This paper investigates the behavior of teaching community towards saving and
investment in Mekele, Tigray, Ethiopia. Hence, a teacher's competency determines the
quality of education affected by numer
associated with saving, consumption, and investment. First
from sample respondents of collages, high school and elementary school teacher's
community with cross-sectional data type placed
technique applied to select sample respondents
distributed 95 percent filled correctly. The finding contraindicates Children
education; medication, entertainment, and marriage respective
motives for saving and investment. Besides, Inflation, low
insufficient income were the main reason for an inability to save. Teachers consult
before saving and investment decision with investment consultants and family
members, on the other hand; public image of sources of investment, an initial amount
of investment, potential risk, potential return, and liquidation was the factors
influencing teacher's community on deciding to invest. Likewise, based on the
hypothesis test of chi-square;
status, family size, peer influence, self
specialization were associated positively with saving and investment of teacher's
community. The Ethiopia
community on different aspects like providing incentives for strengthening and
competence in improving quality of education. Similarly, enhancing the mobilization
of savings and also making an adjustment on
way to improve their income.
Education as An Investment: Economic Perspective Mad Jutt
The document discusses the results of a Nielsen survey that found most global online respondents agree that higher education is important for better jobs, higher income, and improved lifestyles. Three-quarters of respondents believed higher education leads to better employment opportunities and higher income. The survey polled over 29,000 people across 58 countries on perceptions of educational opportunities and their impact on career and salary advancement.
This document discusses the importance of investing in education. It provides team members and key questions to be explored, such as why invest in education and the outcomes and characteristics of education as an investment. Education leads to empowerment, health, economic growth, employment and social equity. It is characterized by externalities, a long gestation period, and being both an investment and expenditure. Investing in education contributes to a country's economic growth by improving productivity, creativity, entrepreneurship and technological advances. Data from the World Bank shows that for every dollar spent on education, GDP grows by $20 on average. In India, educational spending is around 3% of GDP and is growing. By 2030, India aims to have a higher G
The document discusses investment in education from various perspectives. It notes that investment in education is made to develop human resources and skills, with the expected return being a resourceful person. It outlines different sources of investment in education, including from governments, private organizations, communities, and individuals like parents. The document also examines investment in education throughout history, from ancient to medieval to British rule periods, and how the sources and focus of investment have changed over time and may continue to change in the future.
Education Investment MENA 2014 - Annual ReportAli Zeeshan
The document discusses trends in private education investment in the Middle East and North Africa region. It finds that private education is one of the fastest growing markets globally due to increasing demand from both private investors and governments. While the number of deals is rising, transaction volumes have not increased as quickly due to structural, regulatory and financial constraints. The document also examines growing interest in new business models beyond traditional K-12 education, such as higher education, vocational training, online learning and special needs education. Challenges to deals include aligning the long-term objectives of investors and operators and developing financially viable models. Overall, private education investment in the region is seen as having a positive outlook.
This document discusses the benefits of educational investment in three areas: earnings, employment, and non-market private effects. It notes that education increases earnings potential through greater productivity and experience. Higher levels of education are also associated with greater employment stability, upward mobility, and labor force participation. Additionally, education provides non-financial benefits like better health outcomes and quality of life.
Promoting Economic Security and Employment Generation through Effective Manag...iosrjce
This paper focused on promoting economic security and employment generation through effective
management of education and entrepreneurial skills in Nigeria. Highlighted in the paper were some means
through which economic security, employment generation and entrepreneurial skills could be enhanced for
students in tertiary institutions. The definition of some terms was outlined. Further discussed in the paper were:
the importance of developing entrepreneurial skills curriculum in education; managing education through
effective utilization of entrepreneurship education for promotion of economic security and employment
generation; and the challenges affecting effective utilization of entrepreneurship education for promotion of
economic security and employment generation. Some recommendations were proffered towards managing
education through effective utilization of entrepreneurship education as means for promoting economic and
employment generation. Among such recommendations included: education stakeholders and government
should ensure adequate funding of education; and effective propagation and utilization of entrepreneurship
education into the school curricular. This should be done throughout all the levels of education from basic
education, secondary education and higher education in order to inculcate into individuals entrepreneurial
skills that will promote economic security and employment generation.
This document discusses how education contributes to economic growth. It explains that investing in education improves a country's human capital by creating a more productive workforce. Workers with more skills and training can produce more goods and services, leading to increased GDP and standards of living. Education is viewed as an investment that yields long term benefits for both workers in the form of higher wages and employers through greater productivity. Overall, a well-educated labor force is a major factor in determining a country's economic strength and competitiveness.
This document discusses human capital theory and the relationship between investment in education and economic growth. It defines human capital as the skills and knowledge gained through education and experience. Human capital theory posits that investment in education increases worker productivity and contributes to national economic growth. While education improves individual earnings and benefits society, the impact on economic growth depends on how educational capital is utilized and whether the skills learned match labor market demands. Maintaining an equilibrium between education supply and demand is important to avoid unemployment or skills shortages that could limit growth. For education to meaningfully support growth, countries need a focused, responsive education system of high quality that meets the economy's skill needs.
Education as An Investment: Economic Perspective Mad Jutt
The document discusses the results of a Nielsen survey that found most global online respondents agree that higher education is important for better jobs, higher income, and improved lifestyles. Three-quarters of respondents believed higher education leads to better employment opportunities and higher income. The survey polled over 29,000 people across 58 countries on perceptions of educational opportunities and their impact on career and salary advancement.
This document discusses the importance of investing in education. It provides team members and key questions to be explored, such as why invest in education and the outcomes and characteristics of education as an investment. Education leads to empowerment, health, economic growth, employment and social equity. It is characterized by externalities, a long gestation period, and being both an investment and expenditure. Investing in education contributes to a country's economic growth by improving productivity, creativity, entrepreneurship and technological advances. Data from the World Bank shows that for every dollar spent on education, GDP grows by $20 on average. In India, educational spending is around 3% of GDP and is growing. By 2030, India aims to have a higher G
The document discusses investment in education from various perspectives. It notes that investment in education is made to develop human resources and skills, with the expected return being a resourceful person. It outlines different sources of investment in education, including from governments, private organizations, communities, and individuals like parents. The document also examines investment in education throughout history, from ancient to medieval to British rule periods, and how the sources and focus of investment have changed over time and may continue to change in the future.
Education Investment MENA 2014 - Annual ReportAli Zeeshan
The document discusses trends in private education investment in the Middle East and North Africa region. It finds that private education is one of the fastest growing markets globally due to increasing demand from both private investors and governments. While the number of deals is rising, transaction volumes have not increased as quickly due to structural, regulatory and financial constraints. The document also examines growing interest in new business models beyond traditional K-12 education, such as higher education, vocational training, online learning and special needs education. Challenges to deals include aligning the long-term objectives of investors and operators and developing financially viable models. Overall, private education investment in the region is seen as having a positive outlook.
This document discusses the benefits of educational investment in three areas: earnings, employment, and non-market private effects. It notes that education increases earnings potential through greater productivity and experience. Higher levels of education are also associated with greater employment stability, upward mobility, and labor force participation. Additionally, education provides non-financial benefits like better health outcomes and quality of life.
Promoting Economic Security and Employment Generation through Effective Manag...iosrjce
This paper focused on promoting economic security and employment generation through effective
management of education and entrepreneurial skills in Nigeria. Highlighted in the paper were some means
through which economic security, employment generation and entrepreneurial skills could be enhanced for
students in tertiary institutions. The definition of some terms was outlined. Further discussed in the paper were:
the importance of developing entrepreneurial skills curriculum in education; managing education through
effective utilization of entrepreneurship education for promotion of economic security and employment
generation; and the challenges affecting effective utilization of entrepreneurship education for promotion of
economic security and employment generation. Some recommendations were proffered towards managing
education through effective utilization of entrepreneurship education as means for promoting economic and
employment generation. Among such recommendations included: education stakeholders and government
should ensure adequate funding of education; and effective propagation and utilization of entrepreneurship
education into the school curricular. This should be done throughout all the levels of education from basic
education, secondary education and higher education in order to inculcate into individuals entrepreneurial
skills that will promote economic security and employment generation.
This document discusses how education contributes to economic growth. It explains that investing in education improves a country's human capital by creating a more productive workforce. Workers with more skills and training can produce more goods and services, leading to increased GDP and standards of living. Education is viewed as an investment that yields long term benefits for both workers in the form of higher wages and employers through greater productivity. Overall, a well-educated labor force is a major factor in determining a country's economic strength and competitiveness.
This document discusses human capital theory and the relationship between investment in education and economic growth. It defines human capital as the skills and knowledge gained through education and experience. Human capital theory posits that investment in education increases worker productivity and contributes to national economic growth. While education improves individual earnings and benefits society, the impact on economic growth depends on how educational capital is utilized and whether the skills learned match labor market demands. Maintaining an equilibrium between education supply and demand is important to avoid unemployment or skills shortages that could limit growth. For education to meaningfully support growth, countries need a focused, responsive education system of high quality that meets the economy's skill needs.
The current economic recession in Nigeria today tells the whole story; Nigeria is faced with lots of challenges ranging from high rate of poverty, youth and graduate unemployment, over dependence on foreign goods and technology, insecurity, low economic growth and development, poor infrastructural development among others (Ekwesike, 2012)
Education remains the greatest tool for the development of any nation, no matters how well-outlined goals of education were, there would be no impact without the necessary support from the government. The past and present governments came as a result of the efforts of education, but it had not given education the necessary support to enhance democratic stability. The education policy of Nigeria was a great effort on the part of the formulators but the reality on ground did not match the policy on paper. No nation can hope to develop without sound education. This paper therefore examined the problems of education, so as to ensure quality education for sustainable democracy in Nigeria.
Economics of Education is the concept that lead us why do we go for education and what do we achieve from it. Please, take it only for your exploring your mind, keep in mind that your mental process can make better than this.
The document discusses education expenses and spending as it relates to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It provides background on GDP, explaining that GDP is the monetary value of all finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a given time period. It also defines the key components that make up GDP. The document then discusses how public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP indicates how much a country prioritizes education relative to its overall resources. Specifically, it notes that this spending includes government funding to educational institutions and some family education expenses outside of institutions.
