This paper presents a transformer less single-stage single-switch ac/dc converter suitable for universal line applications (90–270 Vrms). The topology consists of a buck-type power-factor correction (PFC) cell with a buck–boost dc/dc cell and part of the input power is directly coupled to the output after the first power processing. With this direct power transfer and sharing capacitor voltages, the converter is able to achieve efficient power conversion, high power factor, low voltage stress on intermediate bus (less than 120 V) and low output voltage without a high step-down transformer. The absence of transformer reduces the size of the circuit , component counts and cost of the converter. Unlike most of the boost-type PFC cell, the main switch of the proposed converter only handles the peak inductor current of dc/dc cell rather than the superposition of both inductor currents. Tight voltage regulation is provided by using PID controller. Detailed analysis and design procedures and simulation of the proposed circuit are given .
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Now day’s the power factor has become a major problem in power system to improve the power quality of the grid, as power factor is affected on the grid due to the nonlinear loads connected to it. Single phase bridgeless AC/DC power factor correction (PFC) topology to improve the power factor as well as the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the utility grid is proposed. By removing the input bridge in conventional PFC converters, the control circuit is simplified; the total harmonics distortion (THD) and power factor (PF) are improved. The PI controller operates in two loops one is the outer control loop which calculates the reference current through LC filter and signal processing. Inner current loop generates PWM switching signals through the PI controller. The output of the proposed PFC topology is verified for prototype using MATLAB circuit simulations. The experimental system is developed, and the simulation results are obtained.
Review of Integrated Power Factor Correction (PFC) Boost converter topologies...IJARBEST JOURNAL
This paper provides a review of various Power Factor Correction (PFC) boost
converter topologies suitable for telecoms. A novel integrated PFC topology is proposed which acts
as a backup power supply for telecommunication systems. The advantage of the proposed circuit is
that it operates based on soft switching principle thereby reducing the switching losses in the
converter. The topologies analyzed in this paper are conventional average current mode control
boost PFC, bridgeless boost PFC, semi-bridgeless boost PFC, totem-pole bridgeless boost PFC and
proposed integrated boost PFC. All these topology studies are investigated by carrying out the
simulation of the converter circuits using PSIM software. A detailed comparison of all the
topologies have been done and they are compared in terms of supply power factor, supply current
THD and displacement factor. From the results, it is inferred that the proposed integrated PFC
provides a reduced supply current THD and improved power factor. The results are validated.
IMPLEMENTATION OF DISCONTINUOUS INDUCTOR CURRENT MODE IN CUK CONVERTERS FED B...Journal For Research
This paper presents a bridgeless Cuk converter-fed brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive. A Bridgeless Cuk converter is constructed to operate at discontinuous inductor current mode to improve the quality of power and power factor at the AC mains for better speed control. The bridgeless converter is designed for obtaining the low conduction losses and requirement of low size of heat sink for the switches. TI-TMS320-F2812-based Digital Signal Processor (DSP) is used for the development of the hardware prototype of proposed BLDC motor drive.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Now day’s the power factor has become a major problem in power system to improve the power quality of the grid, as power factor is affected on the grid due to the nonlinear loads connected to it. Single phase bridgeless AC/DC power factor correction (PFC) topology to improve the power factor as well as the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the utility grid is proposed. By removing the input bridge in conventional PFC converters, the control circuit is simplified; the total harmonics distortion (THD) and power factor (PF) are improved. The PI controller operates in two loops one is the outer control loop which calculates the reference current through LC filter and signal processing. Inner current loop generates PWM switching signals through the PI controller. The output of the proposed PFC topology is verified for prototype using MATLAB circuit simulations. The experimental system is developed, and the simulation results are obtained.
