Cryogenic treatment is a secondary process to traditional heat treatment used for improving the hardness and wear resistance of tool steels. Though the potential use of cryogenic treatment on AISI D2 tool steel under laboratory conditions has been well established by the researchers, it is essential to do the analysis to ensure its sustainable use for industrial application. Therefore, impact of cryogenic treatment on AISI D2 steel blanking punch was evaluated in terms of increase in production rate and its life. The cryogenically treated D2 tool steel punches were used and subjected to manufacture the control levers using blanking operations. The improved wear resistance of cryogenically treated punch resulted in increase in production and punch life more than 200%. Punch life was studied and correlated to increase in production & wear behavior of blanking punch. The AISI D2 steel samples were prepared and subjected to laboratory tests comprising of metallographic observations and hardness. It was found that laboratory tests were not enough to predict improvements in mechanical properties. The mechanism responsible for augmented wear resistance by cryogenic treatment was the conversion of retained austenite to martensite and precipitation of new secondary carbides.
Experimental Analysis using Established Parameters for Cryogenic Treatment on...IJAEMSJORNAL
The experimental analysis on cutting tool material is done with referring the established parameters for Cryogenic Treatment. The pilot experimentation is carried out using the Conventional heat treated tool bits as supplied condition and Cryogenic treated tools. The three grades of high speed steel are identified for the investigation purpose and for pilot experimentation H.S.S. T42 grade is selected. The tool material procured is strictly as per the grade specifications for the investigation of effect of cryogenic treatment on tool life. The established parameters for cryogenic treatment are identified referring to previous published research and machining parameters as per the industry specifications. The pilot experimentation using Untreated and treated tools are subjected to turning operation on CNC turning center for a definite work material and machining parameters such as cutting speed, feed and depth of cut are identified. Single point cutting Tool geometry is maintained as per the tool signature and length of the tool is maintained as per the limitations of the machine. The Surface Roughness of the machined work piece is measured using the Taylor Hob-son Surface Roughness tester and the Tool wear is measured using the Tool Makers microscope. The results are tabulated. An experimental effort to understand the effect of Untreated and Cryogenic treated tool on the tool life is the outcome of this paper. The outcome of this paper forms the basis of experimentation using the Orthogonal array for all the selected grades of the material.
Characterization and Performance Evaluation of HSS Cutting Tools under deep C...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
A Review on Mechanical and Wear Properties of Heat Treated SteelIJSRD
This Review Paper describes effects of heat treatment on various material by varying process parameters and by using different types of heat treatment process. The heat treatment includes heating & cooling operations or the sequence of two or more such operations applied to any material in order to modify metallurgical structure and alter its physical, mechanical and chemical properties. This Review paper shows progress and research in the field of heat treatment process. Different types of heat treatment processes such as annealing, normalising, nitriding, hardening, tempering carburising used & available in recent time. This paper deals with important progress work on heat treatment and its process parameters.
VOLUME-7 ISSUE-8, AUGUST 2019 , International Journal of Research in Advent Technology (IJRAT) , ISSN: 2321-9637 (Online) Published By: MG Aricent Pvt Ltd
Experimental Analysis using Established Parameters for Cryogenic Treatment on...IJAEMSJORNAL
The experimental analysis on cutting tool material is done with referring the established parameters for Cryogenic Treatment. The pilot experimentation is carried out using the Conventional heat treated tool bits as supplied condition and Cryogenic treated tools. The three grades of high speed steel are identified for the investigation purpose and for pilot experimentation H.S.S. T42 grade is selected. The tool material procured is strictly as per the grade specifications for the investigation of effect of cryogenic treatment on tool life. The established parameters for cryogenic treatment are identified referring to previous published research and machining parameters as per the industry specifications. The pilot experimentation using Untreated and treated tools are subjected to turning operation on CNC turning center for a definite work material and machining parameters such as cutting speed, feed and depth of cut are identified. Single point cutting Tool geometry is maintained as per the tool signature and length of the tool is maintained as per the limitations of the machine. The Surface Roughness of the machined work piece is measured using the Taylor Hob-son Surface Roughness tester and the Tool wear is measured using the Tool Makers microscope. The results are tabulated. An experimental effort to understand the effect of Untreated and Cryogenic treated tool on the tool life is the outcome of this paper. The outcome of this paper forms the basis of experimentation using the Orthogonal array for all the selected grades of the material.
Characterization and Performance Evaluation of HSS Cutting Tools under deep C...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
A Review on Mechanical and Wear Properties of Heat Treated SteelIJSRD
This Review Paper describes effects of heat treatment on various material by varying process parameters and by using different types of heat treatment process. The heat treatment includes heating & cooling operations or the sequence of two or more such operations applied to any material in order to modify metallurgical structure and alter its physical, mechanical and chemical properties. This Review paper shows progress and research in the field of heat treatment process. Different types of heat treatment processes such as annealing, normalising, nitriding, hardening, tempering carburising used & available in recent time. This paper deals with important progress work on heat treatment and its process parameters.
VOLUME-7 ISSUE-8, AUGUST 2019 , International Journal of Research in Advent Technology (IJRAT) , ISSN: 2321-9637 (Online) Published By: MG Aricent Pvt Ltd
Proper heat treatment of steels is one of the most important factors in determining how they will
perform in service. Engineering materials, mostly steel, are heat treated under controlled sequence of
heating and cooling to alter their physical and mechanical properties to meet desired engineering
applications. In this study we have chosen AISI 1020 steel as for our research work and we have tried to
find out the mechanical properties (hardness) and micro structural properties (martensite formation,
carbon self-locking region) by means of appropriate heat treatment process (annealing, normalizing &
hardening). Here the steel specimens were heat treated in a furnace at different temperature levels and
soaking time; and then cooled in various media (air, ash, water). After that the hardness of the specimens
were rechecked for the comparison with previous data and the microstructures of the specimens were
examined using metallurgical microscope equipped with camera. These results showed that the hardness
of AISI 1020 steel can be changed and improved by different heat treatments for a particular application.