Education has traditionally prepared young people for citizenship and work, but now continues throughout life and connects to economic and social development. Education is considered both an economic good and an investment. As a good, it satisfies human wants, while as an investment it improves skills and income potential. Education produces skilled labor for the economy and ensures adequate and relevant human capital through cost-effective planning and programs that create awareness of opportunities. The costs of education include both private costs borne by individuals and families, as well as social costs borne by governments to establish and maintain public education systems.
This document discusses entrepreneurship education in Nigeria and its role in reducing unemployment and promoting self-reliance and economic development. It begins by outlining Nigeria's problem of unemployment among university graduates. It then discusses how entrepreneurship education can help graduates develop skills to become entrepreneurs and create their own jobs rather than searching for nonexistent jobs. The document also examines challenges facing entrepreneurship development in Nigeria and outlines the purpose, research questions, scope, limitations, and significance of studying entrepreneurship education. It aims to encourage graduates to pursue entrepreneurship as a way to stimulate the economy and reduce unemployment.
This study seeks to examine how polytechnic education in Nigeria can develop middle level skilled manpower to enhance sustainable development. Education as an effective, dynamic instrument for moulding and harnessing the human person its capabilities, and also for structuring a better society, has been recognized the world over. Therefore, the study aims to support and encourage the activities of Nigerian polytechnics in training middle level skilled manpower for sustainable development. The study was a qualitative study, content analysis was adopted to analyze the various data gathered from the secondary source of data collection. The findings of the study revealed the challenges of the polytechnic education, which include among others, constraints imposed by the statute establishing polytechnics in Nigeria; efforts so far made in manpower generation and solution to the challenges established above. As parts of the solution to the challenges, the study recommended inter alia promotion of aggressive research development, as well as entrepreneurship activities, through intra and inter-institutional competitions and irresistible awards. This paper was unexhaustive contribution of original information from the secondary sources on this topic. It is unique, original and valuable research for academic and societal improvement. Future study on this issue should focus on required skills in the industries which polytechnics should develop. Empirical analysis on middle level manpower development by the Nigerian polytechnics can reveal skills training areas. The study was opinion research paper
The role of agricultural institutions of higher learning in producing the nex...ILRI
Presented by Professor Belay Kassa (President, Haramaya University) at the 'Dialogue on Ethiopia’s Agricultural Development', 12 November 2015, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Arising from the questions “Would all types of human capital affect economic growth identically? And which type of schooling - primary, secondary, or tertiary – should public policy promote?”, this study examines the nexus between different educational levels and Indonesia’s economic growth over a reference period 1984-2014. During this period, education expansion took place at all three levels of education reflecting structural changes tied within the policies under the Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s) as the key and powerful factor for sustainable economic development. The study applies the augmented Lucas endogenous growth model and employs the autoregressive distributed lag model. The empirical analysis reveals a long-run relation between education and economic growth. The estimated long-run and short-run elasticity of different education levels reveal that, overall, human capital structure in Indonesia is still at the stage of promoting economic growth and identifies tertiary education as the main level for development. The findings reveal that education level matters to economic growth. Further, the empirical evidence helps shed light on why empirical studies have failed to find a significant relationship between schooling and economic growth.
This study was designed to assess the extent of Financial Education to Distributive Trade Business Sustainable Development. The structure of the research design was descriptive survey adopted for the purpose of describing the state of affairs as it existed and expected to be in the future.
[Challenge:Future] Berojgari ki Bajao.. (Beat the unemployment from every side)Challenge:Future
The document summarizes unemployment ("BEROJGARI") in India based on a poll of 50 Indian youth. It discusses that official unemployment is around 3.5-9% but is 20% for youth. Key causes are issues with the education system like commercialization and focus on exams, as well as policy and governance problems like corruption and vote bank politics. Solutions proposed include changing policies to support agriculture, opening research institutes, stopping commercialization of education, raising employment awareness, and having companies and government officials increase recruitment transparency and support for entrepreneurs. The plan is to target schools, unemployed youth, and private sector involvement to address the problem.
Entrepreneurship education and attitude of undergraduate students to self emp...Alexander Decker
Entrepreneurship education aims to encourage self-employment among university students by providing them skills to start their own businesses. The study explored how entrepreneurship education influences the attitudes of undergraduate students in Mubi, Nigeria toward self-employment. It found that exposure to entrepreneurship education benefited students by influencing their intentions toward self-employment, enriching their knowledge of starting a business, and changing their perceptions of self-employment as a career. The study recommends including entrepreneurship education in the curricula of all Nigerian educational institutions to help address unemployment among graduates.
This study examined strategies for enhancing student’s enrollment into Home Economics Education in tertiary institutions in Edo state. The study was a descriptive survey. A total of 21 lecturers participated in the study. No sampling technique was adopted as all the 21 lecturers in the 4 tertiary institutions who lectures Home Economics Education in Edo State were used for the study. Three research questions were raised and answered in the study. A validated questionnaire was used for data collection while the weighted average mean was adopted for data analysis. Findings from the study revealed that there has been dwindling enrollment into Home Economics Education in tertiary institutions in Edo State. Some of the factors responsible for the state of enrolment are negative attitude of parents, poor institutional funding and low awareness of the relevance of Home Economics Education to the students. Strategies if adopted is capable of enhancing the enrolment were; increased funding of tertiary institutions by the government, provision of well equipped laboratories and libraries, creating awareness among parents and students, giving of loans to graduates of Home Economics to aid their business and students should spent longer period in industrial attachment. One of the recommendations proffered was that the existing tertiary institutions offering Home Economics Education should be properly funded by the government.
The study adopted the descriptive survey research design to assess Tertiary Education Trust Fund intervention on academic staff capacity building in Lagos State University, Nigeria. The population for this study was all academic staff of Lagos State University. Two purposes of the study were raised and two research questions were also formulated. One hundred and ninety-six questionnaires were randomly administered to one hundred and ninety-six (196) academic staff in the university. The questionnaire titled “Tetfund Intervention on Academic Staff Capacity Building Questionnaire” was used for data collection. The findings of the study revealed that provision of infrastructure for effective teaching and learning is the major the fund intervention towards qualitative transformation of academic staff in Lagos State University. The finding of the study also showed that the fund intervention in Lagos State University for academic staff capacity building was major priority. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended that the fund should eliminate the level of bureaucratic bottlenecks often associated with accessing approved funds. Having noted that University education is costeffective, donor agencies and philanthropic individuals and groups, should assist governments in funding tertiary education in the country.
This paper discusses how science, technology, and innovation (STI) can be used to improve quality of life and sustainable development in developing countries. It argues that access to appropriate technologies promotes improvements in living conditions. The ability of local firms to access technological know-how is important for economic growth. Examples discussed include using computers to enhance production, transportation, energy, commerce, education and health. The paper concludes that developing countries cannot suppress change and must find ways for technology to be applied to address pressing needs.
This document compares the strategies of the Ministry of Education in Thailand and China regarding knowledge management and preparing for the ASEAN Economic Community.
It discusses Thailand's Ministry of Education policy which includes four approaches: performance management development, education quality improvement, student development, and promoting growth in all sectors. For China, the document outlines the country's expansion of higher education despite rising unemployment, with the number of graduates reaching 6 million in 2009. However, the global financial crisis slowed graduates' job development.
The document concludes by recommending a focus on higher vocational training to make education more relevant, ensuring quality education for students receiving tuition assistance, and incentivizing careers in science, technology, and medicine to help disadvantaged communities
The presentation is a position paper on the interconnections between the
education policy, curriculum choices on science, technology, engineering and
mathematics and the place of demography. The study is aggregate of thoughts
complemented with archival review of existing literature and empirical analysis on
admission trends and population growth. It was also firstly presented in one of the
several departmental seminars. The study emphasised that demographic trends and
growth are the main engine for technological progress. The study portrays
demographic trends as crucial engine for technological progress and also works as
the drivers of human capital towards achievement of economic prosperity. The result
revealed wider gender gap that range from 41.4% to 51.5% in both pre-and post-
STEM policy, though it finally stablised at 41.5% in 2009. The study positioned
demographers as the conduit for delivery of optimum population or population
explosion via assisted fertility technology e.g. in-vitro fertilization (IVF),
preimplantation genetic diagnosis, human reproductive cloning, fetal DNA in
maternal plasma, and genetic diagnosis). Therefore, while the pursuit of science,
technology, engineering and mathematics is crucial for growth, the neglect of the
sources of supply of human drivers or the demographic-based pull-and-push factors
could engender wobbling and crawling structure of technological advancement. The
authors however recommends adequate knowledge of these interplays for plausible
The document discusses the relationship between education and economics in Iran. It covers several topics:
- The structure of Iran's educational system, which is controlled by the Ministry of Education and consists of non-compulsory pre-elementary education through higher education.
- School enrollment rates in Iran, which have increased from 2004-2012 at all levels of education.
- Government spending on education, which was over 3% of GDP from 2004-2012 according to available data.
- Factors that influence the quality of education such as student-teacher ratios and the quality of the learning environment.
- Differing views on whether increased government spending on education positively impacts economic growth and development.
This study investigated socioeconomic empowerment of senior secondary science students in Nigeria and STEM Teachers’ Preparedness. A descriptive survey design was used. The study was conducted in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The population consisted of all 1,983 STEM teachers in the 234 public secondary schools in Akwa Ibom State. Stratified and simple random sampling techniques were used to select the sample, 318 (125 males and 193 females). Three research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. The instrument for data collection was a 26-item Questionnaire on Socioeconomic Empowerment of Students and STEM teachers’ preparedness developed by the researchers. The reliability of the instrument was established at .81 using Cronbach alpha coefficient. Research questions were answered using mean and standard deviation while hypotheses were analysed and tested at .05 alpha level of significance using t-test. Results showed that STEM teachers were not adequately prepared, lacked competencies and skills for socioeconomic empowerment of their students. Moreover, there is inadequate availability for practical and hands-on activities. Based on the findings, recommendations were made among which are the redesigning of the teacher education programme and training/retraining of STEM teachers to acquire necessary competencies and skills for socioeconomic empowerment of students.
