The document discusses immigration and urbanization in late 19th and early 20th century America. Millions of immigrants arrived from Europe and Asia during this period seeking opportunity and fleeing hardship. They faced difficult journeys and inspections upon arrival. Most settled in large cities that struggled with overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, and lack of infrastructure. Political machines formed and often exploited new immigrants for votes through patronage and corruption. Reforms began with civil service laws replacing patronage-based hiring and efforts to improve living conditions in cities.