This document provides an introduction to basic pneumatic circuitry for control and automation. It covers common pneumatic symbols used to represent components like cylinders, valves, and other devices. It also discusses layout of circuit diagrams and examples of actuator control using different types of valves, including 2/2 valves, 3/2 valves, and 5/2 valves. Flow control devices like restrictors are described for independently controlling actuator speeds.
This document provides an overview of pneumatic control and automation concepts including:
- Standard symbols for pneumatic components like cylinders, valves, and other devices based on ISO 1219 standards.
- Examples of using 2/2 and 3/2 valves to control single-acting cylinders, and 5/2 valves to control double-acting cylinders. Speed control methods like flow regulators are discussed.
- Sequential control concepts and examples of circuits using multiple cylinders operated in sequence are presented.
The document provides an overview of pneumatic systems, which use compressed air and gas to generate force and movement. It defines pneumatics and compares it to electric systems. It then discusses various pneumatic components like cylinders, valves, actuators and provides diagrams of common components like single-acting cylinders and double-acting cylinders. The document aims to explain the basic understanding and components of pneumatic systems.
The document provides an overview of pneumatic valves, describing their main components and functions. It discusses the various types of valves including poppet valves, spool valves, and three-position spool valves. Poppet valves are simple designs used for on/off functions, while spool valves are more versatile and available in many port configurations. Spool valves can have dynamic seals that move with the spool, glandless designs with no seals, or static seals fixed in the valve body. Three-position spools can block all ports, open exhaust ports, or open pressure ports in their center position.
The document discusses basic pneumatic circuitry and components for control and automation. It covers pneumatic symbols, circuit layout principles, and examples of actuator control using 2/2, 3/2, and 5/2 valves. The 2/2 valve uses two valves to admit air to move the actuator in one direction and exhaust air to move it in the other. The 3/2 valve provides inlet and exhaust with one valve. The 5/2 valve simultaneously switches the supply and exhaust paths to control a double-acting actuator.
The document discusses electro-pneumatic systems and their components. It describes how electro-pneumatic systems combine electrical and pneumatic components. It provides examples of pneumatic connections and electrical wiring. It also discusses directional control valves, cylinders, basic circuits, and process sequencing methods like narratives, Boolean logic, and diagrams.
Pneumatics Circuits Components (Circuit details)S K
This are the slides of pneumatic circuits based.Copyright of this slides are not allowed without my permission. In case of that, strongly actions will taken.
Control valves are devices used to modify fluid flow rates in process systems. There are two basic types - rotary motion valves with ball, butterfly, or plug closures, and linear motion valves with globe, diaphragm, or pinch closures. Common actuator types are pneumatic (piston or diaphragm actuators) and electric (VMD or modulating). Actuators position the valve closure based on a control signal to accurately control fluid flow.
This document provides an overview of pneumatic control and automation concepts including:
- Standard symbols for pneumatic components like cylinders, valves, and other devices based on ISO 1219 standards.
- Examples of using 2/2 and 3/2 valves to control single-acting cylinders, and 5/2 valves to control double-acting cylinders. Speed control methods like flow regulators are discussed.
- Sequential control concepts and examples of circuits using multiple cylinders operated in sequence are presented.
The document provides an overview of pneumatic systems, which use compressed air and gas to generate force and movement. It defines pneumatics and compares it to electric systems. It then discusses various pneumatic components like cylinders, valves, actuators and provides diagrams of common components like single-acting cylinders and double-acting cylinders. The document aims to explain the basic understanding and components of pneumatic systems.
The document provides an overview of pneumatic valves, describing their main components and functions. It discusses the various types of valves including poppet valves, spool valves, and three-position spool valves. Poppet valves are simple designs used for on/off functions, while spool valves are more versatile and available in many port configurations. Spool valves can have dynamic seals that move with the spool, glandless designs with no seals, or static seals fixed in the valve body. Three-position spools can block all ports, open exhaust ports, or open pressure ports in their center position.
The document discusses basic pneumatic circuitry and components for control and automation. It covers pneumatic symbols, circuit layout principles, and examples of actuator control using 2/2, 3/2, and 5/2 valves. The 2/2 valve uses two valves to admit air to move the actuator in one direction and exhaust air to move it in the other. The 3/2 valve provides inlet and exhaust with one valve. The 5/2 valve simultaneously switches the supply and exhaust paths to control a double-acting actuator.
The document discusses electro-pneumatic systems and their components. It describes how electro-pneumatic systems combine electrical and pneumatic components. It provides examples of pneumatic connections and electrical wiring. It also discusses directional control valves, cylinders, basic circuits, and process sequencing methods like narratives, Boolean logic, and diagrams.
Pneumatics Circuits Components (Circuit details)S K
This are the slides of pneumatic circuits based.Copyright of this slides are not allowed without my permission. In case of that, strongly actions will taken.
Control valves are devices used to modify fluid flow rates in process systems. There are two basic types - rotary motion valves with ball, butterfly, or plug closures, and linear motion valves with globe, diaphragm, or pinch closures. Common actuator types are pneumatic (piston or diaphragm actuators) and electric (VMD or modulating). Actuators position the valve closure based on a control signal to accurately control fluid flow.
Introduction to Pneumatic Systems:
Basic Requirements for Pneumatic System,Applications, Pneumatic fundamentals, Construction, working principle and operation of pneumatic power transmission system components like Power source, FRL unit, Actuators and control valves like DCV, FCV, PCV, time delay, quick exhaust, twin pressure, shuttle
Electropneumatic systems combine pneumatic actuators and controllers with electric control circuits. Pneumatic actuators include cylinders, motors, and valves, which are powered by compressed air. However, the electric control circuits use electrical components like switches, relays, and programmable logic controllers to control the flow of compressed air and automate pneumatic processes. While pneumatic systems can be complicated to control, electropneumatic systems simplify control with digital electric signals regulating complex pneumatic circuits and multiple actuators.
- Pneumatics uses compressed air to power machines and devices. It describes basic principles like pressure, measurements, and gas laws.
- Compressed air is produced by compressors and stored in receivers with air dryers removing moisture. It is distributed through piping.
- Common pneumatic components are valves, cylinders, filters, regulators, lubricators and other devices. Circuits use these components to control machine operations.
- Symbols are used on drawings to represent pneumatic components and their functions in circuits. Valves direct air flow, cylinders provide linear motion, and other components condition and control the air.
Pneumatic circuits:
Basic pneumatic circuits, Development of single Actuator Circuits, Development of multiple Actuator Circuits, Cascade method for sequencing
The document provides information on hydraulic pumps and motors. It discusses the functions of pumps in converting mechanical energy to hydraulic energy. Pumps are classified based on displacement, delivery, and motion. Positive displacement pumps have little slip and can operate at high pressures, while non-positive pumps have large clearances and cannot develop high pressure. Hydraulic motors convert fluid power to rotary power and are classified as gear, vane, or piston motors. Piston motors can be axial or radial, with axial piston motors generating torque via pressure acting on pistons reciprocating inside a cylinder block.
This document presents hydraulic and pneumatic symbols used in schematic diagrams of fluid power systems. It includes:
1. An introduction stating that schematic diagrams use symbols to represent the functions of components in hydraulic and pneumatic circuits.
2. Sections describing the general symbols used to represent components like pumps, cylinders, motors, valves and connections.
3. Rules for using the symbols to indicate flow paths, connections and transitional component states without representing actual construction or values.
4. The document serves as a reference for the standard hydraulic and pneumatic symbols approved by the American Standards Institute.
This document provides an overview of basic hydraulic circuits. It describes how hydraulic systems are divided into a signal control section and a hydraulic power section. The power section includes a pump, valves to control fluid flow and pressure, and hydraulic cylinders or motors. Simple circuits are shown including a pump, directional control valve, cylinder, and pressure relief valve. The interactions of these components in a basic circuit are illustrated through animations. Additional diagrams demonstrate uses of filters, contamination indicators, and pressure relief valves, including how a brake valve is used to prevent pressure spikes when a directional control valve closes suddenly.
This document discusses various types of hydraulic and pneumatic control elements. It focuses on flow control valves and their purposes.
Flow control valves regulate fluid flow and include pressure control valves, flow control valves, and direction control valves. Pressure control valves such as relief valves and reducing valves maintain system pressure. Flow control valves include compensated and non-compensated types to regulate flow rates. Direction control valves include 2/2, 3/2, and 4/3 styles to control fluid direction to actuators. Proper control elements are necessary to ensure safe and efficient operation of hydraulic and pneumatic systems.
The document discusses pneumatic systems and components. It describes how pneumatic systems use compressed air to transmit power and operate cylinders, valves, and other components. Some key advantages of pneumatic systems mentioned include being fast, easily transportable, variable speed and pressure, and clean operating. Common applications described are industrial robots, machine tools, brakes on vehicles, and dental/medical tools. The document also provides details on various pneumatic components like cylinders, valves, connectors, and their functions.
FRL UNIT
An FRL unit is comprised of a filter (F), regulator (R), and a lubricator (L).
The three components work together to do the following:
Filters remove water, dirt and other harmful debris from an air system. This is often the first step in improving the air quality.
