1) The document explores user fees as a policy option to reform university systems in Calabar, Nigeria and its implications for households' ability and willingness to pay for education costs.
2) It examines households' ability and willingness to pay increased fees at state-owned and federal-owned universities through a survey.
3) The results revealed that households in Calabar had the ability and willingness to pay for education costs, though low-income households were willing to pay more for male children than female children.
Effects of Alternative Sources of Financing Education on Provision of Teachin...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper sought to examine the effects of alternative sources of financing education provision of teaching and learning resourcesin public secondary schools, guided by four objectives. To find out the contributions of alternative sources of income in financing education on provision of teaching and learning resources in public secondary schools in Trans-Nzoia East Sub County, to assess the extent to which the various alternative income sources of financing education are reliable and adequate to purchase quality teaching and learning resources in public secondary school, to find out to what extent alternatives sources of financing education are utilized to acquire quality teaching and learning resource in public secondary schools , to find out which strategies can be devised to improve alterative income sources of funding to enhance the financing of public secondary schools. Purposive sampling was used to select a target population of 62 respondents. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in data analysis aided by SPSS software. The major finding was that the alternative sources of financing education in public secondary schools are grossly inadequate and irregular and fraught with myriad of challenges.
Education is necessity for both human and societal development, the more sophisticated it is the more
quality products it provides. One of the major problems facing higher education in Nigeria is under-funding.
Recently, the government investment in higher education was little bit increased as result of the total shutdown
of higher education institutions by the joint higher education academic union (ASUU,ASUP AND COASU)
strike action. In response to the report of the needs assessment of Nigerian Universities conducted in 2012, the
federal government earmarked N1.3trtillion for special intervention in the Nigerian public universities over the
next Six(6)years, of which N200billion out of the amount has been released. This paper attempts to examine the
trend in funding of higher education in Nigeria and the attendant effect between 2009 and 2013. The paper
observed some gaps in the funding and in the expenditure of available funds. The paper was concluded by
making appropriate recommendations to addressing the identified challenges.
Examining the Implications of Massification of Education on Quality Assurance...ijtsrd
In recent years, we have witnessed rapid growth of tertiary institutions in Africa and this expansion has led to the massification and privatization of higher education. “Massification has been defined as the mass adaptation of a phenomenon by the suppression of its distinguishing featuresâ€. Scott 1995 “used the term massification in the context of higher education HE systems to describe the rapid increase in student enrolment in the latter part of the twentieth centuryâ€. Lesotho has not been spared from this system and there has been growth of various higher institutions in the country mainly privately owned. Students have been enrolled in huge numbers in these institutions and this has resulted in large numbers of students and shrinking number of lecturers leading to disproportional ratios of lecturers to students. Students joining these institutions are faced with various challenges emanating from lack of resources, congestion, alienation and subsequent workload for academic staff. Demands and challenges of massification in higher education have also seen academics with added responsibilities of diversifying to improve the quality of delivery with scant resources. This paper explores the experiences and challenges faced by academics as well as students in higher institutions during this expansion era. Massification has been an issue of debate by both higher education researchers and policy makers globally hence the research intends to investigate how these policies have been addressed in other countries and how they can best be adopted to higher education in Lesotho. The study also attempts to learn about existing policies which are intended to revamp the quality of higher education, and or make considerable suggestions to higher education or how best quality can be maintained in the wake of massification. The study further hinges on the number of local higher learning centres institutions and the students enrolling in these establishments and how institutions ensure quality and proper assessment on learning, teaching and assessment. Neo Tlali | Tawanda Mukurunge | Takura Bhila ""Examining the Implications of Massification of Education on Quality Assurance and Assessment in Higher Institutions in Lesotho"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23493.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/23493/examining-the-implications-of-massification-of-education-on-quality-assurance-and-assessment-in-higher-institutions-in-lesotho/neo-tlali
This document discusses the privatization of education in India. It notes that privatization has increased in the education sector through various means like the rise of private tuition and contracting private agencies to publish textbooks. The quality of education in government schools has declined due to lack of infrastructure and accountability issues with teachers. There is a growing need for privatization in education to address issues like the growing population, financial burden on the government, and demand for higher education that the public sector cannot meet alone. However, privatization also raises concerns about furthering educational inequalities.
Armend Muja: Market forces in higher education Armend Muja
Mass quality higher education is crucial for economic prosperity and has become a requirement of technologically advanced societies. But the cost of higher education is high and as such it ‘competes for public funds with other imperatives. As a result, it has been argued that market forces in higher education are both desirable and inevitable .The article analyses which market forces are, in general, inevitable, identifies the potentially desirable market forces in terms of equity and efficiency and describes the role of government in the sector
Free Education in the Philippines: The Continuing SagaIJAEMSJORNAL
One of the most notable milestones in the Philippine education is when the government actively seeks to expand access and participation in higher education through the ratification of RA 10931 or the “Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act”. Thus, this study aims to examine and assess the effects of the law in our educational system. Providing sufficient funds is not enough; the government must give meaning to the title of the new law, which is the provision of “quality” tertiary education. This program is an investment in the nation’s most precious resource. Quality education empowers people and levels the playing field; it is one of the best tools for poverty alleviation, social equity and inclusive growth. There should be no compromise on the quality of the services provided under RA 10931. Free must not mean substandard. In this study, the researcher used qualitative research method. Qualitative research method was developed in the social sciences to enable researchers to study social and cultural phenomena: observe feelings, thoughts, behaviors and the belief of the mass society.
The work investigated private sectors participation and educational development of Secondary school in Abia State.
The work investigated private sectors participation and educational development of Secondary school in Abia State.
The term private connotes personal and that which belongs to an individual, group of people and not by the government
- Private sectors therefore are those parts of the economy which are owned by individuals.
Examples are wealthy individuals, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Alumni associations, Community Based Organizations (CBOs) etc.
Effects of Alternative Sources of Financing Education on Provision of Teachin...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper sought to examine the effects of alternative sources of financing education provision of teaching and learning resourcesin public secondary schools, guided by four objectives. To find out the contributions of alternative sources of income in financing education on provision of teaching and learning resources in public secondary schools in Trans-Nzoia East Sub County, to assess the extent to which the various alternative income sources of financing education are reliable and adequate to purchase quality teaching and learning resources in public secondary school, to find out to what extent alternatives sources of financing education are utilized to acquire quality teaching and learning resource in public secondary schools , to find out which strategies can be devised to improve alterative income sources of funding to enhance the financing of public secondary schools. Purposive sampling was used to select a target population of 62 respondents. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in data analysis aided by SPSS software. The major finding was that the alternative sources of financing education in public secondary schools are grossly inadequate and irregular and fraught with myriad of challenges.
Education is necessity for both human and societal development, the more sophisticated it is the more
quality products it provides. One of the major problems facing higher education in Nigeria is under-funding.
Recently, the government investment in higher education was little bit increased as result of the total shutdown
of higher education institutions by the joint higher education academic union (ASUU,ASUP AND COASU)
strike action. In response to the report of the needs assessment of Nigerian Universities conducted in 2012, the
federal government earmarked N1.3trtillion for special intervention in the Nigerian public universities over the
next Six(6)years, of which N200billion out of the amount has been released. This paper attempts to examine the
trend in funding of higher education in Nigeria and the attendant effect between 2009 and 2013. The paper
observed some gaps in the funding and in the expenditure of available funds. The paper was concluded by
making appropriate recommendations to addressing the identified challenges.
