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Exponential Functions and
Their Graphs
2
The exponential function f with base b is
defined by
f(x) = abx
where b > 0, b  1, and x is any real number.
** when b> 1; b is considered a growth factor.
For instance,
f(x) = 3x and g(x) = 0.5x
are exponential functions.
3
The value of f(x) = 3x when x = 2 is
f(2) = 32 =
The value of g(x) = 0.5x when x = 4 is
g(4) = 0.54 =
The value of f(x) = 3x when x = –2 is
9
1
9
f(–2) = 3–2 =
0.0625
4
The graph of f(x) = abx, b > 1
y
x
(0, 1)
Domain: (–, )
Range: (0, )
Horizontal Asymptote
y = 0
4
4
5
The graph of f(x) = abx, 0 < b < 1
y
x
(0, 1)
Domain: (–, )
Range: (0, )
Horizontal Asymptote
y = 0
4
4
Since a< 1;
a is decay
factor.
6
Example: Sketch the graph of f(x) = 2x.
x
y
2
–2
2
4
x f(x)
-2
-1
0
1
2
2-2 = 1/4
2-1 = 1/2
20 = 1
21 = 2
22 = 4
7
Example: Sketch the graph of g(x) = 2x – 1. State the
domain and range.
x
y
The graph of this
function is a vertical
translation of the
graph of f(x) = 2x
down one unit .
f(x) = 2x
y = –1
Domain: (–, )
Range: (–1, )
2
4
8
Example: Sketch the graph of g(x) = 2-x. State the
domain and range.
x
y
The graph of this
function is a
reflection the graph
of f(x) = 2x in the y-
axis.
f(x) = 2x
Domain: (–, )
Range: (0, ) 2
–2
4
9
Example: Sketch the graph of g(x) = 4x-3 + 3.
State the domain and range.
x
y
Make a table.
Domain: (–, )
Range: (3, ) or y > 3
2
–2
4
x y
3 4
2 3.25
1 3.0625
4 7
5 19
10
Write an exponential function y = abx for the
graph that includes the given points.
(2, 2) and (3, 4)
y = abx Substitute in (2,2) for x and y.
2 = ab2
Solve for a
2 = a
b2
Now substitute (3,4) in for x and y into y = abx
4 = ab3
b3
4 = a
b3
Set them equal to each other:
2 = 4 = a
b3 b2
Now solve for b to get b=2
You must solve for a: 2/2^2 = (1/2) = a
Subst you’re a = (1/2) & b = 2 into either one
of your 2 equations: y = abx
Y = (1/2)(2)^x
11
Write an exponential function y = abx for the
graph that includes the given points.
(2, 4) and (3, 16)
y = abx
12
The irrational number e, where
e  2.718281828…
is used in applications involving growth and
decay.
Using techniques of calculus, it can be shown
that









 n
e
n
n
as
1
1
The Natural Base e
13
The graph of f(x) = ex
y
x
2
–2
2
4
6
x f(x)
-2 0.14
-1 0.38
0 1
1 2.72
2 7.39
14
Example: Sketch the graph of g(x) = ex-5 + 2.
State the domain and range.
x
y
Make a table.
Domain: (–, )
Range: (2, ) or y > 2
2
–2
4
x y
5 3
6 4.72
7 9.39
4 2.36
3 2.14
15
One to One Property
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
If the bases are the same, then set the exponents equal.
Example—
3x = 32
x = ___
Example—
3x+ 1 = 9
x = ___
Example—
2x - 1 = 1/32
x = ___
Example—
e3x + 2 = e3
x = ___
16
Formulas for Compound Interest—
1.) compound per year -- A = P 1 + r nt
n
Interest Applications
Balance in account Principal ($ you invest)
r is the rate
n is the number times you
compound your money per
year
t is time.
2. Compounded continuously– A = Pert
17
A total of $12000 is invested at an annual
interest rate of 9%. Find the balance after
5 years if it is compounded
a. quarterly
b. monthly
c. continuously