Regulators adjust and control the air pressure of a system to ensure that down-line components do not exceed their maximum operating pressures. This is the second step in the FRL system.
Lubricators reduce the internal friction in tools or equipment by releasing a controlled mist of oil into the compressed air. This is often done last and/or right before the component needing lubrication.
This document provides an overview of pneumatic symbols used in system diagrams and component identification. It includes standards for the symbols, basic shapes used to construct the symbols, common functional elements, flowlines and connections, conditioning components, pressure control devices, actuators including cylinders and valves, and details on valve symbol structure. The document is intended as a reference for understanding pneumatic circuit diagrams and component schematics.
Este documento proporciona una clasificación y descripción de los diferentes tipos de válvulas. Explica que las válvulas son dispositivos mecánicos que controlan fluidos en sistemas de tuberías mediante la apertura, cierre u obstrucción parcial. Luego describe los principales tipos de válvulas, incluyendo válvulas de aislamiento, retención, regulación y seguridad, y proporciona ejemplos comunes dentro de cada categoría como válvulas de globo, bola, mariposa y
Directional control valves are used to control the direction of fluid flow in hydraulic circuits. They contain ports for fluid to enter and exit, and can be classified based on their construction, number of working ports, switching positions, and actuation mechanism. Common types include poppet valves and spool valves. Directional control valves find application in automatic transmissions, where they control fluid flow to engage and disengage clutches or change gear ratios based on vehicle speed. Proper selection and application of directional control valves is important for efficiently distributing hydraulic power in automotive and industrial systems.
This document discusses low cost automation using pneumatic systems. It begins with an overview of automation and pneumatics, explaining that pneumatics can provide low cost automation solutions through reducing labor costs, machine investment costs, and increasing productivity. The document then covers various pneumatic components and applications, advantages and disadvantages of pneumatics, pneumatic standards, classifications of pneumatic elements, and examples of pneumatic circuits.
The document summarizes key concepts in hydraulics including:
1. Hydraulics uses liquids to transmit force via Pascal's law, where pressure is transmitted undiminished throughout a confined liquid.
2. Key components include pumps to pressurize fluid, cylinders to convert hydraulic power into mechanical motion, and control valves to direct fluid flow.
3. There are different types of hydraulic systems, pumps, cylinders and valves that are suited to various applications and pressure requirements.
The document provides an overview of basic hydraulic principles and components. It explains that hydraulics involves using pressurized liquids to transmit power and describes the three main sections of a hydraulic system: the drive section which includes cylinders and motors, the energy control section with valves, and the power supply section with pumps, reservoirs and other components. It then discusses key hydraulic concepts like Pascal's principle and displacement transmission. Finally, it outlines different types of hydraulic pumps including gear, vane and screw pumps as well as filters, coolers and other components.
This document contains solutions to various questions about electro-pneumatic circuits provided by Dr. S.N. Teli. It explains concepts such as relays, AND/OR logic using direct and indirect methods, latching logic, on-delay and off-delay timers, and provides example circuit diagrams for applications involving these components and logic functions. Various electro-pneumatic circuits are designed involving combinations of solenoids, sensors and timers to achieve sequences such as A+A-, A+B+B-A-, and (AB)+A-C+C-B-.
Hydraulic cylinders are linear actuators that convert hydraulic pressure into mechanical force and motion. There are several types of cylinders including single-acting, double-acting, and telescopic cylinders. Single-acting cylinders produce force in one direction only, while double-acting cylinders can produce force in both extension and retraction using ports on both sides of the piston. Telescopic cylinders extend in stages to provide a long stroke length and short retracted length. Cushioning devices are often used on cylinders to control the rate of deceleration and prevent shock at the end of the piston stroke.
The pressure energy is fed to the actuator through a number of control block called valves.
• Various type of valve are used in hydraulic system to control or regulate the flow medium.
• Basicallyvalvesareexpectedtocontrol: – Direction
– Pressure
– Flow
– Otherspecialfunctions.
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Basic Pneumatic Circuitry For control and automation 2. Contents Introduction Symbols
Circuit layout Actuator control 2/2 Valve Actuator control 3/2 Valve Actuator control 5/2 Valve
Sequential control Sequence solution 5/3 Valves Poppet/spool logic Balanced spool logic
Feedback Click the section to advance directly to it 3. Introduction This module shows the
methods of application of pneumatic valves and components for control and automation The
methods of pure pneumatic sequential control are confined to simple examples The majority of
modern systems are controlled electronically and is the subject of electropneumatic modules A
message to pneumatic circuit designers: Use proven and reliable design techniques Produce
circuits and documentation that are clear to read Design for safety Do not try to be too clever, the
circuit will be difficult for others to read and maintain 4. Symbols The standard for fluid
power symbols is ISO 1219-1. This is a set of basic shapes and rules for the construction of fluid
power symbols Cylinders can be drawn to show their extreme or intermediate positions of stroke
and any length above their width Valves show all states in the one symbol. The prevailing state is
shown with the port connections Other components are single state symbols 5. Symbols single
acting actuators Single acting, sprung instroked Single acting, sprung outstroked Single acting,
sprung instroked, magnetic Single acting, sprung outstroked, magnetic 6. Symbols double acting
actuators Double acting, noncushioned Double acting, adjustable cushions Double acting,
through rod, adjustable cushions Double acting, magnetic, adjustable cushions Double acting,
rodless, magnetic, adjustable cushions 7. Symbols rotary actuators Semi-rotary double acting
Rotary motor single direction of rotation Rotary motor bidirectional 8. Symbols valves 2/2
Valve push button / spring 3/2 Valve detented lever operated 1 3/2 Valve push button / spring 2
10 12 2 10 12 3 2 10 12 3 1 1 9. Symbols valves 3/2 Valve differential pressure operated 2 12 3
10 1 5/2 Valve push button / spring 5/3 Valve double pressure operated spring centre 14 4 5 4 2 5
1 3 2 12 1 3 10. Symbols valves A valve function is known by a pair of numbers e.g. 3/2. This
indicates the valve has 3 main ports and 2 states The valve symbol shows both of the states Port
numbering is to CETOP RP68P and shows: when the valve is operated at the 12 end port 1 is
connected to port 2 when reset to the normal state at the 10 end port 1 is connected to nothing (0)
2 12 10 3 1 11. Symbols valves A valve function is known by a pair of numbers e.g. 3/2. This
indicates the valve has 3 main ports and 2 states The valve symbol shows both of the states Port
numbering is to CETOP RP68P and shows: when the valve is operated at the 12 end port 1 is
connected to port 2 when reset to the normal state at the 10 end port 1 is connected to nothing (0)
2 12 10 3 1 12. Symbols val.
Introduction to Pneumatic Systems:
Basic Requirements for Pneumatic System,Applications, Pneumatic fundamentals, Construction, working principle and operation of pneumatic power transmission system components like Power source, FRL unit, Actuators and control valves like DCV, FCV, PCV, time delay, quick exhaust, twin pressure, shuttle
Electropneumatic systems combine pneumatic actuators and controllers with electric control circuits. Pneumatic actuators include cylinders, motors, and valves, which are powered by compressed air. However, the electric control circuits use electrical components like switches, relays, and programmable logic controllers to control the flow of compressed air and automate pneumatic processes. While pneumatic systems can be complicated to control, electropneumatic systems simplify control with digital electric signals regulating complex pneumatic circuits and multiple actuators.
- Pneumatics uses compressed air to power machines and devices. It describes basic principles like pressure, measurements, and gas laws.
- Compressed air is produced by compressors and stored in receivers with air dryers removing moisture. It is distributed through piping.
- Common pneumatic components are valves, cylinders, filters, regulators, lubricators and other devices. Circuits use these components to control machine operations.
- Symbols are used on drawings to represent pneumatic components and their functions in circuits. Valves direct air flow, cylinders provide linear motion, and other components condition and control the air.
Pneumatic circuits:
Basic pneumatic circuits, Development of single Actuator Circuits, Development of multiple Actuator Circuits, Cascade method for sequencing
The document provides information on hydraulic pumps and motors. It discusses the functions of pumps in converting mechanical energy to hydraulic energy. Pumps are classified based on displacement, delivery, and motion. Positive displacement pumps have little slip and can operate at high pressures, while non-positive pumps have large clearances and cannot develop high pressure. Hydraulic motors convert fluid power to rotary power and are classified as gear, vane, or piston motors. Piston motors can be axial or radial, with axial piston motors generating torque via pressure acting on pistons reciprocating inside a cylinder block.
This document presents hydraulic and pneumatic symbols used in schematic diagrams of fluid power systems. It includes:
1. An introduction stating that schematic diagrams use symbols to represent the functions of components in hydraulic and pneumatic circuits.
2. Sections describing the general symbols used to represent components like pumps, cylinders, motors, valves and connections.
3. Rules for using the symbols to indicate flow paths, connections and transitional component states without representing actual construction or values.
4. The document serves as a reference for the standard hydraulic and pneumatic symbols approved by the American Standards Institute.
