IL 0 Group II Group I Select GP I Select GP II
Solution
Basic Pneumatic Circuitry For control and automation 2. Contents Introduction Symbols
Circuit layout Actuator control 2/2 Valve Actuator control 3/2 Valve Actuator control 5/2 Valve
Sequential control Sequence solution 5/3 Valves Poppet/spool logic Balanced spool logic
Feedback Click the section to advance directly to it 3. Introduction This module shows the
methods of application of pneumatic valves and components for control and automation The
methods of pure pneumatic sequential control are confined to simple examples The majority of
modern systems are controlled electronically and is the subject of electropneumatic modules A
message to pneumatic circuit designers: Use proven and reliable design techniques Produce
circuits and documentation that are clear to read Design for safety Do not try to be too clever, the
circuit will be difficult for others to read and maintain 4. Symbols The standard for fluid
power symbols is ISO 1219-1. This is a set of basic shapes and rules for the construction of fluid
power symbols Cylinders can be drawn to show their extreme or intermediate positions of stroke
and any length above their width Valves show all states in the one symbol. The prevailing state is
shown with the port connections Other components are single state symbols 5. Symbols single
acting actuators Single acting, sprung instroked Single acting, sprung outstroked Single acting,
sprung instroked, magnetic Single acting, sprung outstroked, magnetic 6. Symbols double acting
actuators Double acting, noncushioned Double acting, adjustable cushions Double acting,
through rod, adjustable cushions Double acting, magnetic, adjustable cushions Double acting,
rodless, magnetic, adjustable cushions 7. Symbols rotary actuators Semi-rotary double acting
Rotary motor single direction of rotation Rotary motor bidirectional 8. Symbols valves 2/2
Valve push button / spring 3/2 Valve detented lever operated 1 3/2 Valve push button / spring 2
10 12 2 10 12 3 2 10 12 3 1 1 9. Symbols valves 3/2 Valve differential pressure operated 2 12 3
10 1 5/2 Valve push button / spring 5/3 Valve double pressure operated spring centre 14 4 5 4 2 5
1 3 2 12 1 3 10. Symbols valves A valve function is known by a pair of numbers e.g. 3/2. This
indicates the valve has 3 main ports and 2 states The valve symbol shows both of the states Port
numbering is to CETOP RP68P and shows: when the valve is operated at the 12 end port 1 is
connected to port 2 when reset to the normal state at the 10 end port 1 is connected to nothing (0)
2 12 10 3 1 11. Symbols valves A valve function is known by a pair of numbers e.g. 3/2. This
indicates the valve has 3 main ports and 2 states The valve symbol shows both of the states Port
numbering is to CETOP RP68P and shows: when the valve is operated at the 12 end port 1 is
connected to port 2 when reset to the normal state at the 10 end port 1 is connected to nothing (0)
2 12 10 3 1 12. Symbols val.
Classification of Pneumatic Elements Included Valves, CompressorMohammad Azam Khan
Pneumatic systems range from simple air-driven pistons to multiple-actuator mining operations. All pneumatic systems use a source of compressed air to power moving parts, or actuators. Pneumatic systems commonly use compressed atmospheric air, as it is abundant and inexpensive. Atomized oil is added to the air in some blends to ease its passage through mechanical systems. Pneumatic systems are generally preferred over similar, liquid-using hydraulic systems, due to their quietness, ease of use and cost efficiency.
Classification of Pneumatic Elements Included Valves, CompressorMohammad Azam Khan
Pneumatic systems range from simple air-driven pistons to multiple-actuator mining operations. All pneumatic systems use a source of compressed air to power moving parts, or actuators. Pneumatic systems commonly use compressed atmospheric air, as it is abundant and inexpensive. Atomized oil is added to the air in some blends to ease its passage through mechanical systems. Pneumatic systems are generally preferred over similar, liquid-using hydraulic systems, due to their quietness, ease of use and cost efficiency.
Working elements of Pneumatic System with Circuits, Safety, InstallationMohammad Azam Khan
A pneumatic circuit is usually designed to implement the desired logics. However, there are several basics circuits, which can be integrated into the final circuit
Pneumatics Circuits Components (Circuit details)S K
This are the slides of pneumatic circuits based.Copyright of this slides are not allowed without my permission. In case of that, strongly actions will taken.
One brain area in which neurogenesis is especially apparent is the.pdferremmfab
One brain area in which neurogenesis is especially apparent is the:
A.amygdala
B.thalamus
c.hypothalamus
D.hippocampus
Solution
The adult neurogenesis among mammals was initially found majorly in the dentate gyrus (DG)
part of the hippocampus. Lately, the minimal contribution of amygdala and hypothalamus has
been also studied.
Therefore, the correct option is: D-hippocampus.
Ive used op amps as comparators a number of times because of the e.pdferremmfab
I\'ve used op amps as comparators a number of times because of the easy availability (they can
be purchased 4 op amps to the IC package) so one was used as a comparator while the other
three for other purposes. But there are units made that are actually called comparators. Is there
something different about these - not just ordinary op amps?
Solution
there is no difference it is just ordinary op amps.
More Related Content
Similar to IL 0 Group II Group I Select GP I Select GP II Solution Basic P.pdf
Working elements of Pneumatic System with Circuits, Safety, InstallationMohammad Azam Khan
A pneumatic circuit is usually designed to implement the desired logics. However, there are several basics circuits, which can be integrated into the final circuit
Pneumatics Circuits Components (Circuit details)S K
This are the slides of pneumatic circuits based.Copyright of this slides are not allowed without my permission. In case of that, strongly actions will taken.