From the microstructures we have found that the annealed specimens with mainly ferrite structure give the
lowest hardness value and highest ductility while hardened specimens which comprise martensite give
the highest hardness value and lowest ductility. On the other hand, normalized specimens have given the
moderate hardness and ductility comparing with hardened and annealed specimens
Effect of Quenching Media on Mechanical Properties for Medium Carbon SteelIJERA Editor
In this research work the mechanical properties of medium carbon steel has been studied . the Steel AISI 1039
quenched in different quenching media. These quenching media were cold water, water , oil and hot water.
Hardness , tensile , impact and wear tests have been carried out for specimens after quenching in different
media.
It was found that the tensile strength and hardness increased with increasing the heating temperature values of
heat treatment process. Also quenching in cold water has a great effect on tensile strength and hardness values .
where the heights value for tensile strength was (998.6N/mm²) and the hardness was (360.4 Hv) for steel which
quenching in cold water. The percentage of elongation decreased with increasing the temperature of heat
treatment process. also the lowest values of elongation was after quenching process in cold water.
However, the impact toughness and wear rate values were high for alloy after stress relief and lower after
quenching in different media. But the lowest values were recorded after quenching in cold water. It was found
that the absorbed energy and the wear rate for the alloy quenched in cold water were (23.6) J and
(2x10¯⁷gm/cm) respectively. While, for steels treated with the stress relief process were (62.02) J and
(7x10¯⁷gm/cm) respectively.
Comparison of Fatigue Characteristic for AISI 1039 Steel with Surface Treatmentijceronline
Wear and fatigue resistance in steel components used in various industries can be improved by surface treatments. Coatings systems which are used for improving the mechanical properties, generally, decreased the components fatigue life due to micro cracks, that propagate through the substrate , it is possible to improve the fatigue resistance of a component by the application of shot peening treatment, whose compressive residual stresses delay or eliminate the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks. The aim of this study is to obtain the fatigue limit of untreated, shot peened, and hard chromium coating of medium carbon steel AISI 1039 and comparison between them. Fatigue tests were carried out using small samples with 4 mm diameter, with hard chromium layer of (47.1) µm thick. Rotating-bending fatigue test was carried out on samples after shot peening with steel balls of about 20 minutes peening time. Experimental results showed that hard chromium electroplating decreased the fatigue life and fatigue limit in comparison with the uncoated steel. As the highest thickness for coating was 23µm. On the other hand, Shot peening Results indicated that the fatigue strengths of samples are increased and the highest fatigue limit was (298.566Mpa) after treated the samples by shot peening for 20 minutes.
Friction Stir Welding of steels: AReview PaperIOSR Journals
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid state joining process that can be applied to a number of
materials including aluminium, magnesium, copper and steels. A number of researches have been conducted in
Friction Stir Welding of steels and it is the focus of this paper to make a comprehensive review of the work that
has been done. Ultra-low carbon steels, low carbon steels, medium carbon steels, high carbon steels and ultrahigh
carbon steels have been considered and several aspects of FSW of steels have been outlined. These are
tools, mechanical properties and microstructure. It was determined that carbon content, welding speed as well
as rotational speed affect both mechanical properties and microstructure of the joint.
Corrosion Measursement, Friction testing and XRD Analysis of Single Layer CrN...IJAEMSJORNAL
The purpose of present study was to investigate the erosive corrosive wear behavior of single layer (CrN) coatings on AISI 304 Stainless Steel samples with varying coating thickness (0-200 nm) in the range of 50 nm. The slurry jet erosive test was conducted on Slurry Jet Erosion Tester in saline slurry (3.5wt% salt) under the different working conditions with varying impact velocity (10-25 m/s), impingement angle (30°-75°) and erodent discharge (160-280 gm/min). Corrosion tests were conducted in 3.5 wt. % NaCl solution using a Potentiostat, in order to analyze the corrosion behavior of the coated samples in sea water environment. Coefficient of friction was measured using a Scratch Tester. XRD analysis of the eroded samples indicated the presence of both CrN and Cr2N (200) in the coatings.
Effects of Continuous Cooling On Impact and Micro Structural Properties of Lo...IJMER
Some mechanical properties and microstructural analysis were conducted on shielded
metal arc weldments of low carbon steels in some simulated environments. Specimens were prepared
and subjected to welding and continuous cooling at the same time at various positions. Results obtained
for impact strength using Charpy impact testing machine showed that impact strength of water cooled
samples were higher compared to salty water cooled samples. This is due to the increased formation of
martensitic structure and finer pearlite grains. The microstructure of the samples was studied using
photographic visual metallurgical microscope. For low cooling rate as in the air cooled sample, the
austenite was observed to transform into ferrite and pearlite. Ferrite is a body-centred cubic crystal
structure of iron alloys. For higher cooling rates of water and salt water cooled samples, low
temperature transformation products like bainite (an acicular microstructure which is not a phase) or
martensite (a very hard form of steel crystalline structure) were formed. The salt water cooled samples
had more martensite regions because of the increased cooling rate
Investigation of 316L Stainless Steel by Flame Hardening ProcessIJAEMSJORNAL
Austenitic stainless steel offer great imperviousness to general erosion because of the development of a detached surface film. They are broadly utilized as a part of the sustenance and concoction preparing ventures and in addition in biomaterial applications. In any case, they can experience the ill effects of setting erosion in chloride particle containing arrangements. All things considered, in the meantime they have discovered little use in mechanical building applications in view of their low hardness and poor wear resistance. In this examination work, to enhance the previously mentioned reasons, surface solidifying by Flame hardening procedure is done. It has for some time been an outstanding a warm treatment for enhancing the surface properties of austenitic stainless steel. The examples were fire solidified for 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 15 minutes separately. Wear test for every one of the examples were completed by stick on plate testing process. The outcomes were contrasted and an untreated specimen and finished up with metallographic tests like optical tiny tests and examining electron magnifying lens tests.