This document provides an overview of basic hydraulic circuits. It describes how hydraulic systems are divided into a signal control section and a hydraulic power section. The power section includes a pump, valves to control fluid flow and pressure, and hydraulic cylinders or motors. Simple circuits are shown including a pump, directional control valve, cylinder, and pressure relief valve. The interactions of these components in a basic circuit are illustrated through animations. Additional diagrams demonstrate uses of filters, contamination indicators, and pressure relief valves, including how a brake valve is used to prevent pressure spikes when a directional control valve closes suddenly.
This document discusses various types of hydraulic and pneumatic control elements. It focuses on flow control valves and their purposes.
Flow control valves regulate fluid flow and include pressure control valves, flow control valves, and direction control valves. Pressure control valves such as relief valves and reducing valves maintain system pressure. Flow control valves include compensated and non-compensated types to regulate flow rates. Direction control valves include 2/2, 3/2, and 4/3 styles to control fluid direction to actuators. Proper control elements are necessary to ensure safe and efficient operation of hydraulic and pneumatic systems.
The document discusses pneumatic systems and components. It describes how pneumatic systems use compressed air to transmit power and operate cylinders, valves, and other components. Some key advantages of pneumatic systems mentioned include being fast, easily transportable, variable speed and pressure, and clean operating. Common applications described are industrial robots, machine tools, brakes on vehicles, and dental/medical tools. The document also provides details on various pneumatic components like cylinders, valves, connectors, and their functions.
FRL UNIT
An FRL unit is comprised of a filter (F), regulator (R), and a lubricator (L).
The three components work together to do the following:
Filters remove water, dirt and other harmful debris from an air system. This is often the first step in improving the air quality.
Regulators adjust and control the air pressure of a system to ensure that down-line components do not exceed their maximum operating pressures. This is the second step in the FRL system.
Lubricators reduce the internal friction in tools or equipment by releasing a controlled mist of oil into the compressed air. This is often done last and/or right before the component needing lubrication.
This document provides an overview of pneumatic symbols used in system diagrams and component identification. It includes standards for the symbols, basic shapes used to construct the symbols, common functional elements, flowlines and connections, conditioning components, pressure control devices, actuators including cylinders and valves, and details on valve symbol structure. The document is intended as a reference for understanding pneumatic circuit diagrams and component schematics.
Este documento proporciona una clasificación y descripción de los diferentes tipos de válvulas. Explica que las válvulas son dispositivos mecánicos que controlan fluidos en sistemas de tuberías mediante la apertura, cierre u obstrucción parcial. Luego describe los principales tipos de válvulas, incluyendo válvulas de aislamiento, retención, regulación y seguridad, y proporciona ejemplos comunes dentro de cada categoría como válvulas de globo, bola, mariposa y
Directional control valves are used to control the direction of fluid flow in hydraulic circuits. They contain ports for fluid to enter and exit, and can be classified based on their construction, number of working ports, switching positions, and actuation mechanism. Common types include poppet valves and spool valves. Directional control valves find application in automatic transmissions, where they control fluid flow to engage and disengage clutches or change gear ratios based on vehicle speed. Proper selection and application of directional control valves is important for efficiently distributing hydraulic power in automotive and industrial systems.
This document discusses low cost automation using pneumatic systems. It begins with an overview of automation and pneumatics, explaining that pneumatics can provide low cost automation solutions through reducing labor costs, machine investment costs, and increasing productivity. The document then covers various pneumatic components and applications, advantages and disadvantages of pneumatics, pneumatic standards, classifications of pneumatic elements, and examples of pneumatic circuits.
The document summarizes key concepts in hydraulics including:
1. Hydraulics uses liquids to transmit force via Pascal's law, where pressure is transmitted undiminished throughout a confined liquid.
2. Key components include pumps to pressurize fluid, cylinders to convert hydraulic power into mechanical motion, and control valves to direct fluid flow.
3. There are different types of hydraulic systems, pumps, cylinders and valves that are suited to various applications and pressure requirements.
The document provides an overview of basic hydraulic principles and components. It explains that hydraulics involves using pressurized liquids to transmit power and describes the three main sections of a hydraulic system: the drive section which includes cylinders and motors, the energy control section with valves, and the power supply section with pumps, reservoirs and other components. It then discusses key hydraulic concepts like Pascal's principle and displacement transmission. Finally, it outlines different types of hydraulic pumps including gear, vane and screw pumps as well as filters, coolers and other components.
This document contains solutions to various questions about electro-pneumatic circuits provided by Dr. S.N. Teli. It explains concepts such as relays, AND/OR logic using direct and indirect methods, latching logic, on-delay and off-delay timers, and provides example circuit diagrams for applications involving these components and logic functions. Various electro-pneumatic circuits are designed involving combinations of solenoids, sensors and timers to achieve sequences such as A+A-, A+B+B-A-, and (AB)+A-C+C-B-.
Hydraulic cylinders are linear actuators that convert hydraulic pressure into mechanical force and motion. There are several types of cylinders including single-acting, double-acting, and telescopic cylinders. Single-acting cylinders produce force in one direction only, while double-acting cylinders can produce force in both extension and retraction using ports on both sides of the piston. Telescopic cylinders extend in stages to provide a long stroke length and short retracted length. Cushioning devices are often used on cylinders to control the rate of deceleration and prevent shock at the end of the piston stroke.
The pressure energy is fed to the actuator through a number of control block called valves.
• Various type of valve are used in hydraulic system to control or regulate the flow medium.
• Basicallyvalvesareexpectedtocontrol: – Direction
– Pressure
– Flow
– Otherspecialfunctions.
IL 0 Group II Group I Select GP I Select GP II Solution Basic P.pdferremmfab
IL 0 Group II Group I Select GP I Select GP II
Solution
Basic Pneumatic Circuitry For control and automation 2. Contents Introduction Symbols
Circuit layout Actuator control 2/2 Valve Actuator control 3/2 Valve Actuator control 5/2 Valve
Sequential control Sequence solution 5/3 Valves Poppet/spool logic Balanced spool logic
Feedback Click the section to advance directly to it 3. Introduction This module shows the
methods of application of pneumatic valves and components for control and automation The
methods of pure pneumatic sequential control are confined to simple examples The majority of
modern systems are controlled electronically and is the subject of electropneumatic modules A
message to pneumatic circuit designers: Use proven and reliable design techniques Produce
circuits and documentation that are clear to read Design for safety Do not try to be too clever, the
circuit will be difficult for others to read and maintain 4. Symbols The standard for fluid
power symbols is ISO 1219-1. This is a set of basic shapes and rules for the construction of fluid
power symbols Cylinders can be drawn to show their extreme or intermediate positions of stroke
and any length above their width Valves show all states in the one symbol. The prevailing state is
shown with the port connections Other components are single state symbols 5. Symbols single
acting actuators Single acting, sprung instroked Single acting, sprung outstroked Single acting,
sprung instroked, magnetic Single acting, sprung outstroked, magnetic 6. Symbols double acting
actuators Double acting, noncushioned Double acting, adjustable cushions Double acting,
through rod, adjustable cushions Double acting, magnetic, adjustable cushions Double acting,
rodless, magnetic, adjustable cushions 7. Symbols rotary actuators Semi-rotary double acting
Rotary motor single direction of rotation Rotary motor bidirectional 8. Symbols valves 2/2
Valve push button / spring 3/2 Valve detented lever operated 1 3/2 Valve push button / spring 2
10 12 2 10 12 3 2 10 12 3 1 1 9. Symbols valves 3/2 Valve differential pressure operated 2 12 3
10 1 5/2 Valve push button / spring 5/3 Valve double pressure operated spring centre 14 4 5 4 2 5
1 3 2 12 1 3 10. Symbols valves A valve function is known by a pair of numbers e.g. 3/2. This
indicates the valve has 3 main ports and 2 states The valve symbol shows both of the states Port
numbering is to CETOP RP68P and shows: when the valve is operated at the 12 end port 1 is
connected to port 2 when reset to the normal state at the 10 end port 1 is connected to nothing (0)
2 12 10 3 1 11. Symbols valves A valve function is known by a pair of numbers e.g. 3/2. This
indicates the valve has 3 main ports and 2 states The valve symbol shows both of the states Port
numbering is to CETOP RP68P and shows: when the valve is operated at the 12 end port 1 is
connected to port 2 when reset to the normal state at the 10 end port 1 is connected to nothing (0)
2 12 10 3 1 12. Symbols val.
3 a. industrial pneumatic circuit basicDr.R. SELVAM
The document discusses various pneumatic circuits used to control actuators like cylinders. It begins by identifying components in pneumatic circuits like cylinders labeled A, B, C etc. and associated feedback valves. It then provides examples of basic circuits to control single-acting and double-acting cylinders using 2/2, 3/2 and 5/2 directional control valves. It also discusses adding flow regulators for independent speed control and different modes of operation like manual, semi-automatic and fully-automatic control. Finally, it discusses building blocks for designing repeat and non-repeat sequence circuits and solving issues that can arise with opposed signals in non-repeat sequences.
