This document analyzes water quality of the Mohand Rao river in Doon Valley by measuring levels of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions at different sampling stations along the river from 2004-2006. The study found that calcium levels were highest during the monsoon season at the first sampling station. Magnesium levels were also higher during monsoon season compared to summer and winter. Overall, both calcium and magnesium ion levels increased from 2004 to 2006 according to water quality analysis results. The water quality index was calculated to determine the status of water quality.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This presentation highlights the occurrence of floods in India as a part of Environmental Studies. A brief idea about traditional methods of water management and the phenomenon of bio-precipitation is also included. Various sources from the internet were referred during this compilation.
Irrigation system of Pakistan proved at top level of countries in the world but still it need deep concern regarding to control flood water. Due to heavy rainfall in September 2011, floods are come in left bank of drain and it has many impacts on the various cities and villages of sindh were observed, at least 360 people were killed, some 5.35 Million people and 1.2 Million homes affected as well 1.7 Million Acres of arable land inundated. Social life was fully disturbed as economy was destroyed due to damage of crop, people were also suffering from drinking water which was not purely provided and due to this dirty water many of the diseases were appeared like direa, malaria and tified. In this research we measure the losses during heavy rain fall 2011 in Nawabshah, Sh Benazeerabad regarding to impact on our social lives and then its precautions in future planning. Data was collected from social survey in premises of city, different departments including NGO’s and Governmental Departments and also solutions on immediate basis are discussed.
A REVIEW ARTICLE ON IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON HYDROLOGICAL PARAMETERS IAEME Publication
As longas human being continues to exists,urbanization continues. Urbanizationhasa direct effect on environment which in turn effects the variations in hydrology. It may results from changes inthe land use pattern to built-up areas resulting in runoff which ultimately leads to flood. Most of the studies revealed thatland use pattern has drastically changed in whichthe builtup area increases year after year.The land use land cover changes can be identified using GIS. Many researchers have found that urbanization has an impact on hydrological parameters such as runoff volume, discharge in drains, infiltration, interception, evapotranspiration etc. An attempt has been made to consolidate the review of literature related to impact of urbanization on hydrological parameters.
This presentation highlights the occurrence of floods in India as a part of Environmental Studies. A brief idea about traditional methods of water management and the phenomenon of bio-precipitation is also included. Various sources from the internet were referred during this compilation.
Irrigation system of Pakistan proved at top level of countries in the world but still it need deep concern regarding to control flood water. Due to heavy rainfall in September 2011, floods are come in left bank of drain and it has many impacts on the various cities and villages of sindh were observed, at least 360 people were killed, some 5.35 Million people and 1.2 Million homes affected as well 1.7 Million Acres of arable land inundated. Social life was fully disturbed as economy was destroyed due to damage of crop, people were also suffering from drinking water which was not purely provided and due to this dirty water many of the diseases were appeared like direa, malaria and tified. In this research we measure the losses during heavy rain fall 2011 in Nawabshah, Sh Benazeerabad regarding to impact on our social lives and then its precautions in future planning. Data was collected from social survey in premises of city, different departments including NGO’s and Governmental Departments and also solutions on immediate basis are discussed.
A REVIEW ARTICLE ON IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON HYDROLOGICAL PARAMETERS IAEME Publication
As longas human being continues to exists,urbanization continues. Urbanizationhasa direct effect on environment which in turn effects the variations in hydrology. It may results from changes inthe land use pattern to built-up areas resulting in runoff which ultimately leads to flood. Most of the studies revealed thatland use pattern has drastically changed in whichthe builtup area increases year after year.The land use land cover changes can be identified using GIS. Many researchers have found that urbanization has an impact on hydrological parameters such as runoff volume, discharge in drains, infiltration, interception, evapotranspiration etc. An attempt has been made to consolidate the review of literature related to impact of urbanization on hydrological parameters.