In this work, effect of welding electrode, welding current and corrosion media on
corrosion behaviour of three kinds of stainless steel (AISI 304, AISI 316 and AISI 410)
was investigated. Welding was performed by manual metal arc welding process using
three types of welding electrode (E308L, E316L and E310). Corrosion behaviour of
the welded joints was examined in two chloride mediums (3.5%NaCl and 3.5%KCl).
The results showed that welding electrodes E316L and E310, which contain Mo and
Ni respectively, increase corrosion resistance in of the weldment. The increment in
heat input by increasing welding current caused reduction in corrosion resistance by
facilitating carbon diffusion and formation of chromium carbides in the weld area. It
was also found that corrosion rate of 3.5% NaCl was more aggressive than 3.5% KCl.
The Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on the Hardness, Friction and Wear Resista...IJMER
Investigations carried out in the recent few decades reveal the advantages of cryogenic
treatment as one of the promising techniques to enhance wear resistance in certain tool steels. Thus the
cryogenic treatment has significant influence on the tribological performance of tool steels. It is a one
time permanent treatment process affecting the entire section of the part, unlike coatings. Enhancing the
wear resistance and service life of the steel tools subjected to rubbing condition is of important concern.
Literature provides information about the investigations performed on some high-speed steels which
reveal remarkable improvement in wear resistance from 92% to 817%. Furthermore, the studies
conducted on conventional D3 tool steel reveals the betterment of certain tribo-mechanical properties
such as hardness and wear resistance. In the present investigation the effect of cryogenic treatment on
austenitic ductile iron type D3 tool steel is studied by sliding the test specimen against the same mating
material. The study reveals increase in hardness, reduction in friction coefficient and enhancement in
wear resistance
EVALUATION OF PROCESSES PARAMETER AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN FRICTION STIR ...IAEME Publication
The present study focuses on Friction Stir Welding of steel being very popular due to the vast application in the fields of automotive and ship building industries. The main constrained of welding steel has considered due to severe loads and temperatures at the interface of FSW tool and parent materials. Ti and pcBN based alloys are suitable for joining steel alloys up to 15 mm thick was found during study. Many researchers carried out study on FSW of steel and found on weld process parameters, mechanical properties, microstructure and the tool employed to produce the weld. It was found that carbon content, welding speed as well as the rotational speed affects between the mechanical properties and the microstructure of the weld.
Proper heat treatment of steels is one of the most important factors in determining how they will
perform in service. Engineering materials, mostly steel, are heat treated under controlled sequence of
heating and cooling to alter their physical and mechanical properties to meet desired engineering
applications. In this study we have chosen AISI 1020 steel as for our research work and we have tried to
find out the mechanical properties (hardness) and micro structural properties (martensite formation,
carbon self-locking region) by means of appropriate heat treatment process (annealing, normalizing &
hardening). Here the steel specimens were heat treated in a furnace at different temperature levels and
soaking time; and then cooled in various media (air, ash, water). After that the hardness of the specimens
were rechecked for the comparison with previous data and the microstructures of the specimens were
examined using metallurgical microscope equipped with camera. These results showed that the hardness
of AISI 1020 steel can be changed and improved by different heat treatments for a particular application.
From the microstructures we have found that the annealed specimens with mainly ferrite structure give the
lowest hardness value and highest ductility while hardened specimens which comprise martensite give
the highest hardness value and lowest ductility. On the other hand, normalized specimens have given the
moderate hardness and ductility comparing with hardened and annealed specimens
Effect of Quenching Media on Mechanical Properties for Medium Carbon SteelIJERA Editor
In this research work the mechanical properties of medium carbon steel has been studied . the Steel AISI 1039
quenched in different quenching media. These quenching media were cold water, water , oil and hot water.
Hardness , tensile , impact and wear tests have been carried out for specimens after quenching in different
media.
It was found that the tensile strength and hardness increased with increasing the heating temperature values of
heat treatment process. Also quenching in cold water has a great effect on tensile strength and hardness values .
where the heights value for tensile strength was (998.6N/mm²) and the hardness was (360.4 Hv) for steel which
quenching in cold water. The percentage of elongation decreased with increasing the temperature of heat
treatment process. also the lowest values of elongation was after quenching process in cold water.
However, the impact toughness and wear rate values were high for alloy after stress relief and lower after
quenching in different media. But the lowest values were recorded after quenching in cold water. It was found
that the absorbed energy and the wear rate for the alloy quenched in cold water were (23.6) J and
(2x10¯⁷gm/cm) respectively. While, for steels treated with the stress relief process were (62.02) J and
(7x10¯⁷gm/cm) respectively.