This document discusses pneumatic control systems and air control valves. It describes the main components of a pneumatic control system and categories of air control valves, including directional control valves, non-return valves, flow control valves, pressure control valves, and shut-off valves. It also covers the construction, operation, and sizing of directional control valves.
Classification of Pneumatic Elements Included Valves, CompressorMohammad Azam Khan
This document classifies and describes various pneumatic elements used in pneumatic systems. It discusses five groups of pneumatic elements:
1. Source and service elements such as compressors, air filters, pressure regulators, and lubricators that supply and condition compressed air.
2. Signal elements including push buttons, levers, and solenoid valves that provide input signals to control pneumatic circuits.
3. Direction control elements like 2/2, 3/2, and 5/3 directional control valves that control the flow of compressed air to pneumatic cylinders and motors to perform work.
4. Final control elements including flow control valves, check valves, and quick exhaust valves that regulate airflow within
1. This document outlines four pneumatic lab practices involving demonstrations of basic pneumatic control circuits using various valves and actuators, including speed control circuits.
2. The second practice involves studying the reciprocating movement of a double acting cylinder controlled by pneumatic directional valves. It provides details on the components needed for the circuit.
3. The third practice describes a pneumatic circuit design for controlling vehicle door movement using buttons to open and close doors.
4. The fourth practice involves a pneumatic circuit design for an industrial transport system to move goods onto a conveyor belt using a button-controlled cylinder.
The document describes the similarities between pneumatic and electrical systems. It explains key pneumatic components like pressure regulators, non-return valves, solenoid valves, and timers and their analogous electrical components. It then provides examples of pneumatic circuits used in container spreaders and discusses common faults that can occur.
Control valves are instruments that control the flow of fluids through passages by varying the size of the passageway. They have a body, actuator, and positioner. The actuator directly controls the opening and closing of the valve body in response to signals from the positioner. Common actuator types include pneumatic, hydraulic, and electric. Pneumatic actuators typically use compressed air and a diaphragm to move the valve stem and vary the flow opening. Positioners receive control signals and ensure the actuator moves the valve to the desired position.
The document discusses the operation of a single-action front spring cylinder with a 3/2 button spring normally closed directional control valve. It explains that the cylinder uses compressed air to move the piston in one direction during the forward stroke, and a spring to return it during the backward stroke. It also describes how the 3/2 valve controls the flow of compressed air to the cylinder, opening when the button is pressed and closing when released due to the spring.
Pressure control valves are used to control and regulate pressure in hydraulic systems. The main types are pressure relief valves and pressure regulators. Pressure relief valves are connected to high and low pressure lines and are used to limit the maximum operating pressure. They contain a spring-loaded poppet that opens to allow fluid to return to the tank when pressure reaches a certain threshold determined by a formula. Directional control valves and flow control valves are also used to direct and regulate fluid flow respectively. Check valves only allow fluid flow in one direction to prevent backflow.
Working elements of Pneumatic System with Circuits, Safety, InstallationMohammad Azam Khan
A pneumatic circuit is usually designed to implement the desired logics. However, there are several basics circuits, which can be integrated into the final circuit
Asco Series 551, 552, 553, Pilot Solenoid Valves, Atex Hazardous Areas - Proc...Thorne & Derrick UK
The document discusses pilot valves used in process industries. It provides information on:
1) Pilot valve interfaces including direct mounting on actuators according to the NAMUR standard and remote mounting. Direct mounting provides optimal flow and speed while remote mounting requires consideration of tubing size.
2) Pilot valve functions for single-acting and double-acting actuators, including 3/2 and 5/2 functions.
3) Factors that determine actuator and process valve response times including pilot valve flow, actuator volume, and operating pressure. The CEN standard provides guidance on pilot valve sizing based on actuator volume.
The document provides information about pneumatic systems. It describes the main components of pneumatics including compressors, dryers, sensors, regulators, reservoirs, solenoid valves, and actuators. It explains the functions of key components like compressors, dryers, sensors and regulators. It also discusses pneumatic circuits and different types of valves and actuators like single-acting cylinders, double-acting cylinders, and 5/3 solenoid valves that can be used in circuits. The document aims to introduce the basic components and applications of pneumatic systems.
1. Electro-pneumatic control integrates pneumatic and electrical technologies. Solenoid valves are used as the interface between electrical and pneumatic systems, and devices like sensors provide feedback.
2. Seven basic electrical devices used in electro-pneumatics are listed as push button switches, limit switches, pressure switches, solenoids, relays, timers, and temperature switches. Proximity sensors and counters are also used.
3. Electro-pneumatic control involves three main steps - signal input devices generate signals, signal processing uses relays or PLCs, and signal outputs activate solenoids to control pneumatic valves and cylinders.
3 b. industrial pneumatic circuit advancedDr.R. SELVAM
This document discusses various methods for solving sequential pneumatic circuits, including cascade, shift register, electro-pneumatic, and PLC methods. It focuses on cascade circuits, explaining that they provide a standard method for solving any sequence using a minimum of additional logic hardware. The document provides details on building blocks for two-group and three-group cascade circuits, and also discusses dual trip blocks and 5/3 valves for applications like actuator positioning control.
The document discusses control valves used in hydraulic excavators. It describes the components of the control valve including jet sensors that detect oil flow, relief valves, and valves for straight travel, arm throttle, and swing priority. The jet sensors measure pressure differences to detect when levers are operated. The relief valve maintains maximum work pressure. The straight travel, arm throttle, and swing priority valves control oil flow to prevent deviation during different machine operations.
The document provides an overview of hydraulic systems, including:
1. It defines a hydraulic system as using pressurized fluid to perform work based on Pascal's Law of uniform pressure transmission.
2. It explains key hydraulic components like pumps, motors, valves and cylinders used to control flow and pressure.
3. It outlines the basics of open and closed loop systems and some common hydraulic symbols.
4. It identifies potential hazards like heat, flammability and high pressure failures that require safety precautions when working with hydraulic systems.
The document describes the components and functions of a pneumatic system. It includes a compressor that fills an air reservoir, with a pipeline installed at a 1-2% gradient. Condensate removal systems are installed under the main pipeline. Various types of valves are described that control pressure and flow, including directional control valves, non-return valves, flow control valves, pressure control valves, and shut-off valves. Specific valves like 3/2 way and 5/2 way valves are explained along with their applications in controlling single and double acting cylinders.
This document discusses pneumatic circuit design and analysis. It describes the basic elements of a control chain, including direct and indirect control. Examples of components in pneumatic circuits are provided, such as shuttle valves for OR logic and dual pressure valves for AND logic. Specific circuits are examined, like one that uses a double pilot directional control valve for memory function. The document explains how pneumatic components work together in circuits to control cylinders and other devices.
1. Control valves regulate fluid flow through a pipe in response to a controller signal, manipulating fluid to keep process variables close to set points.
2. Control valves have two major parts - a valve actuator that provides mechanical power to move valve body components, and a valve body containing mechanical elements to influence fluid flow.
3. Within the valve body, components called trim perform the work of throttling or stopping fluid flow in response to actuator movements.
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2. Contents
Symbols
Circuit layout
Actuator control 2/2 Valve
Actuator control 3/2 Valve
Actuator control 5/2 Valve
Sequence solution
5/3 Valves
Poppet/spool logic
Balanced spool logic
Feedback
Sequential control
Click the section to advance directly to it
Introduction
3. Introduction
This module shows the
methods of application of
pneumatic valves and
components for control
and automation
The methods of pure
pneumatic sequential
control are confined to
simple examples
The majority of modern
systems are controlled
electronically and is the
subject of electro-
pneumatic modules
A message to pneumatic
circuit designers:
Use proven and reliable
design techniques
Produce circuits and
documentation that are
clear to read
Design for safety
Do not try to be too
clever, the circuit will be
difficult for others to
read and maintain
4. Symbols
The standard for fluid power symbols is ISO 1219-1. This
is a set of basic shapes and rules for the construction of
fluid power symbols
Cylinders can be drawn to show their extreme or
intermediate positions of stroke and any length above
their width
Valves show all states in the one symbol. The prevailing
state is shown with the port connections
Other components are single state symbols
5. Symbols single acting actuators
Single acting, sprung
instroked
Single acting, sprung
outstroked
Single acting, sprung
instroked, magnetic
Single acting, sprung
outstroked, magnetic
10. Symbols valves
A valve function is known by a pair of numbers e.g. 3/2.
This indicates the valve has 3 main ports and 2 states
The valve symbol shows both of the states
Port numbering is to CETOP RP68P and shows:
when the valve is operated at the 12 end port 1 is connected
to port 2
when reset to the normal state at the 10 end port 1 is
connected to nothing (0)
2
1
3
12 10
11. Symbols valves
A valve function is known by a pair of numbers e.g. 3/2.