Seasonal Variational Impact of the Physical Parameters On Mohand Rao River F...IJMER
The paper depicts the seasonal variational impact on water quality of Doon Valley . Study was
proposed to analyze the various water sample of Mohand-Rao river flowing in the Mohand Anticline in
the lower parts of Shiwalik hills in Doon Valley for physico-chemical characteristics of water quality
parameters such as pH; Temperature; Conductivity; Hardness; Alkalinity; Total Solids; Total Dissolved
Solids; Total Suspended Solids..To analyze the physical, chemical, and toxicological parameters of
Streams and rivers.
On Earth water has too many forms and variety which
are necessary specifically for particular geographical as well as
environmental surroundings. Below 1% of the world's fresh
water (0.007% of all water on earth) is reachable for direct
human uses. Water pollutions now become a part of concern and
disquiet in country like India. Large parts of water which are life
supportive get contaminated because of illegal activities of human
beings. Water effluence is a major problem globally. It is the
leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it
accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. In
addition to the acute problems of different problems in
developing countries, industrialized countries continue to
struggle with water pollution problems as well. There are many
inorganic metals which are contaminating water bodies which
serve life to large part of India, Arsenic (As) is one of the biggest
threats for water bodies. High toxicity of Arsenic poses a serious
risk not only to ecological systems but also for human health.
There is availability of sophisticated techniques for arsenic
removal from contaminated water, development of new
laboratory based techniques along with cost reduction and
enhancement of conventional techniques are essential for the
benefit of common people. This paper is based on the future
aspects, for removal of Arsenic from drinking water or the water
of different rivers like Ganga, Gomti and Yamuna etc which
humans are consuming for domestic purpose. Demograph
estimate that around 52 millions peoples are drinking ground
water with arsenic concentrations above the guidelines of World
Health Organization. WHO proposed a parameter or MIC for
Arsenic i.e. of 10 parts per billion (ppb) or 0.010 Mg/L, it is found
that level of Arsenic has been increased vigorously in many
rivers. Objective is to apply Bioremediation technique with the
help of batch culture that needs Bioremediators to detoxify
contaminated water and helps in maintaining the original quality
of water.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Study of Microbial Pollution in River Beehar Water District Rewa Madhya Prade...IJERA Editor
Water is one of the best gifts to all living creature, given by nature. It is compulsory for the growth and maintenance of human body and also for many biological activities. It plays a vital role for the survival of all forms of life of earth and works as a universal solvent. Pollution is caused when a change in the physical, chemical or biological condition in the environment harmfully affect quality of human life including other animal’s life and plant The quality of water is typically determined by monitoring microbial presence, especially total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci. The total coliform count varied in the range of 836-1987.43 MPN/100 ml, 743-981 MPN/100ml, 1115.4 to 2010 MPN/100 ml; fecal coliform varied in the range of 763-1947.61 MPN/100 ml, 547-979 MPN/100 ml and 1057 to 1378 MPN/100 ml and fecal streptococci varied in the range of 881-1969.53 and 832.63-1098.86 MPN/100 ml, 1155 to 1512 MPN/100 ml during winter, summer and rainy season, respectively.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
https://waterpartnership.org.au/hydrogeology-of-the-dry-zone-central-myanmar-published/
https://waterpartnership.org.au/publications/
https://waterpartnership.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Hydrogeology-of-the-Dry-Zone-Central-Myanmar-Summary.pdf
Hydrogeology of the Dry Zone, Central Myanmar
Hydrogeology of the Dry Zone – Central Myanmar, is a major study by Dr Leonard Drury, prepared with assistance from the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MOALI). The study revises and updates hydrogeological surveys and a drilling program begun in the late 1970s to mid-1980s. It represents an understanding of the groundwater resources of the Dry Zone based on decades of experience from hydrogeologists from Myanmar and Dr Drury’s extensive international experience (read full summary).
Download Book: Hydrogeology of the Dry Zone, Central Myanmar 118mb
Acknowledgements
This report has been prepared by Dr Len Drury, Aqua Rock Konsultants, with assistance from the Groundwater Division, Irrigation
and Water Utilization Management Department (IWUMD) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MOALI).