Comparison of Fatigue Characteristic for AISI 1039 Steel with Surface Treatmentijceronline
Wear and fatigue resistance in steel components used in various industries can be improved by surface treatments. Coatings systems which are used for improving the mechanical properties, generally, decreased the components fatigue life due to micro cracks, that propagate through the substrate , it is possible to improve the fatigue resistance of a component by the application of shot peening treatment, whose compressive residual stresses delay or eliminate the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks. The aim of this study is to obtain the fatigue limit of untreated, shot peened, and hard chromium coating of medium carbon steel AISI 1039 and comparison between them. Fatigue tests were carried out using small samples with 4 mm diameter, with hard chromium layer of (47.1) µm thick. Rotating-bending fatigue test was carried out on samples after shot peening with steel balls of about 20 minutes peening time. Experimental results showed that hard chromium electroplating decreased the fatigue life and fatigue limit in comparison with the uncoated steel. As the highest thickness for coating was 23µm. On the other hand, Shot peening Results indicated that the fatigue strengths of samples are increased and the highest fatigue limit was (298.566Mpa) after treated the samples by shot peening for 20 minutes.
Friction Stir Welding of steels: AReview PaperIOSR Journals
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid state joining process that can be applied to a number of
materials including aluminium, magnesium, copper and steels. A number of researches have been conducted in
Friction Stir Welding of steels and it is the focus of this paper to make a comprehensive review of the work that
has been done. Ultra-low carbon steels, low carbon steels, medium carbon steels, high carbon steels and ultrahigh
carbon steels have been considered and several aspects of FSW of steels have been outlined. These are
tools, mechanical properties and microstructure. It was determined that carbon content, welding speed as well
as rotational speed affect both mechanical properties and microstructure of the joint.
Corrosion Measursement, Friction testing and XRD Analysis of Single Layer CrN...IJAEMSJORNAL
The purpose of present study was to investigate the erosive corrosive wear behavior of single layer (CrN) coatings on AISI 304 Stainless Steel samples with varying coating thickness (0-200 nm) in the range of 50 nm. The slurry jet erosive test was conducted on Slurry Jet Erosion Tester in saline slurry (3.5wt% salt) under the different working conditions with varying impact velocity (10-25 m/s), impingement angle (30°-75°) and erodent discharge (160-280 gm/min). Corrosion tests were conducted in 3.5 wt. % NaCl solution using a Potentiostat, in order to analyze the corrosion behavior of the coated samples in sea water environment. Coefficient of friction was measured using a Scratch Tester. XRD analysis of the eroded samples indicated the presence of both CrN and Cr2N (200) in the coatings.
Effects of Continuous Cooling On Impact and Micro Structural Properties of Lo...IJMER
Some mechanical properties and microstructural analysis were conducted on shielded
metal arc weldments of low carbon steels in some simulated environments. Specimens were prepared
and subjected to welding and continuous cooling at the same time at various positions. Results obtained
for impact strength using Charpy impact testing machine showed that impact strength of water cooled
samples were higher compared to salty water cooled samples. This is due to the increased formation of
martensitic structure and finer pearlite grains. The microstructure of the samples was studied using
photographic visual metallurgical microscope. For low cooling rate as in the air cooled sample, the
austenite was observed to transform into ferrite and pearlite. Ferrite is a body-centred cubic crystal
structure of iron alloys. For higher cooling rates of water and salt water cooled samples, low
temperature transformation products like bainite (an acicular microstructure which is not a phase) or
martensite (a very hard form of steel crystalline structure) were formed. The salt water cooled samples
had more martensite regions because of the increased cooling rate
Investigation of 316L Stainless Steel by Flame Hardening ProcessIJAEMSJORNAL
Austenitic stainless steel offer great imperviousness to general erosion because of the development of a detached surface film. They are broadly utilized as a part of the sustenance and concoction preparing ventures and in addition in biomaterial applications. In any case, they can experience the ill effects of setting erosion in chloride particle containing arrangements. All things considered, in the meantime they have discovered little use in mechanical building applications in view of their low hardness and poor wear resistance. In this examination work, to enhance the previously mentioned reasons, surface solidifying by Flame hardening procedure is done. It has for some time been an outstanding a warm treatment for enhancing the surface properties of austenitic stainless steel. The examples were fire solidified for 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 15 minutes separately. Wear test for every one of the examples were completed by stick on plate testing process. The outcomes were contrasted and an untreated specimen and finished up with metallographic tests like optical tiny tests and examining electron magnifying lens tests.
In this work, effect of welding electrode, welding current and corrosion media on
corrosion behaviour of three kinds of stainless steel (AISI 304, AISI 316 and AISI 410)
was investigated. Welding was performed by manual metal arc welding process using
three types of welding electrode (E308L, E316L and E310). Corrosion behaviour of
the welded joints was examined in two chloride mediums (3.5%NaCl and 3.5%KCl).
The results showed that welding electrodes E316L and E310, which contain Mo and
Ni respectively, increase corrosion resistance in of the weldment. The increment in
heat input by increasing welding current caused reduction in corrosion resistance by
facilitating carbon diffusion and formation of chromium carbides in the weld area. It
was also found that corrosion rate of 3.5% NaCl was more aggressive than 3.5% KCl.
The Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on the Hardness, Friction and Wear Resista...IJMER
Investigations carried out in the recent few decades reveal the advantages of cryogenic
treatment as one of the promising techniques to enhance wear resistance in certain tool steels. Thus the
cryogenic treatment has significant influence on the tribological performance of tool steels. It is a one
time permanent treatment process affecting the entire section of the part, unlike coatings. Enhancing the
wear resistance and service life of the steel tools subjected to rubbing condition is of important concern.
