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Image processing using Arithmetic Operations

             IT 472:DIP - Lecture 3
Arithmetic operations




      Addition: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y ) + f2 (x, y )
      Subtraction: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y ) − f2 (x, y )
      Multiplication: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y ) · f2 (x, y )
      Division: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y )/f2 (x, y )




                           DIP - Lecture 3   2/11
Arithmetic operations




      Addition: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y ) + f2 (x, y )
      Subtraction: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y ) − f2 (x, y )
      Multiplication: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y ) · f2 (x, y )
      Division: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y )/f2 (x, y )




                           DIP - Lecture 3   2/11
Arithmetic operations




      Addition: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y ) + f2 (x, y )
      Subtraction: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y ) − f2 (x, y )
      Multiplication: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y ) · f2 (x, y )
      Division: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y )/f2 (x, y )




                           DIP - Lecture 3   2/11
Arithmetic operations




      Addition: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y ) + f2 (x, y )
      Subtraction: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y ) − f2 (x, y )
      Multiplication: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y ) · f2 (x, y )
      Division: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y )/f2 (x, y )




                           DIP - Lecture 3   2/11
Addition



      Given that additive noise corrupts the image
      f (x, y ) = g (x, y ) + η(x, y ), where η is also assumed to be
      uncorrelated at every pixel (x, y ) and has zero mean.
      Capture N images
      {fi (x, y ) = g (x, y ) + ηi (x, y ), i = 1, . . . , N}.
                                              1      N
      Averaging images: g (x, y ) =
                        ˜                     N      i=1 fi (x, y ).
      Unbiased estimator: E {˜ (x, y )} = g (x, y )
                             g
                2             1 2
      Variance σg (x,y ) =
                ˜             N ση(x,y ) .




                            DIP - Lecture 3   3/11
Addition



      Given that additive noise corrupts the image
      f (x, y ) = g (x, y ) + η(x, y ), where η is also assumed to be
      uncorrelated at every pixel (x, y ) and has zero mean.
      Capture N images
      {fi (x, y ) = g (x, y ) + ηi (x, y ), i = 1, . . . , N}.
                                              1      N
      Averaging images: g (x, y ) =
                        ˜                     N      i=1 fi (x, y ).
      Unbiased estimator: E {˜ (x, y )} = g (x, y )
                             g
                2             1 2
      Variance σg (x,y ) =
                ˜             N ση(x,y ) .




                            DIP - Lecture 3   3/11
Addition



      Given that additive noise corrupts the image
      f (x, y ) = g (x, y ) + η(x, y ), where η is also assumed to be
      uncorrelated at every pixel (x, y ) and has zero mean.
      Capture N images
      {fi (x, y ) = g (x, y ) + ηi (x, y ), i = 1, . . . , N}.
                                              1      N
      Averaging images: g (x, y ) =
                        ˜                     N      i=1 fi (x, y ).
      Unbiased estimator: E {˜ (x, y )} = g (x, y )
                             g
                2             1 2
      Variance σg (x,y ) =
                ˜             N ση(x,y ) .




                            DIP - Lecture 3   3/11
Addition



      Given that additive noise corrupts the image
      f (x, y ) = g (x, y ) + η(x, y ), where η is also assumed to be
      uncorrelated at every pixel (x, y ) and has zero mean.
      Capture N images
      {fi (x, y ) = g (x, y ) + ηi (x, y ), i = 1, . . . , N}.
                                              1      N
      Averaging images: g (x, y ) =
                        ˜                     N      i=1 fi (x, y ).
      Unbiased estimator: E {˜ (x, y )} = g (x, y )
                             g
                2             1 2
      Variance σg (x,y ) =
                ˜             N ση(x,y ) .