Examining the Implications of Massification of Education on Quality Assurance...ijtsrd
In recent years, we have witnessed rapid growth of tertiary institutions in Africa and this expansion has led to the massification and privatization of higher education. “Massification has been defined as the mass adaptation of a phenomenon by the suppression of its distinguishing featuresâ€. Scott 1995 “used the term massification in the context of higher education HE systems to describe the rapid increase in student enrolment in the latter part of the twentieth centuryâ€. Lesotho has not been spared from this system and there has been growth of various higher institutions in the country mainly privately owned. Students have been enrolled in huge numbers in these institutions and this has resulted in large numbers of students and shrinking number of lecturers leading to disproportional ratios of lecturers to students. Students joining these institutions are faced with various challenges emanating from lack of resources, congestion, alienation and subsequent workload for academic staff. Demands and challenges of massification in higher education have also seen academics with added responsibilities of diversifying to improve the quality of delivery with scant resources. This paper explores the experiences and challenges faced by academics as well as students in higher institutions during this expansion era. Massification has been an issue of debate by both higher education researchers and policy makers globally hence the research intends to investigate how these policies have been addressed in other countries and how they can best be adopted to higher education in Lesotho. The study also attempts to learn about existing policies which are intended to revamp the quality of higher education, and or make considerable suggestions to higher education or how best quality can be maintained in the wake of massification. The study further hinges on the number of local higher learning centres institutions and the students enrolling in these establishments and how institutions ensure quality and proper assessment on learning, teaching and assessment. Neo Tlali | Tawanda Mukurunge | Takura Bhila ""Examining the Implications of Massification of Education on Quality Assurance and Assessment in Higher Institutions in Lesotho"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23493.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/23493/examining-the-implications-of-massification-of-education-on-quality-assurance-and-assessment-in-higher-institutions-in-lesotho/neo-tlali
This document discusses the privatization of education in India. It notes that privatization has increased in the education sector through various means like the rise of private tuition and contracting private agencies to publish textbooks. The quality of education in government schools has declined due to lack of infrastructure and accountability issues with teachers. There is a growing need for privatization in education to address issues like the growing population, financial burden on the government, and demand for higher education that the public sector cannot meet alone. However, privatization also raises concerns about furthering educational inequalities.
Armend Muja: Market forces in higher education Armend Muja
Mass quality higher education is crucial for economic prosperity and has become a requirement of technologically advanced societies. But the cost of higher education is high and as such it ‘competes for public funds with other imperatives. As a result, it has been argued that market forces in higher education are both desirable and inevitable .The article analyses which market forces are, in general, inevitable, identifies the potentially desirable market forces in terms of equity and efficiency and describes the role of government in the sector
Free Education in the Philippines: The Continuing SagaIJAEMSJORNAL
One of the most notable milestones in the Philippine education is when the government actively seeks to expand access and participation in higher education through the ratification of RA 10931 or the “Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act”. Thus, this study aims to examine and assess the effects of the law in our educational system. Providing sufficient funds is not enough; the government must give meaning to the title of the new law, which is the provision of “quality” tertiary education. This program is an investment in the nation’s most precious resource. Quality education empowers people and levels the playing field; it is one of the best tools for poverty alleviation, social equity and inclusive growth. There should be no compromise on the quality of the services provided under RA 10931. Free must not mean substandard. In this study, the researcher used qualitative research method. Qualitative research method was developed in the social sciences to enable researchers to study social and cultural phenomena: observe feelings, thoughts, behaviors and the belief of the mass society.
The work investigated private sectors participation and educational development of Secondary school in Abia State.
The work investigated private sectors participation and educational development of Secondary school in Abia State.
The term private connotes personal and that which belongs to an individual, group of people and not by the government
- Private sectors therefore are those parts of the economy which are owned by individuals.
Examples are wealthy individuals, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Alumni associations, Community Based Organizations (CBOs) etc.
Funding On Provision and Maintenance of School Facilities in Senior Secondary...iosrjce
Over the years, there is a rampant cry by the general populance in the country on the issue of low
standard and students’ achievement more especially in senior secondary schools. Senior secondary education is
the education receive after primary and before the tertiary stage, the broad aims for secondary education are;
a. Useful living within the society, and
b. Preparation for higher education National Policy on Education (2008:18)
Consequently, there has been tremendous increase in establishment of senior secondary schools and
enrolment of students as well. This increase has necessitated a greater need for adequate funding of schools for
the provision and maintenance of school facilities. Unfortunately most of the senior secondary schools in Bauchi
state are poorly funded, these make it impossible for senior secondary schools organization to realize the aims
for which they have been established. Taiwo (2000) noted that the physical environment in most senior
secondary schools in African countries is literacy aggressive due to poor funding and maintenance of school
facilities. However, Nigerian secondary schools have undergone tremendous changes since independence in
1960. These include changes in a number of institutional programme due to the general changes of the entire
education system from 7-3-4, 7-3-5, 6-3-3-4 and now 9-3-4 system.
An investigation into the impact of COVID-19 on private schools in Gwagwalada...SubmissionResearchpa
The study investigated the impact of COVID-19 on private schools in Gwagwalada area council of FCT, Nigeria. Questionnaire was adopted for the study. The sample of the study comprised 80 private schools administrators. The researcher used purposive sampling technique to select the sample from the population for the study. To ensure the validity of the instrument, test retest was employed to validate the reliability of the instrument. Simple percentage and chi-square was used to analyze the data collected for the study. The result collected revealed that COVID-19 Pandemic has impact on private school finances; COVID-19 Pandemic influences retrenchment of staff in private school; COVID-19 government intervention funds did not get to private schools proprietors and majorities of proprietress of private schools in Gwagwalada area council have not been able to pay their staff for the past two months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on this findings, the researcher hereby recommends that the government should provide specially intervention funds for the private schools with low interest rate. Based on the results obtained from the study, it was recommended that government at the federal and states levels should make provision for the private schools to access special intervention loans with low interest rate so that the private schools owners should be able to pay salaries to their staff by Ogunode Niyi Jacob 2020. An investigation into the impact of COVID-19 on private schools in Gwagwalada area council of FCT, Nigeria. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 6 (Jun. 2020), 35-44. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i6.399. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/399/376 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/399
Emerging concerns, trends and prospects in educationalErich Garcia
The document discusses several emerging concerns, trends, and prospects in educational planning in the Philippines. It covers topics such as the K-12 curriculum, amalgamation of higher education institutions, the Philippine Qualification Framework, academic paradigm shifts, performance-based incentive systems, and the role of blended and flexible learning. The overall trends examined include aligning the education system with international standards, increasing access to higher education, and adapting learning models for the 21st century.
This case study examines the challenges of implementing distance education in Uganda. It outlines five key challenges: poor infrastructure like lack of reliable electricity and poor roads, the high cost of education, an outdated curriculum, inadequate expertise in distance education among lecturers, and poor attitudes towards distance learning. It recommends interventions like collaboration between institutions to build resource centers, government investment in infrastructure, curriculum reform, training lecturers, and sensitizing students and the public about distance education.
This document discusses key lessons learned about the cost and financing of basic education. It covers issues around the right to education, public vs private financing, equity concerns especially regarding gender, balancing access, quality and efficiency. Specific areas examined include trends in public education expenditure, the blurring line between public and private sectors, different strategies for mobilizing resources and controlling costs like teacher costs and textbook management. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for states to ensure equitable access to quality education for all through increased public funding, transparency around costs and outcomes, and redefining their role in regulating both public and private education.
This document discusses privatizing education. It outlines reasons for and against privatization, including failures of state education systems and the potential for private systems to be more efficient, innovative, and cost-effective through investment and economies of scale. An example is given of NIIT, a private Indian company that provides computer training and has expanded globally through research and development. Key questions are raised about whether private education virtues could be replicated in state systems and accessed by more students. Public-private partnerships are proposed as a potential solution that could address breakdowns seen in some public school systems.
Research proposal information_and_communication_tePrince Rainier
This document proposes a research study to evaluate the impact of providing information about expected costs of college education to grade 8 students and their parents in Chile. The study would use a randomized controlled trial to test the effects of an informational DVD on student performance, expectations, and secondary school choices. Outcomes like test scores, expectations, and administrative records would be measured before and after the intervention. The goal is to understand how changing expectations of costs and financing options affects human capital investment decisions, and whether informing parents has a greater impact than informing students alone. If successful, the findings could help address challenges around access to higher education in developing countries.
This document discusses a project at Curtin University's Centre for Aboriginal Studies to introduce tablet devices and laptops into their Indigenous Tertiary Enabling Course (ITEC) to allow for a more student-centered and technology-integrated learning model. The goal is to enhance student engagement and outcomes, including higher retention rates. The ITEC prepares Indigenous students for undergraduate university studies through academic support and promoting cultural identity. Initial feedback on integrating the ITEC curriculum with the larger UniReady enabling program has been positive, providing ITEC students more unit options and exposure to a diverse student body to prepare for university. The hoped for outcomes include not just higher retention but also increasing the number of Indigenous students who successfully complete university degrees.