One brain area in which neurogenesis is especially apparent is the.pdferremmfab
One brain area in which neurogenesis is especially apparent is the:
A.amygdala
B.thalamus
c.hypothalamus
D.hippocampus
Solution
The adult neurogenesis among mammals was initially found majorly in the dentate gyrus (DG)
part of the hippocampus. Lately, the minimal contribution of amygdala and hypothalamus has
been also studied.
Therefore, the correct option is: D-hippocampus.
Ive used op amps as comparators a number of times because of the e.pdferremmfab
I\'ve used op amps as comparators a number of times because of the easy availability (they can
be purchased 4 op amps to the IC package) so one was used as a comparator while the other
three for other purposes. But there are units made that are actually called comparators. Is there
something different about these - not just ordinary op amps?
Solution
there is no difference it is just ordinary op amps.
Is there any reason that mitosis could not occur in a cell whose gen.pdferremmfab
Is there any reason that mitosis could not occur in a cell whose genome is haploid? Why or why
not? Relate your answer to the way chromosomes line up for metaphase in mitosis.
Solution
Answer:
Haploid cells can undergo mitosis. It is beneficial for some plants and protists, the end result is
two identical haploid cells (nn).
Some plants use the alternation of generations reproductive cycle. A haploid gamete is
mitotically reproduced. Mitosis is much quicker than meiosis, allowing for many haploid
gametes to be produced. Example: Gametophyte of Bryophyte plants. It is produced from mitotic
cell division of spores, which are produced by meiosis in sporophytes.
During S-phase, DNA gets duplicated with each chromosome containing 4 chromatids. The
chromosomes line up at the center of the cell during metaphase. The centromeres split and divide
each chromosome into two which migrate to the opposite poles during anaphase..
In fruit flies, the brown gene, which controls eye color, is located .pdferremmfab
In fruit flies, the brown gene, which controls eye color, is located on an autosome. Brown
mutants (bw) have brown eyes, while wild-type flies (bw^+) have red eyes. A gene on the X
chromosome, miniature, controls wing size. Miniature wings are caused by the m allele, which is
recessive to the allele for normal wings (m^+). True-breeding miniature-winged, red-eyed
females are crossed to true-breeding normal-winged, brown-eyed males. Predict the phenotypes
(including their ratios of the F1 flies. If the F1 flies are intercrossed with each other, what
phenotypes will appear in the F2 and in what proportions?
Solution
1.
Phenotype
Normal wings Red Eyes 4418
Miniature wings Brown eyes 4330
Normal wings Brown eyes 610
Miniature wings Red eyes 590
2. The F1 was self-crossed to give rise to the F2 generation. Of these offspring, 3/4 had brown
eyes while 1/4 had Red eyes. Phenotypic ratio is 3:1.
In a population of Gouldian Finches, 1200 have a white breast colora.pdferremmfab
In a population of Gouldian Finches, 1200 have a white breast coloration and 800 have purple
breast coloration. The population is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and breast color is
determined by a single mutation at one locus. What is the frequency of the dominant genotype if
purple is the dominant trait?
Solution
1200 have white. Let the symbol for recessive trait be \"p\" and that for dominant trait be \"P\".
So, genotype of 1200 finches will be \"pp\".
Total finches=1200+800=2000
According to HW equilibrium, q^2=pp=1200/2000=0.6
q= 0.6
p=(1-q)=(1-.77)=0.23=frequency of dominant phenotype.
If noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen bonds are so weak , how.pdferremmfab
If noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen bonds are so weak , how are they able to hold
molecules in a particular conformation and hold two molecules (such as enzyme and substrate)
together?
Solution
The non-covalent interactions are weak forces like hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions,
electrostatic interactions, and Vander Waals forces. Conformations in the structure of proteins at
secondary and tertiary level are due to extensive hydrogen bonding. Though individually weak,
these non-covalent interactions are able to hold molecules in a particular conformation because,
they occur in large numbers. When a substrate binds to an enzyme, the attractive forces between
the substrate and the enzyme alter the enzyme\'s conformation. As the substrate approaches the
active site, these non-covalent interactions cause the active site to bend into such a shape that the
substrate molecule closely fits into it. As the shape of the active site changes, it produces changes
in the shape of other regions of the enzyme molecule altering the overall conformation of the
enzyme. The conformational change in the enzyme allows the formation of more non-covalent
interactions, which hold the two molecules together..
How is the address of the individual of an array foundSolution.pdferremmfab
How is the address of the individual of an array found?
Solution
An array is a type of variable in C programming, one that you can examine for its size and
address. Now you uncover the deep, dark secret of beholding an array’s address.
The source code from Where the Array Lurks shows a teensy program that declares an int array
and then displays that array’s location in memory..
Given the following information (ignore the top posts on the LEGO br.pdferremmfab
Given the following information (ignore the top posts on the LEGO bricks):
The short blocks have a thickness of 3.20±.01 mm
The tall blocks have a thickness of 9.60±.01 mm
When the stack is the TALLEST: What would the maximum size of these gaps be?
Solution
I a little confuse with this, but with the gaps I think that you are talking about the separation
between them? if you put the tallest form, the tolerance is 0.02 mm, so this would be, but I don´t
really sure.
Gene Splicing -1. DNA is made up of two separate strands of base s.pdferremmfab
Gene Splicing -
1. DNA is made up of two separate strands of base sequences. The same sequence is found on
both strands, but running in opposite directions. What word describes this characteristic?