The current economic recession in Nigeria today tells the whole story; Nigeria is faced with lots of challenges ranging from high rate of poverty, youth and graduate unemployment, over dependence on foreign goods and technology, insecurity, low economic growth and development, poor infrastructural development among others (Ekwesike, 2012)
Education remains the greatest tool for the development of any nation, no matters how well-outlined goals of education were, there would be no impact without the necessary support from the government. The past and present governments came as a result of the efforts of education, but it had not given education the necessary support to enhance democratic stability. The education policy of Nigeria was a great effort on the part of the formulators but the reality on ground did not match the policy on paper. No nation can hope to develop without sound education. This paper therefore examined the problems of education, so as to ensure quality education for sustainable democracy in Nigeria.
Economics of Education is the concept that lead us why do we go for education and what do we achieve from it. Please, take it only for your exploring your mind, keep in mind that your mental process can make better than this.
The document discusses education expenses and spending as it relates to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It provides background on GDP, explaining that GDP is the monetary value of all finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a given time period. It also defines the key components that make up GDP. The document then discusses how public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP indicates how much a country prioritizes education relative to its overall resources. Specifically, it notes that this spending includes government funding to educational institutions and some family education expenses outside of institutions.
Education has traditionally prepared young people for citizenship and work, but now continues throughout life and connects to economic and social development. Education is considered both an economic good and an investment. As a good, it satisfies human wants, while as an investment it improves skills and income potential. Education produces skilled labor for the economy and ensures adequate and relevant human capital through cost-effective planning and programs that create awareness of opportunities. The costs of education include both private costs borne by individuals and families, as well as social costs borne by governments to establish and maintain public education systems.
This document discusses entrepreneurship education in Nigeria and its role in reducing unemployment and promoting self-reliance and economic development. It begins by outlining Nigeria's problem of unemployment among university graduates. It then discusses how entrepreneurship education can help graduates develop skills to become entrepreneurs and create their own jobs rather than searching for nonexistent jobs. The document also examines challenges facing entrepreneurship development in Nigeria and outlines the purpose, research questions, scope, limitations, and significance of studying entrepreneurship education. It aims to encourage graduates to pursue entrepreneurship as a way to stimulate the economy and reduce unemployment.
This study seeks to examine how polytechnic education in Nigeria can develop middle level skilled manpower to enhance sustainable development. Education as an effective, dynamic instrument for moulding and harnessing the human person its capabilities, and also for structuring a better society, has been recognized the world over. Therefore, the study aims to support and encourage the activities of Nigerian polytechnics in training middle level skilled manpower for sustainable development. The study was a qualitative study, content analysis was adopted to analyze the various data gathered from the secondary source of data collection. The findings of the study revealed the challenges of the polytechnic education, which include among others, constraints imposed by the statute establishing polytechnics in Nigeria; efforts so far made in manpower generation and solution to the challenges established above. As parts of the solution to the challenges, the study recommended inter alia promotion of aggressive research development, as well as entrepreneurship activities, through intra and inter-institutional competitions and irresistible awards. This paper was unexhaustive contribution of original information from the secondary sources on this topic. It is unique, original and valuable research for academic and societal improvement. Future study on this issue should focus on required skills in the industries which polytechnics should develop. Empirical analysis on middle level manpower development by the Nigerian polytechnics can reveal skills training areas. The study was opinion research paper
The role of agricultural institutions of higher learning in producing the nex...ILRI
Presented by Professor Belay Kassa (President, Haramaya University) at the 'Dialogue on Ethiopia’s Agricultural Development', 12 November 2015, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Arising from the questions “Would all types of human capital affect economic growth identically? And which type of schooling - primary, secondary, or tertiary – should public policy promote?”, this study examines the nexus between different educational levels and Indonesia’s economic growth over a reference period 1984-2014. During this period, education expansion took place at all three levels of education reflecting structural changes tied within the policies under the Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s) as the key and powerful factor for sustainable economic development. The study applies the augmented Lucas endogenous growth model and employs the autoregressive distributed lag model. The empirical analysis reveals a long-run relation between education and economic growth. The estimated long-run and short-run elasticity of different education levels reveal that, overall, human capital structure in Indonesia is still at the stage of promoting economic growth and identifies tertiary education as the main level for development. The findings reveal that education level matters to economic growth. Further, the empirical evidence helps shed light on why empirical studies have failed to find a significant relationship between schooling and economic growth.
This study was designed to assess the extent of Financial Education to Distributive Trade Business Sustainable Development. The structure of the research design was descriptive survey adopted for the purpose of describing the state of affairs as it existed and expected to be in the future.
[Challenge:Future] Berojgari ki Bajao.. (Beat the unemployment from every side)Challenge:Future
The document summarizes unemployment ("BEROJGARI") in India based on a poll of 50 Indian youth. It discusses that official unemployment is around 3.5-9% but is 20% for youth. Key causes are issues with the education system like commercialization and focus on exams, as well as policy and governance problems like corruption and vote bank politics. Solutions proposed include changing policies to support agriculture, opening research institutes, stopping commercialization of education, raising employment awareness, and having companies and government officials increase recruitment transparency and support for entrepreneurs. The plan is to target schools, unemployed youth, and private sector involvement to address the problem.
Entrepreneurship education and attitude of undergraduate students to self emp...Alexander Decker
Entrepreneurship education aims to encourage self-employment among university students by providing them skills to start their own businesses. The study explored how entrepreneurship education influences the attitudes of undergraduate students in Mubi, Nigeria toward self-employment. It found that exposure to entrepreneurship education benefited students by influencing their intentions toward self-employment, enriching their knowledge of starting a business, and changing their perceptions of self-employment as a career. The study recommends including entrepreneurship education in the curricula of all Nigerian educational institutions to help address unemployment among graduates.
This study examined strategies for enhancing student’s enrollment into Home Economics Education in tertiary institutions in Edo state. The study was a descriptive survey. A total of 21 lecturers participated in the study. No sampling technique was adopted as all the 21 lecturers in the 4 tertiary institutions who lectures Home Economics Education in Edo State were used for the study. Three research questions were raised and answered in the study. A validated questionnaire was used for data collection while the weighted average mean was adopted for data analysis. Findings from the study revealed that there has been dwindling enrollment into Home Economics Education in tertiary institutions in Edo State. Some of the factors responsible for the state of enrolment are negative attitude of parents, poor institutional funding and low awareness of the relevance of Home Economics Education to the students. Strategies if adopted is capable of enhancing the enrolment were; increased funding of tertiary institutions by the government, provision of well equipped laboratories and libraries, creating awareness among parents and students, giving of loans to graduates of Home Economics to aid their business and students should spent longer period in industrial attachment. One of the recommendations proffered was that the existing tertiary institutions offering Home Economics Education should be properly funded by the government.
The study adopted the descriptive survey research design to assess Tertiary Education Trust Fund intervention on academic staff capacity building in Lagos State University, Nigeria. The population for this study was all academic staff of Lagos State University. Two purposes of the study were raised and two research questions were also formulated. One hundred and ninety-six questionnaires were randomly administered to one hundred and ninety-six (196) academic staff in the university. The questionnaire titled “Tetfund Intervention on Academic Staff Capacity Building Questionnaire” was used for data collection. The findings of the study revealed that provision of infrastructure for effective teaching and learning is the major the fund intervention towards qualitative transformation of academic staff in Lagos State University. The finding of the study also showed that the fund intervention in Lagos State University for academic staff capacity building was major priority. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended that the fund should eliminate the level of bureaucratic bottlenecks often associated with accessing approved funds. Having noted that University education is costeffective, donor agencies and philanthropic individuals and groups, should assist governments in funding tertiary education in the country.
This paper discusses how science, technology, and innovation (STI) can be used to improve quality of life and sustainable development in developing countries. It argues that access to appropriate technologies promotes improvements in living conditions. The ability of local firms to access technological know-how is important for economic growth. Examples discussed include using computers to enhance production, transportation, energy, commerce, education and health. The paper concludes that developing countries cannot suppress change and must find ways for technology to be applied to address pressing needs.
This document compares the strategies of the Ministry of Education in Thailand and China regarding knowledge management and preparing for the ASEAN Economic Community.
It discusses Thailand's Ministry of Education policy which includes four approaches: performance management development, education quality improvement, student development, and promoting growth in all sectors. For China, the document outlines the country's expansion of higher education despite rising unemployment, with the number of graduates reaching 6 million in 2009. However, the global financial crisis slowed graduates' job development.
The document concludes by recommending a focus on higher vocational training to make education more relevant, ensuring quality education for students receiving tuition assistance, and incentivizing careers in science, technology, and medicine to help disadvantaged communities
The presentation is a position paper on the interconnections between the
education policy, curriculum choices on science, technology, engineering and
mathematics and the place of demography. The study is aggregate of thoughts
complemented with archival review of existing literature and empirical analysis on
admission trends and population growth. It was also firstly presented in one of the
several departmental seminars. The study emphasised that demographic trends and
growth are the main engine for technological progress. The study portrays
demographic trends as crucial engine for technological progress and also works as
the drivers of human capital towards achievement of economic prosperity. The result
revealed wider gender gap that range from 41.4% to 51.5% in both pre-and post-
STEM policy, though it finally stablised at 41.5% in 2009. The study positioned
demographers as the conduit for delivery of optimum population or population
explosion via assisted fertility technology e.g. in-vitro fertilization (IVF),
preimplantation genetic diagnosis, human reproductive cloning, fetal DNA in
maternal plasma, and genetic diagnosis). Therefore, while the pursuit of science,
technology, engineering and mathematics is crucial for growth, the neglect of the
sources of supply of human drivers or the demographic-based pull-and-push factors
could engender wobbling and crawling structure of technological advancement. The
authors however recommends adequate knowledge of these interplays for plausible
The document discusses the relationship between education and economics in Iran. It covers several topics:
- The structure of Iran's educational system, which is controlled by the Ministry of Education and consists of non-compulsory pre-elementary education through higher education.