This study examined strategies for enhancing student’s enrollment into Home Economics Education in tertiary institutions in Edo state. The study was a descriptive survey. A total of 21 lecturers participated in the study. No sampling technique was adopted as all the 21 lecturers in the 4 tertiary institutions who lectures Home Economics Education in Edo State were used for the study. Three research questions were raised and answered in the study. A validated questionnaire was used for data collection while the weighted average mean was adopted for data analysis. Findings from the study revealed that there has been dwindling enrollment into Home Economics Education in tertiary institutions in Edo State. Some of the factors responsible for the state of enrolment are negative attitude of parents, poor institutional funding and low awareness of the relevance of Home Economics Education to the students. Strategies if adopted is capable of enhancing the enrolment were; increased funding of tertiary institutions by the government, provision of well equipped laboratories and libraries, creating awareness among parents and students, giving of loans to graduates of Home Economics to aid their business and students should spent longer period in industrial attachment. One of the recommendations proffered was that the existing tertiary institutions offering Home Economics Education should be properly funded by the government.
This document discusses potential ways to increase funding for universities in Sri Lanka. It notes that government spending on education as a percentage of GDP is low compared to other countries. It explores models used in countries like China, India, and Bangladesh that encourage private investment in higher education through tuition fees while still providing oversight and subsidies. The document proposes a model for Sri Lanka where students pay tuition but the government provides loans to those who can't afford it, to be paid back after graduation. However, it acknowledges this would be difficult politically and require structural changes to the current system of free university education.
Curbing Candidates Desperate Desires for University Education against Other T...inventionjournals
This paper discussed curbing candidate’s desperate desire for university education against other tertiary educational institutions. The paper began with a presentation of the general requirements for various types of tertiary education institution – Polytechnics, Colleges of education, Monotechnics and University. It delved into factors responsible for candidates desperate desire which include status disparity, high social rating of university degrees, excessive emphasis on university education, disparity in organizational ranking of graduates from universities and other tertiary institutions, poor funding of other tertiary institutions compared to universities and ineffective implementation of policies and programmes. In order to curb candidates desperate desire for university education, the paper recommended amongst others that: organizations (employers) should eliminate disparity in ranking and undue emphasis placed on university graduates against those from other tertiary educational institutions, other tertiary institutions should be adequately funded, government should provide and maintain equipment and facilities that encourage hands-on activities at college level in order to develop students interest in vocational and technical education offered in polytechnics, monotechnics and colleges of education (Technical), the government should institute a policy that will enable students in polytechnics and colleges of education get scholarship and also give automatic employment to graduates with technical background especially from polytechnics and monotechnics, priority should be given to vocational and technical subjects and be made compulsory at the secondary school level, campaign to sensitize and enlighten parents to desist from discouraging their children and wards from choosing higher education institutions other than universities should be on-going
1) Higher education in India faces several systemic deficiencies that have led to poor academic standards and unemployable graduates despite emerging skilled labor shortages. Issues include a large number of small, substandard institutions, declining funding, and an inability to maintain quality or regulate the private sector.
2) Reforms are needed to improve infrastructure, increase funding, upgrade technology, strengthen regulation, and make education more affordable and accessible through measures like social equity funds. The future of higher education in India will require addressing concerns through coordination, leveraging new opportunities, and strategic paradigm shifts.
This document discusses access and equity in Malaysia's private higher education system. It provides background on the development of private higher education in Malaysia, noting that private institutions now make up about 50% of total student enrollment. The government has actively supported private providers through policies aimed at increasing access to meet growing demand. Regulations oversee the private sector to help widen access through financial assistance programs for students. While private provision has expanded opportunities, concerns remain about the sustainability of Malaysia's model of relying heavily on private institutions to promote access and equity.
College tuition is becoming increasingly expensive, making higher education less accessible. The average cost of a four-year private college is $26,273 per year, while public universities charge $7,020 for in-state students. With tuition and other costs like room and board rising $377-420 each year, the total price of college increases by $172-1,096 annually. Unless steps are taken to reduce costs, high tuition will negatively impact high school graduation rates and encourage more students to drop out as college becomes unaffordable.
The document discusses education in the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that the pandemic has greatly impacted the education sector, forcing changes to the traditional system. While there was initial uncertainty around reopening schools, the President and Department of Education announced blended learning would be implemented, combining modular learning, online classes, and television/radio broadcasts depending on access. This new approach places burdens on parents to retrieve modules and relies on access to technology, presenting challenges to holistic learning. Cooperation across all sectors is needed to overcome hurdles in the "new normal" of education.
This study analyzes data on over 2.5 million students in the UK who successfully completed first degrees between 1998/99 and 2007/08. It finds that while the numbers and percentages of both disabled and non-disabled male and female students increased over this period, disabled students remained underrepresented. The study also examines degree classifications and finds little difference in academic standards between disabled and non-disabled students. However, the conclusions are not clearly stated and more data is needed to fully address questions about challenges to inclusion and ways to improve higher education access. Overall, the study provides insights into the impacts of UK policies promoting inclusive higher education but could be strengthened by more thorough analysis and discussion of findings.
A Review Of Instruments For Student Loans In Tertiary EducationDaniel Wachtel
This document discusses student loan instruments for financing tertiary education. It notes that as tertiary education systems have expanded from elite to mass education, costs have increased which has put pressure on public funding models. Student loan programs are presented as an alternative that could help share costs between students and taxpayers. The document evaluates different types of student loan programs and finds that income-contingent loan systems, where repayment is based on a percentage of graduates' incomes, are more equitable and could help increase access to education. It ranks several European countries' feasibility for implementing public or commercial student loan programs based on individual, funding, institutional and educational criteria.
Alternative sources of financing secondary school education in the rural coun...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on alternative sources of financing secondary education in Kisii County, Kenya. The study found the dominant alternative sources were service-based incomes (20%), commercial activities like school canteens (35%), and agricultural activities like livestock and crop farming (45%). Revenues from these alternative sources helped schools pay salaries, hire more teachers, improve facilities, and motivate students. However, 15% of schools still faced challenges securing funding. The document recommends the Kenyan government formulate policies requiring schools to pursue alternative funding to reduce reliance on unsustainable government funding and train school managers in developing alternative income sources.
The document summarizes key points from an Action Aid report on challenges developing countries face in providing free, compulsory education. It finds that even the poorest families in Pakistan end up paying direct and indirect fees. Private schools lack regulation and increase inequality. The report recommends that Pakistan increase education spending, regulate fees, strengthen public school quality monitoring, dedicate budgets for teachers and infrastructure, increase transparency of private schools, raise citizen awareness, and increase donor funding and support for education reform.
Funding On Provision and Maintenance of School Facilities in Senior Secondary...iosrjce
Over the years, there is a rampant cry by the general populance in the country on the issue of low
standard and students’ achievement more especially in senior secondary schools. Senior secondary education is
the education receive after primary and before the tertiary stage, the broad aims for secondary education are;
a. Useful living within the society, and
b. Preparation for higher education National Policy on Education (2008:18)
Consequently, there has been tremendous increase in establishment of senior secondary schools and
enrolment of students as well. This increase has necessitated a greater need for adequate funding of schools for
the provision and maintenance of school facilities. Unfortunately most of the senior secondary schools in Bauchi
state are poorly funded, these make it impossible for senior secondary schools organization to realize the aims
for which they have been established. Taiwo (2000) noted that the physical environment in most senior
secondary schools in African countries is literacy aggressive due to poor funding and maintenance of school
facilities. However, Nigerian secondary schools have undergone tremendous changes since independence in
1960. These include changes in a number of institutional programme due to the general changes of the entire
education system from 7-3-4, 7-3-5, 6-3-3-4 and now 9-3-4 system.