2. What does the term “sticky ends” refer to in gene splicing?
3. What is a plasmid? How is a plasmid used in gene splicing?
4. What types of vectors are used to carry DNA from one species into the DNA of another
species? Give examples.
5. What is a “transgenic organism”? Give examples
6. Why is it essential that the same restriction enzyme be used to cleave (cut) the DNA of both
organisms used to create a transgenic organism?
7. Are there any factors other than technical ones that might slow — or even prevent — the use
of bioengineering?
Solution
1, The sequences present in both the strands of DNA running in opposite direction are called
ANTIPARALLEL AND COMPLEMENTARY STRANDS.
2. STICKY ENDS refer to the DNA which has some extra nucleotides in one strand and
overhangs extra than another strand. The nucleotides of the sticly ends are unpaired.
3. PLASMID : plasmid is an extrachromosomal materia present in the bacteris. These are
autonoously replication circular genetic materials, characteristic of bacteris. Plasmids are used as
vectors in recombinant DNA technology. Plasmids carry genes for antibiotic resistance and some
other colony selection traits.
4. VECTORS:
following types of vectors are used:.
For each of these functions, is it one-to-one Is it onto For each .pdferremmfab
For each of these functions, is it one-to-one? Is it onto? For each of these functions, is it one-to-
one? Is it onto? For each of these functions, is it one-to-one? Is it onto? (recall that the range [0.
infinite) is the non-negative real numbers)
Solution
all functions are onto function because all functions have square operation..
Find all roots of Re(arcsinh(z)) = 0, where z is the complex number,.pdferremmfab
Find all roots of Re(arcsinh(z)) = 0, where z is the complex number, z = x + iy.
Solution
a) Write z = x + iy and separate sin(z) into real and imaginary parts: sin(z) = sin(x + iy) = sin(x)
cos(iy) + cos(x) sin(iy) = sin(x) cosh(y) + i cos(x) sinh(y) = i ? ( sin(x) cosh(y) = 0 cos(x) sinh(y)
= 1 The first equation gives x = n?, n = 0,.
Discuss the history of operations, information, systems, and conting.pdferremmfab
Discuss the history of operations, information, systems, and contingency management.
Solution
Answer 1. History of Operation Management
History of Operation Management has undergone many stages that shows shifts in thinking with
the evolution of management.
a. Pre-Industrial Stage:
This stage was prior to Industrial revolution. It was cotton-based guild system. The production of
goods took place in homes or cottages. The craftsmen guided apprentices to perform better hand
work.
b. Post-Industrial Revolution Era
An Industrial Revolution came into existence during 18th century and its impact spread to all
European nations and United States. Industrial Revolution led to two major developments in
Operation Management. First is widespread replacement of human power with machine power.
Secondly, the factories were established everywhere for operations. Lot of inventions were made
during that period.Gasoline and electricity were invented in 1800s. Old cottage systems were
replaced by factory system. Mass production came into existence.
The operation management history can be divided into five stages
Answer 2. History of Information Management
Information management has its history, its origin dated back to post-industrial era. With mass
production all over, the people were feeling the need for information exchange in more
formalized manner. In those days the information management was only in germ phase i.e. the
records were maintained properly handwritten on papers in the files.
Not later after, the writing machines were replaced by computers. In 1970s, the computers could
all do was file management. But the employees were able to retrieve information accurately and
speedily.
During 1990s, the information management was dealt only by high qualified employees of the
companies. It maintained important documents of the company. After 2000, the information
management itself became a profession. The companies specializing in data protection are
outsourced with the file management job. During these years, the information management has
become more efficient, more accurate with high speed of process..
Dr. Butthead received a new cell line and he wants to see which cult.pdferremmfab
Dr. Butthead received a new cell line and he wants to see which culture media grows the cells
the best. He cultures them in a supplemented (s) and complete (c) media. After 2 days he dilutes
a sample from each flask 1/2 (100uL of cells + 100 uL of trypan blue) His hemacytometer counts
for S are 15,14,19,12 and C are 92,100,95,and 84.
1. Which is the concentration of cells in each flask? (cell per mL)
2. Which media works best? explain why?
3. cells must be fed if they are too concentrated (ie 1x10^6 cells/ml). Does either flask need to be
fed? if yes why and describe how to dilute the cells to 5x10^4 cell/ml in a volume of 10 mL.
Thank you for your help
Solution
1. Which is the concentration of cells in each flask? (cell per mL)
Dilution factor =2
Supplemented (s)
Cell/mL=(15+14+19+12)/4 x dilution factor x 10^ 4
=30 x 10^ 4 cells/mL
Complete (c) media
Cell/mL=(92+100+95+84)/4 x dilution factor x 10^ 4
=185.5 x 10^ 4 cells/mL
2. Which media works best? explain why?
Complete (c) media works best since it promotes cell proliferation better than supplemented
media.
3. cells must be fed if they are too concentrated (ie 1x10^6 cells/ml). Does either flask need to be
fed? if yes why and describe how to dilute the cells to 5x10^4 cell/ml in a volume of 10 mL.
Cells in the Complete (c) media needs to be fed since the it is too concentrated
Stock of cells = 185.5 x 10^ 4 cells/mL
Required = 5 x10^4 cell/ml
Volume = 10 mL
C1V1= C2V2
(stock) (required)
V1=C2V2/C1
V1 = ( 5 x10^4 X 10 mL )/ 185.5 x 10^ 4
=0.27 mL
0.27 mL of stock + 9.73 mL of media gives 10 mL of media with 5 x10^4 cell/ml concentration.