- School enrollment rates in Iran, which have increased from 2004-2012 at all levels of education.
- Government spending on education, which was over 3% of GDP from 2004-2012 according to available data.
- Factors that influence the quality of education such as student-teacher ratios and the quality of the learning environment.
- Differing views on whether increased government spending on education positively impacts economic growth and development.
This study investigated socioeconomic empowerment of senior secondary science students in Nigeria and STEM Teachers’ Preparedness. A descriptive survey design was used. The study was conducted in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The population consisted of all 1,983 STEM teachers in the 234 public secondary schools in Akwa Ibom State. Stratified and simple random sampling techniques were used to select the sample, 318 (125 males and 193 females). Three research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. The instrument for data collection was a 26-item Questionnaire on Socioeconomic Empowerment of Students and STEM teachers’ preparedness developed by the researchers. The reliability of the instrument was established at .81 using Cronbach alpha coefficient. Research questions were answered using mean and standard deviation while hypotheses were analysed and tested at .05 alpha level of significance using t-test. Results showed that STEM teachers were not adequately prepared, lacked competencies and skills for socioeconomic empowerment of their students. Moreover, there is inadequate availability for practical and hands-on activities. Based on the findings, recommendations were made among which are the redesigning of the teacher education programme and training/retraining of STEM teachers to acquire necessary competencies and skills for socioeconomic empowerment of students.
This document summarizes a working paper that estimates the labour market returns to higher education in Vietnam using data from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey. The paper employs ordinary least squares, instrumental variables, and treatment effect models to estimate the return to a four-year university education in Vietnam in 2008. The estimates reveal that the return to university education is approximately 17% annually based on the IV model and 17.8% based on the OLS and treatment effect models. This indicates that the bias from using OLS is small in the context of Vietnam. The estimated return has increased significantly since economic reforms began in Vietnam in the late 1980s.
Exploration of pragmatic funding sources in funding higher education in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document discusses funding challenges for higher education institutions in Nigeria and proposes exploring pragmatic funding sources. It notes that higher education is underfunded despite being important for national development. Government funding alone is insufficient given competing priorities. External factors like increasing student enrollment and inflation also influence education costs. The document recommends raising funds through means like generating revenue, donations, grants, tuition, and commercial ventures to supplement government support and ensure quality education. University administrators must effectively manage available resources and find alternative funding to sustain their institutions through financial difficulties.
Ability and willingness to pay for university education in calabar, nigeriaAlexander Decker
1) The document explores user fees as a policy option to reform university systems in Calabar, Nigeria and its implications for households' ability and willingness to pay for education costs.
2) It examines households' ability and willingness to pay increased fees at state-owned and federal-owned universities through a survey.
3) The results revealed that households in Calabar had the ability and willingness to pay for education costs, though low-income households were willing to pay more for male children than female children.
The Level of Mutual Trust Between Principals and Educational Stakeholders and...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that investigated the level of mutual trust between principals and educational stakeholders in public secondary schools in Cameroon. It utilized a survey design with questionnaires and interviews to collect data from principals, teachers, PTA executives, and SMB members. The findings suggest there is generally a high level of mutual trust between principals and stakeholders, except in financial matters where the level of trust is lower. It provides recommendations to policymakers and practitioners to improve interpersonal relationships and trust between school leaders and other stakeholders.
Academic Stress among Home Economics Students in Higher Education: A Case of ...iosrjce
The development in students of the attributes of productivity, creativity, entrepreneurship and
lifelong learning is recognized internationally as a common goal of education systems. The field of Home
Economics —is no exception to this trend as it is highly relevant to individual, family and societal
development. However, academic stress among Home Economics students could threaten their achievement
of the aforementioned goals. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine the academic stressors
experienced by the Home Economics students in Colleges of Education in Anambra State of Nigeria.
The study, which was based on two research questions and two null hypotheses, adopted the descriptive
survey design. Using proportionate random sampling technique, 180 Home Economics students enrolled
for three-year Nigerian Certificate on Education (NCE) programme in two Colleges of Education in
Anambra State of Nigeria, were used in the study. A researcher-developed questionnaire containing 35
items was used to collect data. Mean ratings and standard deviation were used in answering the research
questions while the Analysis of Variance was used in testing the hypotheses at 0.05 significant level. The
findings of the study indicated that irrespective of the year of study, the Home Economics Students
encountered physical-technical and socio-interpersonal stressors in their academic pursuits. These academic
stressors were mostly related to course processes. These findings imply that the students encounter a lot of
stress which could have adverse effects on their learning and acquisition of Home Economics skills. The
situation may worsen if current physical-technical and socio-interpersonal stressors are not ameliorated.
Some recommendations for improvement were given
Effect of Government Spending on the Nigerian Educationijtsrd
Over the years, the quality of education offered in Nigeria has been affected by poor attendance and inadequate preparation by teachers at all levels. The morale of teachers has been low due to poor condition of service, low salaries and poor physical facilities such as libraries, laboratories, modern communication and Information technology equipments. The research work investigates the effect of government expenditure on the growth of the education sector in Nigeria. The research work employs both descriptive and inferential statistical analysis particularly the multiple regression estimating technique. Two models are formulated to examine this. The first model used average school enrollment as proxy for education growth while the share of the education sector in the GDP is used to proxy education sector growth in the second model. The independent variables are recurrent the total government recurrent expenditure, the total capital education and the GDP. The study made use of secondary data from 1987 2019. The result shows that recurrent expenditure does not have significant impact on the share of education sector in the GDP while it has significant and negative relationship with average school enrollment. On the other hand capital expenditure does not have significant impact on the average school enrolment but it does on share of education sector in the GDP. The implication of the result is that enrollment growth in the education sector in Nigeria does not correspond with the recurrent expenditure in Nigeria. Also the capital expenditure in terms of provision of educational and infrastructural facilities has not been having significant impact on the volume of school enrollment in Nigeria. This study has added to the literature calling for the increase in funding of the education sector in Nigeria. Oguntuase, Adeniyi "Effect of Government Spending on the Nigerian Education" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49484.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/49484/effect-of-government-spending-on-the-nigerian-education/oguntuase-adeniyi
Restructuring Educational Goals for National and Economic Development in Nigeriaiosrjce
Successful development strategy entails more than just formulating economic policies, investing in
physical capital, or closing the gap in capital, but also involves designing educational curriculum that has
economic relevance, having the ability to bridge the gap in economic need. This is where Nigeria and most
developing countries tend to be lacking in policy relevance. Educational policies do not seem to correlate with
economic needs, thus, with the much emphasis on compulsory education, increase in school enrolment at all
levels and the proliferation of universities in the country, national productivity and economic development
remain stiffened. Given this concern, there is need to develop knowledge- based educational curriculum in core
economic areas that requires building a strong link between universities and industry for research, development
and entrepreneurship. This will involve creating opportunities in collaboration at institutional level, capturing
the labour market and private sector needs, and capturing needs in capacity building in quality assurance,
research and leadership development in higher education. This is informed by a policy front in Education for
the attainment of Economic Objective, established by this paper.
Effect of examination malpractice on nigeria graduate productivity in the Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that examines the effect of examination malpractice on graduate productivity in Nigeria's labor market. It finds that there is a gap between the certificates obtained through malpractice and graduates' actual abilities. It attributes this to factors like societal values, emphasis on certificates, poor teaching/facilities, and corruption. Implications include incompetent professionals and foreign rejection of Nigerian degrees. Solutions proposed include discouraging malpractice, improving teaching conditions, and public education on its dangers.
The Influence of Pedagogic Supervision on School Effectiveness in Public Prim...ijtsrd
The focus of this paper was to examine the influence of pedagogic supervision on school effectiveness in public nursery and primary schools in Fako division, South West Region of Cameroon. The survey research design was adopted for the study. Data was collected from 406 teachers and 62 head teachers from both nursery and primary schools and the number of accessible nursery and primary schools were twenty three. Questionnaire and semi structured interview guide were the instruments used for the study. The instruments consisted of both close and open ended questions. For the reliability statistics, the internal consistency of the head teachers' responses ranged from 0.782 to 0.893. The overall reliability coefficient was 0.989 which was above the recommended threshold of 0.7, while the internal consistency of the teachers' responses ranged from 0.734 to 0.876. Findings showed that while some inspectors could not rate the effectiveness of their schools, others said the effectiveness of their schools were above 12 , 50 and 80 respectively. Findings Comparing teachers' opinion on the carrying out of pedagogic supervision by head teachers showed that head teachers do not significantly differ in their opinion on the practice of pedagogic supervision in school P 0.05 . Furthermore, head teachers teaching in the nursery school, 77.8 and 96.2 of those teaching in primary schools disagreed that their head teachers are carrying out pedagogic supervision. On the same note, as findings showed that pedagogic supervision has a positive and significant effect on the effectiveness of public nursery and primary schools. From the findings, recommendations were made. Lingondo Joseph Mwambo "The Influence of Pedagogic Supervision on School Effectiveness in Public Primary Schools in Fako Division, South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31085.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/31085/the-influence-of-pedagogic-supervision-on-school-effectiveness-in-public-primary-schools-in-fako-division-south-west-region-of-cameroon/lingondo-joseph-mwambo
The purpose of this study is to analyze the perceptions of students from high school, who are the current generation Z, about the accounting profession. This study uses questionnaires that are shared online with data processing using factor analysis and one way ANOVA different tests. The comparison test was done between indicators of grade, major, school type, as well as variables, which include structure, precision, solitary, interest, and remaining variables. The interest in the accounting profession is found in social students (from high schools) and business administration students (from vocational schools). Other results also show that students in Private Vocational and Public High Schools have the most significant potential to be interested in the accounting profession. This research is limited to different test methods. Future studies can conduct a causal analysis of the factors that influence the choice of students in choosing the accounting profession. This research contributes to the investigation of students' perceptions of the accounting profession, which was conducted for the first time in Indonesia, especially in secondary schools in East Java.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
IJ SDR 2021 Shaping the Education to Meet the Global Demands Industrial Incl...CINEC Campus
This document discusses shaping university curriculum to meet global demands through industrial inclusiveness. It analyzes how education can transform students' knowledge, skills, and competence to meet changing industry needs in areas like health, IT, engineering and business. As customer preferences and technology evolve rapidly, industries require a skilled workforce with relevant training. The university curriculum can play a key role in vertically integrating education and industry requirements to develop qualified graduates for high-demand jobs. This transformation is needed for countries and firms to maintain competitiveness in today's knowledge-based global economy.