Review of Integrated Power Factor Correction (PFC) Boost converter topologies...IJARBEST JOURNAL
This paper provides a review of various Power Factor Correction (PFC) boost
converter topologies suitable for telecoms. A novel integrated PFC topology is proposed which acts
as a backup power supply for telecommunication systems. The advantage of the proposed circuit is
that it operates based on soft switching principle thereby reducing the switching losses in the
converter. The topologies analyzed in this paper are conventional average current mode control
boost PFC, bridgeless boost PFC, semi-bridgeless boost PFC, totem-pole bridgeless boost PFC and
proposed integrated boost PFC. All these topology studies are investigated by carrying out the
simulation of the converter circuits using PSIM software. A detailed comparison of all the
topologies have been done and they are compared in terms of supply power factor, supply current
THD and displacement factor. From the results, it is inferred that the proposed integrated PFC
provides a reduced supply current THD and improved power factor. The results are validated.
IMPLEMENTATION OF DISCONTINUOUS INDUCTOR CURRENT MODE IN CUK CONVERTERS FED B...Journal For Research
This paper presents a bridgeless Cuk converter-fed brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive. A Bridgeless Cuk converter is constructed to operate at discontinuous inductor current mode to improve the quality of power and power factor at the AC mains for better speed control. The bridgeless converter is designed for obtaining the low conduction losses and requirement of low size of heat sink for the switches. TI-TMS320-F2812-based Digital Signal Processor (DSP) is used for the development of the hardware prototype of proposed BLDC motor drive.
Analysis and design of single switch forward-flyback two-channel led driver w...LeMeniz Infotech
Analysis and design of single switch forward-flyback two-channel led driver with resonant-blocking capacitor
To Get this projects Call : 9566355386 / 99625 88976
Visit : www.lemenizinfotech.com / www.ieeemaster.com
Mail : projects@lemenizinfotech.com
AN ACTIVE PFC WITH FLYBACK DESIGN FOR INTELLIGENCE IN STREET LIGHT APPLICATIONJournal For Research
As the requirement of energy demand is increasing due to rapid industrial development, it is necessary to meet the growing demand of energy. This can be achieved in two ways: find alternate resource to supply power or energy; or reduce the energy consumption of present resources available. The proposed work is basically the design and implementation of an intelligent street light of 50 W power output from the offline converter by using power LED. As power LED draws huge non sinusoidal current due to the presence of AC-DC converter, a Boost PFC and a fly back converter is used for better power factor and for dc voltage regulation. Along with this a PIR sensor and LDR sensors are also used. A PIC microcontroller is used for PWM dimming. This makes to reduce the power consumption in street light especially in urban cities in which most of the power is wasted in lighting streets during late night.
IEEE 2015-15 Power Electronics and Power System Project titles for ME and BE Students,Bangalore.power electronics and power system projects in bangalore.
A Novel Approach of Position Estimation and Power Factor Corrector Converter ...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes a Power factor Corrected (PFC) Bridgeless Buck-Boost converter fed BLDC motor drive. The Bridgeless configuration eliminates the Diode Bridge Rectifier in order to reduce the number of components and the conduction loss. The position sensors used in BLDC drives have drawbacks of additional cost, mechanical alignment problems. These bottle necks results in sensorless technique. The Sensorless technique mostly relies on measurement of Back EMF to determine relative positions of stator and rotor for the correct coil energising sequence can be implemented. This paper introduces the offline Finite Element method for sensorless operation. The proposed sensorless scheme estimates the motor position at standstill and running condition. The obtained Power Factor is within the acceptable limits IEC 61000-3-2. The proposed drive is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink the obtained results are validated experimentally on a developed prototype of the drive.
A unity power factor bridgeless isolated cuk converter fed brushless dc motor...LeMeniz Infotech
A unity power factor bridgeless isolated cuk converter fed brushless dc motor drive
To Get this projects Call : 9566355386 / 99625 88976
Visit : www.lemenizinfotech.com / www.ieeemaster.com
Mail : projects@lemenizinfotech.com
Universal demand for power increases due to continuous development to fulfil all these demand. Resources
are used with optimization. A high efficiency and high power factor converters are the major parts of energy
transfer system. This paper present a general review on single stage forward and flyback converter topologies to get
better its performance. This is paper presents a kind general idea of increasing efficiency and power factor of single
stage forward and fly back converter.