The figures and maps were digitised by International Centre Environmental Management (ICEM). The text was peer reviewed by
the International Water Management Institute (IWMI).
The author is grateful to colleagues (active and retired) from the Rural Water Supply Division (RWSD) of the Agricultural
Mechanisation Department (AMD) and IWUMD, other government departments, universities, city and township development
committees, Non-Government Organisations, and consulting companies who readily provided their hydrogeological reports
and databases. Special thanks to Deputy Director General U Tin Maung Aye Htoo, Director U Htay Lwin, and Assistant Director
U Than Zaw (IWUMD) whose professionalism and enthusiasm was outstanding; and U Myint Thein, Hydrogeological Advisor
to the National Water Resources Committee (NWRC) – Advisory Group, who facilitated meetings and gave valuable input.
Research Interests: Hydrogeology, Myanmar, Dry Zone, and central myanmar
Scenario of Water Bodies (Lakes) In Urban Areas- A case study on Bellandur La...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Environment is made up of natural factors like air, water and land. Each and every human activities
supports directly/indirectly by natural factors. India is facing a problem of natural resource scarcity, especially
of water in view of population growth and economic development. Due to growth of Population, advancement in
agriculture, urbanization and industrialization has made surface water pollution a great problem and decreased
the availability of drinking water. Many parts of the world face such a scarcity of water. Lakes are important
feature of the Earth’s landscape which are not only the source of precious water, but provide valuable habitats
to plants and animals, moderate hydrological cycles, influence microclimate, enhance the aesthetic beauty of
the landscape and extend many recreational opportunities to humankind .For issues, perspectives on pollution,
restoration and management of Bellandur Lake Falls under Bangalore Metropolitan city is very essential to
know their status but so far, there was no systematic environmental study carried out. Hence now the following
studies are essential namely Characteristics, Status, Effects (on surrounding Groundwater, Soil, Humans
health, Vegetables, Animals etc.,), resolving the issues of degradation, preparation of conceptual design for
restoration and management.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powder
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
eISSN : 2278-067X, pISSN : 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 4, Issue 8 (November 2012), PP. 77-83
Impact Assessment of Certain Ions as Pollutants Such as
Calcium (Ca2+) and Magnesium (Mg2+) Ions for Water Quality of
The River Mohand Rao in Doon Valley
1
Prashant-Dwivedi, 2D.N.Pandey, 3Kartikeya Dwivedi
1
Noida International University ,Greater Noida, Uttar-Pradesh
2
S.N.Medical College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh.
3
M.S.College, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh.
Abstract:––Water is essential for the survival of any forms of the life on Earth. On an average a human being consumes
about 2liters of water every day . . Hard water is that which has high mineral content (in contrast with soft water). Hard
water has high concentrations of Ca2+ & Mg2+ ions .Hard water is generally not harmful to one’s health but can pose serious
problems in industrial settings.. In domestic settings, the hardness of water is often indicated by the non-formation of suds
when soap is agitated in the water sample. The following equilibrium reaction describes the dissolving /formation of calcium
carbonate scales:
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca2+ + 2HCO3-
Calcium and Magnesium ions can be removed by water softeners. In this paper we have investigated the variation of the
total-hardness of the water of river Mohand Rao with respect to seasonal variations.
I. INTRODUCTION
Nature and mankind forms an inseparable part of the life supporting system . This system has five elements air,
water, land flora and fauna which are interconnected , inter-related and inter-dependent and have co-evolved and are co-
adopted. Deterioration in one inevitably effects the other four elements. If the deterioration is for a short term and the life
supporting system had enough resilience , it repair itself and revert to the original state. However , if the deterioration
continues , the
whole systems including all lives are thrown out of gear. This disturbance of system is called the pollution , it may
be in air, water, and land causing air-pollution , water- pollution and land-pollution. The total average annual flow per year
for the Indian river is estimated as 1953Km3. The total annual replenishable ground-water resources are assessed as
432Km3. The annual utilized surface water and ground water resources of India are estimated as 690Km3 and 396 Km3 per
year respectively. The importance of understanding the relationship between man and environment has never been so great
as it is realized at present Industrial and Technological advancement being made throughout the world are undoubtedly
contributing towards our property but creating problem of depletion of environmental resources and increasing pollution.