Describe or explain how SNPs in gens at evolutionary conserved break.pdferremmfab
Describe or explain how SNPs in gens at evolutionary conserved breakpoints can lead to
dramatic phenotypic differences between species like chimpanzees and humans even though
their genomes are 98% similar? Provide and describe or explain an example of one gene with
SNP differences between gorillas and humans that might have resulted changes between humans
and apes.
Solution
A DNA sequence is a linear combination of four nucleotides. The two sequences when compared
position by position, and wherever a different nucleotides at the same position occurs, that\'s a
SNP. SNPs reflect past mutations that were mostly (but not exclusively) unique events, and two
individuals sharing a variant allele are thereby marked with a common evolutionary heritage.
Analysis of shared pattern of SNP variation can identify the genes similar to our ancestors.
Although humans and chimps have many identical genes, they often use them in different ways.
Same gene can be expressed more in humans and less in chimps. The same genes are expressed
in the same brain regions in human, chimp and gorilla, but in different amounts thereby resulting
in difference in brain activity. Thousands of differences like these affect brain development and
function, and help explain why the human brain is larger and smarter.
The chimpanzee immune system is surprisingly similar to ours. Most viruses that cause diseases
like AIDS and hepatitis in human can also infect chimpanzees. In case of malaria parasite which
can be transmitted by mosquito bite in human does not infect chimps. A small DNA difference
makes human red blood cells vulnerable to this parasite, while chimp blood cells are resistant.
Also the characteristic of speech in human is the result of SNP which is absent in chimps or apes..
Data Analysis correlation. A correlation R in regression analysis t.pdferremmfab
Data Analysis correlation. A correlation R in regression analysis that would he generated if
only one independent variable were considered at a time. You will recall that the Multiple R is
just the square root of R square. So the correlations shown in figure 13.21 are essentially the
square roots of the amount of variance shared between each of the variables shown.
Solution
The tables shows the multicollinearity among the variables only. The table does not reveals
anything. In the sense we cannnot make any predictions. So, the correlation coefficients in this
table represents only positive or negative association between the predictor variable..
Conduct outside reading on Salla disease. Explain its underlying mole.pdferremmfab
Conduct outside reading on Salla disease. Explain its underlying molecular biology, cause,
signs, symptoms and progression of the disease. Address whether any cures have been found. If
yes describe them. If no explain why this is the case.
Solution
Salla disease is a type of allelic disorder which falls under sialic acid storage disease
characterized by a delay in development, ataxia, and some dysmorphic features. Additional signs
are hypopigmentation of skin and hair, mild skeletal dysplasias, and course facial features.There
is an accumulation of the charged monosaccharide sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid) in
lysosomes as a result of which sialic acid cannot be transported out of lysosomes.The mode of
inheritence is autosomal recessive disease. The diagnosis is dependent upon the raised excretion
of sialic acid in urine. Electron microscopic studies of reveal a lot about it.
There is actually a homozygous missense mutation in SLC17A5 which codes for the transport
protein called sialin. People with salla disease have normal life span but remain differently abled.
There is no cure for this disease as its a homozygous missense mutation which is having dual
mode of action-either altering the amino acids in translated proteins or else remaining silent.
References
1. Gorlin, R,J., Cohen, M,M., & Hennekam, R,C,M. (2001). Syndromes of the head and
neck.New York: Oxford university press.
2. Barness, E,G., Barness,L,A., & Farrell, P,M. (2017). Metabolic diseases. Amsterdam:IOS
press BV..
Can we accept mobile apps as a part of data communication networks.pdferremmfab
Can we accept mobile apps as a part of data communication networks?
Solution
Answer:
Yes, we accept mobile apps as a part of data communication because mobile computing involves
mobile communication. It allows transmission of data like texts , audio , vedio and now a days
VoIP calls are made through the mobile apps. There are many mobiles apps which gives the
services like voice over the internet. Thus mobile apps play a very important role in data
communication network..
At absolute temperature T, a black body radiates its peak intensity a.pdferremmfab
At absolute temperature T, a black body radiates its peak intensity at wavelength lambda At
absolute temperature 2T, what would be the wavelength of the peak intensity?
Solution
For a particular black body, accoring to wein law
T=Constant
When Temperature equal to 2T,
(2T)= constant . this is possible only when =/2
/2 (2T)= T= constant
Answer :=/2.