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of Half Bridge LLC Resonant Converter for Low Voltage Dc ApplicationsIOSRJEEE
An advanced hybrid LLC series resonant converter with united flying-capacitor cell is proposed in this paper to permit the high step-down conversion in the high input voltage applications. The in-built flyingcapacitor branch in the primary side can efficiently share out the primary switch voltage stress related with the half-bridge LLC converters. And the input voltage can be shared correspondingly and automatically between the two series half-bridge components lacking additional balance circuit or control strategies owing to the built-in flying- capacitor cell. Likewise, the inherent soft switching performance in extensive load range that exists in the LLC converters is still kept to decrease the switching losses, which ensures the high efficiency. In addition, the proposed converter can be comprehensive to reduce the switch voltage stress byemploying stacked connection. Finally, a 500∼640 Vinput 48 Voutput 1 kW prototype is built and tested to verify the efficiency of the proposed converter. The results prove that the proposed converter is an excellent candidate for the high input voltage and high step-down dc/dc conversion systems.
Comprehensive Study of Single-Phase AC-DC Power Factor Corrected Converters w...Asoka Technologies
Solid-state switch mode AC-DC converters having high-frequency transformer isolation are developed in buck, boost, and buck-boost configurations with improved power quality in terms of reduced total harmonic distortion (THD) of input current, power-factor correction (PFC) at AC mains and precisely regulated and isolated DC output voltage feeding to loads from few Watts to several kW. This paper presents a comprehensive study on state of art of power factor corrected single-phase AC-DC converters configurations, control strategies, selection of components and design considerations, performance evaluation, power quality considerations, selection criteria and potential applications, latest trends, and future developments. Simulation results as well as comparative performance are presented and discussed for most of the proposed topologies.
A Low Cost Single-Switch Bridgeless Boost PFC ConverterIJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes the single-switch bridgeless boost power factor correction (PFC) converter to achieve high efficiency in low cost. The proposed converter utilizes only one active switching device forPFC operation as well as expecting higher efficiency than typical boost PFC converters. On the other hand, the implementation cost is less than traditional bridgeless boost PFC converters, in where two active switching deivces are necessary. The operational principle, the modeling, and the control scheme of the proposed converter arediscussed in detail. In order to verify the operation of the proposed converter, a 500W switching model is built in PSIM software package. The simulation results show that the proposed converter perfectly achieves PFC operation with only a single active switch.
A three level quasi-two-stage single-phase pfc converter with flexible output...LeMeniz Infotech
A three level quasi-two-stage single-phase pfc converter with flexible output voltage and improved conversion efficiency
To Get this projects Call : 9566355386 / 99625 88976
Visit : www.lemenizinfotech.com / www.ieeemaster.com
Mail : projects@lemenizinfotech.com
Design of an Integrated Power Factor Converter with PI Controller for Low Pow...IOSRJEEE
In this paper, an integrated power factor converter with PI controller is proposed. The circuit topology is obtained by integrating two converters namely the buck converter and a boost converter. The boost converter is normally a step up converter which obtain an unity power factor and performs low harmonics at the input. Based on the simple circuit topology and easy control the boost converter or buck-boost converter is used as power factor correctors. Similarly the buck converter regulates the dc-link voltage and provide a stable dc output voltage. To achieve unity power factor, the output voltage of both converter should be higher than the amplitude of the ac line voltage. The steady -state analysis is developed and a design is provided
Design and implementation of Closed Loop Control of Three Phase Interleaved P...IJMTST Journal
A single-phase, three-level, single-stage power-factor corrected AC/DC converter operated under closed
loop manner is presented. That operates with a single controller to regulate the output voltage and the input
inductor act as a boost inductor to have a single stage power factor correction with good output response. The
paper deals with a new single stage three level ac-dc converter which performs both power factor correction
and voltage regulation in a single stage. The proposed converter has two separate controllers, one for power
factor correction and the other for regulating the output voltage. A comprehensive review of the existing single
stage topologies has been carried out. Then the operating principle, control scheme and the design of the new
converter are presented. The proposed converter is having an input power factor close to unity and better
voltage regulation compared to the conventional ac-dc converter topologies. Proposed topology is evaluated
through Matlab/Simulink platform and simulation results are conferred.