Therefore , the need for conservation of resources and environmental protection, which are so intimately connected with our
survival and sustainable development is being globally recognized. Pollution may be defined as any undesirable changes in
physical, chemical or biological characteristics of air, land or water affecting the Life in harmful way. Pollutants gets
dispersed in air, water and soil.The dispersion and movement of pollutants in the biosphere is a complex process and it
accumulates within organism and causing toxic effects. Comprising over 80% of the earth’s surface water is undoubtedly the
most precious natural resources that exist on our planet . It is essential for all forms of life on our planet i.e. earth.Owing to
increasing industrialization on one hand and exploding population on the other , the demand of water supply have been
increasing tremendously. Moreover considerable part of this limit of water is polluted by sewage , industrial wastes and wide
array of synthetic chemicals. According to Federal Water Pollution Control Act (F.W.P.C.A) the pollutants include degraded
soil, solid wastes, incinerated residue, sewage , garbage, sewage sludge , chemical wastes , biological materials , heat , rock ,
sand , dirt , industrial wastes, municipal wastes and agricultural waste gets discharge into the river. In recent year many
studies have been made in India to describe the stream morphology , hydrology, ecology of hill streams , river and details of
their biotic communities inter-relation to water quality have been documented.
A number of studies have also been made to analyze the effects of industrial pollution on different rivers. However
only a few studies have been conducted on land, water- interaction in the river basin.On analyzing the National Water
Supply Sector Policy’s objectives, policies and programs related to drinking water leads to several observations. First they
emphasize on enlarging the drinking water coverage, but mere emphasis will not be adequate unless the quality (potable) and
quantity (per capita) aspects of drinking water are considered. These two aspects of water are vital in terms of health and
sanitation . Second , the health and sanitation education program to reduce water- related diseases will not be effective
unless the water sector defines a Indian potable water standard.Further , the living standards of general rural communities
must be raised by providing income generating activities. This will enable them to pay ever-increasing water and sanitation
tariffs.However, this issues is not only relevant to the drinking water sector but interlinked with many other sector related to
water sanitation, health. It requires a coordinate effort to be made at national , sub-national and local levels because water-
related diseases relate to all form of life. Here we analyze the water quality of the particular river Mohand flowing in the
77
2. Impact Assessment of Certain Ions as Pollutants Such as…
Doon valley to prevent the water born diseases as large populations of Van-Gujjars depends upon this river for their
velhoods.
II. METHODOLOGY
a) Geographical Area
Dun; Doon; Dhoon in the Sanskrit and Hindi languages means a “Valley” which has not been made by river soil
erosion ,but is formed by Tectonic Activity within the earth that causes movements of its crusts, as earthquakes, folds, faults
or the lake.The Oxford Dictionary defined it as - “Valley in Shiwalik Hills”There are number of valleys large and small
between the Sub-Himalayas and the Shiwalik Hills. “Valley of Doon” is on the North-West part of the Indian state of Uttar-
Pradesh.The Doon Valley is situated between the latitude of 300 to 300 32’ and longitude of 77043’ to 780 24’ It is nearly
75Km long from North-West to South-East and 25Km broad from the North-West to South-West.Region of Doon valley
involves two distinct styles and amplitude of folding. In the northern part, the over turned SANTAURGARH ANTICLINE