An investigation into the impact of COVID-19 on private schools in Gwagwalada...SubmissionResearchpa
The study investigated the impact of COVID-19 on private schools in Gwagwalada area council of FCT, Nigeria. Questionnaire was adopted for the study. The sample of the study comprised 80 private schools administrators. The researcher used purposive sampling technique to select the sample from the population for the study. To ensure the validity of the instrument, test retest was employed to validate the reliability of the instrument. Simple percentage and chi-square was used to analyze the data collected for the study. The result collected revealed that COVID-19 Pandemic has impact on private school finances; COVID-19 Pandemic influences retrenchment of staff in private school; COVID-19 government intervention funds did not get to private schools proprietors and majorities of proprietress of private schools in Gwagwalada area council have not been able to pay their staff for the past two months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on this findings, the researcher hereby recommends that the government should provide specially intervention funds for the private schools with low interest rate. Based on the results obtained from the study, it was recommended that government at the federal and states levels should make provision for the private schools to access special intervention loans with low interest rate so that the private schools owners should be able to pay salaries to their staff by Ogunode Niyi Jacob 2020. An investigation into the impact of COVID-19 on private schools in Gwagwalada area council of FCT, Nigeria. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 6 (Jun. 2020), 35-44. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i6.399. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/399/376 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/399
Emerging concerns, trends and prospects in educationalErich Garcia
The document discusses several emerging concerns, trends, and prospects in educational planning in the Philippines. It covers topics such as the K-12 curriculum, amalgamation of higher education institutions, the Philippine Qualification Framework, academic paradigm shifts, performance-based incentive systems, and the role of blended and flexible learning. The overall trends examined include aligning the education system with international standards, increasing access to higher education, and adapting learning models for the 21st century.
This case study examines the challenges of implementing distance education in Uganda. It outlines five key challenges: poor infrastructure like lack of reliable electricity and poor roads, the high cost of education, an outdated curriculum, inadequate expertise in distance education among lecturers, and poor attitudes towards distance learning. It recommends interventions like collaboration between institutions to build resource centers, government investment in infrastructure, curriculum reform, training lecturers, and sensitizing students and the public about distance education.
This document discusses key lessons learned about the cost and financing of basic education. It covers issues around the right to education, public vs private financing, equity concerns especially regarding gender, balancing access, quality and efficiency. Specific areas examined include trends in public education expenditure, the blurring line between public and private sectors, different strategies for mobilizing resources and controlling costs like teacher costs and textbook management. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for states to ensure equitable access to quality education for all through increased public funding, transparency around costs and outcomes, and redefining their role in regulating both public and private education.
This document discusses privatizing education. It outlines reasons for and against privatization, including failures of state education systems and the potential for private systems to be more efficient, innovative, and cost-effective through investment and economies of scale. An example is given of NIIT, a private Indian company that provides computer training and has expanded globally through research and development. Key questions are raised about whether private education virtues could be replicated in state systems and accessed by more students. Public-private partnerships are proposed as a potential solution that could address breakdowns seen in some public school systems.
Research proposal information_and_communication_tePrince Rainier
This document proposes a research study to evaluate the impact of providing information about expected costs of college education to grade 8 students and their parents in Chile. The study would use a randomized controlled trial to test the effects of an informational DVD on student performance, expectations, and secondary school choices. Outcomes like test scores, expectations, and administrative records would be measured before and after the intervention. The goal is to understand how changing expectations of costs and financing options affects human capital investment decisions, and whether informing parents has a greater impact than informing students alone. If successful, the findings could help address challenges around access to higher education in developing countries.
This document discusses a project at Curtin University's Centre for Aboriginal Studies to introduce tablet devices and laptops into their Indigenous Tertiary Enabling Course (ITEC) to allow for a more student-centered and technology-integrated learning model. The goal is to enhance student engagement and outcomes, including higher retention rates. The ITEC prepares Indigenous students for undergraduate university studies through academic support and promoting cultural identity. Initial feedback on integrating the ITEC curriculum with the larger UniReady enabling program has been positive, providing ITEC students more unit options and exposure to a diverse student body to prepare for university. The hoped for outcomes include not just higher retention but also increasing the number of Indigenous students who successfully complete university degrees.
This study examined strategies for enhancing student’s enrollment into Home Economics Education in tertiary institutions in Edo state. The study was a descriptive survey. A total of 21 lecturers participated in the study. No sampling technique was adopted as all the 21 lecturers in the 4 tertiary institutions who lectures Home Economics Education in Edo State were used for the study. Three research questions were raised and answered in the study. A validated questionnaire was used for data collection while the weighted average mean was adopted for data analysis. Findings from the study revealed that there has been dwindling enrollment into Home Economics Education in tertiary institutions in Edo State. Some of the factors responsible for the state of enrolment are negative attitude of parents, poor institutional funding and low awareness of the relevance of Home Economics Education to the students. Strategies if adopted is capable of enhancing the enrolment were; increased funding of tertiary institutions by the government, provision of well equipped laboratories and libraries, creating awareness among parents and students, giving of loans to graduates of Home Economics to aid their business and students should spent longer period in industrial attachment. One of the recommendations proffered was that the existing tertiary institutions offering Home Economics Education should be properly funded by the government.
This document discusses potential ways to increase funding for universities in Sri Lanka. It notes that government spending on education as a percentage of GDP is low compared to other countries. It explores models used in countries like China, India, and Bangladesh that encourage private investment in higher education through tuition fees while still providing oversight and subsidies. The document proposes a model for Sri Lanka where students pay tuition but the government provides loans to those who can't afford it, to be paid back after graduation. However, it acknowledges this would be difficult politically and require structural changes to the current system of free university education.
Curbing Candidates Desperate Desires for University Education against Other T...inventionjournals
This paper discussed curbing candidate’s desperate desire for university education against other tertiary educational institutions. The paper began with a presentation of the general requirements for various types of tertiary education institution – Polytechnics, Colleges of education, Monotechnics and University. It delved into factors responsible for candidates desperate desire which include status disparity, high social rating of university degrees, excessive emphasis on university education, disparity in organizational ranking of graduates from universities and other tertiary institutions, poor funding of other tertiary institutions compared to universities and ineffective implementation of policies and programmes. In order to curb candidates desperate desire for university education, the paper recommended amongst others that: organizations (employers) should eliminate disparity in ranking and undue emphasis placed on university graduates against those from other tertiary educational institutions, other tertiary institutions should be adequately funded, government should provide and maintain equipment and facilities that encourage hands-on activities at college level in order to develop students interest in vocational and technical education offered in polytechnics, monotechnics and colleges of education (Technical), the government should institute a policy that will enable students in polytechnics and colleges of education get scholarship and also give automatic employment to graduates with technical background especially from polytechnics and monotechnics, priority should be given to vocational and technical subjects and be made compulsory at the secondary school level, campaign to sensitize and enlighten parents to desist from discouraging their children and wards from choosing higher education institutions other than universities should be on-going
1) Higher education in India faces several systemic deficiencies that have led to poor academic standards and unemployable graduates despite emerging skilled labor shortages. Issues include a large number of small, substandard institutions, declining funding, and an inability to maintain quality or regulate the private sector.
2) Reforms are needed to improve infrastructure, increase funding, upgrade technology, strengthen regulation, and make education more affordable and accessible through measures like social equity funds. The future of higher education in India will require addressing concerns through coordination, leveraging new opportunities, and strategic paradigm shifts.
This document discusses access and equity in Malaysia's private higher education system. It provides background on the development of private higher education in Malaysia, noting that private institutions now make up about 50% of total student enrollment. The government has actively supported private providers through policies aimed at increasing access to meet growing demand. Regulations oversee the private sector to help widen access through financial assistance programs for students. While private provision has expanded opportunities, concerns remain about the sustainability of Malaysia's model of relying heavily on private institutions to promote access and equity.
College tuition is becoming increasingly expensive, making higher education less accessible. The average cost of a four-year private college is $26,273 per year, while public universities charge $7,020 for in-state students. With tuition and other costs like room and board rising $377-420 each year, the total price of college increases by $172-1,096 annually. Unless steps are taken to reduce costs, high tuition will negatively impact high school graduation rates and encourage more students to drop out as college becomes unaffordable.