This document examines factors that influence polytechnic students' decisions to graduate as entrepreneurs in Ghana. A survey of 250 students at Kumasi Polytechnic was conducted. The results from a probit model analysis show that personality factors, family and friend support, parental occupation, entrepreneurship education, gender, and access to finance positively influence students' decisions to become entrepreneurs, while concerns about public remarks negatively influence decisions. Only 36.8% of surveyed students expressed an interest in becoming entrepreneurs. The study aims to help address graduate unemployment in Ghana by better understanding what promotes graduate entrepreneurship.
Human Resources Management and School Effectiveness in Government Technical S...ijtsrd
Management of resources is one of the areas in educational administration which brings about school effectiveness. When principals are provided with the human financial, material and time resources, they are most likely to perform their tasks effectively. Consequently, students' academic achievement is high and the organizational effectiveness is realized. This article is intended at exploring human Resources Management and School Effectiveness in government technical secondary and high schools in Fako Division, South West Region of Cameroon. The enquiry problem focused on the effectiveness of schools with respect to the management of human resources. Thus the link between human resources management and effectiveness of schools is at the center of this article. The implication is that managing human resources can impact on school effectiveness. Data was collected from primary source through administration of open items questionnaires using a five point Likert scale format and closed ended questionnaires to two hundred and fifty respondents randomly sampled from ten technical secondary schools Fako Division. Secondary data was collected from documents such as journals and magazines from all necessary quarters and Chi- Square technique of data analysis was used to analyze the extent and impact of these variables on school effectiveness and whether there exists any relationship between Human Resources Management and School Effectiveness. The result obtained revealed that the null hypothesis was rejected at a calculated Chi-Square value greater than the critical value. This therefore led the researcher to conclude that Human Resources Management has a significant impact on School Effectiveness and that there exists a strong relationship between Human Resources Management and School Effectiveness hence school administrators are advised to undergo courses in resources management, guide newly recruited teachers, and regular provide didactic materials to staff and stakeholders, with in-service training for staff. Tam Vivian Ekwen | Prof. Fonkeng Epah George "Human Resources Management and School Effectiveness in Government Technical Secondary and High Schools in Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18728.pdf
Mathematics Teachers Motivation, a Veritable Tool for Employment Generation a...iosrjce
This document discusses ways to motivate mathematics teachers in Nigeria to help generate employment and promote sustainability. It argues that teachers are key to achieving educational goals and realizing national development plans. However, teachers' motivation has declined due to issues like poor salaries and working conditions. The document recommends motivating teachers through provision of technology and laboratories, opportunities for professional development like training programs, and improved compensation. If teachers are properly motivated, they can help students gain skills needed for the job market and support Nigeria's goals of reducing poverty and promoting entrepreneurship.
Exploring Factors Affecting the Success of TVET-Industry Partnership: A Case ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to explore factors affecting the success of TVET-industry
partnerships. A case study design of the qualitative research method was used to achieve this objective. For the
study, one polytechnic college of Oromia regional state, and two industries were purposively selected. From the
sample polytechnic college and industries, a total of 17 sample respondents were selected. Out of 17
respondents, 10 respondents were selected using the snowball sampling method, and the rest 7 respondents were
selected using the purposive sampling technique. The qualitative data were collected through an in-depth
interview and document analysis. The data were analyzed using thematic approaches. The findings revealed that
TVET-industry partnerships were found weak. Lack of key stakeholder‟s awareness shortage of improved
training equipment and machines in polytechnic colleges, absence of trainee health insurance policy, lack of
incentive mechanisms for private industries, lack of employer industries involvement in designing and
developing occupational standards, and preparation of curriculum were some of the impediments of TVETindustry partnership. Based on the findings it was recommended that the Oromia TVET bureau in collaboration
with other relevant concerned regional authorities and TVET colleges, set new strategies for creating strong
awareness for industries, companies, and other relevant stakeholders on the purpose and advantages of
implementing successful TVET-industry partnership. Finally, the Oromia regional government in collaboration
with the TVET bureau needs to create policy-supported incentive strategies such as giving occasional privileges
of duty-free import, tax reduction, and regional government recognition awards based on the level of partnership
contribution to TVET institutions in promoting TVET-industry partnership.
KEY WORDS: employability skills, industries, and partnership
1) The document examines the importance of human capital for developing countries in Asia Pacific. It analyzes the effects of human capital capacity on economic growth using variables like education enrollment ratios and government education spending.
2) The results suggest that education policies focusing on improving enrollment ratios and spending directed at quality can optimize economic growth. Developing countries face challenges in education access due to limited resources.
3) A lack of skilled human capital and quality higher education can constrain innovation in developing countries like Indonesia and Thailand. Both countries struggle with educational attainment and producing enough graduates with science/technology skills needed for private sector.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
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The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
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Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
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Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
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- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
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- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
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Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
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pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
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and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
2. Investigating The Behavior of Teachers Towards Saving and Investment: Evidence From Mekele,
Tigray, Ethiopia
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 371 editor@iaeme.com
Keywords: Saving; Investment; Behavior; and Teaching community.
Cite this Article: Mesaud Muhamed Hagos and Dr. Shikta Singh, Investigating The
Behavior of Teachers Towards Saving and Investment: Evidence From Mekele,
Tigray, Ethiopia, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology,
10(1), 2019, pp. 370–385.
http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=1
1. INTRODUCTION
Across the globe, teaching is among the popular professions. In developing countries like
Ethiopia, teachers are a guarantor for future generation and play an important force in the
society. The quality of education determines by the competency of teachers because they
enjoy the unleashing human potency of individuals in the actual teaching-learning process and
the great change in society in addition to families, individuals, and communities. Furthermore,
the life quality of teachers influenced efficiency of teachers. The standard living sustain by the
individual has closely tied with the quality of life. Moreover, the standards of life directly
associated with the absence or presence of material items (cars, home, jewelry, land, home
appliance and other items) and able to expend money for health, education, entertainment,
music, tour, and art. Lowarence (1981) stated that extensive items are an indication of the
high standard of living. Teachers’ economic behavior is the reflections of teachers’ attitude
towards saving, consumption, and investment, which affects the quality of life and influences
their educational system and professions. Education, technology, business expansion, and
infrastructure are the results of long-term economic growth in a capital investment. In
developing countries, the importance of mobilization of domestic savings for economic
growth is recognizing for several decades. Deaton (2005) and Rogg (2006), identified severe
challenges which tackle poor countries like Ethiopia is the gap between savings and
investment. Because of this gap, these countries faced problems to finance investment
requirement for economic growth from domestic savings. In developing countries, most of the
researches did their study on saving; especially in Ethiopia is at a macro level. However,
empirical inquiry on the macroeconomic ignores the heterogeneity of consumers on the
assumptions of the household representatives. As Touhami et al. (2009) evidenced, the
diversity of saving behavior on macroeconomic studies cannot deal with real world. In
addition, the study evidenced that, previously it was focus on the theme of the prescriptive,
descriptive, conceptual, theoretical and disintegrated aspect of saving and investment
behavior. Furthermore, almost all studies appeared on a press and report manner rather than
rigorous empirical studies. Low-income countries like Ethiopia is known as poor saving
habits, consequently, it results from small domestic savings which are available for
investment and affects the ability of financial institutions, this leads to less financing
capability of lending of investors, in return tends to backward economic development. Among
the recent strategies designed by the Ethiopian government to achieve all over economic
development is a plan of Growth and Transformation II (GTP) five years (2015/16-2019/20)
of Ethiopia is planning to increase saving rate from 9.5% to 20% to GDP. Therefore,
identifying the root cause of saving and investment determinants is the timely issue
particularly in the teaching community.
Studies conducted by Collins, (1991); Schmidt-Hebbel et al., (1996); Sinha, (1998);
Aryeetey and Udry, (2000); and Loayza et al., (2000) on determinants of saving behaviors
using time series cross-sectional data of empirical investigation particularly on rural and
urban households. However, across countries, there is a considerable variation in saving
behavior due to the socioeconomic situations. Therefore, it is important to pursue a study on
the patterns of saving and investment behavior of teacher's community at a micro level. So
3. Mesaud Muhamed Hagos and Dr. Shikta Singh
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 372 editor@iaeme.com
far, various studies have done in Ethiopia concerning the determinants of saving and
investment.
However, most of them focused on factors affecting saving behavior of cooperative
members like Kifle (2012); Aron, Niguse and Getnet (2013) on assessment of Saving Culture
among Households of the society; Haile (2013) on determinants of domestic saving in
Ethiopia. Workineh (2014) identifying women saving behavior; Girma, Belay, Bezabih, and
Jema (2014) on the patterns of saving and investment behavior Tsega and Yemane (2014) on
household saving determinants in Ethiopia. The then Some of the studies conducted in
Ethiopia have no consistency results on factors affecting saving and investment behavior, and
little attention was acknowledged by researchers on the aspects of teacher's community,
particularly in Mekele, Ethiopia.
The field of teaching community becoming less preferable, in return, the government tried
to take a special treatment on salary incremental and other benefits, but it is questionable
whether the incremental is sufficient enough to run their life as well as to play a significant
role on the economic growth in terms of saving and investment. Therefore, the domain of this
research is investigating saving and investment behavior of teachers' community in Ethiopia
with comprehensive and integrated empirical investigation of Collage, high school, and
elementary schools.
2. GENERAL OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this study is investigating the behavior of teachers’ community towards
saving and investment in Mekele, Ethiopia.
Specific objectives: To achieve the aforementioned main objective, the paper raises the
following specific objectives.