Literature provides information about the investigations performed on some high-speed steels which
reveal remarkable improvement in wear resistance from 92% to 817%. Furthermore, the studies
conducted on conventional D3 tool steel reveals the betterment of certain tribo-mechanical properties
such as hardness and wear resistance. In the present investigation the effect of cryogenic treatment on
austenitic ductile iron type D3 tool steel is studied by sliding the test specimen against the same mating
material. The study reveals increase in hardness, reduction in friction coefficient and enhancement in
wear resistance
EVALUATION OF PROCESSES PARAMETER AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN FRICTION STIR ...IAEME Publication
The present study focuses on Friction Stir Welding of steel being very popular due to the vast application in the fields of automotive and ship building industries. The main constrained of welding steel has considered due to severe loads and temperatures at the interface of FSW tool and parent materials. Ti and pcBN based alloys are suitable for joining steel alloys up to 15 mm thick was found during study. Many researchers carried out study on FSW of steel and found on weld process parameters, mechanical properties, microstructure and the tool employed to produce the weld. It was found that carbon content, welding speed as well as the rotational speed affects between the mechanical properties and the microstructure of the weld.
Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on surface integrity and dimensional stabi...eSAT Journals
Abstract Deep cryogenic treatment is an add-on process to conventional heat treatment in which material is treated at cryogenic temperature. The mechanical properties of the tool steel are significantly improved by Deep Cryogenic treatment. Surface integrity and dimensional stability is having greater impact on the functional performance of the tool during service conditions. The objective of this work is to investigate the effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the surface integrity and dimensional stability of the D2 tool steel. The metallographic samples and Navy C Rings of D2 Tool steel were treated at cryogenic temperature of -1930C after hardening and tempering. Results have shown improvement in surface roughness. The improved surface roughness is attributed to the release of tensile residual stresses and more precipitation and uniform distribution of fine secondary carbides. DCT have higher shape distortion than CHT. The distortions in DCT can be attributed to the section sensitivity of D2 Tool steel. Keywords: Surface integrity, distortion, precipitation of secondary carbides, section sensitivity
Elevated Temperature Uniaxial Mechanical Compression Examination and Hot Roll...IJERA Editor
Steel material may be considered one of the most significant materials in different mechanical engineering applications because it is the foremost component in the different mechanical industries and structure of buildings . Boron steels are suitable for varied applications , Diverse elements of metals have been alloyed to steel to attain definite properties for definite uses. . For example, molybdenum can typically be used as such an alloy to ensure high strength value for low steels alloys to improve its properties, such as the mechanical properties. These grades are useful to variety of industries since improving the mechanical properties of steel will increase its performance In this paper, the Gleeble, hardness test, including the microstructure before and after hot stamping, will be discussed; where the stress-strain must be defined in a specific temperature range. This paper also aims to show accurate TTT and CCT diagrams for three grades that have been studied, which are steel 50, steel 52, and steel 53.
Influence of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Aisi1040 SteelIOSR Journals
This investigation is concerned to evaluate the influence of heat treatment on mechanical behavior of AISI1040 steel; it is one of the grades of medium carbon steel of American standard containing 0.40% carbon in its composition. Specimen of quenched/hardened AISI1040 steel was tempered at temperature (650,450&250℃) for 60, 90&120 minutes to modify desired properties. The mechanical behavior, particularly, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation were investigated using universal testing machine; while the hardness measurement was done on Rockwell hardness testing machine of heat treated specimens. Result shows that the ultimate tensile strength and the yield strength decrease while the elongation increases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time of different tempered specimen. The hardness of quenched/hardened specimen decreases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time. Furthermore, increasing temperature and lowering time produces approximately same result as decreasing temperature and increasing time.
An optimal design approach for adamite hot rolling mill rollLaukik Raut
In this paper, micro-structural, mechanical and tribological behaviors of roll materials i.e. high speed steel
(HSS), high chromium iron (HiCr), indefinite chill irons (IC) and other have been reviewed. The technological process of
the rolling consists of many factors that influencing the fatigue life of rolls like rolling temperature, roll groove design,
rolling speed and turning due to wearing. These parameters are analyzed to advance maximum fatigue life of the rolls as
well as to shrink overall energy consumption, increase production and decrease overall costs. Finite element analysis of
adamite roll is carried out by applying process parameters and variables at high temperature those are responsible for
roll wear. According to appropriate chemical properties, microstructure and mechanical property some new wearresistant roll grades for conventional hot rolling process is suggested.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
MECHANICAL PROPERTY ASSESSMENT OF AUSTEMPERED AND CONVENTIONALLY HARDENED AIS...IAEME Publication
The chemical composition and mechanical properties of steel decide its applicability for manufacturing various components in different areas of engineering interests. Heat treatment processes are commonly used to enhance the required properties of steel with or without change in chemical composition. The present work aims to perform conventional hardening and Austempering treatment with experimental investigation of the effect of austempering and conventional hardening (quenching) on AISI 4340 steel. Different tests like tensile, torsion, hardness, impact and microstructure analysis are carried out in as bought and heat treated conditions
Studying the Fatigue Properties Of Hardened For Carbon Steelijceronline
In this study, Medium carbon steel is one of the most important materials used in industrial applications especially it is used in applications exposed to fatigue stresses such as airplanes, automotive components and electrical engines industries. Medium carbon steels were prepared and the effect of hardening on hardening strength of medium carbon steel was studied, the flame hardening method was used at different speeds then fatigue test was done. The following results were obtained, first sample (none), second sample (3.5 mm/s), and third sample (1.75 mm /s) and forth sample (1.165 mm/s). It has been found that as the flaming speed increases, the fatigue strength of the material decreases. The fatigue test result at stress (407.44 N/mm2 ) was as follow: for the first sample the no. of cycles to failure was at (67511 rpm), for the second sample (95832 rpm), for the third sample (122565rpm) and for the fourth sample it was (134585 rpm).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Since so many years a problem occurs in KSB Pump Va mbori for casting process i.e. cracks occurs in the castings & it is repeated one. Therefore the compan y has given opportunity to me to solve this problem . In case of steel casting there are mainly cracks & also blo w holes induced due to the casting procedure. There are many factors for the casting defects .The factor is unev en material feeding in casting & also due to the mo uld material & also the core material. These cracks finally brea k directly the component of the casting i.e. in cas e of pump the casting component is like Impeller,Volute casing & casing cover. At the time of feeding of steel material in to the casting the material is in liquid us form i.e. it i s hot material & this material is feeding into casting at the time o f feeding it develop different region of heat. At o ne side the temp is high &at other side the temp is low this also pr oduce cracks. To simulate that casting we use the M AGMA SOFTWARE for simulation & validate it using NDT.
