National immunization schedule
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The document outlines India's national immunization schedule, recommending vaccines and doses that should be administered according to age. It recommends that at birth infants receive BCG, hepatitis B, and OPV-0 doses. At 6 weeks, 10 weeks, and 14 weeks infants should receive pentavalent, rotavirus, OPV, and IPV vaccines. Between 9-12 months, MR-1, JE-1 (in endemic areas), and PCV booster are recommended. From 16-24 months, MR-2, DPT, OPV and JE-2 boosters are advised. Later vaccines include Td for pregnant women, DPT and Td boosters for children, and Td doses every 10
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This vaccination schedule is What officially followed By Pakistan ,recommended by Who. Slides contain additional knowledge about precautions ,important points for Doctor and medical faculty who are involved. also Good learning for Medical students.
Immunizing agents notes
This document summarizes immunizing agents and vaccines. It describes the classification of immunizing agents as vaccines, immunoglobulins, and antisera. It provides details on the types of vaccines including live, inactivated, subunit, conjugate, combined, and components added to vaccines. The document also includes India's immunization schedule and provides specific information on commonly used vaccines like BCG, hepatitis B, polio, pentavalent, rotavirus, measles-rubella, diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus, and Japanese encephalitis.
Immunization
The document discusses various vaccines that are part of national immunization schedules. It describes the different types of vaccines including live attenuated, killed/inactivated, toxoid, conjugate and subunit vaccines. It provides details about vaccines for diseases like BCG, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles, mumps, rubella, Hib, hepatitis B, typhoid, varicella, rotavirus and pneumococcus. It discusses the appropriate ages, doses, routes of administration, storage requirements and schedules for these vaccines. It also provides guidance on vaccination of high-risk groups and management of infants born to hepatitis B positive mothers.
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Vaccine , vaccine preventable disease and national immunization
Vaccine , vaccine preventable disease and national immunization
Immunization, types of vaccines and National immunization Schedule
Immunization, types of vaccines and National immunization Schedule
Immunization in adults, geriatrics and paediatrics.
Immunization in adults, geriatrics and paediatrics.
Immunization schedule for all medical students PDF.pdf
Immunization schedule for all medical students PDF.pdf
Recommended Immunization Schedules For Children And Adolescents,
Recommended Immunization Schedules For Children And Adolescents,
Recently uploaded
Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Physiology of Chemical Sensation of smell.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptx
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Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.com
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Basavarajeeyam - Ayurvedic heritage book of Andhra pradesh
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdf
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic Approach
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
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Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
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NYSORA Guideline
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The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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National immunization schedule
- 1. National Immunization Schedule Age Vaccines given Birth Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG), Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV)-0 dose, Hepatitis B birth dose 6 Weeks OPV-1, Pentavalent-1, Rotavirus Vaccine (RVV)-1, Fractional dose of Inactivated Polio Vaccine (fIPV)-1, Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) -1* 10 weeks OPV-2, Pentavalent-2, RVV-2 14 weeks OPV-3, Pentavalent-3, fIPV-2, RVV-3, PCV-2* 9-12 months Measles & Rubella (MR)-1, JE-1** , PCV-Booster* 16-24 months MR-2, JE-2**, Diphtheria, Pertussis & Tetanus (DPT)-Booster-1, OPV – Booster 5-6 years DPT-Booster-2 10 years Tetanus & adult Diphtheria (Td) 16 years Td Pregnant Mother Td-1, Td-2 or Td-Booster*** * PCV in selected states/districts: Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh (selected districts) and Rajasthan; in Haryana as state initiative ** JE in endemic districts only *** One dose if previously vaccinated within 3 years
- 2. National Immunization Schedule (NIS) for Infants, Children and Pregnant Women (Vaccine-wise) Vaccine When to give Dose Route Site For Pregnant Women Tetanus & adult Diphtheria (Td)- 1 Early in pregnancy 0.5 ml Intra-muscular Upper Arm Td-2 4 weeks after Td- 1 0.5 ml Intra-muscular Upper Arm Td- Booster If received 2 TT/Td doses in a pregnancy within the last 3 years* 0.5 ml Intra-muscular Upper Arm For Infants Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) At birth or as early as possible till one year of age 0.1ml (0.05ml until 1 month age) Intra-dermal Left Upper Arm Hepatitis B - Birth dose At birth or as early as possible within 24 hours 0.5 ml Intra-muscular Antero-lateral side of mid- thigh Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV)-0 At birth or as early as possible within the first 15 days 2 drops Oral Oral OPV 1, 2 & 3 At 6 weeks, 10 weeks & 14 weeks (OPV can be given till 5 years of age) 2 drops Oral Oral Pentavalent 1, 2 & 3 At 6 weeks, 10 weeks & 14 weeks (can be given till one year of age) 0.5 ml Intra-muscular Antero-lateral side of mid- thigh Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine(PCV) Two primary doses at 6 and 14 weeks followed by Booster dose at 9-12 months 0.5 ml Intra-muscular Antero-lateral side of mid- thigh Rotavirus (RVV) At 6 weeks, 10 weeks & 14 weeks (can be given till one year of age) 5 drops (liquid vaccine) 2.5 ml (lyophilized vaccine) Oral Oral Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) Two fractional dose at 6 and 14 weeks of age 0.1 ml Intra dermal two fractional dose Intra-dermal: Right upper arm Measles Rubella (MR) 1st dose 9 completed months-12 months. (Measles can be given till 5 years of age) 0.5 ml Sub-cutaneous Right upper Arm
- 3. Vaccine When to give Dose Route Site Japanese Encephalitis (JE) - 1 9 completed months-12 months. 0.5 ml Sub-cutaneous (Live attenuated vaccine) Intramuscular(Killed vaccine) Left upper Arm (Live attenuated vaccine) Anterolateral aspect of mid thigh (Killed vaccine) Vitamin A (1st dose) At 9 completed months with measles-Rubella 1 ml ( 1 lakh IU) Oral Oral For Children Diphtheria, Pertussis & Tetanus (DPT) booster-1 16-24 months 0.5 ml Intra-muscular Antero-lateral side of mid-thigh MR 2nd dose 16-24 months 0.5 ml Sub-cutaneous Right upper Arm OPV Booster 16-24 months 2 drops Oral Oral JE-2 16-24 months 0.5 ml Sub-cutaneous (Live attenuated vaccine) Intramuscular(Killed vaccine) Left upper Arm (Live attenuated vaccine) Anterolateral aspect of mid thigh (Killed vaccine) Vitamin A (2nd to 9th dose) 16-18 months. Then one dose every 6 months up to the age of 5 years. 2 ml (2 lakh IU) Oral Oral DPT Booster-2 5-6 years 0.5 ml. Intra-muscular Upper Arm Td 10 years & 16 years 0.5 ml Intra-muscular Upper Arm *One dose if previously vaccinated within 3 years Note: JE Vaccine is introduced in select endemic districts after the campaign. The 2nd to 9th doses of Vitamin A can be administered to children 1-5 years old during biannual rounds, in collaboration with ICDS. PCV in selected states/districts: Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan & Uttar Pradesh (selected districts), and in Haryana as state initiative