The document discusses education in the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that the pandemic has greatly impacted the education sector, forcing changes to the traditional system. While there was initial uncertainty around reopening schools, the President and Department of Education announced blended learning would be implemented, combining modular learning, online classes, and television/radio broadcasts depending on access. This new approach places burdens on parents to retrieve modules and relies on access to technology, presenting challenges to holistic learning. Cooperation across all sectors is needed to overcome hurdles in the "new normal" of education.
This study analyzes data on over 2.5 million students in the UK who successfully completed first degrees between 1998/99 and 2007/08. It finds that while the numbers and percentages of both disabled and non-disabled male and female students increased over this period, disabled students remained underrepresented. The study also examines degree classifications and finds little difference in academic standards between disabled and non-disabled students. However, the conclusions are not clearly stated and more data is needed to fully address questions about challenges to inclusion and ways to improve higher education access. Overall, the study provides insights into the impacts of UK policies promoting inclusive higher education but could be strengthened by more thorough analysis and discussion of findings.
A Review Of Instruments For Student Loans In Tertiary EducationDaniel Wachtel
This document discusses student loan instruments for financing tertiary education. It notes that as tertiary education systems have expanded from elite to mass education, costs have increased which has put pressure on public funding models. Student loan programs are presented as an alternative that could help share costs between students and taxpayers. The document evaluates different types of student loan programs and finds that income-contingent loan systems, where repayment is based on a percentage of graduates' incomes, are more equitable and could help increase access to education. It ranks several European countries' feasibility for implementing public or commercial student loan programs based on individual, funding, institutional and educational criteria.
Alternative sources of financing secondary school education in the rural coun...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on alternative sources of financing secondary education in Kisii County, Kenya. The study found the dominant alternative sources were service-based incomes (20%), commercial activities like school canteens (35%), and agricultural activities like livestock and crop farming (45%). Revenues from these alternative sources helped schools pay salaries, hire more teachers, improve facilities, and motivate students. However, 15% of schools still faced challenges securing funding. The document recommends the Kenyan government formulate policies requiring schools to pursue alternative funding to reduce reliance on unsustainable government funding and train school managers in developing alternative income sources.
The document summarizes key points from an Action Aid report on challenges developing countries face in providing free, compulsory education. It finds that even the poorest families in Pakistan end up paying direct and indirect fees. Private schools lack regulation and increase inequality. The report recommends that Pakistan increase education spending, regulate fees, strengthen public school quality monitoring, dedicate budgets for teachers and infrastructure, increase transparency of private schools, raise citizen awareness, and increase donor funding and support for education reform.
Exploration of pragmatic funding sources in funding higher education in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document discusses funding challenges for higher education institutions in Nigeria and proposes exploring pragmatic funding sources. It notes that higher education is underfunded despite being important for national development. Government funding alone is insufficient given competing priorities. External factors like increasing student enrollment and inflation also influence education costs. The document recommends raising funds through means like generating revenue, donations, grants, tuition, and commercial ventures to supplement government support and ensure quality education. University administrators must effectively manage available resources and find alternative funding to sustain their institutions through financial difficulties.
Education is now widely recognized as a scarce commodity but whose investment leads to future pecuniary and non pecuniary returns. Individuals invest in human capital (HC) with hope for future returns, while family investments expect social returns. Indeed governments in the East African Community (EAC) are motivated by the perceived social rate of returns. An emerging school of thought holds that Higher Education (HE) is a big business whose investment must be carefully planned. In EAC, cross border movement in search for HE has been to say the least, the most unequal. In her own admission, Kenya’s Minister of Foreign Affairs stated that the country loses over ksh 2 billion annually in students’ mobility to Uganda in search for HE. While this has gone on for years unabated, this study interrogates the central question: why is cross border HE students’ mobility in EAC unequal? The study generates a four tier typology of integration that includes (i) stagnant integration (LL), (ii)moribund integration (LH), (iii)synergistic integration (HL) and (iv) inequitable integration (HH) based on the relationship between students’ HE mobility and levels of inequality. Overall, the study advocates for the synergistic type of integration that encourages higher students’ mobility with lower inequalities. The study was done as a spatial variation based on the concept of extreme case selection and the most likely condition. Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Rwanda were seen as influential cases to be included in the study. Uganda was seen as the destination point for cross border students movement, while Kenya and Rwanda were the exit points. An extensive but selective review of existing literature was also done as well as modest collection of primary data which was done prior to the research visit.
Influence of Average Household Education Expenditure on Student Enrolment Sus...ijtsrd
The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which average household education expenditure influence student enrolment sustainability in secondary schools. 8IThe study was guided by the theoretical and conceptual framework which borrows heavily from the concepts of human capital theory which was proposed by Schultz and developed extensively by Becker. This theory postulates that expenditure on training and education is costly and should be considered an investment since it is undertaken with the view to increasing personal incomes. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The target population consisted of principals and household heads from public secondary schools in Bungoma County. In order to have a representative sample, this study employed a stratified random sampling to select 691 school principals and household heads. Questionnaires, interview and observation schedules and document analysis were used as data collection instruments. Validity was established through expert opinion. Reliability was established through piloting. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study established that there is a negative relationship between the average amount of money spent by household to educate a child in secondary school and student’s enrolment rate in secondary schools. This implies that as the household expenditure in education increases the enrolment decreases. This study therefore recommends that government or other educational stake holders should support parents who have children in form one as a strategy of increasing students’ enrolment rate. Wasilwa Bakari | Julius Maiyo | Duncan Wasike "Influence of Average Household Education Expenditure on Student Enrolment Sustainability in Public Secondary Schools in Bungoma County, Kenya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52579.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/52579/influence-of-average-household-education-expenditure-on-student-enrolment-sustainability-in-public-secondary-schools-in-bungoma-county-kenya/wasilwa-bakari
Impact of unit cost on academic performance of public secondary education in ...Alexander Decker
- The document examines the relationship between unit cost and academic performance in public secondary schools in Siaya District, Kenya from 1997 to 2007.
- It finds that the unit cost of secondary education, including both government expenditures and fees paid by parents, has steadily increased over this period for both day schools and boarding schools.
- However, the correlation between increased unit cost and academic performance index, as measured by test scores, is low. This implies that rising costs have not necessarily led to improved performance outcomes.
Parental Funding and Learner Retention in Free Day Secondary Education in Bus...ijtsrd
This document discusses the relationship between parental funding and learner retention in secondary schools in Busia County, Kenya. It provides background on studies that have found parental fees and levies to be important for funding educational initiatives and retaining students. The methodology section describes how the study used a survey design and collected data through questionnaires and interviews with principals, teachers, and students to analyze the effect of parental funding on retention. The results section presents data showing students agreed that payment of school fees and development levies contributed to their classmates being retained, but payment for remedial programs and lunch/welfare fees had less impact on retention.