Similar to Cryo-Treated Blanking Punch Life Improvement Analysis (20)
Total Ionization Cross Sections due to Electron Impact of Ammonia from Thresh...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...
Cryo-Treated Blanking Punch Life Improvement Analysis
1. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume-10, Issue-5 (October 2020)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.10.5.21
131 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Cryo-Treated Blanking Punch Life Improvement Analysis
Dr. M. M. Dhobe
Associate Professor, Dean R & D, Department of Mechanical Engineering, PES College of Engineering, Aurangabad,
Maharashtra, INDIA
Corresponding Author: m_dhobe@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT
Cryogenic treatment is a secondary process to
traditional heat treatment used for improving the hardness
and wear resistance of tool steels. Though the potential use of
cryogenic treatment on AISI D2 tool steel under laboratory
conditions has been well established by the researchers, it is
essential to do the analysis to ensure its sustainable use for
industrial application. Therefore, impact of cryogenic
treatment on AISI D2 steel blanking punch was evaluated in
terms of increase in production rate and its life. The
cryogenically treated D2 tool steel punches were used and
subjected to manufacture the control levers using blanking
operations. The improved wear resistance of cryogenically
treated punch resulted in increase in production and punch
life more than 200%. Punch life was studied and correlated to
increase in production & wear behavior of blanking punch.
The AISI D2 steel samples were prepared and subjected to
laboratory tests comprising of metallographic observations
and hardness. It was found that laboratory tests were not
enough to predict improvements in mechanical properties.
The mechanism responsible for augmented wear resistance
by cryogenic treatment was the conversion of retained
austenite to martensite and precipitation of new secondary
carbides.
Keywords— Cryogenic, Blanking Process, Punch Life, D2
Tool Steel
I. INTRODUCTION
With increase in industrial development and
technological advancement metal forming process has a
great importance in sheet-metal industry to manufacture
precise shaped components in various applications. In
sheet metal forming process, the blanking is the one of the
most commonly used process because of its reliability &
uniqueness. It is generally used for large scale production
& has the ability to produce the components of required
shape & size at cheaper price.
The blanking process produces the components
by shearing the metallic sheet varying the thickness from
0.15 to 25 mm by means of mechanical / hydraulic presses
as per requirement of the component. The versatility of the
process is that it can be used for producing the variety of
components used in engineering applications such as
automobile parts & general machine and supporting
components of electrical / electronic equipments /
instruments.
The blanking process produces the components
by shearing the metallic sheet varying the thickness from
0.15 to 25 mm by means of mechanical / hydraulic presses
as per requirement of the component. The versatility of the
process is that it can be used for producing the variety of
components used in engineering applications such as
automobile parts & general machine and supporting
components of electrical / electronic equipments /
instruments.
Subramonian S.[1], Hao –huai Liu et al [2]
studied the effect of deep cryo treatment on the
microstructure, hardness and abrasive resistance of high
chromium cast iron . It was observed that after subcritical
treatment there was increase in hardness as well as
abrasive resistance. The reason behind this was conversion
of large amount of retained austenite into martensite and
precipitation of secondary carbides.
Kalsi et al [3] studied the fatigue behavior due to
fluctuating stresses and thermal loads during the service
life. Cryo treatment prevents the dislocation of martensite
at higher fatigue loads & results in increased tool life.
Bensely et al [4] also studied and mentioned that the cold
treatment of steel increases the fatigue life by 71 % where
as the deep cryo treatment decreases it by 26 %.
Rhyim et al. [5] and Wierszyłłowski et al. [6]
mentioned that compared to conventional heat treatment
the deep cryo treatment increases the hardness but reduces
impact toughness of AISI D2 steel.
Akhbarizadeh et. al. [7] studied on D6 tool steel
shows that the cryogenic treatment increases the hardness
as well as wear resistance and deep cryogenic treatment
(DCT) further increase hardness.
R. Mahmudi and co-workers [8] conducted a
study on the effect of cryogenic treatment on the
mechanical properties and wear behaviour of M2 tool
steel. It was found that during the cryo treatment hardness
and wear resistance has been improved as the retained
austenite get transformed into martensite along with the
precipitation of eta carbides.