An unsaturated solution of Na2SO4 is present in equilibrium with its.pdferremmfab
An unsaturated solution of Na2SO4 is present in equilibrium with its vapor in a closed vessel. (a)
How many phases and components are present? (b) What is the number of degrees of freedom of
the system? Identify the independent variables
Solution
No. of components = 2 (Na2SO4 and water - as each phase can be described by these two
components only)
No. of phases = 3 ( solid and liquid and vapor)
degrees of freedom = 2-3+2 = 1.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
IL 0 Group II Group I Select GP I Select GP II Solution Basic P.pdf
1. IL 0 Group II Group I Select GP I Select GP II
Solution
Basic Pneumatic Circuitry For control and automation 2. Contents Introduction Symbols
Circuit layout Actuator control 2/2 Valve Actuator control 3/2 Valve Actuator control 5/2 Valve
Sequential control Sequence solution 5/3 Valves Poppet/spool logic Balanced spool logic
Feedback Click the section to advance directly to it 3. Introduction This module shows the
methods of application of pneumatic valves and components for control and automation The
methods of pure pneumatic sequential control are confined to simple examples The majority of
modern systems are controlled electronically and is the subject of electropneumatic modules A
message to pneumatic circuit designers: Use proven and reliable design techniques Produce
circuits and documentation that are clear to read Design for safety Do not try to be too clever, the
circuit will be difficult for others to read and maintain 4. Symbols The standard for fluid
power symbols is ISO 1219-1. This is a set of basic shapes and rules for the construction of fluid
power symbols Cylinders can be drawn to show their extreme or intermediate positions of stroke
and any length above their width Valves show all states in the one symbol. The prevailing state is
shown with the port connections Other components are single state symbols 5. Symbols single
acting actuators Single acting, sprung instroked Single acting, sprung outstroked Single acting,
sprung instroked, magnetic Single acting, sprung outstroked, magnetic 6. Symbols double acting
actuators Double acting, noncushioned Double acting, adjustable cushions Double acting,
through rod, adjustable cushions Double acting, magnetic, adjustable cushions Double acting,
rodless, magnetic, adjustable cushions 7. Symbols rotary actuators Semi-rotary double acting
Rotary motor single direction of rotation Rotary motor bidirectional 8. Symbols valves 2/2
Valve push button / spring 3/2 Valve detented lever operated 1 3/2 Valve push button / spring 2
10 12 2 10 12 3 2 10 12 3 1 1 9. Symbols valves 3/2 Valve differential pressure operated 2 12 3
10 1 5/2 Valve push button / spring 5/3 Valve double pressure operated spring centre 14 4 5 4 2 5
1 3 2 12 1 3 10. Symbols valves A valve function is known by a pair of numbers e.g. 3/2. This
indicates the valve has 3 main ports and 2 states The valve symbol shows both of the states Port
numbering is to CETOP RP68P and shows: when the valve is operated at the 12 end port 1 is
connected to port 2 when reset to the normal state at the 10 end port 1 is connected to nothing (0)
2 12 10 3 1 11. Symbols valves A valve function is known by a pair of numbers e.g. 3/2. This
indicates the valve has 3 main ports and 2 states The valve symbol shows both of the states Port
numbering is to CETOP RP68P and shows: when the valve is operated at the 12 end port 1 is
connected to port 2 when reset to the normal state at the 10 end port 1 is connected to nothing (0)
2 12 10 3 1 12. Symbols valves This example is for a 5/2 valve This has 5 main ports and 2
states When the valve is operated at the 14 end port 1 is connected to port 4 (also port 2 is
2. connected to port 3) When reset to the normal state at the 12 end port 1 is connected to port 2
(also port 4 is connected to port 5) 4 2 14 12 5 1 3 13. Symbols valves This example is for a
5/2 valve This has 5 main ports and 2 states When the valve is operated at the 14 end port 1 is
connected to port 4 (also port 2 is connected to port 3) When reset to the normal state at the 12
end port 1 is connected to port 2 (also port 4 is connected to port 5) 4 2 14 12 5 1 3 14. Symbols
operators manual General manual Lever Push button Pedal Pull button Treadle Push/pull button
Rotary knob 15. Symbols operators mechanical Plunger Pressure Spring normally as a return
Pilot pressure Roller Differential pressure Uni-direction or one way trip Detent in 3 positions 16.
Symbols 5/3 valves All valves types shown in the normal position Type 1. All ports blocked
Type 2. Outlets to exhaust Type 3. Supply to outlets 17. Symbols function components Non-
return valve Flow regulator unidirectional Flow regulator bidirectional Two pressure ‘AND’
Shuttle valve ‘OR’ Silencer Quick exhaust valve with silencer Pressure to electric switch
adjustable * Note: Traditional symbol in extensive use (preferred) * ISO 1219-1 Old 18.
Symbols air line equipment Water separator with automatic drain Filter with manual drain
Filter with automatic drain Filter with automatic drain and service indicator Lubricator Pressure
regulator with gauge F.R.L. filter, regulator, lubricator simplified symbol 19. Circuit layout
The standard for circuit diagrams is ISO 1219-2 A4 format or A3 folded to A4 height for
inclusion in a manual with other A4 documentation To be on several sheets if necessary with line
identification code Minimum crossing lines Limit valves position of operation by actuators
shown by a marker with reference code to symbol Circuits should be drawn with all actuators
at the top of the page in order of sequential operation Other components to be drawn in
sequential order from the bottom up and from left to right Circuit should show the system with
pressure applied and ready to start 20. Component identification The ISO suggested
component numbering system is suited for large circuits and those drawn on several pages For
this presentation a simple code is used For cylinders: A,B,C etc. For associated feedback valves:
alpha-numeric code ‘a0’ for proof of instroke, ‘a1’ for proof of outstroke For cylinder B: b0 and
b1 Note: the a0 valve symbol is drawn in the operated position because the actuator A is
instroked a0 a1 A 12 a0 3 2 1 10 2 10 12 a1 3 1 21. Example circuit a0 a1 b0 A b1 c0 B c1 C
Sequence Run/End A+ B+ BC+ CARepeat Run/End a0 10 bar max b1 a1 6 bar To all inlet ports
marked b0 c1 c0 22. Actuator control 2/2 valve 23. 2/2 Valve actuator control A pair of the
most basic of all valve types the 2/2 can be used to control a single acting cylinder The normally
closed position of the valve is produced by the spring The operated position is produced by the
push button One valve admits air the other valve exhausts it 12 OUT 2 10 1 12 IN 1 10 2 24. 2/2
Valve actuator control The button marked OUT is pushed to operate the valve Air is
connected to the cylinder and it outstrokes Air cannot escape to atmosphere through the valve
marked IN as this is closed The air at atmospheric pressure in the front of the cylinder vents
3. through the breather port 12 OUT 2 1 10 12 IN 1 10 2 25. 2/2 Valve actuator control The push
button of the valve marked OUT is released and it returns to a normal closed position Air is now
trapped in the system and provided there are no leaks the piston rod will stay in the outstroked
position If the load increases beyond the force exerted by the air the piston rod will start to move
in 12 OUT 2 10 1 12 IN 1 10 2 26. 2/2 Valve actuator control The button marked IN is pushed
to operate the valve Air escapes and the piston rod moves to the instroked position The push
button must be held operated until the piston rod is fully in Atmospheric air will be drawn in to
the front of the cylinder through the vent port 12 OUT 2 10 1 12 IN 1 2 10 27. 2/2 Valve actuator
control If the button marked IN is released the piston rod will remain in the instroked position
Any leaks in the installation can cause the piston rod to creep 12 OUT 2 10 1 12 IN 1 10 2 28.