with both limbs dipping steep to moderate was developed as fault propagated fold over the SANTAURGARH THRUST
(ST).The uplifted hanging wall of the Santaurgarh Thrust constituted the dissected SHIWALIK and the down faulted
footwall formed the pedimented Shiwalik.To the south in the frontal range, the Shiwalik strata were folded into MOHAND-
ANTICLINE. MOHAND ANTICLINE as fault-bend folds over the HIMALAYAN FRONTAL THRUST (HFT).The
uplifted terraces on the fore-limb of the anticline resulted due to displacement on the HIMALAYAN FRONTAL THRUST
(HFT) in Holocene. The Bhanwala Thrust,Majhaun Fault and Asan Fault were formed as out of sequence thrust within the
MAIN BOUNDARY THRUST(MBT) .Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) wedge of folded Shiwalik and overlying Dun
gravel subsequent to Santaurgarh thrust.The Garhwal Himalaya geographically forms the central part of the Himalayan
organic belt that runs in an arcuate shape for a strike length of about 2400Km with width varying from 230Km to 320Km
and represent a classic example of collision type mountain belt.Continued tectonic activity also produced nappes in the lesser
Himalaya which was pushed due south along the MAIN BOUNDARY THRUST (MBT) and HIMALAYAN FRONTAL
THRUST (HFT). Stacking of thrust slab caused differential loading and depressed the frontal part of the Indian plate in
front of the advancing nappes, thus producing sag or a foreland basin in front of the rising Himalaya. The “Garhwal –
Himalaya “demarcates more or less Western and Eastern boundaries by the river Yamuna and Ramganga (Bist & Choudhry
.1993). The region is mainly covered by the drainage basin of the “Holy-Ganga” and its tributaries which have carved out
stupendous gorges for most part of their length and thus present one of the best exposed sections of the Himalaya for study.
III. DRAINAGE SYSTEM
A drainage system is the pattern formed by the streams, rivers and lakes in a particulardrainage basin. They are
governed by the topography of the land, whether a particular region is dominated by hard or soft rocks and the gradient of
the and.Geomorphologists and Hydrologists often view streams as being parts of drainage basins. A drainage basin is the
topographic region from which a stream receives run –off, throughflow and ground water flow. Drainage basins are divided
from each other by topographic barrier called as watershed. A water-shed represent all of the stream tributaries that flow to
some location along the stream channel .District Saharanpur is situated in the North of Uttar-Pradesh. In the North of district
Saharanpur on the Shiwalik range, there is district Dehradun in the south there is district Muzzaffarnagar and district
Haridwar in the east. Yamuna river lies in the west made boundaries with district Karnal and Yamuna-nagar.Many rivers
flows through Saharanpur viz Solani among these are the river Mohand Rao. Mohand Rao river originated from near a emple
Dat-Mandir It is about 18Km in length and flow from Dat-Mandir via Iron –Bridge ;Mohand village ; Khushalipur;
Ganeshpur; Tanda-Man Singh;Biharigarh and then falls in Solani river near Amanatgarh village which then via Khedi-
Shikopur;Hasanpur ;Madanpur; Khubbanpur; Landhora & then falls in Ganga river near Luxor. The location of Saharanpur
on globe is on latitude of 29058’ North and Longitude 77033’, East .While the height from the Sea-Level is 270.50 meters
Presently, study was carried out on the stretch of 15Km from Dat-Mandir to Ganeshpur of the water of river Mohand Rao .
Mohand-Rao river flowing in the Doon Valley at the height (from the sea-level)=270.50meters
Latitude 29 0 58’
Longitude 770 33’
Length of River 20Km
Width of the River 5 to 100 meters
Minimum depth is 0.10 meters
Maximum depth is 0.50 meters
Mean depth is 0.30 meters
River Mohand rao flowing in shiwalik region of Himalayas means through the lower hills of Himalayas is apart of
the Ganga river system in the foot hills of Himalayas. The word Rao is given to the River by British because of the
availability of small white stone in the flowing stream.