Resource Mobilization and Academic Performance of Public Secondary Schools in...ijtsrd
The purpose of the study was to establish the relationship between resource mobilization and academic performance. The study was prompted by concerns among education stake holders over poor academic performance in public secondary schools. The study adopted descriptive survey design. The study was conducted in 360 public secondary schools in Bungoma County. The target population comprised of 360 Principals, 360 Board of management chairpersons BOM and 360 Directors of Studies DOS . The sample size of the study comprised of 72 Principals, 72 Board of Management chairpersons and 72 Director of Studies. Simple random sampling was used to select 72 schools which represented 20 of 360 target schools. Purposive sampling was used to select Principals, Directors of Studies DOS and Board of management BOM chairpersons. Primary data was collected using closed ended questionnaires and checklists. The statistical package for social sciences SPSS was used for analysis of data. Descriptive statistics used were frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation. Inferential statistics used were Pearson Product Moment Correlation and linear regression analysis. Linear regression analysis and correlation were used to test relationship between independent and dependent variables. Analyzed data was presented in APA tables, pie charts and bar graphs. The study also established that there is a positive and significant relationship between resource mobilization and academic performance of public secondary schools in Bungoma County r= 0.281, p 0.05 . A unit improvement in resource mobilization is likely to result to an improvement in academic performance by 28.1 standardized regression coefficient = 0.281 . Sarah Likoko | Jane Barasa | Pamela Khaemba "Resource Mobilization and Academic Performance of Public Secondary Schools in Bungoma County, Kenya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50433.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/50433/resource-mobilization-and-academic-performance-of-public-secondary-schools-in-bungoma-county-kenya/sarah-likoko
Effect of Government Spending on the Nigerian Educationijtsrd
Over the years, the quality of education offered in Nigeria has been affected by poor attendance and inadequate preparation by teachers at all levels. The morale of teachers has been low due to poor condition of service, low salaries and poor physical facilities such as libraries, laboratories, modern communication and Information technology equipments. The research work investigates the effect of government expenditure on the growth of the education sector in Nigeria. The research work employs both descriptive and inferential statistical analysis particularly the multiple regression estimating technique. Two models are formulated to examine this. The first model used average school enrollment as proxy for education growth while the share of the education sector in the GDP is used to proxy education sector growth in the second model. The independent variables are recurrent the total government recurrent expenditure, the total capital education and the GDP. The study made use of secondary data from 1987 2019. The result shows that recurrent expenditure does not have significant impact on the share of education sector in the GDP while it has significant and negative relationship with average school enrollment. On the other hand capital expenditure does not have significant impact on the average school enrolment but it does on share of education sector in the GDP. The implication of the result is that enrollment growth in the education sector in Nigeria does not correspond with the recurrent expenditure in Nigeria. Also the capital expenditure in terms of provision of educational and infrastructural facilities has not been having significant impact on the volume of school enrollment in Nigeria. This study has added to the literature calling for the increase in funding of the education sector in Nigeria. Oguntuase, Adeniyi "Effect of Government Spending on the Nigerian Education" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49484.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/49484/effect-of-government-spending-on-the-nigerian-education/oguntuase-adeniyi
This document discusses several key topics related to economics of education:
1) Recent UK policy has focused on broadening post-16 education options and vocational qualifications to improve skills.
2) Higher education has expanded due to increasing student numbers by reducing costs and shifting more costs to students.
3) Studies show graduates earn more on average than non-graduates, with some degree subjects conferring much higher earnings than others. Earnings premiums exist even after accounting for other factors.
The document discusses the rising costs of higher education in the United States. It notes that tuition has increased by more than 60% in six states and more than 20% in 29 states since 2008. It then discusses several reasons for increasing tuition, including growing demand for degrees due to their impact on earnings, costs of new technology and facilities, higher salaries for top faculty, and decreased state funding. Finally, it proposes some solutions to control costs, such as online courses, dual enrollment programs, three-year degree programs, renting textbooks, and earning income while in school.
This document discusses lessons learned about financing quality basic education. It examines issues around public and private financing, equity, and costs related to financial management, teachers, construction, and textbooks. Strategies to contain costs like improving efficiency and mobilizing community contributions are discussed. Extending access through nonformal approaches requires incorporating them into the formal system while managing costs. Key priorities going forward are clarifying the state's role in ensuring basic learning for all, renewed advocacy for public funding, and greater transparency around cost and financing issues. While cost-saving strategies exist, ensuring quality education requires balancing costs against learning outcomes.
Running Head EVOLVING NEEDS OF COMMUNITY COLLEGE STUDENTS1EV.docxtodd271
Running Head: EVOLVING NEEDS OF COMMUNITY COLLEGE STUDENTS1
EVOLVING NEEDS OF COMMUNITY COLLEGE SUDENTS5
Evolving needs of Community College Students
Students Name
Institutional Affiliation
Evolving Needs of Community College Students
Historical Background
Community colleges were initially not distinctly identified on their own. Until the Clinton reforms of community colleges in the 1980s, community colleges were no different from junior colleges. The programs and organizational culture were not as developed, and the student needs were rarely attended to in the diverse way that they are today (Gavazzi et al., 2018). Students were assumed to be homogenous, with either a low economic background or substantially flat academic prowess. After the recognition and reinstatement as accredited institutions of merit, community college missions changed and became more student-centered.
The core programs were initially only vocational and for transfer to university purposes. Developmental education was not adequately developed, yet it contributed in a massive way to student retention and the student's ability to finish the program and progress to higher education. Community colleges have been very rigid in their approach to learning, governance, and even administration (Beach, 2011). Most of the changes that occur do not affect the entire institution but are marginalized to transform only a select few. These changes either influence a certain courses based on profitability or the trends in the business world, but rarely extend to other programs within the colleges.
Fiscal policies in community colleges are primarily dependent on the federal government because community college facilities are supposed to encourage the most economically disadvantaged. Tuition is very low compared to the capacity building needed to run the institutions, and the result is that the community colleges suffer from an ultimate shortage in the facility and consolidated programs that undermine the skill sets offered to the students (O'Banion, 2019). Traditionally this has been crippling the system’s ability to change the approach in which the curriculum, administration and governance is run.It creates a shortage of staff for capacity building purposes and an overall decline in the quality of education offered within the institution.
Current issues
Current issues relating to students' evolving needs include student performances that have been diverse depending on factors such as program choice. Programs in health sciences, for instance, have seen a very consistent high-performance culture that has been aided by the level of competency that the students in the courses (Fugle & Falk, 2015). About 98 percent of the students in classes such as a physician assistant, physical and occupational therapy, radiologic technicians, and nursing assistance have seen a very high return on investment in terms of their absorption into the workforce or their progression into b.
- The study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of how students perceive their tuition fees using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. It explored the perceptions of different tuition fee paying student groups in the UK during a time of significant tuition fee increases.
- Two main themes emerged: the fairness of tuition fees and the impact of tuition fee changes on perceptions. A lack of knowledge about tuition fees appears to increase stress in students.
- The findings indicate that more responsibility should lie with institutions to educate students about their finances, which may benefit student wellbeing and satisfaction. The study also cautions about policy and structural changes in universities to meet increasing student demands.
This document is a concept paper on estimating returns to schooling in Kenya. It provides background on education expenditures at the external, domestic, and household levels in Kenya. Expenditures on education in Kenya have increased over time as the government implemented free primary and secondary education programs. The paper aims to estimate returns to schooling in Kenya by analyzing the effect of sex and experience on private earnings. It will review relevant human capital and signaling theories as well as empirical studies on returns to education in other countries and contexts to inform the analysis.
Effectiveness of Internal Audits in Public Educational Institutions in Kenya...IJMER
Internal auditing has become a factor of the new accountability and control era. The
manner in which public sector entities maintain internal control and how they are held accountable has
evolved to require more transparency and more accountability from these organizations that spend
investor or taxpayer funds. This trend has significantly impacted how management implements,
monitors, and reports on internal control. Although internal auditors can be a valuable advisory
resource on internal control, the internal auditor should not be a substitute for a strong internal control
system. A system of internal control is the primary response to risks. The role of internal auditing has
evolved from an administrative procedure with a focus on compliance, to an important element of good
governance. In many cases the existence of internal auditing is mandatory (intosaigov 9140).
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
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Ability and willingness to pay for university education in calabar, nigeria
1. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol 3, No.8, 2012
Reforming Education through User Fees: Ability and Willingness to
Pay For University Education in Calabar, Nigeria
Ekpenyong Ekpenyong Ekanem, James E. Okon and Uduak I. Ekpoh
Department of Educational Administration and Planning
University of Calabar,
P.M.B. 1115 Calabar, Nigeria.
*ekpenyongekanem@yahoo.co.uk
Abstract
This study explored user fees as a policy option in transforming university system in Calabar-Nigeria and its
implications for ability and willingness to pay for the cost of schooling. The study was expected to provide a baseline
information on the policy-planning process of user fees in solving revenue and financing problems of the university
system for efficiency. This survey inferential design study had two research questions and one hypothesis that guide
the investigation. With the use of stratified random sampling technique, 460 parents were drawn from the parents’
population in the two universities’ locations. Data collection was carried out using a researchers’ constructed
instrument called “Household Reaction To Cost of Schooling Questionnaire (HRTCOSQ)”. Descriptive statistics
(using tables and percentages) and Ordinary Least Square Regression Analysis were used to statistically analyze data
collected for the study. Results obtained revealed that households in Calabar were able and willing to pay for the cost
of schooling. The low income group households were willing to pay more for the male than the female children. The
desirability of the user fees as a policy option depended on the ability and willingness of the household to pay for the
cost of schooling. It is therefore recommended that the user fees should be adopted by university’s administration to
raise revenue while government should provide scholarship to brilliant students from low-income households to
cushion effects for equity.