This indicates the valve has 3 main ports and 2 states
The valve symbol shows both of the states
Port numbering is to CETOP RP68P and shows:
when the valve is operated at the 12 end port 1 is connected
to port 2
when reset to the normal state at the 10 end port 1 is
connected to nothing (0)
2
1
3
12 10
12. Symbols valves
This example is for a 5/2
valve
This has 5 main ports and
2 states
When the valve is
operated at the 14 end
port 1 is connected to
port 4 (also port 2 is
connected to port 3)
When reset to the normal
state at the 12 end port 1
is connected to port 2
(also port 4 is connected
to port 5)
1
2
4
5 3
14 12
13. Symbols valves
This example is for a 5/2
valve
This has 5 main ports and
2 states
When the valve is
operated at the 14 end
port 1 is connected to
port 4 (also port 2 is
connected to port 3)
When reset to the normal
state at the 12 end port 1
is connected to port 2
(also port 4 is connected
to port 5)
1
2
4
5 3
14 12
16. Symbols 5/3 valves
All valves types shown in the normal position
Type 1. All ports blocked
Type 2. Outlets to exhaust
Type 3. Supply to outlets
17. Symbols function components
Non-return valve
Flow regulator uni-
directional
Flow regulator bi-
directional
Two pressure ‘AND’
Shuttle valve ‘OR’
Silencer
Quick exhaust valve with
silencer
Pressure to electric
switch adjustable
* Note: Traditional symbol in
extensive use (preferred)
*
ISO 1219-1 Old
18. Symbols air line equipment
Water separator with
automatic drain
Filter with manual drain
Filter with automatic
drain
Filter with automatic
drain and service
indicator
Lubricator
Pressure regulator with
gauge
F.R.L. filter, regulator,
lubricator simplified
symbol
19. Circuit layout
The standard for circuit
diagrams is ISO 1219-2
A4 format or A3 folded to
A4 height for inclusion in
a manual with other A4
documentation
To be on several sheets if
necessary with line
identification code
Minimum crossing lines
Limit valves position of
operation by actuators
shown by a marker with
reference code to symbol
Circuits should be drawn
with all actuators at the
top of the page in order of
sequential operation
Other components to be
drawn in sequential order
from the bottom up and
from left to right
Circuit should show the
system with pressure
applied and ready to start
20. Component identification
The ISO suggested
component numbering
system is suited for large
circuits and those drawn
on several pages
For this presentation a
simple code is used
For cylinders: A,B,C etc.
For associated feedback
valves: alpha-numeric
code ‘a0’ for proof of
instroke, ‘a1’ for proof of
outstroke
For cylinder B: b0 and b1
A
a0 a1
1
2
3
12 10
a0
2
1
3
12 10
a1
Note: the a0 valve symbol
is drawn in the operated
position because the
actuator A is instroked
21. Example circuit
Run/End
A
a0 a1
B
b0 b1
C
c0 c1
a0 a1 b0
b1 c0
c1
10 bar max 6 bar
To all inlet ports marked
Sequence
Run/End
A+
B+
B-
C+
C-
A-
Repeat
23. 2/2 Valve actuator control
A pair of the most basic
of all valve types the 2/2
can be used to control a
single acting cylinder
The normally closed
position of the valve is
produced by the spring
The operated position is
produced by the push
button
One valve admits air the
other valve exhausts it
2
10
12
1
1
10
12
2
OUT IN
24. 2/2 Valve actuator control
The button marked OUT
is pushed to operate the
valve
Air is connected to the
cylinder and it outstrokes
Air cannot escape to
atmosphere through the
valve marked IN as this is
closed
The air at atmospheric
pressure in the front of
the cylinder vents
through the breather port
2
10
1
12
1
10
12
2
OUT IN
25. 2/2 Valve actuator control
The push button of the
valve marked OUT is
released and it returns to
a normal closed position
Air is now trapped in the
system and provided
there are no leaks the
piston rod will stay in the
outstroked position
If the load increases
beyond the force exerted
by the air the piston rod
will start to move in
2
10
1
12
1
10
12
2
OUT IN
26. 2/2 Valve actuator control
The button marked IN is
pushed to operate the
valve
Air escapes and the
piston rod moves to the
instroked position
The push button must be
held operated until the
piston rod is fully in
Atmospheric air will be
drawn in to the front of
the cylinder through the
vent port
2
10
1
12
1
2
10
12
OUT IN
27. 2/2 Valve actuator control
If the button marked IN is
released the piston rod
will remain in the
instroked position
Any leaks in the
installation can cause the
piston rod to creep
2
10
1
12
1
2
10
12
OUT IN
28. 2/2 Valve actuator control
To control the speed of
the piston rod, flow
restrictors are placed in
the pipes close to each of
the valves.
Adjustment of the
restrictors will slow down
the flow rate thereby
giving independent
outstroke and instroke
speed control
10
12 10
12
OUT IN
2
1
1
2
29. 2/2 Valve actuator control
By repeated operation of
either button during
movement the piston rod
can be moved in small
steps for approximate
positioning
This will only be
successful under slow
speeds
10
12 10
12
OUT IN
2
1
1
2
30. 2/2 Valve actuator control
With any compressed air
system that intentionally
traps air, the potential
hazard of this must be
recognised
Unintended release or
application of pressure
can give rise to
unexpected movement of
the piston rod
A pressure indicator or
gauge must be fitted to
warn of the presence of
pressure
2
10
1
12
1
2
10
12
OUT IN
32. 3/2 valve actuator control
A 3 port valve provides
the inlet and exhaust path
and is the normal choice
for the control of a single
acting cylinder
In the normal position
produced by the spring,
the valve is closed
In the operated position
produced by the push
button the valve is open
The push button must be
held down for as long as
the cylinder is outstroked
1
2
3
12 10
33. 3/2 valve actuator control
A 3 port valve provides
the inlet and exhaust path
and is the normal choice
for the control of a single
acting cylinder
In the normal position
produced by the spring,
the valve is closed
In the operated position
produced by the push
button the valve is open
The push button must be
held down for as long as
the cylinder is outstroked
1
2
3
12 10
34. 3/2 valve actuator control
A 3 port valve provides
the inlet and exhaust path
and is the normal choice
for the control of a single
acting cylinder
In the normal position
produced by the spring,
the valve is closed
In the operated position
produced by the push
button the valve is open
The push button must be
held down for as long as
the cylinder is outstroked
1
2
3
12 10
35. 3/2 valve actuator control
To generally slow the
cylinder speed an
adjustable
bi-directional flow
regulator or fixed
restrictor can be used
The flow regulator
setting will be a
compromise as the ideal
outstroke speed may not
produce the desired
results for the instroke
speed
1
2
3
12 10
36. 3/2 valve actuator control
To control the outstroke
speed of a single acting
cylinder without
controlling the instroke
speed, a uni-directional
flow regulator is used
The flow into the cylinder
closes the non return
valve and can only pass
through the adjustable
restrictor
By adjusting the restrictor
the outstroke speed of
the cylinder can be set
1
2
3
12 10
37. 3/2 valve actuator control
For independent speed
control in each direction
two flow regulators are
required
Installed in opposite
directions to each other
Upper regulator controls
the outstroke speed
Lower regulator controls
the instroking speed 1
2
3
12 10
38. 3/2 valve actuator control
A 3 port valve provides
the inlet and exhaust path
and is the normal choice
for the control of a single
acting cylinder
In the normal position
produced by the spring,
the valve is closed
In the operated position
produced by the push
button the valve is open
The push button must be
held down for as long as
the cylinder is outstroked
1
2
3
12 10
40. 5/2 Valve actuator control
For a double acting
cylinder the power and
exhaust paths are
switched simultaneously
When the button is
pushed the supply at port
1 is connected to port 4
and the outlet port 2
connected to exhaust
port 3. The cylinder
moves plus
When the button is
released port 1 is
connected to port 2 and
port 4 connected to port
5. Cylinder minus
1
2
4
5 3
14 12
+
-
41. 5/2 Valve actuator control
For a double acting
cylinder the power and
exhaust paths are
switched simultaneously
When the button is
pushed the supply at port
1 is connected to port 4
and the outlet port 2
connected to exhaust
port 3. The cylinder
moves plus
When the button is
released port 1 is
connected to port 2 and
port 4 connected to port
5. Cylinder minus
1
2
4
5 3
14 12
+
-
42. 5/2 Valve actuator control
Independent speed
control of the plus and