IV. MAP OF THE RIVER MOHAND RAO FLOWING IN THE FOOTHILLS OF
HIMALAYAS
78
3. Impact Assessment of Certain Ions as Pollutants Such as…
Fig : Map showing origin and flow of River Mohand-Rao and also showing locations of Six Study Sites
S1 = Sampling station 1 S3 = Sampling station 3 S5 = Sampling station 5
S2 = Sampling station 2 S4 = Sampling station 4 S6 = Sampling station 6
River Mohand Rao originated from near a temple Dat-Mandir and lastly falls in to the river Solani near
Amanatgarh village.The importance of water begins with the beginning of water itself. Man’s interest in water is as old as
the history of man himself on the earth. Life is supposed to have originated in water and is the most essential requirement of
all lives. Poet Atonine in his poem “WATER” said – “you are not necessary to life you are life” and we all agree that water
is life, as we cannot think of life without water. The maintenance of a healthy aquatic ecosystem is dependent on the
Physico-Chemical
properties of water and the biological diversity. The physico-chemical parameters are important for assessing the
water – quality. The main purpose of analyzing the physical and chemical characteristics of water is to determine its
pollution status. In facts the final status of a water body is conditioned by these factors and the status of the water is really
the result of interaction of these factors. Water quality monitoring is the basic need for the people who rely on river water for
their day to day usages. In this context, a stretch of 15 km from Dat-Mandir to Ganeshpur of the Mohand-Rao river(Doon
valley) was studied during the year 2004 and 2006. The study revealed that, the river water is free from pollutants; however,
the study stressed the need to keep the flow condition in a optimal stage. Six places were selected randomly and from each
selected places Five samples of water of each season (i.e Summer, Monsoon, Winter) were collected. Each sample were
analyze for knowing the total hardness of Mohand river with respect to the seasonal variation.
V. RESULT
Surface water analysis for Chemical Mass Balance
Six surface water samples were collected from selected locations in the present study only major cation that causes
hardness such as Calcium and Magnesium were determined by using standard methods (APHA 1995)
Calculation of water quality index (WQI) : The water quality index was calculated by taking the weighted arithmetic
mean of the quality rating using following formula adopted by various investigator (Swarnalatha et al 2007; Dwivedi &
Pathak 2007; Shanker & Balasubramanya2008)
WQI= [SqiWi]/[SWi]
Here ,SWi =1 was considered . Both the summation were taken from i= 1 to i=n=3
(i.e, the total number of parameters considered in the present study).
The status of water quality based on WQI was evaluated as per classifications adopted by
various Investigator (Asad et al 2007, Shah et al 2008)
79
4. Impact Assessment of Certain Ions as Pollutants Such as…
Table-1 : Classification of river water based on Water-Quality-Index
WQI value Status Category
0-25 Excellent
26-50 Good
51-75 Poor
76-100 Very Poor
Above 100 Unsuitable for drinking
VI. SURFACE WATER CHARACTERISTICS-
Assessment of water quality today in global terms implies the need for a reference point against which the results
of monitoring can be measured and weighted. An attempt is made to define and describe natural water quality to the extent
possible and scientifically justifiable . Aquatic ecosystem as a part of the natural environment are balanced both within
themselves and other environmental compartments and this equilibrium is subject to natural variations and evolutions as well
as variations caused by human interventions .It is the ambition of the present assessment to identify the anthropogenic
influences over time against a natural baseline situation . Water quality analysis results on the distribution of Calcium ions
along the stretch of the river, showed an overall increase in the percentage of Calcium ion from year 2004-2006
Calcium ion in river Mohand Rao-(2004-2006)
Value of the calcium ions in ppm
35
30
25
Summer
20
Monsoon
15
Winter
10
5
0
n1
n2
n3
n4
n5
n6
io
io
io
io
io
io
at
at
at
at
at
at
St
St
St
St
St
St
Sam ple Stations
Figure-1 Seasonal Variation of Calcium during the year 2004-2006
The value of Calcium was found to be maximum in the month of monsoon at station-1 while it was found to be
lowest in the month of winter at station-6 while other ranges were found to be average except in the month of monsoon at
station-3 which was found to be high.Magnesium ions are quite prominent in all the samples. The percentage was less during
the summer and winter months . Magnesium ions showed a considerable increase during the rainy season followed by drastic
decline during the winter months . It is also noted that the concentration of Magnesium ions is lower in the year 2005 in
comparison to the year 2004.The concentration of Magnesium ions normally depends on the extent of solubility under
different environment
Magnesium ion in river Mohand Rao -(2004 to 2006)
Value of Magnesium ions in ppm
18
16
14
12
Summer
10
Monsoon
8
Winter
6
4
2
0
n1
n2
n3
n4
n5
n6
io
io
io
io
io
io
at
at
at
at
at
at
St
St
St
St
St
St
Sam ple-Stations
Figure-1 Seasonal Variation of Magnesium during the year 2004-2006
80
5. Impact Assessment of Certain Ions as Pollutants Such as…
The value of Magnesium was found to be maximum in the month of monsoon at station-1 while it was found to be
lowest in the month of winter at station-2 other station showed average values. Water Quality Index: Table1 shows the Water
Quality Index developed for the study area considering Calcium ion and Magnesium ions.