2/2 Valve actuator control To control the speed of the piston rod, flow restrictors are placed in
the pipes close to each of the valves. Adjustment of the restrictors will slow down the flow rate
thereby giving independent outstroke and instroke speed control 2 10 12 OUT 1 1 10 12 IN 2 29.
2/2 Valve actuator control By repeated operation of either button during movement the piston
rod can be moved in small steps for approximate positioning This will only be successful under
slow speeds 2 10 12 OUT 1 1 10 12 IN 2 30. 2/2 Valve actuator control With any compressed
air system that intentionally traps air, the potential hazard of this must be recognised Unintended
release or application of pressure can give rise to unexpected movement of the piston rod A
pressure indicator or gauge must be fitted to warn of the presence of pressure 2 10 12 OUT 1 1
10 12 IN 2 31. Actuator control 3/2 valve 32. 3/2 valve actuator control A 3 port valve
provides the inlet and exhaust path and is the normal choice for the control of a single acting
cylinder In the normal position produced by the spring, the valve is closed In the operated
position produced by the push button the valve is open The push button must be held down for as
long as the cylinder is outstroked 2 10 12 3 1 33. 3/2 valve actuator control A 3 port valve
provides the inlet and exhaust path and is the normal choice for the control of a single acting
cylinder In the normal position produced by the spring, the valve is closed In the operated
position produced by the push button the valve is open The push button must be held down for as
long as the cylinder is outstroked 12 3 2 1 10 34. 3/2 valve actuator control A 3 port valve
provides the inlet and exhaust path and is the normal choice for the control of a single acting
cylinder In the normal position produced by the spring, the valve is closed In the operated
position produced by the push button the valve is open The push button must be held down for as
long as the cylinder is outstroked 2 10 12 3 1 35. 3/2 valve actuator control To generally slow
the cylinder speed an adjustable bi-directional flow regulator or fixed restrictor can be used The
flow regulator setting will be a compromise as the ideal outstroke speed may not produce the
desired results for the instroke speed 2 10 12 3 1 36. 3/2 valve actuator control To control the
outstroke speed of a single acting cylinder without controlling the instroke speed, a uni-
4. directional flow regulator is used The flow into the cylinder closes the non return valve and can
only pass through the adjustable restrictor By adjusting the restrictor the outstroke speed of the
cylinder can be set 2 10 12 3 1 37. 3/2 valve actuator control For independent speed control in
each direction two flow regulators are required Installed in opposite directions to each other
Upper regulator controls the outstroke speed Lower regulator controls the instroking speed 2 10
12 3 1 38. 3/2 valve actuator control A 3 port valve provides the inlet and exhaust path and is
the normal choice for the control of a single acting cylinder In the normal position produced by
the spring, the valve is closed In the operated position produced by the push button the valve is
open The push button must be held down for as long as the cylinder is outstroked 2 10 12 3 1 39.
Actuator control 5/2 valve 40. 5/2 Valve actuator control For a double acting cylinder the
power and exhaust paths are switched simultaneously When the button is pushed the supply at
port 1 is connected to port 4 and the outlet port 2 connected to exhaust port 3. The cylinder
moves plus When the button is released port 1 is connected to port 2 and port 4 connected to port
5. Cylinder minus - 14 + 4 2 5 1 3 12 41. 5/2 Valve actuator control For a double acting
cylinder the power and exhaust paths are switched simultaneously When the button is pushed the
supply at port 1 is connected to port 4 and the outlet port 2 connected to exhaust port 3. The
cylinder moves plus When the button is released port 1 is connected to port 2 and port 4
connected to port 5. Cylinder minus - 14 + 4 2 5 1 3 12 42. 5/2 Valve actuator control
Independent speed control of the plus and minus movements In most applications speed is
controlled by restricting air out of a cylinder Full power is developed to drive the piston with
speed controlled by restricting the back pressure - 14 + 4 2 5 1 3 12 43. 5/2 Valve actuator
control Independent speed control of the plus and minus movements In most applications speed
is controlled by restricting air out of a cylinder Full power is developed to drive the piston with
speed controlled by restricting the back pressure - 14 + 4 2 5 1 3 12 44. 5/2 Valve actuator
control Valves with a spring return are mono-stable and need the operator to be held all the
time that the cylinder is required in the plus position Bi-stable valves will stay in the position
they were last set The lever valve example illustrated indicates a detent mechanism. The lever
need not be held once the new position has been established - + 4 2 5 12 1 3 14 45. Manual
control Remote manual control of a double acting cylinder Valve marked + will cause the
