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ILDs for medical students
The document discusses interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), including: - ILDs are a group of non-infectious diseases affecting the lungs' interstitium and alveoli. - Classification is based on clinical, radiological, and pathological features. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) are examples. - Diagnosis involves clinical history, imaging like CT, lung function tests, and sometimes biopsy. Prognosis and treatment vary depending on the specific ILD.
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- 1. Interstitial Lung Diseases Hownot to freak out over all those acronyms Dr Laura-Jane Smith Respiratory Registrar Honorary Clinical Lecturer in Medical Education, UCL @drlaurajane http://www.slideshare.net/_elljay_ May 2015
- 2. Objectives • Describe whatILDs are • Explain the basis of the classification of ILDs • List the steps in diagnosis of ILDs • List the specific features of some interesting ILDs
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- 5. Interstitial Lung Diseases– what are they?
- 6. Clinical RadiologicalPathological Speed of progression Symptoms Associatedconditions Age Sex Ethnicity UIP vs NSIP Granuloma Fibrosis Inflammation UIP-like pattern NSIP-like pattern Distribution Honeycombing Ground glass Nodules Cysts
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- 8. Interstitial lung diseases Sarcoidosis Idiopathic (IPF) Associated with connective tissue disease Radiotherapy DrugsPost-ARDS Pulmonary fibrosis Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Rare / infiltrations Lymphangitis carcinomatosis LIP Eosinophilic pneumonias Organising pneumonia LAM Histiocytosis X Pneumoconiosis amyloid Histology can be UIP or NSIP End stage of many ILDs have similar appearances to UIP Alveolar proteinosis ILD: classification Other RB-ILDDIP
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- 10. Dear colleague, I’d begrateful if you would see this 76 year old actor who has a 7 month history of breathlessness and cough. Heart sounds are normal and he has no peripheral oedema. Chest expansion equal. There are bibasal crackles. Sats 95% on air. PMH: HTN Meds: amlodipine 5mg OD Lives with husband. Smokes occasional cigar but no cigarettes. Best wishes, Dr GP
- 11. Investigations FEV1 2.25L (9%predicted) FVC 2.74L (65% predicted) ratio 0.82 Total lung volume 79% predicted, TLCO 48% predicted. CXR CT
- 13. Interstitial lung diseases Sarcoidosis Idiopathic (IPF) Associated with connective tissue disease Radiotherapy DrugsPost-ARDS Pulmonary fibrosis Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Rare / infiltrations RB-ILD Eosinophilic pneumonias Organising pneumonia LAM Histiocytosis X Pneumoconiosis Alveolar proteinosis ILD: classification 60% ILDs LIP 10-20% ILDs Usually UIP Usually NSIP Asbestosis End stage of many ILDs is fibrosis 5-15% RTX pts within 1-3/12, progresses over 6-12/12 Lymphangitis carcinomatosis Other Eosinophilic pneumonias Chronic aspiration Organising pneumonia LAM Histiocytosis X amyloid Alveolar proteinosis DIP
- 14. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis •Incidence 14-43/100000 worldwide • 2000 new cases/yr in UK • Median age of presentation 70yrs • Progressive breathlessness over months-yrs • Dry cough • Finger clubbing 15-20% • Fine, late inspiratory ‘Velcro’ crackles
- 15. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Activationof coagulation Adapted from: Camelo, Ana, et al. "The epithelium in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: breaking the barrier." Frontiers in pharmacology 4 (2013).
- 16. Investigations Bloods: exclude specificcauses Lung function tests: restrictive defect, small lung volumes, reduced transfer factor Imaging: thickened interlobular septa, ground glass infiltration, and honeycombing in a sub-pleural and basal distribution Bronchoscopy: BAL/EBUS helps exclude other diagnoses and infection Lung biopsy: Surgical/VATS biopsy is considered only if the diagnosis is unclear and will change management
- 17. Table from Eureka:Respiratory Medicine. Smith, Brown, Quint. 2015.
- 18. Prognosis • Insidious diseaseprogression – Rate of decline in FVC ~150-200mL/yr – Periods of acute deterioration, unpredictable • Prognosis very poor – Most die within 5-10 years – 20-30% alive at 5 years after diagnosis
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- 20. Treatment • Stop smoking •Treat contributors – drugs, reflux • Oral corticosteroids • NAC • Immunosuppresion: azathioprine, cyclophosphamide • Newer drugs: perfenidone, nintedanib
- 21. Treatment • 1999 ATS/ERSstatement recommended ‘standard therapy’ for IPF based on expert opinion and several small cohort studies – Azathioprine and Prednisolone • IFIGENIA – Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis International Group exploring N-acetylcysteine I Annual – 3 Drug Regimen (PAN) preserved Pulmonary Function > 2 Drug Regimen (PN) N Engl J Med 2005;353:2229-42.
- 22. Prednisone, Azathioprine, andN-Acetylcysteine for Pulmonary Fibrosis. (2012). New England Journal of Medicine, 366(21), 1968– 1977. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1113354
- 23. https://adventuresofabluegirl.wordpress.com/2015/05/27/adve ntures-galore/ “It's frightening, lifechanging. Life becomes very small, stuck in house. Breathlessness is terrifying.”