• To evaluate teacher’s community socioeconomic implication of saving and investment
behavior
• To examine patterns of teachers saving and investment behavior
• To identify factors affecting teacher’s community saving and investment behavior
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
This part deals with reviewing the previous studies done by different researchers on the area
of saving and investment behavior, particularly this study discusses in detail concerning the
socioeconomic implication of saving and investment behavior, the pattern of teacher's
community and determinants of saving and investment behavior.
Saving Behavior
The word "saving" is broad-based meaning and contains a numerous elucidation. The word
saving indicates "the act of abstaining from spending one's income on consumption". Saving
is unspent of income. The classical theory defines savings; income minus
consumption/expenditure i.e. the residual. Saving also defined, in the accounting concepts as
the residue those lefts from the income of an individual's after expenditures on consumer
preference of utility maximization of the households. On the other way, saving considered as
an anticipated particular movement in the future as the result of the pain of forgoing
consumption and pleasure at present. According to Collins (1991), saving is development and
growth rate; gross saving is less appropriate than net saving since net saving is an indication
of domestic resources in addition to the capital formation. In developing countries, the slow
and stagnant economic growth is due to the reason for the low level of domestic savings
(Agrawal et al., 2010, & Bordoloi and John, 2011).
4. Investigating The Behavior of Teachers Towards Saving and Investment: Evidence From Mekele,
Tigray, Ethiopia
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 373 editor@iaeme.com
3.1. Determinants of saving behavior of teacher’s community
3.1.1 Age distribution of teachers and saving behavior
According to Fisher (1852), the stage and age of the population affect the amount of income
spent on a fraction. As outcome of age distribution, old and young end to spend more
proportion of their income than the middle does. Ashok Kumar et al. 1985, also concludes
young and old age groups have small saving ratio than middle age groups. There are certain
studies, which are inconsistent; they assume that the middle young population saves less than
the elder and young population (Foley and Pyle, 2005). However, another study like the one
Attanasio (1997) concludes, younger people save more and elder people saves less, which is
individual's age, is negatively correlated with saving.
3.1.2 Gender of teachers community and saving behavior
As studies conducted by Kiiza and Pederson (2002); kalwij (2003; Gagnon et al., (2006) in
different countries show that, male households had less saving behavior than females.
Because of the life development, style and Female households expected to cover the
consumptions and other costs for any social interaction. Another empirical study (Bersales &
Mapa, 2006) reveals the reverse result, i.e., female households have less saver because little
power to control including their income.
3.1.3. Educational distribution of teachers and saving behavior
According to Bernheim and Garrett (1996); and Zhang et al., (2003) education are considered
as a proxy for human development, which is the theme for enhancing the human capability
and productivity in personal income as well as savings. It has a positive indirect effect on
education via income incremental. On the other side, Kulikov et al., (2007) found that
education has a negative effect on savings. Education is direct positively associated with
savings because of financial literacy (Browning & Lusardi, 1996) people enables to know
return and risk of various financial products and to understand complexity in accessing the
products. Moreover, other studies concluded individuals who have less educated are more
likely to save for their saving goal.
3.1.4. Income of teacher’s community and saving behavior
Income plays a significant role and important variables in the household savings. There are
various concepts, which affect the income, for instance, lifecycle income, relative income,
permanent income on savings behavior. The theory of absolute income was developed by
Keynes in (1936) which indicates absolute income and savings are positively associated and
consistent with the view of after income exceeds consumption, saving will rise. With the
concept of increasing income, households should borrow when young, when middle age save
for retirement and dis-save when retired (Deaton, 1992). The theory developed by Freidman
(1957) indicates permanent income consumed and save the temporary income. There is a
contradictory result on this theory, some support the permanent income changes and others
turn down it.
3.1.5 Marital status and teacher's community-saving behavior
In addition to the income of households, marital status substitutes for saving behavior because
the value of the family is an important factor for savings. In the saving behavior of
households and economic development, the family has played an immense value as (Collins
1991 and Sinha, 1998) study. For financial planning, marriage is an important factor, since
marriage is morally and socially responsible for the collective interests of the family. It
assumes that married households can save more than single due to multiple earners and
5. Mesaud Muhamed Hagos and Dr. Shikta Singh
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 374 editor@iaeme.com
economies of scale. Studied done by Mosk (2010) shown that married and unmarried had less
saving behavior than a widowed household did. Because widowed faced the unexpected and
additional risk of life for instance for nurture children alone.
3.1.6. Inflation and the teacher's community-saving behavior
In developing countries like Ethiopia, inflation has negatively associated with saving behavior
of households. It has argued that inflation has a negative impact on savings, with low
consumption levels where consumers are likely to resist cut into real consumption. There is
no consistent evidence on the empirical studies of saving and inflation, some of the studies
shown a mixed impact. A study done by Gupta (1970) and Joshi (1970) concludes mixed, no
impact on savings and negative effect. Smaller immediate consumption than in the future is
preferable for saving (Richard et al., 1974).
3.1.7. Interest rate and teacher's community-saving performance
Any aggregate level of expendable income is allocated between saving and consumption
(Norashikin et al., 1993). By its nature, to get good profit in the future people save money at
the current due to the preference of human being is to real consumption at large in the future
than consuming an immediately at small (Richard et al., 1974).
3.1.8. Size of the family and teacher's community-saving behavior
Size of the family also affects the propensity to save and consume, when the family size
increased, the propensity to consume will also increase as the result of an increase in demand
for food, clothing, and other necessaries for life (Ashok and Jagadeswara, 1985). Furthermore,
Martin (1996) stated that the economic behavior of every household is significantly associated
with the existence of children. In the absence of children influences the allotment of a given
household budget plan; every aspect of the family economic activity significantly correlated
with the presence of children in the household. Children affect the allotment of a given
household budget; definitely, the pattern of family demand is also affected. Government and
private household employees' behavior to save and propensity to consume is significantly
different. Generally, it is known government employee save less than self-employed due to a
probability of expanding their profession and expanding of business (NCEAR, 1960).
3.1.9. Financial literacy and saving behavior of teachers’ community
This is concerning the adequate knowledge of personal finance and successful management of
individual finance (Forgue & Garman, 1997). Anthes (2004) defines as the capacity to read,
manage, analyze, and able to put across financial conditions of his/her day-to-day business
activities. Delafrooz and Laily (2011) finding shown that financial literacy influences
significantly saving behavior of household. With the low level of financial literacy,
households are not supposed to save and finally combat financial difficulty in the future. The
study conducted by Sabri and MacDonald (2010) express that, it is positively associated with
household saving behavior.
3.1.10. Peer influence and saving behavior of teachers’ community
According to Erskine et al. (2005), peer influence has an impact on the behavior of the
household. Duflo and Saez (2002), also found, in retirement saving decision, it plays a
significant role. On the other hand, peer influence and saving behavior only encourage co-
workers to engage in retirement saving (Beshears et al., 2010).
6. Investigating The Behavior of Teachers Towards Saving and Investment: Evidence From Mekele,
Tigray, Ethiopia
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 375 editor@iaeme.com
3.1.11. Self-control and saving behavior of teacher's community
Self-control defined as the ability to classify and regulate one's feelings, wishes and
characterized by self-discipline, bodily exertion and the ability to delay contentment
(Baumeister, 2002). Esenvalde (2010) empirical study concludes, there is an association
between self-control and saving behavior positively.
3.1.12. Parental Socialization and saving behavior of teachers community
Webley and Nyhus (2005); Otto (2009), have investigated their study on the concept of
parent's behavior touching on the economic activity of their children. Accordingly, the result
shown that the associations between parental orientation and parental behavior have a less
strong but have a clear effect on the economic behavior of adulthood and their children.
Past study reveals that dividing the family's income between saving and consumption is a
complex process. Although several factors determine them, it varies over the region, time and
community. In this context of use, it would be fascinating to analyze the consumption and
saving behavior among teachers and to make a diagnosis of the economic magnitude and
social-cultural behavioral patterns.
3.2. Investment behavior
Personal income of a single family categorized into consumption and savings, if saving
becomes active, which saved in a return, bearing fashion, the act of this return is
"investment". The sense of investment here refers to enhance in real capital, in return leads to
generating of income, which is the formation of capital. Largely, investment is a wider
concept, but family investment refers to the micro of it, household investment mainly, refers
to convert savings of households into profit giving alternatives. There are a number of
investment related risks, such as inflation risk, non-payment risk, political risk, social risk,
and business risk. Therefore, while households try to invest money in a particular area, three
objectives should be satisfied (profitability, safety, and liquidity).
In addition to risk and return, investment decisions influenced by different factors: initial
investment, loan facility, tax benefit, institution, age and needs, social conditions, liquidity,
past experiences, and marketability. The investment of household may be in the form of
physical and financial investment. The financial investment consists of shares, debentures,
securities in companies, deposits in banks, contributions to the provident fund. Physical
investments comprise of stock of raw materials, land, vehicles, and buildings.
3.2.1. Determinants of Investment Behavior
The opportunity for investment of households or any individual level called instruments. The
alternative taken by an investor in selecting a specific instrument is "investment behavior".
The amount of finance process, which commenced with a surplus income, including both
operating and non-operating earnings, refers to investment behavior. The principal
determinant factors influencing investment behavior of an individual in which commonly
used are psychological factors (perceived investment-related benefits, attitude, personal
beliefs, values) and sociological factors (social classes, culture/subculture, and reference
group). Manasi and Rawal (2016) identified marriage, security after retirement and children
education is the main reason for teachers' investment.
The perceptions of the household may be influenced by various groups and cultural
surroundings with whom interrelates and the forms of investment influenced by the thinking
and beliefs of the individual (Ronald, 1975). Furthermore, (James and John, 1973) study
showed that investment behavior influenced by the people is which belongs to a class of
membership. The behavior of investors also affected by the small groups (fraternal
7. Mesaud Muhamed Hagos and Dr. Shikta Singh
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 376 editor@iaeme.com
organization, religious groups, labor unions, neighbors or close friends, family) investor
belong or aspire to belong (William, 1975). An earlier study has shown that informal personal
advice is much more effective than an advertisement (newspapers, journals, magazines, and
other mass media). While selecting investment pattern more likely word mouth influenced.