                            DIP - Lecture 3   3/11
Addition



      Given that additive noise corrupts the image
      f (x, y ) = g (x, y ) + η(x, y ), where η is also assumed to be
      uncorrelated at every pixel (x, y ) and has zero mean.
      Capture N images
      {fi (x, y ) = g (x, y ) + ηi (x, y ), i = 1, . . . , N}.
                                              1      N
      Averaging images: g (x, y ) =
                        ˜                     N      i=1 fi (x, y ).
      Unbiased estimator: E {˜ (x, y )} = g (x, y )
                             g
                2             1 2
      Variance σg (x,y ) =
                ˜             N ση(x,y ) .




                            DIP - Lecture 3   3/11
Noise reduction using Averaging




                    DIP - Lecture 3   4/11
Subtraction


   Can be used to highlight manufacturing defects in an industry.




                         Figure: Manufactured
 Figure: Required PCB                                    Figure: Error
                         PCB
   Reference: C omputer Vision System for Printed Circuit Board
   Inspection, Fabiana R. Leta, Flavio F. Feliciano, Flavius P. R.
   Martins, ABCM Symposium Series in Mechatronics 2008.



                         DIP - Lecture 3   5/11
Image interpolation (Digital zoom)




      Technically, it deals with estimating/creating data at locations
      where it is unknown.
      Simple schemes:
          Pixel replication: If the magnification factor is an integer
          multiple simply copy grey values to neighboring unknown
          pixels.




                        DIP - Lecture 3   6/11
Image interpolation (Digital zoom)

      Technically, it deals with estimating/creating data at locations
      where it is unknown.
      Simple schemes:
          Pixel replication: If the magnification factor is an integer
          multiple simply copy grey values to neighboring unknown
          pixels.




                        DIP - Lecture 3   6/11
Image interpolation (Digital zoom)

      Technically, it deals with estimating/creating data at locations
      where it is unknown.
      Simple schemes:
          Pixel replication: If the magnification factor is an integer
          multiple simply copy grey values to neighboring unknown
          pixels.




                        DIP - Lecture 3   6/11
Image interpolation (Digital zoom)

      Technically, it deals with estimating/creating data at locations
      where it is unknown.
      Simple schemes:
          Pixel replication: If the magnification factor is an integer
          multiple simply copy grey values to neighboring unknown
          pixels.




                        DIP - Lecture 3   6/11
Pixel replication example




                     DIP - Lecture 3   7/11
Nearest neighbor interpolation




       Let the unknown pixel be (x , y ). If the nearest neighbor is
       (x, y ), then f (x , y ) = f (x, y ).




                         DIP - Lecture 3   8/11
Nearest neighbor interpolation

       Let the unknown pixel be (x , y ). If the nearest neighbor is
       (x, y ), then f (x , y ) = f (x, y ).




                         DIP - Lecture 3   8/11
Nearest Neighbor Interpolation example




   Figure:    (top-left) Original: 200 × 200, (top-right) Resampled from 128 × 128, (bottom-left) Resampled from
   64 × 64, (bottom-right) Resampled from 32 × 32


                                       DIP - Lecture 3      9/11
Bilinear interpolation




       Assume the image satisfies the following rule within the 4
       nearest neighbors of the point (x , y ):

                       f (x, y ) = ax + by + cxy + d

       Since f is known at 4 points, we can solve a 4 × 4 linear
       system of equations to get a, b, c, d. Use the above equation
       with these coefficients to compute f (x , y ).

                         DIP - Lecture 3   10/11
Bilinear interpolation




       Assume the image satisfies the following rule within the 4
       nearest neighbors of the point (x , y ):

                       f (x, y ) = ax + by + cxy + d

       Since f is known at 4 points, we can solve a 4 × 4 linear
       system of equations to get a, b, c, d. Use the above equation
       with these coefficients to compute f (x , y ).

                         DIP - Lecture 3   10/11
Bilinear interpolation




       Assume the image satisfies the following rule within the 4
       nearest neighbors of the point (x , y ):

                       f (x, y ) = ax + by + cxy + d

       Since f is known at 4 points, we can solve a 4 × 4 linear
       system of equations to get a, b, c, d. Use the above equation
       with these coefficients to compute f (x , y ).