minus movements
In most applications
speed is controlled by
restricting air out of a
cylinder
Full power is developed
to drive the piston with
speed controlled by
restricting the back
pressure
1
2
4
5 3
14 12
+
-
43. 5/2 Valve actuator control
Independent speed
control of the plus and
minus movements
In most applications
speed is controlled by
restricting air out of a
cylinder
Full power is developed
to drive the piston with
speed controlled by
restricting the back
pressure
1
2
4
5 3
14 12
+
-
44. 5/2 Valve actuator control
Valves with a spring
return are mono-stable
and need the operator to
be held all the time that
the cylinder is required in
the plus position
Bi-stable valves will stay
in the position they were
last set
The lever valve example
illustrated indicates a
detent mechanism. The
lever need not be held
once the new position
has been established
1
2
4
5 3
14 12
+
-
45. Manual control
Remote manual control of
a double acting cylinder
Valve marked + will cause
the cylinder to outstroke
or move plus
Valve marked - will cause
the cylinder to instroke or
move minus
The 5/2 double pilot valve
is bi-stable therefore the
push button valves only
need to be pulsed
1
2
4
5 3
14 12
1
2
3
12 10
1
2
3
12 10
+ -
+
-
46. Manual control
Remote manual control of
a double acting cylinder
Valve marked + will cause
the cylinder to outstroke
or move plus
Valve marked - will cause
the cylinder to instroke or
move minus
The 5/2 double pilot valve
is bi-stable therefore the
push button valves only
need to be pulsed
1
2
4
5 3
1
2
3
12 10
1
2
3
12 10
14 12
+ -
+
-
47. Manual control
Remote manual control of
a double acting cylinder
Valve marked + will cause
the cylinder to outstroke
or move plus
Valve marked - will cause
the cylinder to instroke or
move minus
The 5/2 double pilot valve
is bi-stable therefore the
push button valves only
need to be pulsed
1
2
4
5 3
1
2
3
12 10
1
2
3
12 10
14 12
+ -
+
-
48. Manual control
Remote manual control of
a double acting cylinder
Valve marked + will cause
the cylinder to outstroke
or move plus
Valve marked - will cause
the cylinder to instroke or
move minus
The 5/2 double pilot valve
is bi-stable therefore the
push button valves only
need to be pulsed
1
2
4
5 3
14 12
1
2
3
12 10
1
2
3
12 10
+ -
+
-
49. Manual control
Remote manual control of
a double acting cylinder
Valve marked + will cause
the cylinder to outstroke
or move plus
Valve marked - will cause
the cylinder to instroke or
move minus
The 5/2 double pilot valve
is bi-stable therefore the
push button valves only
need to be pulsed
1
2
4
5 3
14 12
1
2
3
12 10
1
2
3
12 10
+ -
+
-
50. Semi-automatic control
Manual remote start of a
double acting cylinder
with automatic return
Cylinder identified as “A”
Trip valve operated at the
completion of the plus
stroke identified as “a1”
1
2
4
5 3
14 12
1
2
3
12 10
1
2
3
12 10
+ -
+
-
A
a1
a1
51. Fully-automatic control
Continuous automatic
cycling from roller
operated trip valves
Manual Run and End of
the automatic cycling
Cylinder will come to rest
in the instroked position
regardless of when the
valve is put to End
Tags for the roller
feedback valves a0 and
a1 show their relative
positions
1
2
4
5 3
14 12
2
1
3
12 10
1
2
3
12 10
1
2
3
12
10
Run/End
+
-
A
a0 a1
a0 a1
53. Circuit building blocks
These circuits can be considered as building blocks for
larger sequential circuits consisting of two or more
cylinders
Each actuator will have a power valve and two associated
feedback valves. The first actuator to move also has
a Run/End valve
Run/End
A B
a0 a1 b0 b1
54. Repeat pattern sequence
A repeat pattern
sequence is one where
the order of the
movements in the first
half of the sequence is
repeated in the second
half
Each actuator may have
one Out and In stroke
only in the sequence
There may be any number
of actuators in the
sequence
The signal starting the
first movement must pass
through the Run/End
valve
Needs only the basic
building blocks to solve
Examples of repeat
pattern sequences:
A+ B+ C+ D+ A- B- C- D-
A- B+ C- A+ B- C+
C+ A+ B- C- A- B+
55. Repeat pattern sequence
The two cylinders A and B are to perform a simple repeat
pattern sequence as follows: A+ B+ A- B-
Apply the rule “The signal given by the completion of each
movement will initiate the next movement”
In this way the roller valves can be
identified and labelled
Run/End
A B
a0
a1
b0 b1
a0 a1 b0 b1
56. Repeat pattern sequence
For three cylinders A, B and C also to perform a simple
repeat pattern sequence as follows: A+ B+ C+ A- B- C-
Apply the rule “The signal given by the completion of each
movement will initiate the next movement”
Run/End
A
c0 c1
a0 a1
B
a0
a1
b0 b1
C
b0
b1
c0 c1
57. Non-repeat pattern sequence
If the rule applied to a repeat pattern sequence is applied
to any other sequence there will be opposed signals on
one or more of the 5/2 valves preventing operation
This circuit demonstrates the problem
The sequence is A+ B+ B- A-
Run/End
A B
b1
a1
a0 b0
a0 a1 b0 b1
58. Opposed signals
When the valve is set to Run, cylinder A will not move
because the 5/2 valve has an opposed signal, it is still
being signalled to hold position by the feedback valve b0
If A was able to move + a similar problem will occur for the
5/2 valve of B once it was +
The sequence is A+ B+ B- A-
Run/End
A B
b1
a1
a0 b0
a0 a1 b0 b1
59. Mechanical solution
The problem was caused by valves b0 and a1 being
operated at the time the new opposing instruction is given
If these two valves were “one way trip” types and over
tripped at the last movement of stroke, only a pulse would
be obtained instead of a continuous signal
Run/End
A B
b1
a1
a0
a0 a1 b0 b1
b0
60. Sequence solution methods
The main solutions to
solving sequences are:
Cascade (pneumatic)
Shift register
(pneumatic)
Electro-pneumatic
PLC (Programmable
logic controller)
Cascade circuits provide
a standard method of
solving any sequence. It
uses a minimum of
additional logic hardware
(one logic valve per group
of sequential steps)
Shift register circuits are
similar to cascade but
use one logic valve for
every step
Electro-pneumatic
circuits use solenoid
valves and electro-
mechanical relays
PLC. The standard
solution for medium to
complex sequential
systems (except where
electrical equipment
cannot be used)
61. Cascade two group
The A+ B+ B- A- circuit is
solved by the two group
cascade method
The sequence is divided
at the point where B
immediately returns
The two parts are
allocated groups l and ll
Gp l A+ B+ / Gp ll B- A-
Two signal supplies are
provided from a 5/2 valve
one is available only in
group l the other is
available only in group ll
Because only one group
output is available at a
time it is not possible to
have opposed signals
A standard 5/2 double
pressure operated valve
is the cascade valve
1
2
4
5 3
14 12
Group l Group ll
Select l Select ll
62. Cascade (two group)
A B
a1
b0
a0 a1 b0 b1
Run/End
a0 b1
Sequence
Gp l A+ B+ Gp ll B- A-
Gp l
Gp ll
63. Cascade (two group)
A B
a1
b0
a0 a1 b0 b1
Run/End
a0 b1
Sequence
Gp l A+ B+ Gp ll B- A-
Gp l
Gp ll
64. Cascade (two group)
A B
b0
a0 a1 b0 b1
Run/End
a1
a0 b1
Sequence
Gp l A+ B+ Gp ll B- A-
Gp l
Gp ll
65. Cascade (two group)
A B
b0
a0 a1 b0 b1
Run/End
a1
a0 b1
Sequence
Gp l A+ B+ Gp ll B- A-
Gp l
Gp ll
66. Cascade (two group)
A B
a0 a1 b0 b1
Run/End
a1
a0
Sequence
Gp l A+ B+ Gp ll B- A-
Gp l
Gp ll
b0
b1
67. Cascade (two group)
A B
a0 a1 b0 b1
Run/End
Sequence
Gp l A+ B+ Gp ll B- A-
Gp l
Gp ll
b0
b1
a1
a0
68. Cascade building blocks
A two group building
block consists of a lever
valve to run and end the
sequence plus the 5/2
double pilot operated
cascade valve
For a two group system
consisting of any number
of cylinders this building
block and the cylinder
building blocks are all
that is required to solve
the sequence
1
2
4
5 3
14 12
1
2
3
12
10
Gp l
Gp ll
Sel l
Sel ll
Run/End
69. Cascade building blocks
Gp l
Gp ll
Sel l
Sel ll
Gp lll
Sel lll
Run/End
This three group
building block
establishes an
interconnecting
pattern that can
be extended to
any number of
groups
70. Dual trip building blocks
When a sequence has a
cylinder operating twice
in one overall sequence a
dual trip building block
may be required for each
of the two feedback
valves
The supply will be from
different groups and the
output go to different
destinations
Example is for feedback
valve a1 of cylinder A
when A is sent + both in
Group x and Group y
Send A+
A+ in
Group x
A+ in
Group y
a1
a1 in x
a1 in y
Note: can often be rationalised to less
than these three components
71. Cascade rules
Establish the correct
sequence
Divide the sequence in to
groups. Always start a
sequence with the
Run/End valve selecting
group l e.g.
