed
vaccine)
21. Vitamin A
(2nd to 9th
dose)
16-18
months.
Then one
dose every 6
months up to
the age of 5
years.
2 ml (2 lakh
IU)
Oral Oral
DPT
Booster-2
5-6 years 0.5 ml. Intra-
muscular
Upper Arm
Td 10 years &
16 years
0.5 ml Intra-
muscular
Upper Arm