                         DIP - Lecture 3   10/11
Bilinear Interpolation




   Figure:    (top-left) Original: 200 × 200, (top-right) Resampled from 128 × 128, (bottom-left) Resampled from
   64 × 64, (bottom-right) Resampled from 32 × 32


                                       DIP - Lecture 3      11/11

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Image Processing 2

  • 1. Image processing using Arithmetic Operations IT 472:DIP - Lecture 3
  • 2. Arithmetic operations Addition: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y ) + f2 (x, y ) Subtraction: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y ) − f2 (x, y ) Multiplication: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y ) · f2 (x, y ) Division: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y )/f2 (x, y ) DIP - Lecture 3 2/11
  • 3. Arithmetic operations Addition: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y ) + f2 (x, y ) Subtraction: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y ) − f2 (x, y ) Multiplication: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y ) · f2 (x, y ) Division: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y )/f2 (x, y ) DIP - Lecture 3 2/11
  • 4. Arithmetic operations Addition: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y ) + f2 (x, y ) Subtraction: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y ) − f2 (x, y ) Multiplication: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y ) · f2 (x, y ) Division: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y )/f2 (x, y ) DIP - Lecture 3 2/11
  • 5. Arithmetic operations Addition: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y ) + f2 (x, y ) Subtraction: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y ) − f2 (x, y ) Multiplication: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y ) · f2 (x, y ) Division: g (x, y ) = f1 (x, y )/f2 (x, y ) DIP - Lecture 3 2/11
  • 6. Addition Given that additive noise corrupts the image f (x, y ) = g (x, y ) + η(x, y ), where η is also assumed to be uncorrelated at every pixel (x, y ) and has zero mean. Capture N images {fi (x, y ) = g (x, y ) + ηi (x, y ), i = 1, . . . , N}. 1 N Averaging images: g (x, y ) = ˜ N i=1 fi (x, y ). Unbiased estimator: E {˜ (x, y )} = g (x, y ) g 2 1 2 Variance σg (x,y ) = ˜ N ση(x,y ) . DIP - Lecture 3 3/11
  • 7. Addition Given that additive noise corrupts the image f (x, y ) = g (x, y ) + η(x, y ), where η is also assumed to be uncorrelated at every pixel (x, y ) and has zero mean. Capture N images {fi (x, y ) = g (x, y ) + ηi (x, y ), i = 1, . . . , N}. 1 N Averaging images: g (x, y ) = ˜ N i=1 fi (x, y ). Unbiased estimator: E {˜ (x, y )} = g (x, y ) g 2 1 2 Variance σg (x,y ) = ˜ N ση(x,y ) . DIP - Lecture 3 3/11
  • 8. Addition Given that additive noise corrupts the image f (x, y ) = g (x, y ) + η(x, y ), where η is also assumed to be uncorrelated at every pixel (x, y ) and has zero mean. Capture N images {fi (x, y ) = g (x, y ) + ηi (x, y ), i = 1, . . . , N}. 1 N Averaging images: g (x, y ) = ˜ N i=1 fi (x, y ). Unbiased estimator: E {˜ (x, y )} = g (x, y ) g 2 1 2 Variance σg (x,y ) = ˜ N ση(x,y ) . DIP - Lecture 3 3/11
  • 9. Addition Given that additive noise corrupts the image f (x, y ) = g (x, y ) + η(x, y ), where η is also assumed to be uncorrelated at every pixel (x, y ) and has zero mean. Capture N images {fi (x, y ) = g (x, y ) + ηi (x, y ), i = 1, . . . , N}. 1 N Averaging images: g (x, y ) = ˜ N i=1 fi (x, y ). Unbiased estimator: E {˜ (x, y )} = g (x, y ) g 2 1 2 Variance σg (x,y ) = ˜ N ση(x,y ) . DIP - Lecture 3 3/11