R/E | A+ B+ | B- C+ | C- A-
Select the cylinder
building blocks
Select the cascade
building block
Select dual trip building
blocks if required
Interconnect the blocks as
follows:
The first function in each group
is signalled directly by that
group supply
The last trip valve operated in
each group is supplied with
main supply air and selects the
next group
The remaining trip valves are
supplied with air from their
respective groups and initiate
the next function
The “run/end” valve will control
the signal from the last trip valve
to be operated
73. 5/3 Valve
5/3 valves have a third
mid position
The valve can be tri-
stable e.g. a detented
lever operator or mono-
stable e.g. a double air or
double solenoid with
spring centre
There are three common
configurations for the mid
position:
All ports blocked
Centre open exhaust
Centre open pressure
The majority of
applications are actuator
positioning and safety
2
4
1
5 3
14 12
14 12
2
4
1
5 3
14 12
2
4
1
5 3
74. 5/3 Valve actuator control
The valve illustrated has
“all ports blocked” in the
mid position
Whenever the mid
position is selected the
pressure conditions in
the cylinder will be frozen
This can be used to stop
the piston at part stroke
in some positioning
applications
Flow regulators mounted
close to the cylinder to
minimise creep
2
4
1
5 3
14 12
75. 5/3 Valve actuator control
The valve illustrated has
“all ports blocked” in the
mid position
Whenever the mid
position is selected the
pressure conditions in
the cylinder will be frozen
This can be used to stop
the piston at part stroke
in some positioning
applications
Flow regulators mounted
close to the cylinder to
minimise creep
2
4
1
5 3
14 12
76. 5/3 Valve actuator control
The valve illustrated has
“all ports blocked” in the
mid position
Whenever the mid
position is selected the
pressure conditions in
the cylinder will be frozen
This can be used to stop
the piston at part stroke
in some positioning
applications
Flow regulators mounted
close to the cylinder to
minimise creep
2
4
1
5 3
14 12
77. 5/3 Valve actuator control
The valve illustrated has
“all ports blocked” in the
mid position
Whenever the mid
position is selected the
pressure conditions in
the cylinder will be frozen
This can be used to stop
the piston at part stroke
in some positioning
applications
Flow regulators mounted
close to the cylinder to
minimise creep
2
4
1
5 3
14 12
78. 5/3 Valve actuator control
The valve illustrated has
“all ports blocked” in the
mid position
Whenever the mid
position is selected the
pressure conditions in
the cylinder will be frozen
This can be used to stop
the piston at part stroke
in some positioning
applications
Flow regulators mounted
close to the cylinder to
minimise creep
2
4
1
5 3
14 12
79. 5/3 Valve actuator control
This version of a 5/3 valve
is “centre open exhaust”
The supply at port 1 is
isolated and the cylinder
has power exhausted
when this centre position
is selected
The version illustrated
shows a mono-stable
version double pilot
operated spring centre
The cylinder will be pre-
exhausted when
changing from the mid
position
2
4
1
5 3
14 12
80. 5/3 Valve actuator control
This version of a 5/3 valve
is “centre open pressure”
The supply at port 1 is
connected to both sides
of the cylinder and the
exhaust ports isolated
when this centre position
is selected
Can be used to balance
pressures in positioning
applications
The version illustrated is
mono-stable, double
solenoid, spring centre
1
2
4
5 3
14 12
82. Logic AND
To obtain the output Z
both plungers X AND Y
must be operated and
held
If X only is operated the
air will be blocked at port
1 in valve Y
If Y only is operated there
will be no pressure
available at port 1
If either X or Y is released
the output signal Z will be
lost
1
2
3
12 10
1
2
3
12 10
X
Y
Z
83. Logic AND
To obtain the output Z
both plungers X AND Y
must be operated and
held
If X only is operated the
air will be blocked at port
1 in valve Y
If Y only is operated there
will be no pressure
available at port 1
If either X or Y is released
the output signal Z will be
lost
1
2
3
12 10
1
2
3
X
Y
Z
12 10
84. Logic AND
To obtain the output Z
both plungers X AND Y
must be operated and
held
If X only is operated the
air will be blocked at port
1 in valve Y
If Y only is operated there
will be no pressure
available at port 1
If either X or Y is released
the output signal Z will be
lost
1
2
3
12 10
1
2
3
12 10
X
Y
Z
85. Logic AND
To obtain the output Z
both plungers X AND Y
must be operated and
held
If X only is operated the
air will be blocked at port
1 in valve Y
If Y only is operated there
will be no pressure
available at port 1
If either X or Y is released
the output signal Z will be
lost
1
2
3
1
2
3
12 10
X
Y
Z
12 10
86. Logic AND
To obtain the output Z
both plungers X AND Y
must be operated and
held
If X only is operated the
air will be blocked at port
1 in valve Y
If Y only is operated there
will be no pressure
available at port 1
If either X or Y is released
the output signal Z will be
lost
1
2
3
1
2
3
X
Y
Z
12 10
12 10
87. Logic AND
To obtain the output Z
both plungers X AND Y
must be operated and
held
If X only is operated the
air will be blocked at port
1 in valve Y
If Y only is operated there
will be no pressure
available at port 1
If either X or Y is released
the output signal Z will be
lost
1
2
3
1
2
3
12 10
X
Y
Z
12 10
88. Logic AND
To obtain the output Z
both plungers X AND Y
must be operated and
held
If X only is operated the
air will be blocked at port
1 in valve Y
If Y only is operated there
will be no pressure
available at port 1
If either X or Y is released
the output signal Z will be
lost
1
2
3
12 10
1
2
3
12 10
X
Y
Z
89. Logic AND
This method must not be
used as a two handed
safety control
It is too easy to abuse.
e.g. one of the buttons
could be permanently
fixed down and the
system operated from the
other button only
Use the purpose
designed two handed
safety control unit
1
2
3
12 10
1
2
3
12 10
X
Y
Z
90. Logic OR
Use of an ‘OR’ function
shuttle valve
Source X and Y can be
remote from each other
and remote from the
destination of Z
When X or Y is operated
the shuttle valve seal
moves across to prevent
the signal Z from being
lost through the exhaust
of the other valve
X
Y
Z
1
2
3
12 10
1
2
3
12 10
91. Logic OR
Use of an ‘OR’ function
shuttle valve
Source X and Y can be
remote from each other
and remote from the
destination of Z
When X or Y is operated
the shuttle valve seal
moves across to prevent
the signal Z from being
lost through the exhaust
of the other valve
X
Y
Z
1
2
3
12 10
1
2
3
12 10
92. Logic OR
Use of an ‘OR’ function
shuttle valve
Source X and Y can be
remote from each other
and remote from the
destination of Z
When X or Y is operated
the shuttle valve seal
moves across to prevent
the signal Z from being
lost through the exhaust
of the other valve
X
Y
Z
1
2
3
12 10
1
2
3
12 10
93. Logic OR
Use of an ‘OR’ function
shuttle valve
Source X and Y can be
remote from each other
and remote from the
destination of Z
When X or Y is operated
the shuttle valve seal
moves across to prevent
the signal Z from being
lost through the exhaust
of the other valve
X
Y
Z
1
2
3
12 10
1
2
3
12 10
94. Logic OR
Use of an ‘OR’ function
shuttle valve
Source X and Y can be
remote from each other
and remote from the
destination of Z
When X or Y is operated
the shuttle valve seal
moves across to prevent
the signal Z from being
lost through the exhaust
of the other valve
X
Y
Z
1
2
3
12 10
1
2
3
12 10
95. Logic NOT
A logic NOT applies to the
state of the output when
the operating signal is
present (the output is
simply an inversion of the
operating signal)
The valve shown is a
normally open type (inlet
port numbered 1)
When the signal X is
present there is NOT
output Z
When X is removed
output Z is given
2
3
1
12 10
Z
X
96. Logic NOT
A logic NOT applies to the
state of the output when
the operating signal is
present (the output is
simply an inversion of the
operating signal)
The valve shown is a
normally open type (inlet
port numbered 1)
When the signal X is
present there is NOT
output Z
When X is removed
output Z is given
2
3
1
12 10
Z
X
97. Logic NOT
A logic NOT applies to the
state of the output when
the operating signal is
present (the output is
simply an inversion of the
operating signal)
The valve shown is a
normally open type (inlet
port numbered 1)
When the signal X is
present there is NOT
output Z
When X is removed
output Z is given
2
3
1
12 10
Z
X
98. Logic MEMORY
A logic MEMORY allows
the output signal state
(ON or OFF) to be
maintained after the input
signal has been removed
Any bi-stable valve is a
logic MEMORY
With this lever detented
valve, once the lever has
been moved X direction
or Y direction it can be
released and will stay in
that position
Z
X
1
3
10
Y
12
99. Logic MEMORY
A logic MEMORY allows
the output signal state
(ON or OFF) to be
maintained after the
signal that set it has been
removed
Z
X
1
3
12 10
Y
100. Logic MEMORY
A bi-stable double pilot
valve can be set or reset
simply by a pulse (push
and release) on buttons X
or Y
Z
1
3
X
Y
1
2
3
12 10
1
2
3
12 10
12 10
101. Logic MEMORY