The investment process is not an easy task, it is highly dynamic and complex, a number of
stages have been involved like information search, problem recognition; taking investment
decisions; evaluation of investment alternatives; and post-investment behavior. There are four
sources, which an investor can get information about their investment such as personal source,
family, friends, neighborhoods, and commercial sources.
3.2.2. Formulation of Hypothesis
Based on the extensive literature review, this paper formulates the following research
hypothesis for the investigation of this study.
Ho1: (Peer influence, self-control, and financial literacy) determines saving and investment
behavior of teachers.
Ho2: An individual characteristic of the teachers determines their decision to save and invest.
Ho3: Family characteristics of teachers determine their decision to save and invest.
4. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was undertaken to conceive and understand the determinants of saving and
investment behavior of teacher's community in Ethiopia. The primary data has collected from
teachers found at Mekelle University, summer students. The study used a mixed research
approach in a cross-sectional manner. The respondents of this study were only teachers, those
who have working in various government educational schools.
To collect relevant information, the researcher used primary and secondary data sources.
The first-hand data has collected from the respondents by applying self-administered
questionnaires in order to investigate in-depth inquiry. The composition of the questionnaire
was open and closed-ended questions including the five-point Likert scale. Multistage
sampling technique has used to choose the sample participants to collect primary data. The
first stage, Mekele University has chosen purposefully among the Ethiopian University;
second stage five departments selected, and then lastly based on their proportion respondents
has selected using simple random sampling from lists of each department. The Number of
sample respondents was250 teachers, which were chosen using simple random sampling (50,
collage; 130, high school; and 70, elementary schools), located in Mekele University with two
campus summer joined teachers for Pedagogy and those who are upgrading their status.
Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20 has been used to analyses the field
survey data. Besides, the chi-square test applied for analyzing and interpreting the field survey
data.
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Different instruments adopted to realize the objectives of the study and generally, this section
deals in line with data analysis and presentation, which was collect through a field survey on
teachers' community saving and investment behavior. Out of 250 questionnaires distributed to
the sampled respondents, 237 has filled correctly, thus, the returnable rate was approximately
95%, which is acceptable. Besides, results of statistical description and chi-square t-test
presented as follows:
8. Investigating The Behavior of Teachers Towards Saving and Investment: Evidence From Mekele,
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Respondents Socioeconomic Characteristics
The distribution of respondents accordant to gender is shown in table 1 below, the gender
distribution informs the greater proportion of teacher community 137 (57.8%) in the study
area reveals male while 100(42.5%) were female. This explains the dominance of male
teachers than female. As the findings shown below more than 60 percent of respondents
responded, wasnon-saver. Consequently, this result evidenced that male household had less
saving behavior than females which supports the declaration of Kiiza and Pederson (2002);
kalwij (2003; Gagnon et al., (2006) especially in less developed countries the life
development style and Female households are expected to cover the consumption's and other
costs for any social interaction.
The same table shows 136(57.4%) of teachers were within the age range of 25-35 years.
While 65(27.4%) were in the age category of below 25 years. This is a sign that teachers were
economically active age category. It has also an implication of productive to save and invest
in the matured age category because this segment of the population has the ability
implementing effectively and efficiently. This result supports the Attanasio (1997) statement
as younger people save more and elder people saves less, in which individual's age negatively
correlated with saving.
Majority of respondents 139(58.5%) family monthly income was within the interval of
2001-5000 ETB which followed 48(20.7%) under the income category of 7001-9000 ETB.
According to table 1 below presented, around 109(45.9%)of teacher’s community Proportion
of Saving on Income found between 11-20%, comparatively high school teachers had more
coverage on this. In Ethiopia, practically the maximum salaried citizen on the academic wing
is university teachers. Meanwhile, the number of those participants in this study is also small
in number; as a result, the highest amount of category lied on high school teachers, it may be
due to high school teachers have an opportunity to teach/give tutor for moneyed family
students to earn additional income and other may not have such chance.
Concerning family earning the status of respondents, it showed that 145(56.1%) of the
teacher community have a single family earning and 105(43.9%) were engaged in multiple
earnings. As family size is concerned, the majority of participants 138(58.2%) have a family
size of 3-5 followed by 80(121.2%) below two. The family life of respondents showed that
almost 3/4th
were grown up and background of participants of the study reveals 177(74.8%)
rural.
In the same table, the proportion of the marital status of the teacher community in this
study, unfortunately, shows the immaterial difference. Therefore, this result expresses marital
status of teacher community was half-married and unmarried. Likewise, high school teachers
were unmarried, once more it might be due to lack of time to engage in such activities
comparative to others. This study used a cross tabulation to indicate whether the three
categories of teacher community had a background of business or non-business. Accordingly,
the highest proportion 170(71.9%) of teacher’s field shows non-business profession and few
magnitudes was a business field. In addition, almost all participants except 22(9.2%) were
first-degree holders. As the samples result, shown most of the presented categories of teachers
were first-degree holders.
9. Mesaud Muhamed Hagos and Dr. Shikta Singh
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Table 1 Respondents Socioeconomic Characteristics
Gender of respondents
Category of Teaching
Total sample
237
Collage
44 (18.6)
High School
127 (53.6)
Elementary
School 66 (27.8)
Female 10 (4.2) 67 (28.2) 23 (9.7) 100 (42.2)
Male 34 (14.4) 60 (25.4) 43 (18.1) 137 (57.8)
Age of Respondents
below 25 years 5 (2.2) 39 (16.4) 21 (8.8) 65 (27.4)
25-35 years 39(15.4) 78 (33) 19 (8) 136 (57.4)
36-45 years 0 10 (4.2) 26 (11) 36 (15.2)
Marital Status of Respondents
Married 34 (14.3) 46 (19.4) 38 (16) 118 (49.7)
Unmarried 10 (4.2) 77 (32.5) 28 (11.8) 115 (48.5)
Divorce 0 4 (1.6) 0 4 (1.7)
Teachers Field of Study
Business 0 36 (15.1) 31 (13) 67 (28.1)
Non-Business 44 (18.6) 91 (39.4) 35 (14.9) 170 (71.9)
Educational Status
Diploma 0 (0) 5 (2.1) 5 (2.1) 10 (4.2)
First Degree 44 (18.6) 110 (46.4) 61 (25.8) 215 (90.8)
Second Degree 0 (0) 12 (5) 0 (0) 12 (5)
Family Monthly Income
Below 2000ETB 0 (0) 31 (13) 14 (6) 31(19)
2001-5000 ETB 44 (18.5) 69 (29) 26 (11) 139(58.5)
5001-7000 ETB 0 (0) 4 (1.6) 0 (0) 4(1.6)
7001-9000 ETB 0 (0) 22 (9.7) 26 (1 48(20.7)
Above 9001 ETB 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0(0)
The proportion of Saving on Income
Nil 6 (2.5) 3(1.2) 0 (0) 9(3.7)
less than 10% 34(14.3) 21(8.8) 5(2.1) 60(23.1)
11-20% 0 (0) 79(33.3) 30(12.6) 109(45.9)
21-30% 0 (0) 11 (4.6) 31 (13) 42(17.6)
above 30% 4(0) 13 (5.5) 0(0) 17(5.5)
Family Earning Status
Single 10 (4.2) 40 (16.9) 30 (12.6) 80(37.8)
Multiple 34 (14.3) 87 (36.7) 36 (15.2) 157 (66.2)
Family size
Below 2 6(2.5) 60 (25.3) 14 (5.9) 80(33.9)
3-5 38 (16) 55 (23.2) 45 (19) 138(58.2)
Above 6 0 (0) 12 (5) 7 (2.9) 19(7.9)
Family Life of Respondents
Dependent children
Grown Up
6 (2.5)
38 (16)
39 (16.5)
88 (37)
17 (7.1) 62(26.1)
49 (20.6) 175(73.9)
Background of Teachers
Urban 6 (2.5) 40 (16.8) 14 (5.9) 60(25.2)
Rural 38 (16) 87 (36.9) 52 (21.9) 177(74.8)
Sources: Own field survey, 2018
Motives of saving and investments
Query has raised (entertainment, education, compulsory saving, marriage, medication,
government regulation, secure retirement, assured loan and freedom for risk) to indicate the
motives of teacher community for saving in Financial Institutions. Accordingly,142 (36%) of
10. Investigating The Behavior of Teachers Towards Saving and Investment: Evidence From Mekele,
Tigray, Ethiopia
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respondents responds they save in financial institutions for the purpose of children education
which was followed by 71(18%), 57(14.5%), and 48(12.2%) for the sake of medication,
entertainment, and marriage respectively. Similarly, Manasi and Rawal (2016) identified
marriage, security after retirement, and children education are the main reason for teachers’
investment. It is acknowledging that the fact of purpose for investment and savings are for the
sake of economic and social activities. Here in this study, children education is the main
motives which followed by medication, entertainment, and marriage for saving and
investment.
Table 2 Purpose of Saving Habit in Financial Institutions
Reasons/Purpose
Category of Teaching
Collage
44 (11.2)
High School
208 (52.9)
Elementary School
141 (35.9)
Total
393
Entertainment 6 (13.7) 21 (10.1) 30 (21.3) 57 (14.5)
Education 6 (13.7) 79 (38) 57 (40.4) 142 (36)
Compulsory Saving 32 (72.8) 2 (1) 0 (0) 34 (8.6)
Marriage 0 (0) 39 (18.7) 9 (6.4) 8 (12.2)
Medication 0 (0) 26 (12.5) 45 (31.9) 71 (18)
Government Regulation 0 (0) 9 (4.3) 0 (0) 9 (2.3)
Security Retirement 0 (0) 4 (1.9) 0 (0) 4 (1)
Assured Loan 0 (0) 1 (0.5) 0 (0) 1 (.3)
Freedom for Risk 0 (0) 27 (13) 9 (6.4) 36 (9.2)
Sources: Own field survey, 2018
Saving and investment Habit of Teachers Community
The greater proportion of teachers community 213(89.8%) has a habit of saving, whereas the
remaining 24 (10.2%) non-saver. A comparatively high schoolteacher has more saving habits
and knowledge than another category. This result can be ensured that the community has a
high-income category from different sources and have business field ground.