- 24. Interstitial lung diseases Sarcoidosis Idiopathic (IPF) Associated with connective tissue disease Radiotherapy DrugsPost-ARDS Pulmonary fibrosis Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Rare / infiltrations RB-ILD Eosinophilic pneumonias Organising pneumonia LAM Histiocytosis X Pneumoconiosis Alveolar proteinosis ILD: classification 60% ILDs 10-20% ILDs Usually UIP Usually NSIP End stage of many ILDs is fibrosis 5-15% RTX pts within 1-3/12, progresses over 6-12/12 Lymphangitis carcinomatosis Other LIP Chronic aspiration Asbestosis Eosinophilic pneumonias Organising pneumonia LAM Histiocytosis X amyloid Alveolar proteinosis DIP
- 25. Table from Eureka:Respiratory Medicine. Smith, Brown, Quint. 2015.
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- 27. Dear colleague, I’d begrateful if you would see this 34 year old singer and activist who has a 3 week history of dry cough, fatigue and aching knees and ankles. She has also developed an unusual rash. Heart sounds are normal. Chest expansion is equal. Chest sounds clear. Sats are 97% on air. Knees and ankles are swollen and red but with no effusions. PMH: None. No recent travel. Born in Dublin. No meds. Lives alone. Social smoker. Best wishes, Dr GP
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- 30. Interstitial lung diseases Sarcoidosis Idiopathic (IPF) Associated with connective tissue disease Radiotherapy DrugsPost-ARDS Pulmonary fibrosis Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Rare / infiltrations Lymphangitis carcinomatosis LIP Eosinophilic pneumonias Organising pneumonia LAM Histiocytosis X Pneumoconiosis amyloid Alveolar proteinosis ILD: classification Other RB-ILDDIP
- 31. Sarcoidosis • Inflammatory disorderof unknown cause • Infiltration of affected tissues by non- caseating granulomas +/- fibrosis • Cell-mediated immunological response • Associated with HLA-DRB1*0301 allele • 5-10/100000 in UK (higher in Irish, West Indian, African-American) • Age of presentation 20-40yrs
- 32. Asymptomatic (30%) Acute sarcoidosis (Lofgrens) • Erythemanodosum • Bihilar lymphadenopathy • Low grade fever • Arthralgia Chronic sarcoidosis • Insidious onset • Relapsing/remitting • Progressive in 30% Spectrum of disease in Sarcoidosis
- 33. Investigations Bloods: serum ACE(increased in up to 80%), hypercalcaemia in 2-5%, increased ALP if liver infiltration Lung function tests: mixed obstructive/restrictive defect, reduced transfer factor Imaging: bihilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy, micronodular infiltrates (peri-lymphatic), airspace-like opacities, ground-glass opacities, peripheral cavitation, fibrosis Bronchoscopy: EBUS to sample lymph nodes, bronchial and transbronchial biopsies Tissue biopsy: skin lesions, parotids, extrathoracic lymph nodes, liver
- 35. Treatment • No treatment •Oral corticosteroids • Immunosuppression: hydroxychloroquine and others eg methotrexate, infliximab
- 36. Interstitial lung diseases Sarcoidosis Idiopathic (IPF) Associated with connective tissue disease Radiotherapy DrugsPost-ARDS Pulmonary fibrosis Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Rare / infiltrations Lymphangitis carcinomatosis LIP Eosinophilic pneumonias Organising pneumonia LAM Histiocytosis X Pneumoconiosis amyloid Alveolar proteinosis ILD: classification Other RB-ILDDIP acute vs chronic
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- 39. Interstitial lung diseases Sarcoidosis Idiopathic (IPF) Associated with connective tissue disease Radiotherapy DrugsPost-ARDS Pulmonary fibrosis Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Rare / infiltrations Lymphangitis carcinomatosis LIP Eosinophilic pneumonias Organising pneumonia LAM Histiocytosis X Pneumoconiosis amyloid Alveolar proteinosis ILD: classification Other RB-ILDDIP
- 42. Interstitial lung diseases Sarcoidosis Idiopathic (IPF) Associated with connective tissue disease Radiotherapy DrugsPost-ARDS Pulmonary fibrosis Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Rare / infiltrations Lymphangitis carcinomatosis LIP Eosinophilic pneumonias Organising pneumonia LAM Histiocytosis X Pneumoconiosis amyloid Alveolar proteinosis ILD: classification Other RB-ILDDIP Consolidation Cysts Infiltration with lymphocytes Diffuse or nodular infiltrates Alveolar infiltrates Smoking related Micronodular infiltrates
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- 45. Key points • Interstitiallung diseases are a heterogenous group of diseases featuring non-infective infiltrations of the interstitium and alveoli • Patients present with breathlessness and cough • Patients have a restrictive deficit on spirometry and reduced transfer factor • Some patterns on HRCT are characteristic • The key to diagnosis is clinical, radiological and histological correlation • IPF is a distinct disease which is incurable and often has a poor prognosis, but new treatments are emerging
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- 47. Task 1 UIP: usualinterstitial pneumonia ILD: interstitial lung disease IPF: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis NSIP: non-specific interstitial pneumonia DPLD: diffuse parenchymal lung disease CFA: cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis LIP: lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia DIP: desquamative interstitial pneumonia COP: chronic organising pneumonia HP: hypersensitivity pneumonitis RB-ILD: respiratory bronchiolitis ILD ARDS: acute resp distress syndrome
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- 50. Task 2 Three differentialdiagnoses 1. 2. 3. Three questions from the history 1. 2. 3. Three investigations 1. 2. 3.