cylinder to outstroke or move plus Valve marked - will cause the cylinder to instroke or move
minus The 5/2 double pilot valve is bi-stable therefore the push button valves only need to be
pulsed - + 4 2 14 12 5 2 10 12 + 1 3 3 1 2 10 12 - 3 1 46. Manual control Remote manual
control of a double acting cylinder Valve marked + will cause the cylinder to outstroke or move
plus Valve marked - will cause the cylinder to instroke or move minus The 5/2 double pilot valve
is bi-stable therefore the push button valves only need to be pulsed - + 4 2 14 12 5 12 + 3 2 1 1 3
2 10 12 10 - 3 1 47. Manual control Remote manual control of a double acting cylinder Valve
5. marked + will cause the cylinder to outstroke or move plus Valve marked - will cause the
cylinder to instroke or move minus The 5/2 double pilot valve is bi-stable therefore the push
button valves only need to be pulsed - + 4 2 14 12 5 2 10 12 + 1 3 3 1 2 10 12 - 3 1 48. Manual
control Remote manual control of a double acting cylinder Valve marked + will cause the
cylinder to outstroke or move plus Valve marked - will cause the cylinder to instroke or move
minus The 5/2 double pilot valve is bi-stable therefore the push button valves only need to be
pulsed - + 4 2 14 12 5 2 10 12 + 1 3 3 1 2 12 - 3 1 10 49. Manual control Remote manual
control of a double acting cylinder Valve marked + will cause the cylinder to outstroke or move
plus Valve marked - will cause the cylinder to instroke or move minus The 5/2 double pilot valve
is bi-stable therefore the push button valves only need to be pulsed - + 4 2 14 12 5 2 10 12 + 1 3
3 1 2 10 12 - 3 1 50. Semi-automatic control - Manual remote start of a double acting cylinder
with automatic return Cylinder identified as “A” Trip valve operated at the completion of the
plus stroke identified as “a1” + a1 A 4 2 14 12 5 2 10 12 + 1 3 3 1 2 10 12 - a1 3 1 51. Fully-
automatic control - + a0 a1 A 4 14 2 12 5 1 3 2 10 12 Run/End 3 12 a0 3 1 2 1 10 2 10 12 a1 3
1 Continuous automatic cycling from roller operated trip valves Manual Run and End of the
automatic cycling Cylinder will come to rest in the instroked position regardless of when the
valve is put to End Tags for the roller feedback valves a0 and a1 show their relative positions 52.
Sequential control 53. Circuit building blocks a0 A a1 b0 b1 B Run/End These circuits can be
considered as building blocks for larger sequential circuits consisting of two or more cylinders
Each actuator will have a power valve and two associated feedback valves. The first actuator to
move also has a Run/End valve 54. Repeat pattern sequence A repeat pattern sequence is one
where the order of the movements in the first half of the sequence is repeated in the second half
Each actuator may have one Out and In stroke only in the sequence There may be any number of
actuators in the sequence The signal starting the first movement must pass through the
Run/End valve Needs only the basic building blocks to solve Examples of repeat pattern
sequences: A+ B+ C+ D+ A- B- C- DA- B+ C- A+ B- C+ C+ A+ B- C- A- B+ 55. Repeat
pattern sequence a0 a1 b0 A b1 B Run/End b0 b1 a1 a0 The two cylinders A and B are to
perform a simple repeat pattern sequence as follows: A+ B+ A- BApply the rule “The signal
given by the completion of each movement will initiate the next movement” In this way the
roller valves can be identified and labelled 56. Repeat pattern sequence a0 a1 b0 A b1 c0 B C
Run/End c0 c1 a1 a0 b1 b0 For three cylinders A, B and C also to perform a simple repeat
pattern sequence as follows: A+ B+ C+ A- B- CApply the rule “The signal given by the
completion of each movement will initiate the next movement” c1 57. Non-repeat pattern
sequence a0 a1 b0 A b1 B Run/End a0 b0 a1 b1 If the rule applied to a repeat pattern sequence
is applied to any other sequence there will be opposed signals on one or more of the 5/2 valves
preventing operation This circuit demonstrates the problem The sequence is A+ B+ B- A- 58.
6. Opposed signals a0 a1 b0 A b1 B Run/End a0 b0 a1 b1 When the valve is set to Run, cylinder
A will not move because the 5/2 valve has an opposed signal, it is still being signalled to hold
position by the feedback valve b0 If A was able to move + a similar problem will occur for the
5/2 valve of B once it was + The sequence is A+ B+ B- A- 59. Mechanical solution a0 a1 b0 A
b1 B Run/End a0 b0 a1 b1 The problem was caused by valves b0 and a1 being operated at the
time the new opposing instruction is given If these two valves were “one way trip” types and
over tripped at the last movement of stroke, only a pulse would be obtained instead of a
continuous signal 60. Sequence solution methods The main solutions to solving sequences are:
Cascade (pneumatic) Shift register (pneumatic) Electro-pneumatic PLC (Programmable logic
controller) Cascade circuits provide a standard method of solving any sequence. It uses a
minimum of additional logic hardware (one logic valve per group of sequential steps) Shift
register circuits are similar to cascade but use one logic valve for every step Electro-pneumatic
circuits use solenoid valves and electromechanical relays PLC. The standard solution for
medium to complex sequential systems (except where electrical equipment cannot be used) 61.