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3_1 Exponential functions and their graphs (1).ppt

  • 2. 2 The exponential function f with base b is defined by f(x) = abx where b > 0, b  1, and x is any real number. ** when b> 1; b is considered a growth factor. For instance, f(x) = 3x and g(x) = 0.5x are exponential functions.
  • 3. 3 The value of f(x) = 3x when x = 2 is f(2) = 32 = The value of g(x) = 0.5x when x = 4 is g(4) = 0.54 = The value of f(x) = 3x when x = –2 is 9 1 9 f(–2) = 3–2 = 0.0625
  • 4. 4 The graph of f(x) = abx, b > 1 y x (0, 1) Domain: (–, ) Range: (0, ) Horizontal Asymptote y = 0 4 4
  • 5. 5 The graph of f(x) = abx, 0 < b < 1 y x (0, 1) Domain: (–, ) Range: (0, ) Horizontal Asymptote y = 0 4 4 Since a< 1; a is decay factor.
  • 6. 6 Example: Sketch the graph of f(x) = 2x. x y 2 –2 2 4 x f(x) -2 -1 0 1 2 2-2 = 1/4 2-1 = 1/2 20 = 1 21 = 2 22 = 4
  • 7. 7 Example: Sketch the graph of g(x) = 2x – 1. State the domain and range. x y The graph of this function is a vertical translation of the graph of f(x) = 2x down one unit . f(x) = 2x y = –1 Domain: (–, ) Range: (–1, ) 2 4
  • 8. 8 Example: Sketch the graph of g(x) = 2-x. State the domain and range. x y The graph of this function is a reflection the graph of f(x) = 2x in the y- axis. f(x) = 2x Domain: (–, ) Range: (0, ) 2 –2 4
  • 9. 9 Example: Sketch the graph of g(x) = 4x-3 + 3. State the domain and range. x y Make a table. Domain: (–, ) Range: (3, ) or y > 3 2 –2 4 x y 3 4 2 3.25 1 3.0625 4 7 5 19
  • 10. 10 Write an exponential function y = abx for the graph that includes the given points. (2, 2) and (3, 4) y = abx Substitute in (2,2) for x and y. 2 = ab2 Solve for a 2 = a b2 Now substitute (3,4) in for x and y into y = abx 4 = ab3 b3 4 = a b3 Set them equal to each other: 2 = 4 = a b3 b2 Now solve for b to get b=2 You must solve for a: 2/2^2 = (1/2) = a Subst you’re a = (1/2) & b = 2 into either one of your 2 equations: y = abx Y = (1/2)(2)^x
  • 11. 11 Write an exponential function y = abx for the graph that includes the given points. (2, 4) and (3, 16) y = abx
  • 12. 12 The irrational number e, where e  2.718281828… is used in applications involving growth and decay. Using techniques of calculus, it can be shown that           n e n n as 1 1 The Natural Base e
  • 13. 13 The graph of f(x) = ex y x 2 –2 2 4 6 x f(x) -2 0.14 -1 0.38 0 1 1 2.72 2 7.39
  • 14. 14 Example: Sketch the graph of g(x) = ex-5 + 2. State the domain and range. x y Make a table. Domain: (–, ) Range: (2, ) or y > 2 2 –2 4 x y 5 3 6 4.72 7 9.39 4 2.36 3 2.14
  • 15. 15 One to One Property Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. If the bases are the same, then set the exponents equal. Example— 3x = 32 x = ___ Example— 3x+ 1 = 9 x = ___ Example— 2x - 1 = 1/32 x = ___ Example— e3x + 2 = e3 x = ___
  • 16. 16 Formulas for Compound Interest— 1.) compound per year -- A = P 1 + r nt n Interest Applications Balance in account Principal ($ you invest) r is the rate n is the number times you compound your money per year t is time. 2. Compounded continuously– A = Pert
  • 17. 17 A total of $12000 is invested at an annual interest rate of 9%. Find the balance after 5 years if it is compounded a. quarterly b. monthly c. continuously