Table1: Water Quality Index determined for individual ions during different Season
Year-2004 Year-2005
Ions Summer Monsoon Winter Summer Monsoon Winter
Calcium 4.041 7.772 3.583 4.179 7.538 3.741
Magnesium 17.398 30.986 16.709 18.088 32.235 16.796
Total 21.439 38.758 20.292 22.267 39.773 20.537
Category Excellent Good Excellent Excellent Good Excellent
Water Quality Index of various seasons indicate the water quality of the river basin is categorized as excellent for
drinking and other domestic purposes. However, during the rainy season it showed a very high index value due to the
increase in cations like Calcium ion and Magnesium ions. The reason in this case is obvious , i.e . during the rainy season
the rain water carries lot of sediment along with various kinds of pollutants from the catchment areas and enter the river
water due to overland flow. The process of overland flow is the main cause of non-point source of pollution in all river basin.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
1- Water-Quality analysis of alkali and alkaline earth metals show that water of the studied river Is very good for
drinking purpose.
2- Study also revealed that there is an increase in measured parameters from year 2004 and 2005 which may need a
long term monitoring station for further conclusion.
3- A clearcut impact of manmade disturbance is evident in certain stations which showed
a declining trend of water quality .
VIII. DISCUSSION
The above result so obtained from the chemico-physical analysis of the water of flowing stream in the hilly areas
of Himalayas .These data’s so obtained are gets involved to determine the STANDARD DEVIATION (S.D) in statistical
data analysis –
S.D=√n∑x2 /n-1– √(∑x)2/n-1
On this formula of standard deviations the mean and Analysis of variation were calculated ,hence whole data
analysis depends upon the above stated formula
TABLE-1
Mean of the Calcium ions (Ca2+) in the water at six station accordingly to season
SAMPLE SUMMER MANSOON WINTER
MEAN S.D. MEAN S.D. MEAN S.D.
1 12.46 0.49 28.67 0.45 11.62 0.38
2 11.05 0.22 20.74 0.38 10.33 0.27
3 12.76 0.38 27.20 0.84 10.76 0.78
4 10.32 3.90 19.89 0.19 10.28 0.43
5 11.47 0.59 20.21 0.32 11.15 0.47
6 10.70 3.30 20.60 0.30 10.26 0.30
TOTAL= 11.46 2.30 22.88 3.64 10.73 0.69
ANOVA - Analysis of variation
Sources df S.S M.S.S F P
Between
Season 2 4459.9737 2229.99 558.81 <0.001
Between
Station 5 367.9827 73.59 18.44 <0.001
Error 136 542.7235 3.9906
Total= 143 5370.68
df→ degree of freedom. F→ Test of Significance
SS→sum of square P→ Probability Level
MSS→Mean sum of square SD→Standard Deviation
81
6. Impact Assessment of Certain Ions as Pollutants Such as…
Mean value of Calcium ion in the river Mohand Rao
during 2004 to2006
60
50
Mean Value
40 Winter
30 Monsoon
20 Summer
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
n
n
n
n
n
n
io
io
io
io
io
io
at
at
at
at
at
at
St
St
St
St
St
St
Sam ple Stations
Fig : Mean Value of Calcium ion in the river Mohand Rao during 2004 to 2006
Mean of the Calcium ions (Ca2+) during Summer observed to be 11.46 which was maximum at 12.76 at station-3
and minimum at 10.32 at station-4 similarly during Monsoon the average of Calcium ions (Ca2+) in water was 22.88 with a
maximum of 28.67 at station-1 and minimum of 19.89 at station-4. Now during winter the average of Calcium ions (Ca2+) in
Winter was 10.73 with maximum of 11.62 at station-1 and minimum of 10.26 at station-6.