Table 3 Saving and investment Habit of Teachers Community
Do you have a Saving Habit * Category of Teaching Cross-Tabulation
Do you have a Saving
Habit and investment
extent
Category of Teaching Total
237Collage
44 (18.6)
High School
127 (53.6)
Elementary School
66 (27.8)
Yes 38 (16) 109 (46) 66 (27.8) 213 (89.8)
No 6 (2.6) 18 (7.6) 0 (0) 24 (10.2)
Sources: Own field survey, 2018
Reasons for Inability to Save
Furthermore, in table 4 non-saver respondents have replied their responses on reasons for
Inability to save like inflation, low interest, insufficient income and other covers 88(37.1%),
84(35.4%), 44(18.6%) and 21(9.8%) respectively.
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Table 4 Reasons for Inability to Save
Alternatives Category of Teaching Total
237Collage
44 (18.6)
High School
127 (48.6)
Elementary School
66 (28.8)
Inflation 2 (0.8) 43 (18.1) 43 (18.1) 88 (37.1)
low Interest 32 (13.5) 29 (12.3) 23 (9.7) 84 (35.4)
Inefficient Income 4 (1.7) 40 (16.9) 0 (0) 44 (18.6)
Others 6 (2.6) 15 (6.3) 0 (0) 21 (8.9)
(Sources: Own field survey, 2018)
Teacher’s Major investment area Alternatives
To indicate teachers' major investment area alternatives, different options have been raised,
accordingly table 5reveals most teacher category 222(57.1%) used bank deposit which was
followed by saving and credit institution 120(30.8%) whereas teachers involvement in
corporate securities, fixed assets, and Jewelry/Gold were less.
Table 5 Teachers Major investment area Alternatives
Alternatives
Category of Teaching
Total
389
Collage
88 (22.6)
High School
189 (48.6)
Elementary School
112 (28.8)
Saving and Credit
Institution
34 (38.6) 60 (31.7) 26 (23.2) 120 (30.8)
Bank Deposit 42 (47.7) 114 (60.3) 66 (59) 222 (57.1)
Corporate Securities 0 (0) 4 (2.1) 0 (0) 4 (1)
Fixed Assets 0 (0) 6 (3.2) 14 (12.5) 20 (5.1)
Jewelry/gold 10 (13.4) 5 (2.7) 0 (0) 15 (3.9)
Others 2 (2.3) 0 (0) 6 (5.4) 8 (2)
Sources: Own field survey, 2018
Major sources consulted before to save and invest by teachers’ community
From table 6 presented below the major sources of information consulted before to save and
invest by teachers' community. Accordingly, out of total respondents 126(53.2%) replied the
primary information was investment consultants followed by family members 108(45.5%),
thus, friends, colleagues, Information from news, and Investment journals were not taken as a
source and type of information before taking saving and investment decision.
Table 6 Major sources consulted before to save and invest by teachers’ community sample
Alternatives
Category of Teaching
TotalCollage
44 (18.6)
High School
127 (53.6)
Elementary
School 66
(27.8)
Friends 0 (0) 8 (3.4) 5 (2.1) 13 (5.6)
Investment consultants 36 (15.2) 45 (19) 45 (19) 126 (53.2)
Colleagues 6 (2.5) 3 (1.3) 5 (2.1) 14 (5.9)
Information from the news,
Investment journals
0 (0) 19 (8) 0 (0) 19 (8)
Family Members 6 (2.5) 60 (25.3) 42 (17.7) 108 (45.5)
(Sources: own field survey, 2018)
12. Investigating The Behavior of Teachers Towards Saving and Investment: Evidence From Mekele,
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Factors Influencing Teachers Community Decision to Invest in particular sources
Besides, questions have raised to indicate factors influencing teachers' community decision to
invest in a particular source. The cross-tabulation result shown that 116(49%) of respondents
replied Public Image of Sources of Investment which was followed by 54(22.8%), 47(19%),
28(11.8%) and 20(8.4%) initial amount of investment, potential risk, potential return, and
liquidation respectively.
Table 7 Factors Influencing Teachers Community Decision to invest in particular sources
Alternatives
Category of Teaching
Total 237Collage
44 (18.6)
High School
127 (53.6)
Elementary
School 66
(27.8)
Liquidity 0 (0) 20 (8.4) 0 (0) 20 (8.4)
Potential Risk 0 (0) 21 (9) 26 (10) 47 (19)
Potential Return 4 (1.7) 15 (6.3) 9 (3.8) 28 (11.8)
Initial Amount of Investment 0 (0) 54 (22.8) 0 (0) 54 (22.8)
Public Image of Sources of
Investment
40(16.9) 19 (8) 57 (24) 116 (49)
Sources: Own field survey, 2018
Factors influencing saving and investment behavior
To indicate whether financial literacy, peer influence, self-control and parental specialization
have an effect on saving and investment behavior on teacher community, this study stated
numerous questions. These questions measured in terms of a five-point Likert scale. On the
side of peer influence items like my friend is role model for my save, discussing saving
management issues with a friend, spend leisure time with friends, involvement spending with
friends resulted individual as well as entire mean value (M=3.19) is above average except
comparison of savings with friends with a standard deviation of 0.77. Therefore, the finding
reveals peer influence has a positive effect on savings of teacher's community positively.
On the other hand, to test whether self-control has an effective teacher's community, seven
items has raised. As a result, the mean value of having better understanding how to manage
credit use, ability to record income and expenditures, no difficulty in managing money, better
understanding on financial instruments, ability to prepare monthly budget have a positive on
saving habit of teaching community except having better understanding to invest money, and
clear idea of financial needs. Over the mean value of seven items were (M=3.18) and standard
deviation of 1.03.
Similarly, respondents asked questions to show their agreement on the items of financial
literacy. The result reveals they did not save because of strong to save, as they got the money
they spend immediately, careless on using the money, no worry about today's spending, weak
self-control on spending money were among the items which describe teaching the
community. This means teacher's community is affected by financial literacy, individual mean
value and overall mean were above average (M=2.86) with a slandered deviation of 0.79.
Determinants of Saving and Investment Behaviors
This affected by numerous factors like economic, psychological as well as demographically.
In this part, an attempt made to analyze the factors affecting the behavior of saving and
investment. Worldwide there are some accepted pieces of literature strongly affecting the
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behavior of teachers saving and investment likes family circumstance, individual differences,
and economic aspects.
Teaching community is not an exception to this situation, which covered in this study. To
find out the relationship between factors on saving and investment behavior the following
factors have taken: Marital status, Age, Gender, Family size, Educational status, Family
income, Family Structure, Family size, Peer influence, Self-Control and Financial literacy of
respondent’s chi-square test is applied.
Therefore, this part was deal to accept/reject the null hypothesis as the result of an existing
relationship between dependent and independent attributes. If there is no
association/relationship between attribute variables, rejected null hypothesis and vice versa.
Besides the test of chi-square on the stated factors, affecting teacher’s community presented
in tables 7. The investigation of the saving and investment behavior of teaching community
expose that it tends to be high in the case of those who are in the young (below 25 years old)
and middle age (25-35 years) years of age, married, females, first degree, high school
teachers, extended families, and those with a rural background.
Therefore, except age of respondents and educational status they remain hypothesis
rejected, this indicates there is a relationship between dependent variables (saving and
investment behavior) and independent variables (Marital status, Gender, Family size, Family
income, Family Structure, Family size, Peer influence, Self-Control and Financial Literacy).
Table 8 Results of the Chi-squares t-test
Predictor
variables
Null Hypothesis P-value
Accept/rej
ect
Ho
Marital status There is no association between Marital status
and level of savings and investment.
<0.0001 Reject
Age There is no relationship between Age and level of
savings and investment.
<0.2747 Accept
Gender There is no relationship between Gender and level
of savings and investment
<0.0011 Reject
Family size There is no association between Monthly family
income and level of savings and investment.
<0.0001 Reject
Educational status There is no relationship between teachers
Educational status and level of savings and
investment
<0.2747 Accept
Family income There is no association between Monthly family
income and level of savings and investment.
<0.0001 Reject
Family Structure There is no association between teacher’s family
structure and level of savings and investment.
<0.0001 Reject
Family size There is no association between Family size and
level of savings and investment.
<0.0001 Reject
Peer influence There is no association between Peer influence
and savings and investment.
<0.0001 Reject
Self-Control There is no association between Self-control of
teachers' community and savings and investment.
<0.0001 Reject
Financial literacy There is no association between Financial literacy
of teachers’ community and savings and
investment.
<0.0001 Reject
(Sources: own field survey, 2018)
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Tigray, Ethiopia
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6. CONCLUSIONS
This study attempts to come back with three research questions test eleven formulated
research hypotheses and achieve three objectives. The main motives of saving and investment
found children education followed by medication, entertainment, and marriage. Majority of
respondents have less habit of saving and investment. Likewise, reasons for Inability to save
were inflation, low interest, and insufficient income. The investigation of the saving and
investment behavior of teaching community expose that it tends to be high in the case of those
who were in the young (below 25 years old) and middle age (25-35 years), married, females,
first degree, high school teachers, extended families, and those with a rural background.
Consultation of teacher community before saving and making an investment decision
depends on investment consultants and family members, on the other hand; public image of
sources of investment, an initial amount of investment, potential risk, potential return, and
liquidation respectively was the factors influencing teacher's community decided to invest in a
particular source. Financial literacy, peer influence, self-control and parental specialization
have an effect on saving and investment behavior of teacher community. Except for age and
educational status, the remain attributes has an association positively with savings and
investment like marital status, gender, family size, family income, family structure, family
size, peer influence, self-control and financial literacy. The Ethiopian government should give
emphasis on teacher’s community in initiating on different aspects of strengthening and
competence in improving quality of education. As teachers become competence, financially
strong, have the standard living condition the then quality of education will improve
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