Lower the cryo temperature, more will be the
conversion of austenite to martensite & thereby more will
be induced compressive stress. This compressive stress is
responsible for wear and fatigue. These things were
2. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume-10, Issue-5 (October 2020)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.10.5.21
132 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
mentioned in earlier research related to wear resistance of
cryo treated En 353 steel by Bensely A. et al [9]
Many researchers have already pinpointed that
cryogenic treatment is useful for increasing the wear
resistance of tool steels. [10,11,12,13,14,15]. However the
actual mechanism causing increase in hardness as well as
wear resistance in cryogenic treatment is not yet
understood.
The researchers [10, 11] has reported that the
increase in wear resistance was because of conversion of
retained austenite to martensite. However, it is generalized
phenomena applicable to cold treatment as well as
cryogenic treatment. Hence, it cannot be claimed that the
main reason for increase in wear resistance is reduction of
retained austenite [10, 11, 12].
Mohan lal et al [13] reported that cold treatment
of T1, M2 and D3 steels increases the wear resistance
compared to traditional heat treatment from 108 % as
mentioned by Collins and Dormer [11] to 817 % as
reported by Barron [10].
Wilson [23] reported that cryo treated slitter
knives in paper mills increases the lifetime by more than
500%. The improvement in wear life is due to complete
transformation of the retained austenite to martensite at
cryogenic temperatures; the amount of retained austenite in
typical steel is reduced by a factor of three by the
cryogenic treatment. This leads to a small increase in the
size of the component, and enhanced stability of the
component.
Mohan Lal et. Al. [13] studied the effect of
different cryogenic process parameters on the
enhancement of wear resistance & its importance in D3,
M2 and T1 tool & die steel under different situations. At
the end of the study it was observed that the cryo process
improves the tool life approximately by 110 %. It has been
mentioned that the deep cryo treatment shows highest
increase in wear resistance because of fine distributed and
precipitated carbide particles.
J. Y. Huang et al [21] presented the
microstructure variations observed by conducting the study
before and after the cryo treatment by soaking the samples
for 1 week in liquid nitrogen. The result shows that the
cryo treatment helps in forming the carbon cluster by
increasing the carbon density in the next treatment, and
thereby increasing the wear resistance of steels.
During Blanking process, as the punch moves in
the die deforms the sheet metal plastically until a crack is
initiated on both sides of the work piece. As the punch
moves further in die makes the crack to propagate and
leads to final rupture. Therefore the blanking process is a
shearing operation with plastic deformation and ductile
failure of the component. Since the punch moves in and
out of die continuously it is a cyclic process imparting the
dynamic loads on punching tools during operation &
thereby affects the lifetime of the punch Pleterski et al.,
[24].
Further to improve the efficiency of blanking
operation it is necessary to keep in control the punch and
die wear. Most of the times the punch wear before the die
wear. Comparing all these technologies, cryo treatment is
more suitable & easy to implement as a additional step
after traditional hardening and tempering process.
The mechanical and metallurgical behavior of
AISI D2 tool steel under cryo treatment has been studied
by various researchers and is well published in many
journal. Das et al [16], has conducted various laboratory
test to study the effect of deep & shallow cryo treatment on
wear behavior of AISI D2 tool steel at various cryo
temperature and soaking period & observed increase in
wear behavior. It has been further investigated that this
enhancement in wear characteristics is due to increase in
refined secondary carbide volume fraction and its uniform
distribution.
Collins & Dormer [11] observed that there is
reduction in toughness of AISI D2 tool steel by
approximately 40% as retained austenite get
transformed into martensite.
Pleterski et al [24] has mentioned that the most
of the researchers has carried their research work related
to cryo treatment of AISI D2 tool steel in some or other
laboratories. However, the metallurgical behavior of
shearing/wearing during sheet metal forming process is
totally different during industrial applications.
Hence, it becomes very important to investigate
the impact of cryogenic treatment on AISI D2 steel in
real manufacturing setup. Also, to make the process of
cryogenic treatment a practically feasible option,
economic analysis is required to be done in terms of
production cost and output. In view of this, the present
research work has been planned and executed. The
actual shop floor testing of AISI D2 steel blanking
punch and analyzing its tool life, productivity and cost
saving was conducted at M/s Shree Saigan Industries,
MIDC Waluj, Aurangabad.
II. METHODOLOGY
2.a. Material Data
The laboratory test piece samples & the
blanking punch used for field test were prepared using
AISI D2 tool steel.
Based on previous research hardening and
tempering cycle was selected so that the hardness of
blanking punch will be achieved in the range of 52 to 65
HRC to maintain the required balance between wear
resistance and toughness.
For achieving the required hardness of 52 to 65
HRC one set of test specimens and punch block of
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AISI D 2 tool steel of 150 H X 110 W X 55 T size were
heat treated as per hardening and tempering cycle as
shown in the fig.1.
The test samples & punch material were
austenitized at 970 o
C for half an hour, then quenched
at 540 o
C in a oil bath for 15 minutes and then air
cooled to room temperature. The tempering was carried
out at 250 o
C for 2 hours in the furnace.
2.b. Cryo Treatment
Another set of test samples and punch material
of AISI D 2 tool steel were heat treated as per selected
traditional HT process as discussed above and
immediately after reaching to room temperature dipped
into cryo chamber for cryo treatment at -185 0
C for 36
hours as per heat treatment and cro treatment cycle
shown in the fig. 2.