Three Phase Single Stage Isolated Cuk based PFC ConverterAsoka Technologies
In this paper, analysis and design of a three phase isolated Cuk based power factor correction (PFC) converter has been proposed. The proposed converter is operated in discontinuous output inductor current mode (DOICM) to achieve PFC at ac input. This avoids the inner current control loop which further eliminates the sensing of current. This makes the system more reliable and robust. The converter requires only one simple voltage control loop for output voltage regulation and all the power switches are driven by the same gate signal which simplifies the gate driver circuit. The detailed operation of the converter and design calculations are presented. And also a small signal model of the converter by using CIECE approach is presented to aid the controller design. The experimental results from a 2-kW laboratory prototype with 208-V line-to-line input voltage, 400-V output voltage are presented to confirm the operation of the proposed converter. An input power factor of 0.999, an input current total harmonic distortion of as low as 4.06% and a high conversion efficiency of 95.1% are achieved from laboratory prototype.
Simulation of Bridgeless SEPIC Converter with Modified Switching PulseIJMER
In this paper, a new bridgeless single-ended primary inductance converter(SEPIC) power-factor-correction(PFC) rectifier is introduced. The proposed circuit provides lower conduction losses with reduced components simultaneously. In conventional PFC converters(continuous-conduction-mode boost converter), a voltage loop and a current loop are required for PFC.Simulation is done on bridgeless SEPIC and full bridge SEPIC and found that by working both in DCM conduction losses is less for bridgeless. In the proposed converter, the control circuit is simplified, and no current loop is required while the converter operates in discontinuous conduction mode.
Analysis and design of single switch forward-flyback two-channel led driver w...LeMeniz Infotech
Analysis and design of single switch forward-flyback two-channel led driver with resonant-blocking capacitor
To Get this projects Call : 9566355386 / 99625 88976
Visit : www.lemenizinfotech.com / www.ieeemaster.com
Mail : projects@lemenizinfotech.com
AN ACTIVE PFC WITH FLYBACK DESIGN FOR INTELLIGENCE IN STREET LIGHT APPLICATIONJournal For Research
As the requirement of energy demand is increasing due to rapid industrial development, it is necessary to meet the growing demand of energy. This can be achieved in two ways: find alternate resource to supply power or energy; or reduce the energy consumption of present resources available. The proposed work is basically the design and implementation of an intelligent street light of 50 W power output from the offline converter by using power LED. As power LED draws huge non sinusoidal current due to the presence of AC-DC converter, a Boost PFC and a fly back converter is used for better power factor and for dc voltage regulation. Along with this a PIR sensor and LDR sensors are also used. A PIC microcontroller is used for PWM dimming. This makes to reduce the power consumption in street light especially in urban cities in which most of the power is wasted in lighting streets during late night.
IEEE 2015-15 Power Electronics and Power System Project titles for ME and BE Students,Bangalore.power electronics and power system projects in bangalore.
A Novel Approach of Position Estimation and Power Factor Corrector Converter ...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes a Power factor Corrected (PFC) Bridgeless Buck-Boost converter fed BLDC motor drive. The Bridgeless configuration eliminates the Diode Bridge Rectifier in order to reduce the number of components and the conduction loss. The position sensors used in BLDC drives have drawbacks of additional cost, mechanical alignment problems. These bottle necks results in sensorless technique. The Sensorless technique mostly relies on measurement of Back EMF to determine relative positions of stator and rotor for the correct coil energising sequence can be implemented. This paper introduces the offline Finite Element method for sensorless operation. The proposed sensorless scheme estimates the motor position at standstill and running condition. The obtained Power Factor is within the acceptable limits IEC 61000-3-2. The proposed drive is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink the obtained results are validated experimentally on a developed prototype of the drive.