Keywords: Household, user fees, cost, reforming, university education.
1. Introduction
Investment in education leads to the accumulation of human capital which is the key to economic growth and
increased income. Education therefore, is a private and social investment shared by individuals, families, employers,
government and other groups (including international agencies). According to Wasser and Picken (1998), the
financial base of public higher education can be strengthened by mobilizing a greater share of the required financing
from students (users) themselves. This is basically because students can expect significantly greater lifetime earnings
as a result of attending higher educational institutions. Moreso, students are from families with the ability and
willingness to pay most of the expenses associated with higher education. On the basis of this, universities in Nigeria
can introduce or increase user fees in order to recover some of the costs of education and sustain quality and
efficiency of the system.
User fees in this study is said to mean the compulsory contribution in cash or kind by users of educational
services towards the costs of their provision. According to Ayodele (2006), education is privately financed when the
recipients or users of the services pay directly for it. It is publicly financed when general tax revenue is the source of
funding. The importance of user fees is affirmed in World Bank (2004) when it asserts with regards to higher
education that a growing number of developing countries are moving in the direction of cost-sharing. This implies
that user fees have been promoted as an essential policy response to the financial crisis facing the social sectors in
many low and middle income countries. The common presumption is that user fees are strongest with higher
education and weakest for primary education (Thobani, 2010).
2. Problem of the study
The high cost of schooling in universities in Calabar poses a lot of financial burden to the university
administration, government and the household. In the face of competing demands from other sectors of the economy,
it becomes pretty difficult for government to continue to shoulder this responsibility alone. The university education
can therefore be subsidize through private investment option of user fees, but to an extent that the household
(individuals and families) are able and willing to pay for. The consequence of this is inadequate finance currently
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Vol 3, No.8, 2012
experienced by most public university administration impacting negatively on quality and efficiency in the system.
The problem of this investigation therefore, is derived from establishing the extent to which the cost of schooling in
universities in Calabar, Nigeria is justified by the household income range of the socio-economic class. This is
necessary now in this period of global financial crises in order to ensure user fees and its relevant increase in school
charges can be paid for by parents and thus, desirable. Most studies on detailed analysis of cost of schooling are
expenditure based. Little or no study has been investigated on user fees as cost recovery option vis-à-vis households
income range to determine the ability and willingness to pay. The study therefore contributes to the filling of the gap
and hence added knowledge to the literature.
3. Research questions
1. What are the ability and willingness of households to pay for increase in cost of schooling in
state-owned university?
2. What are the ability willingness of households to pay for increase in cost of schooling in federal-owned
university?
4. Hypothesis
There is no significant relationship between the cost of schooling in universities and the household income.
5. Literature review
The justification of user fees by individual students as private investment in education is that it will make the
greatest possible contribution since education yields direct and indirect benefits to the individuals. If it does not, then
the scarce resource are not being allocated as efficiently as possible (Psacharopoulos and Woodhall, 1986). As such,
tax burden on citizens should be reduced while the user fees in university education increased. Ironically, those who
benefit from education should pay for it. Contributing to this reason, Ayeni and Oduyoye (2009) pointed out that
standards in education are falling in Nigeria basically because government wants to shoulder the full responsibilities
of financing education. A point is made here that tax payer’s money that goes into university education should be
made appropriate to the social benefits accruing to the society as a whole. Therefore, the rest should be borne by the
individual who possesses it. User fees may be integral components of the neo-liberal and macro-economic policies
put forward within stabilization and structural adjustment programme for the economic transformation of Nigeria.
The argument in literature in favour of user fees as private investment in education is that, it creates incentives
for costs containment by sharpening cost consciousness among students and school managers. Mingat (2008)
considers the scheme useful in high performing Asian economic. He established the relationship between the
proportions of private financing on unit costs in pubic institutions. Higher education unit costs tend to decrease as the
countries develop. Zumelmen (2006) asserts that such cost-recovery ensure effective and flexible use for greater
self-help potential. Considering the cost of schooling and the income of household, the relationship flatten out as the
rate of users fees goes beyond 40 percent, suggesting that the gain in cost containment is minimal beyond that point.
Education costs and financing attract special attention particularly in the era of budgetary austerity by
government. The users (individuals or families) must usually cover the part of the university cost. According to
Okuwa (2009), two factors are very critical to users namely earnings forgone and private rate of returns to family
investment in education. The earnings forgone by those who are studying and not working are high in university
education. In Nigeria like most third world countries, such indirect costs are financed privately. The exception being
the direct cost to tertiary education in respect of students’ scholarships, bursary or student loans, usually below
market interest rates.
Also, the high private rate of returns to family investment in the university education made the students to share
significantly in the burden of the costs of their education, especially those from wealthy homes. The general reason
for this is that, they will earn more in later life as a result of having received university education. In the view of
Lawton (2002), costs recovery in higher education is needed to guide higher education authorities in deciding which
programme to expand and which one to contract or eliminate. Therefore, university education should be managed to
ensure that the output of education is demand driven and socially useful. However, special subsidies and students
from poor homes are not financially constrained from pursuing university courses for which they are academically
qualified (Appleton 2007). The focus of this study is on the user fees and its implications for household in terms of
the ability and willingness to pay for the cost of schooling in universities in Calabar, Nigeria.
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ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol 3, No.8, 2012
6. Methodology
This study was conducted in Calabar in Cross River State of Nigeria. The study area is the seat of
administration in the state and constitutes two local government areas namely Calabar Municipality and Calabar
South Local Government Area. It covered two universities located therein, one of which is owned by federal
government of Nigeria (university of Calabar) while the other is owned by the state government (Cross River
University of Technology). The design adopted for this study was survey inferential research design.
Parents of the students residing in the study area made up the population. A sample size of 460 parents of the
university students were drawn using the stratified random sampling techniques. The basis of stratification was the
local government areas for the selection of the household units. Further breakdown showed that 230 household units
were drawn form each of the two local government areas.
Researchers’ constructed instrument called “Household Reaction To Cost of Schooling Questionnaire
(HRTCOSQ)” was used to collect data. The questionnaire consisted of 22 items (12 items on household income and
10 items on cost of schooling in the universities). The respondents were expected to tick ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ for items that
apply to them.
Experts in educational measurement and evaluation face-validated the questionnaire. A test-retest method gave
a reliability coefficient estimate of 0.81 which was considered reliable for use in achieving the research objectives.
Administration of the instrument was personally carried out with the aid of four other research assistants
recruited in each of the two local government areas. The instrument was administered to the 460 subjects sampled
and the measures adopted in doing this gave a 100 percent return rate.
A descriptive statistics (using tables and percentages) and econometric (using Least Square Regression Analysis)
were used to statistically analyze data generated for the study.
7. Data analysis and results
The information gathered from the subjects were subjected to descriptive statistics using tables, mean,
percentages and Ordinary Least Square Regression test. The analyses are shown in tables 1, 2 and 3.
The reaction of parents of the students to change in the cost of schooling was estimated using simple simulation
exercise by percentages. This was done to know the number of parents who were willing to send their children to
either state or federal owned universities if fees increased by certain percentages; while ordinary Least Square
Regression Analysis was used to establish the relationship between household income and cost of schooling. In the
regression model, the cost of schooling is the dependent variable while the household income of parents’ education
and the choice of university are the explanatory variable.