All the test samples and punch block placed in
cryo chamber were not directly cooled to -185 0
C,
however its temperature has been gradually reduced
with an average cooling and heating rate of 0.5 0
C /min
to avoid thermal shocks of rapid cooling. The effective
cooling has been achieved by using computer controlled
cryo chamber as shown in the fig. 3. After 36 hours the
test samples and punch blocks were heated slowly from
-185 0
C to room temperature within 24 hours to avoid
thermal shocks by computerized controlled heating
system.
After cryo treatment once the test samples and
punch material were heated to room temperature, they
were kept in a furnace for single tempering at 200 0
C
for 2 hours to relieve the thermal stresses induced
during cryo treatment.
2.c. Metallographic Characterization
In order to conduct the metallographic
observations two sets of test piece samples of L 10 X W
10 X 2 mm thick were cut on wire electro discharge
machine. One set of traditional heat treated and other set of
cryo treated. The test piece samples were placed in
Bakelite mould using specimen mounting press. The
samples were polished using emery paper of grade 80, 120,
200, 600, 800, 1000, further polishing with diamond paste
on rotating linen disc and finally polished on velvet cloth
in the presence of white kerosene as liquid medium. The
test samples were etched using 2 % nital solution (Nitric
acid and ethanol) and kept in open air for drying. The
etched samples were examined using SEM. The
microstructure shows carbide particles in a matrix of
tempered martensite. The carbide particles were identified
as primary carbides, small secondary carbides and large
secondary carbides presented in Das et al [16]. XRD
Analysis was done using X-ray Diffractometer. The
ASTM standard E 975-00 was used to measure volume
fraction of retained austenite considering the diffraction
peaks.
The microstructures of HT & HT CRT test piece
samples exhibits carbide particles in a matrix of tempered
martensite. The carbide particles have been classified as
primary (coarse) and secondary carbides (fine). The
secondary carbides can be distinguished from primary
carbides as they are approximately round shape compared
as compared to dendrite shape of primary carbides
Fig. 1. Traditional HT Process
Fig. 2. Modified HT & CT Process
Fig. 3. Cryogenic treatment set up
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As seen from the fig. 5 a , the number of
secondary carbides observed are more in number, smaller
in size, and round in shape in case of hardened and single
tempered test piece as compared with other sample. At the
same time in case of HTCRT sample fig. 5 b, shows
predominant presence of small scale secondary carbides
more in number with specific pattern.
Table 1: Measured Hardness for hardened & single
tempered ( HT) & hardened- tempered –cryo - tempered
(HTCRT) test samples :-
2.d. Hardness Measurement
Though, the hardness measurement is not directly
reflecting performance, it relates to strength, wear
resistance and other mechanical properties. Hence,
hardness of both the type of test specimens were measured
using digital Rockwell C hardness tester. Initially, for
setting the specimen the minor load of 98 N was applied
then the major load of 1470 N applied for HRC scale for
30 seconds. The readings were taken at five different
locations evenly scattered diagonally for each specimen so
that average reading can be obtained. The hardness values
measured are tabulated in the table 1
III. SHOP FLOOR TESTING
The component selected for shop floor test was
control lever having material specification as Hot rolled
steel sheet as per IS: 1079-1994 Grade D, with 4 mm
thickness (Fig. 7). It was manufactured by blanking
operation. Then Surface treatment of Carburizing,
Hardening & Tempering with the
specimens. This increase in hardness indicates that there
is a complete conversion of retained austenite to
martensite and evolves uniformly distributed fine
carbides. Further, it is observed that the hardness
values obtained along the diagonal length of test piece
samples are nearly same. It means that the
microstructural changes occurred due to cryo treatment
are same throughout the material.
In order find out the life of both the punches
HT & HTCRT shop floor test were conducted in actual
industrial environment. This test was conducted by
manufacturing control lever on same blanking press to
avoid machine related defects if any. The blanked
control levers were separated after every 1000 strokes
and its dimensional accuracy was measured on CMM.
The HT punch manufacture 50,000 components with
SR,
NO
HT test
piece HRC
HTCRT test
piece HRC
% Increase
01 54 62
13 %
02 55 62
03 54 62
04 55 62
05 53 63
06 54 62
Avg. 54.1= 54 62.16= 62
SPECIMAN-E ( H-TRPL T)
Fig. 5 a. SPECIMAN-(H-T)
SPECIMAN-Q ( H-T-CR)Fig. 5 b. SPECIMAN-(H-T-CR-T)
Fig. 7. Control lever
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required dimensional accuracy before first regrinding.
Confirming 50,000 strokes as the life of traditionally
heat treated punch. Whereas, the HTCRT punch
manufactures 3,00,000 components with accurate
dimensions before first grinding of punch. Thereby,
confirming the life of cryo treated punch as 3,00,000
strokes.
Thus, it is clear that sufficient punch wear has
been occurred till manufacturing 50,000 components
and hence, useable cutting life of HT punch is 50,000
components. Whereas in case of HT CR T punch, due to
wear during manufacturing, the dimensional accuracy
can be obtained till 3,00,000 components, So useable
life of HTCRT punch is 3,00,000 components.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the present study the important
inferences / conclusions drawn are:-
1. The cryo treatment of AISI D2 tool steel
decreases the % volume of retained austenite &
activate the precipitation and uniform distribution
of secondary fine carbides in whole of the cross
section of the material.
2. The hardness and wear resistance of AISI D2
steel punch increases drastically by cryo treatment
as compared to that of traditionally treated punch
which ultimately results in increasing the tool life
by 5 times.
3. The cryo treatment is having very bright future in
blanking as well as in punching operations. It can
be further anticipated that the blanking as well as
punching industry will include cryo treatment of
AISI D2 tool steel as an additional heat treatment
process after traditional heating process.
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