IX. ANOVA
Analysis of above data reveals that the significant differences regarding mean of the Calcium ions (Ca2+) was
observed between season as well as station (P=<0.01). Calcium is one of the most abundant substances in the natural water.
It is introduce in water by passage over limestone and other such deposits. It is the element largely responsible for the
hardness of water , thereby reducing the utility of water for domestic and industrial purposes.
TABLE-2
Mean of the Magnesium ions (Mg2+) in the water at six stations accordingly to season
SAMPLE SUMMER MANSOON WINTER
MEAN S.D. MEAN S.D. MEAN S.D.
1 8.40 0.30 15.43 0.30 7.88 0.37
2 8.06 0.12 10.78 0.56 7.41 0.22
3 8.21 0.23 15.57 0.40 7.90 0.10
4 8.37 0.36 15.54 0.28 7.86 0.20
5 8.28 0.27 15.29 0.20 7.94 0.26
6 8.12 0.30 15.17 0.24 7.67 0.31
TOTAL= 8.24 0.30 14.68 1.79 7.78 0.32
ANOVA – Analysis of variation
Source df S.S. M.S.S F P
Between
Seasons 2 1428.9808 714.4904 989.59 <0.001
Between
Stations 5 64.9964 12.9993 18.00 <0.001
Error 136 98.1808 0.722
Total 143 1592.16
df→degree of freedom F→Test of Significance
S.S.→Sum of Square P→ Probability level
M.S.S.→Mean Sum of Square S.D.→Standard Deviation
Mean value of Magnesium ions in river
Mohand Rao in the year 2004-2006
35
30
25
Mean-Value
Winter
20
Monsoon
15
Summer
10
5
0
n1
n2
n3
n4
n5
n6
io
io
io
io
io
io
at
at
at
at
at
at
St
St
St
St
St
St
Sam ple Stations
Fig : Mean Value of Magnesium ion in the river Mohand Rao during 2004 to 2006
82
7. Impact Assessment of Certain Ions as Pollutants Such as…
Mean of the Magnesium ions (Mg2+) in the river water during Summer observed to be 8.24 which was maximum
at 8.40 at station - 1 and minimum at 8.06 at station – 2 Similarly during Monsoon the average of Magnesium ions (Mg2+) in
water was 14.68 with a maximum of 15.73 at station –1 and minimum of 10.78 at station – 2. Now during Winter the
average of Calcium ions (Ca2+) in Winter was 7.78 with the maximum of 7.94 at station - 5 and minimum of 7.41 at station –
2. ANOVA – Analysis of above data reveals that the significant difference regarding mean of the Calcium ions (Ca 2+) was
observed between season as well as station (P=<0.01). Magnesium rank eighth among the element in order of abundance and
is a common constituent of natural water. Magnesium occurs in all kind of natural water with Calcium but its concentration
remain generally lower than Calcium.The principal sources in the natural water are various kinds of rocks. Magnesium is an
important contributor to the hardness of water . Magnesium salts break down on heating to form scale in boiler.Magnesium
is supposed to be non – toxic at the concentration generally met with in natural water.
Acknowledgement
First of all my deep sense of gratitude goes to Dr Purendara Bakel Scientist E1 ; National Institute of Hydrology ;
Belgaum ; Karnataka for suggestion criticism evaluation encouragement in each step of this work . I am deeply indebted to
Dr. I.P. Pandey Reader ;Department of Chemistry ; DAV College ; Dehradun Uttarakhand.
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