7.1 Research question one
Table 1: Percentage reactions of households in Calabar to increase in cost of schooling (in the State-owned
University). N=460
Increase in cost of schooling Percentage of parents willing to pay according to income range
Very poor Poor Rich Very rich Mean
20% 21% -44% 45%-69% 70%&above
M F M F M F M F M F
20% 92.90 94.90 97.90 92.90 80.00 90.00 92.80 89.60 90.90 91.85
50% 65.70 67.70 70.70 62.60 38.30 45.40 47.50 50.50 55.55 56.55
100% 44.40 43.40 28.30 29.30 27.60 24.00 24.00 20.90 31.08 29.40
200% 22.20 17.20 14.10 13.00 27.50 20.40 20.80 17.80 19.65 18.63
Source: Computed by the researcher from field survey, 2010.
The result of data analysis presented in table 1 have shown generally that the percentages of parents who send
their children to the state university were more despite the increase in cost of schooling. The percentage of parents
willing to pay the increase were greater in number. The implication of this was that the income of parents was a
major factor in sending children to the state institution with relatively higher school charges. Also, the parents who
sent their children to the state university (Cross River State University of Technology) were willing to pay this
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Vol 3, No.8, 2012
increase because of the perceived better quality outcome couple with the perceive benefits expected from the
technological courses offered in the institution.
Nevertheless, when the school charges increased by 200 percent, a higher percentage of parents under very poor
income group were not willing to pay this increase for female students, while the poor and the very poor income
range groups showed an appreciable percentage willingness to pay for their male students.
7.2 Research question two
Table 2: Percentage reactions of households in Calabar to increase in cost of schooling in the Federal-owned
University. N=460
Increase in cost of schooling Percentage of parents willing to pay according to income range
Very poor Poor Rich Very rich Mean
20% 21%-44% 45%-69% 70%&above
M F M F M F M F M F
20% 94.00 95.40 94.70 92.80 93.90 92.10 92.50 89.90 93.78 92.55
50% 42.10 41.90 41.90 39.20 47.20 45.10 58.70 55.60 47.48 45.45
100% 16.80 16.80 21.20 18.60 22.80 19.20 30.00 26.20 22.70 20.20
200% 9.90 7.90 7.10 5.50 11.60 8.44 17.60 15.90 11.05 9.94
Source: Computed by the researcher from field survey, 2010.
The result of analysis in table 2 have shown that higher percentages of parents were willing to pay the increase
in the cost of schooling. A comparison of the willingness to pay for increase in cost of schooling in Federal and State
owned Universities revealed that, parents were willing to pay for the increase in cost of schooling after 20 percent
increase (for male and female students). The state university has a more favourable percentage willingness to pay by
parents than the Federal University at the various levels of cost of schooling increase.
Further examination of the results in table 1 and table 2 revealed that parents play positive and significant role
in sending their children to either the State or Federal University. The lower the increase in cost of schooling, the
higher the willingness of the parents to pay the increase. For instance, at the lower increase in the cost of schooling
of 20% all income groups were willing to pay the cost of schooling in the State and Federal Universities. This proved
that the parents believed that university education was an investment that can yield returns or benefits to the students,
families and the nation. The user fees policy option was stated in a manner easily measurable, and reflected a radical
departure from the previous policy.
7.3 Hypothesis
There is no significant relationship between cost of schooling and households income. The independent
variables were the cost of schooling while the explanatory variable was the households income and choice of
universities.
Table 3: Ordinary Least square regression analysis of the relationship between household income and cost of
schooling in universities in Calabar, Nigeria.
Variables Coefficient t-value Significant
Constant 162.33 11.44 0.00
Household income 0.16 7.12 0.00
Choice of school -0.078 -3.45 0.00
Father’s education 0.037 1.64 0.00
Source: Computed by researcher from field survey 2010.
The results presented in table 3 showed that there was a significant relationship between household income and
cost of schooling. It further revealed that the higher the income of the household, the greater the probability of the
parents to pay for the increase in cost of schooling.
From the results, the positive constant suggested hypothetically that there were no household income or choice
of universities and education of parents. Parents would still bear the cost of sending their children to universities. All
variables are statistically significant at 0.05 except parents’ education. The choice of university education though
statistically significant, it has a lower t-value (-3.45). The negative coefficient of choice of university education
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means that parents would demand less of the education offered by the universities with high cost of schooling.
Also, the R2 of 0.37 implied that the regression equation explained 37 percent of the variation in the dependent
variable. The F-statistics allowed for a test of the null hypothesis. The critical value associated with 5 percent level of
significant at 3 and1978 degrees of freedom in the numerator and denominator respectively in F distribution table
gave 2.60. The null hypothesis was therefore rejected given the fact that the obtained F-value of 25.35 was found to
be higher than the critical F-value of 2.60 at 0.05 alpha level of significant.
8. Discussion of results
The outcome of the study revealed that the parents of students in both the State and Federal University in
Calabar were able and willing to pay for the cost of schooling of their children/wards. This suggested that the
household was a potent factor in the schooling of their children in the universities. Also, the higher the household
income range, the more the household were able and willing to pay for the cost of schooling.
This finding was consistent with the outcome of Bank (2004) and Mingat (2008), which revealed that parents of
graduating students were willing to pay for the cost of schooling of their children in proportion to their earnings. A
germane explanation for this finding centred on the unimpressive funding of education both by the State and Federal
Government of Nigeria. A few years back, the funding has been revolving between 7 and 8percent (Ekanem, 2011).
However, given the increase from 8-13 percent in the year 2012 nation’s budget to education, not much in expected
to reform the sector. The fallout of this study revealed that inadequate funding in universities in Calabar could be
resolved through the introduction of user fees as a means of recovering part of the cost of schooling in university and
ensuring improvement in education services. This may account principally for reforms in universities in Nigeria
towards national transformation since the communities tend to appreciate the benefits for the collectivity
programmes.
Furthermore, the result showed that parents’ education were very important in the education of their children.
This was because parents’ education could affect the priority given to education by parents and their willingness to
pay the costs of schooling. This is in consonance with Lawton (2002) that the education of individuals correlated
with the social class of parents in third world countries. User fees policy option was advocated to raise revenue for
university improvement and its desirability has been established using price elasticity and demand for schooling
(Okuwa, 2009). The ability and willingness to pay for the university education could improve infrastructural
facilities and maintenance of the productive workforce in order to positively affect the quality of output. Closely akin
to this was the fact that in Africa, there is a stereotyped belief that male domain is nurtured from birth by various
agents of socialization which could influence children behaviour at school (Thobani, 2010 and Appleton, 2007). It
therefore followed that when cost of schooling was high (as much as 200 percent), the poor income group could only
be willing to pay more for the male students than their female students. Based on these realities, the universities
would stand a better chance of realizing more revenue and ensure gender equality/equity by not increasing the cost of
schooling beyond affordable proportion of the households. The objectives of the new policy initiatives were properly
understood by the students and the families.
The outcome of the hypothesis revealed that there was a significant relationship between the household income
and the cost of schooling. The implication of this was that the universities should charge fees to those in the upper
tail of income (rich and very rich income groups) distribution. This is important when considering the fact that the
wealthy households have high regard for quality education and willing to pay for the educational services without
regards for welfare consequences (Wasser and Ricken, 1998). A reliance on user fees by educational administrators
could assist institutions in tapping the much needed resources from private investors for galvanizing the university
education system. The involvement of the various groups in this study was an essential strategy for mobilizing the
desirable political support.
9. Conclusion
The households were able and willing to pay for the increase in cost of schooling in universities in Calabar-
Nigeria. However, the low income groups (the poor and very poor) of households were willing to pay more for the
male than their female children at the highest cost of schooling of 200 percent increase. Also, there was a significant
relationship between household income and cost of schooling in the universities. Therefore, the degree of ability and
willingness of household to pay for the user fees in universities in Calabar-Nigeria, is a function of the levels of
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Vol 3, No.8, 2012
household income and cost containment engendered by competition.
10. Recommendations
1. The universities in Nigeria should emphasize user fees to solve current cost and financial problems since the
desirability of the policy depends on the ability and willingness of the household to pay for the cost of
schooling.
2. The university administration should be sensitive to effective policy-planning and even de facto policy
formulation during the implementation of the user fees policy initiative. This will enable the policy-makers
to identify constraints, feedback and concreteness for possible re-assessment.
3. Government should offer scholarship specifically to the indigents and other deserving students in order to
cushion the effect for equity in the university system.
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