- 51. Task 3 Three differentialdiagnoses 1. 2. 3. Three questions from the history 1. 2. 3. Three investigations 1. 2. 3.
Editor's Notes
- #10 3 differential diagnoses 3 questions from the history 3 investigations
- #11 Over last 7 months has found it difficult to keep up with friends when walking on holiday in Capri/New Zealand. His breathlessness has slowly worsened. He now finds himself breathless after climbing 1 flight of stairs. He walks slowly on level ground which is frustrating when he is with his younger husband. He is not breathless at rest or lying flat. He sometimes coughs but does not produce sputum. No swelling of legs. No malaise, weight loss, fevers. No rashes, skin thickening or muscle or joint pain. Takes amlodipine for HTN but no other medications. No history of rheumatological diseases or cancer. He works as an actor and is not aware of any exposure to asbestos or other dusts/chemicals. He does not keep pigeons or other birds. He is not breathless at rest. He has finger clubbing, but his joints are normal. He has no rashes or peripheral oedema. JVP is not raised. Heart sounds are normal. Trachea is central. Lung expansion is equal but slightly reduced, and percussion note is normal. On auscultation there are bibasal fine inspiratory crepitations. Oxygen saturations are 95% on air, but fall to 91% after walking 50m.
- #12 CXR and CT Chest Other investigations: ECHO: mild LVH, otherwise normal Bloods normal including CK, ESR, CRP normal. RF and ANA negative.
- #14 Connective tissue disease: 80% have RA, 14% systemic sclerosis, 6% other diseases eg dermatomyositis. Pneumoconioses and sarcoidosis also lead to fibrosis
- #18 All 4 major and 3 minor criteria required.
- #23 PANTHER-IPF recruited patients with mild-moderate impairment in pulmonary function and randomly assigned to: 3 drug regime (PAN) NAC alone Matched placebos for pred & NAC or matched for each of the active therapies Increased mortality and trial forced to be abandoned in 2011 Increased rate of death in combination-therapy group (8 vs 1, p=0.01) & hospitalisation (23 vs 7, p<0.001) No Evidence of Physiological Benefit Terminated A Phase 3 Trial of Pirfenidone in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis; N Engl J Med 2014;370:2083-92. Oral Anti-fibrotic Therapy Reduced Disease Progression (Lung Function, Exercise Tolerance, Progression Free Survival) Fewer Deaths Efficacy & Safety of Nintedanib in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis; N Engl J Med 2014;370:2071-82. Intracellular Inhibitor of Multiple Tyrosine Kinases Reduced Decline in FVC – Slowing of Disease Progression Associated with Diarrhoea, < 5% Drop Out
- #25 Connective tissue disease: 80% have RA, 14% systemic sclerosis, 6% other diseases eg dermatomyositis. Pneumoconioses and sarcoidosis also lead to fibrosis
- #27 3 differential diagnoses 3 questions from the history 3 investigations
- #29 EBUS: non-caseating granulomas. Blood tests: high serum ACE, otherwise normal (incl Ca and LDH). Mantoux and IGRA are normal
- #33 Spectrum of disease. Lofgren’s = BHL, frequency associated
- #37 Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction to multiple exposures to antigen Pulmonary fibrosis, predominantly upper lobes CD4+ helper T cells recognize antigen in a complex with Class II major histocompatibility complex. The antigen-presenting cells in this case are macrophages that secrete IL-12, which stimulates the proliferation of further CD4+ Th1 cells. CD4+ T cells secrete IL-2 and interferon gamma, further inducing the release of other Th1 cytokines, thus mediating the immune response. Activated CD8+ T cells destroy target cells on contact, whereas activated macrophages produce hydrolytic enzymes and, on presentation with certain intracellular pathogens, transform into multinucleated giant cells.
- #38 Pigeon fancier’s lung – avian proteins Farmer’s lung – Thermophillic actinomycetes eg Micropolyspora faeni, Aspergillus species. 0.4-7% farmers. Mushroom worker’s lung – Thermophilis actinomycetes and mushroom spores Malt worker’s lung – Aspergillus clavatus Winemaker’s lung – Botrytis cinerea Hot tub lung – Mycobacterium avium
- #41 Asbestosis Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis Silicosis
- #42 Silicosis Micronodular infiltrate. Calcified nodes.
- #44 LIP, LAM, COP