  • 10. Addition Given that additive noise corrupts the image f (x, y ) = g (x, y ) + η(x, y ), where η is also assumed to be uncorrelated at every pixel (x, y ) and has zero mean. Capture N images {fi (x, y ) = g (x, y ) + ηi (x, y ), i = 1, . . . , N}. 1 N Averaging images: g (x, y ) = ˜ N i=1 fi (x, y ). Unbiased estimator: E {˜ (x, y )} = g (x, y ) g 2 1 2 Variance σg (x,y ) = ˜ N ση(x,y ) . DIP - Lecture 3 3/11
  • 11. Noise reduction using Averaging DIP - Lecture 3 4/11
  • 12. Subtraction Can be used to highlight manufacturing defects in an industry. Figure: Manufactured Figure: Required PCB Figure: Error PCB Reference: C omputer Vision System for Printed Circuit Board Inspection, Fabiana R. Leta, Flavio F. Feliciano, Flavius P. R. Martins, ABCM Symposium Series in Mechatronics 2008. DIP - Lecture 3 5/11
  • 13. Image interpolation (Digital zoom) Technically, it deals with estimating/creating data at locations where it is unknown. Simple schemes: Pixel replication: If the magnification factor is an integer multiple simply copy grey values to neighboring unknown pixels. DIP - Lecture 3 6/11
  • 14. Image interpolation (Digital zoom) Technically, it deals with estimating/creating data at locations where it is unknown. Simple schemes: Pixel replication: If the magnification factor is an integer multiple simply copy grey values to neighboring unknown pixels. DIP - Lecture 3 6/11
  • 15. Image interpolation (Digital zoom) Technically, it deals with estimating/creating data at locations where it is unknown. Simple schemes: Pixel replication: If the magnification factor is an integer multiple simply copy grey values to neighboring unknown pixels. DIP - Lecture 3 6/11
  • 16. Image interpolation (Digital zoom) Technically, it deals with estimating/creating data at locations where it is unknown. Simple schemes: Pixel replication: If the magnification factor is an integer multiple simply copy grey values to neighboring unknown pixels. DIP - Lecture 3 6/11
  • 17. Pixel replication example DIP - Lecture 3 7/11
  • 18. Nearest neighbor interpolation Let the unknown pixel be (x , y ). If the nearest neighbor is (x, y ), then f (x , y ) = f (x, y ). DIP - Lecture 3 8/11
  • 19. Nearest neighbor interpolation Let the unknown pixel be (x , y ). If the nearest neighbor is (x, y ), then f (x , y ) = f (x, y ). DIP - Lecture 3 8/11
  • 20. Nearest Neighbor Interpolation example Figure: (top-left) Original: 200 × 200, (top-right) Resampled from 128 × 128, (bottom-left) Resampled from 64 × 64, (bottom-right) Resampled from 32 × 32 DIP - Lecture 3 9/11
  • 21. Bilinear interpolation Assume the image satisfies the following rule within the 4 nearest neighbors of the point (x , y ): f (x, y ) = ax + by + cxy + d Since f is known at 4 points, we can solve a 4 × 4 linear system of equations to get a, b, c, d. Use the above equation with these coefficients to compute f (x , y ). DIP - Lecture 3 10/11
  • 22. Bilinear interpolation Assume the image satisfies the following rule within the 4 nearest neighbors of the point (x , y ): f (x, y ) = ax + by + cxy + d Since f is known at 4 points, we can solve a 4 × 4 linear system of equations to get a, b, c, d. Use the above equation with these coefficients to compute f (x , y ). DIP - Lecture 3 10/11
  • 23. Bilinear interpolation Assume the image satisfies the following rule within the 4 nearest neighbors of the point (x , y ): f (x, y ) = ax + by + cxy + d Since f is known at 4 points, we can solve a 4 × 4 linear system of equations to get a, b, c, d. Use the above equation with these coefficients to compute f (x , y ). DIP - Lecture 3 10/11
  • 24. Bilinear Interpolation Figure: (top-left) Original: 200 × 200, (top-right) Resampled from 128 × 128, (bottom-left) Resampled from 64 × 64, (bottom-right) Resampled from 32 × 32 DIP - Lecture 3 11/11