A bi-stable double pilot
valve can be set or reset
simply by a pulse (push
and release) on buttons X
or Y
Z
1
3
X
Y
1
2
3
12 10
1
2
3
12 10
12 10
102. Logic MEMORY
A bi-stable double pilot
valve can be set or reset
simply by a pulse (push
and release) on buttons X
or Y
Z
1
3
X
Y
1
2
3
12 10
1
2
3
12 10
12 10
103. Logic MEMORY
A bi-stable double pilot
valve can be set or reset
simply by a pulse (push
and release) on buttons X
or Y
Z
1
3
X
Y
1
2
3
12 10
1
2
3
12 10
12 10
104. Logic MEMORY
A bi-stable double pilot
valve can be set or reset
simply by a pulse (push
and release) on buttons X
or Y
Z
1
3
X
Y
1
2
3
12 10
1
2
3
12 10
12 10
105. Logic MEMORY (latch)
A popular memory circuit
is the latch
Will not re-make after
pneumatic power failure
A pulse on X operates the
pilot / spring valve to give
output Z
A feedback from Z runs
through the normally
open valve Y to latch the
operation of Z when X is
released
A pulse on Y breaks the
latch and Z is exhausted
X
Y
Z
1
3
1
2
3
12 10
10
12
3
2
1
12 10
106. Logic MEMORY (latch)
A popular memory circuit
is the latch
Will not re-make after
pneumatic power failure
A pulse on X operates the
pilot / spring valve to give
output Z
A feedback from Z runs
through the normally
open valve Y to latch the
operation of Z when X is
released
A pulse on Y breaks the
latch and Z is exhausted
X
Y
Z
1
3
1
2
3
12 10
12 10
3
2
1
12 10
107. Logic MEMORY (latch)
A popular memory circuit
is the latch
Will not re-make after
pneumatic power failure
A pulse on X operates the
pilot / spring valve to give
output Z
A feedback from Z runs
through the normally
open valve Y to latch the
operation of Z when X is
released
A pulse on Y breaks the
latch and Z is exhausted
X
Y
Z
1
3
1
2
3
12 10
12 10
3
2
1
12 10
108. Logic MEMORY (latch)
A popular memory circuit
is the latch
Will not re-make after
pneumatic power failure
A pulse on X operates the
pilot / spring valve to give
output Z
A feedback from Z runs
through the normally
open valve Y to latch the
operation of Z when X is
released
A pulse on Y breaks the
latch and Z is exhausted
X
Y
Z
1
3
1
2
3
12 10
3
2
1
12 10
12 10
109. Logic MEMORY (latch)
A popular memory circuit
is the latch
Will not re-make after
pneumatic power failure
A pulse on X operates the
pilot / spring valve to give
output Z
A feedback from Z runs
through the normally
open valve Y to latch the
operation of Z when X is
released
A pulse on Y breaks the
latch and Z is exhausted
X
Y
Z
1
3
1
2
3
12 10
3
2
1
12 10
12 10
111. Logic circuits (spool valves)
Selection / Diversion
Latch
OR, AND, NOT
Single pulse maker
Slow pressure build
Pre-select
Single pulse control
Air conservation
Double flow
Counting
5/2 OR
Click the section to advance directly to it
NO / NC
112. 3/2 NO / NC
A fully balanced valve
allows pressure on any
pot or combination of
ports
A single valve can be
used normally open or
normally closed
For normally open the
supply pressure is
connected to port 1
For normally closed the
supply pressure is
connected to port 3
1
2
3
12 10
2
1
3
12 10
113. 3/2 NO / NC
A fully balanced valve
allows pressure on any
pot or combination of
ports
A single valve can be
used normally open or
normally closed
For normally open the
supply pressure is
connected to port 1
For normally closed the
supply pressure is
connected to port 3
1
2
3
12 10
2
1
3
12 10
114. 3/2 Valve selection / diversion
Selection of one of two
supplies connected to
ports 1 and 3 can be
different pressures
Diversion of one supply
to one of two outlets
If it is required to exhaust
the downstream air a 5/2
valve is required
1
2
3
12 10
2
1
3
12 10
115. 3/2 Valve selection / diversion
Selection of one of two
supplies connected to
ports 1 and 3 can be
different pressures
Diversion of one supply
to one of two outlets
If it is required to exhaust
the downstream air a 5/2
valve is required
1
2
3
2
1
3
12 10
12 10
116. Latch with controls
In this version of a latch
the push button valves
are connected to perform
‘OR’ and ‘NOT’ functions
The ‘OFF’ valve must be
placed last in the signal
chain so that if both
valves are operated
together the ‘OFF’
command will dominate
over the ‘ON’ command
1
2
3
12 10
2
1
3
12 10
2
1
3
12 10
ON
OFF
Out
117. OR, AND, NOT
A single 3/2 pilot operated
spring return valve can be
use for any of these logic
functions
x OR y gives output z
x AND y gives output z
x gives NOT z
1
2
3
12 10
1
2
3
12 10
1
2
3
12 10
AND
OR
NOT
x y
z
x y
z
x
z
118. Single pulse maker
Converts a prolonged
signal x into a single
pulse z
Signal z must be removed
to allow the valve to reset
then x can be applied
again
The duration of the pulse
can be adjusted with the
flow regulator
1
2
3
12 10
x
z
119. Slow initial pressure build up
Choose a 3/2 pilot spring
valve with a relatively
high operating force e.g.
3 to 4 bar
When the quick connect
coupling is made, the
output at port 2 is
controlled at the rate of
the flow regulator setting
When the pressure is
high enough to operate
the valve full flow will
take over
1
2
3
12 10
120. Pre-select
The lever valve can pre-
select the movement of
the cylinder OUT or IN
The movement will occur
the next time the plunger
valve is operated
The plunger valve can be
released immediately and
subsequently operated
and released any number
of times
1
2
3
12 10
1
2
3
12 10
1
2
3
12
10
OUT/IN
pre-select
121. 5/2 OR function
The valve at position ‘a’ is
reversed connected and
supplied from the valve
conventionally connected
at position ‘b’
The cylinder can be
controlled from either
position ‘a’ ‘OR’ position
‘b’
1
2
4
5 3
14
12
1
2
4
5 3
14
12
a
b
122. Single pulse control
2
4
14
12
1
2
3
12 10
1
5
12 10
1
2
3
2
1
3
12
10
Each time the foot
operated valve is
pressed the cylinder
will single stroke +
and - alternately
First foot operation
the cylinder moves
out
Second foot
operation the
cylinder moves in
Third….. out and so
on
123. Air conservation
Power stroke in the
instroke direction only
Differential area of the
piston gives an outstroke
force when the pressure
is balanced
Air used to outstroke is
equivalent to a cylinder
with only the same bore
as the rod diameter
Assumes the cylinder is
not loaded on the plus
stroke and low friction
2
4
1
5
14
12
124. Air conservation
Power stroke in the
instroke direction only
Differential area of the
piston gives an outstroke
force when the pressure
is balanced
Air used to outstroke is
equivalent to a cylinder
with only the same bore
as the rod diameter
Assumes the cylinder is
not loaded on the plus
stroke and low friction
2
4
1
5
14
12
125. Double flow
Where a larger 3/2 valve
is not available
Two flow paths in a 5/2
valve each with a
separate supply can be
arranged to give double
flow or supply separate
devices
Ensure the tube size to
the cylinder is large
enough to take the double
flow
4 2
1 3
12
14
5 1
126. Double flow
Where a larger 3/2 valve
is not available
Two flow paths in a 5/2
valve each with a
separate supply can be
arranged to give double
flow or supply separate
devices
Ensure the tube size to
the cylinder is large
enough to take the double
flow
4 2
1 3
12
14
5
127. Counting
Counting applications are
best achieved with
electro-mechanical or
programmable electronic
counters
Pneumatic counting
circuits use large
numbers of logic valves
and can be slow
The counting chain
shown will count to 4
Red and blue are non-
overlapping alternate
pulses, purple is the reset
line
1
2
3
4
128. Counting application
The counting circuit is
applied to count 4 strokes
of a cylinder
At rest all counting valves
are held reset by the start
valve
Start outstrokes ‘A’
Alternate signals from
‘a1’ and ‘a0’ progresses
operation of the counting
valves up the chain
On the 4th operation of
‘a1’ the green signal
resets the start valve to
stop the cylinder
A
a0
a1
a0 a1
Start
130. Time delay
A signal is restricted to
slow the rate of pressure
build up on a pressure
switch (3/2 differential
pressure operated valve)
When the pressure switch
operates a strong un-
restricted output is given
A reservoir provides
capacitance to allow less
fine and sensitive
settings on the flow
regulator making it easy
to adjust
1
2
3
12 10
Signal
in
Output
131. Time delay
Manual remote start of a
double acting cylinder
with a time delay in the
outstroked position
before automatic return
2
1
2
4
5 3
14 12
1
3
12 10
+
-
A
a1
1
2
3
12 10
a1
1
2
3
12 10
132. Pressure decay
Manual remote start of a
double acting cylinder
Uses a low pressure
operated valve connected
normally open
When the back pressure
in the front of the cylinder
falls below 0.1 bar the
return signal is given
Connection taken
between the cylinder and
flow regulator
Useful for pressing work
pieces of variable size
1
2
4
5 3
14 12
2
1
3
12 10
+
-
A
a1
2
12
10
1 3 0.1bar
133. Electro-pneumatic
The majority of systems
use electrical/electronic
control due to the high
degree of sophistication
and flexibility
Solenoid valves are used
to control cylinders
Feedback signals are
from reed switches,
sensors and electrical
limit switches
Logic is hard wired or
programmed in to a PLC
(programmable logic
controller)
a0 a1
1
2
4
5 3
14 12
A
a0 a1
Circuit building block for
each cylinder