Cascade two group The A+ B+ B- A- circuit is solved by the two group cascade method The
sequence is divided at the point where B immediately returns The two parts are allocated groups
l and ll Gp l A+ B+ / Gp ll B- ATwo signal supplies are provided from a 5/2 valve one is
available only in group l the other is available only in group ll Because only one group output is
available at a time it is not possible to have opposed signals A standard 5/2 double pressure
operated valve is the cascade valve Group l 14 Select l Group ll 4 5 2 12 1 3 Select ll 62.
Cascade (two group) a0 a1 b0 A b1 B b0 a1 Gp l Gp ll Sequence Gp l A+ B+ Gp ll B- ARun/End
a0 b1 63. Cascade (two group) a0 a1 b0 A b1 B b0 a1 Gp l Gp ll Sequence Gp l A+ B+ Gp ll B-
ARun/End a0 b1 64. Cascade (two group) a0 a1 b0 A b1 B b0 a1 Gp l Gp ll Sequence Gp l A+
B+ Gp ll B- ARun/End a0 b1 65. Cascade (two group) a0 a1 b0 A b1 B b0 a1 Gp l Gp ll
Sequence Gp l A+ B+ Gp ll B- ARun/End a0 b1 66. Cascade (two group) a0 a1 b0 A b1 B b0 a1
Gp l Gp ll Sequence Gp l A+ B+ Gp ll B- ARun/End a0 b1 67. Cascade (two group) a0 a1 b0 A
b1 B b0 a1 Gp l Gp ll Sequence Gp l A+ B+ Gp ll B- ARun/End a0 b1 68. Cascade building
blocks A two group building block consists of a lever valve to run and end the sequence plus
the 5/2 double pilot operated cascade valve For a two group system consisting of any number of
cylinders this building block and the cylinder building blocks are all that is required to solve the
sequence Gp l 4 14 2 10 12 Sel l 12 5 Run/End 3 1 Gp ll 2 1 3 Sel ll 69. Cascade building blocks
This three group building block establishes an interconnecting pattern that can be extended to
any number of groups Gp l Run/End Gp ll Sel l Sel ll Gp lll Sel lll 70. Dual trip building blocks
When a sequence has a cylinder operating twice in one overall sequence a dual trip building
block may be required for each of the two feedback valves The supply will be from different
groups and the output go to different destinations Example is for feedback valve a1 of cylinder A
7. when A is sent + both in Group x and Group y Send A+ a1 in x a1 in y A+ in Group x A+ in
Group y a1 Note: can often be rationalised to less than these three components 71. Cascade rules
Establish the correct sequence Divide the sequence in to groups. Always start a sequence with
the Run/End valve selecting group l e.g. R/E | A+ B+ | B- C+ | C- ASelect the cylinder building
blocks Select the cascade building block Select dual trip building blocks if required
Interconnect the blocks as follows: The first function in each group is signalled directly by that
group supply The last trip valve operated in each group is supplied with main supply air and
selects the next group The remaining trip valves are supplied with air from their respective
groups and initiate the next function The “run/end” valve will control the signal from the last trip
valve to be operated 72. Three position valves 73. 5/3 Valve 5/3 valves have a third mid
position The valve can be tristable e.g. a detented lever operator or monostable e.g. a double air
or double solenoid with spring centre There are three common configurations for the mid
position: All ports blocked Centre open exhaust Centre open pressure The majority of
applications are actuator positioning and safety 4 2 14 5 1 3 14 4 2 12 12 5 1 3 14 4 2 5 1 3 12
74. 5/3 Valve actuator control The valve illustrated has “all ports blocked” in the mid position
Whenever the mid position is selected the pressure conditions in the cylinder will be frozen This
can be used to stop the piston at part stroke in some positioning applications Flow regulators
mounted close to the cylinder to minimise creep 4 14 2 5 1 3 12 75. 5/3 Valve actuator control
The valve illustrated has “all ports blocked” in the mid position Whenever the mid position is
selected the pressure conditions in the cylinder will be frozen This can be used to stop the piston
at part stroke in some positioning applications Flow regulators mounted close to the cylinder to
minimise creep 4 14 2 5 1 3 12 76. 5/3 Valve actuator control The valve illustrated has “all
ports blocked” in the mid position Whenever the mid position is selected the pressure conditions
in the cylinder will be frozen This can be used to stop the piston at part stroke in some
positioning applications Flow regulators mounted close to the cylinder to minimise creep 4 14 2
5 1 3 12 77. 5/3 Valve actuator control The valve illustrated has “all ports blocked” in the mid
position Whenever the mid position is selected the pressure conditions in the cylinder will be
frozen This can be used to stop the piston at part stroke in some positioning applications Flow
regulators mounted close to the cylinder to minimise creep 4 14 2 5 12 1 3 78. 5/3 Valve actuator
control The valve illustrated has “all ports blocked” in the mid position Whenever the mid
position is selected the pressure conditions in the cylinder will be frozen This can be used to stop
the piston at part stroke in some positioning applications Flow regulators mounted close to the
cylinder to minimise creep 4 14 2 5 1 3 12 79. 5/3 Valve actuator control This version of a 5/3
valve is “centre open exhaust” The supply at port 1 is isolated and the cylinder has power
exhausted when this centre position is selected The version illustrated shows a mono-stable
version double pilot operated spring centre The cylinder will be preexhausted when changing
8. from the mid position 14 4 2 5 1 3 12 80. 5/3 Valve actuator control This version of a 5/3
valve is “centre open pressure” The supply at port 1 is connected to both sides of the cylinder
and the exhaust ports isolated when this centre position is selected Can be used to balance
pressures in positioning applications The version illustrated is mono-stable, double solenoid,
spring centre 14 4 2 5 1 3 12 81. Logic functions for poppet and spool valves