A unity power factor bridgeless isolated cuk converter fed brushless dc motor...LeMeniz Infotech
A unity power factor bridgeless isolated cuk converter fed brushless dc motor drive
To Get this projects Call : 9566355386 / 99625 88976
Visit : www.lemenizinfotech.com / www.ieeemaster.com
Mail : projects@lemenizinfotech.com
Universal demand for power increases due to continuous development to fulfil all these demand. Resources
are used with optimization. A high efficiency and high power factor converters are the major parts of energy
transfer system. This paper present a general review on single stage forward and flyback converter topologies to get
better its performance. This is paper presents a kind general idea of increasing efficiency and power factor of single
stage forward and fly back converter.
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of Half Bridge LLC Resonant Converter for Low Voltage Dc ApplicationsIOSRJEEE
An advanced hybrid LLC series resonant converter with united flying-capacitor cell is proposed in this paper to permit the high step-down conversion in the high input voltage applications. The in-built flyingcapacitor branch in the primary side can efficiently share out the primary switch voltage stress related with the half-bridge LLC converters. And the input voltage can be shared correspondingly and automatically between the two series half-bridge components lacking additional balance circuit or control strategies owing to the built-in flying- capacitor cell. Likewise, the inherent soft switching performance in extensive load range that exists in the LLC converters is still kept to decrease the switching losses, which ensures the high efficiency. In addition, the proposed converter can be comprehensive to reduce the switch voltage stress byemploying stacked connection. Finally, a 500∼640 Vinput 48 Voutput 1 kW prototype is built and tested to verify the efficiency of the proposed converter. The results prove that the proposed converter is an excellent candidate for the high input voltage and high step-down dc/dc conversion systems.
Comprehensive Study of Single-Phase AC-DC Power Factor Corrected Converters w...Asoka Technologies
Solid-state switch mode AC-DC converters having high-frequency transformer isolation are developed in buck, boost, and buck-boost configurations with improved power quality in terms of reduced total harmonic distortion (THD) of input current, power-factor correction (PFC) at AC mains and precisely regulated and isolated DC output voltage feeding to loads from few Watts to several kW. This paper presents a comprehensive study on state of art of power factor corrected single-phase AC-DC converters configurations, control strategies, selection of components and design considerations, performance evaluation, power quality considerations, selection criteria and potential applications, latest trends, and future developments. Simulation results as well as comparative performance are presented and discussed for most of the proposed topologies.
A Low Cost Single-Switch Bridgeless Boost PFC ConverterIJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes the single-switch bridgeless boost power factor correction (PFC) converter to achieve high efficiency in low cost. The proposed converter utilizes only one active switching device forPFC operation as well as expecting higher efficiency than typical boost PFC converters. On the other hand, the implementation cost is less than traditional bridgeless boost PFC converters, in where two active switching deivces are necessary. The operational principle, the modeling, and the control scheme of the proposed converter arediscussed in detail. In order to verify the operation of the proposed converter, a 500W switching model is built in PSIM software package. The simulation results show that the proposed converter perfectly achieves PFC operation with only a single active switch.
A three level quasi-two-stage single-phase pfc converter with flexible output...LeMeniz Infotech
A three level quasi-two-stage single-phase pfc converter with flexible output voltage and improved conversion efficiency
To Get this projects Call : 9566355386 / 99625 88976
Visit : www.lemenizinfotech.com / www.ieeemaster.com
Mail : projects@lemenizinfotech.com
Design of an Integrated Power Factor Converter with PI Controller for Low Pow...IOSRJEEE
In this paper, an integrated power factor converter with PI controller is proposed. The circuit topology is obtained by integrating two converters namely the buck converter and a boost converter. The boost converter is normally a step up converter which obtain an unity power factor and performs low harmonics at the input. Based on the simple circuit topology and easy control the boost converter or buck-boost converter is used as power factor correctors. Similarly the buck converter regulates the dc-link voltage and provide a stable dc output voltage. To achieve unity power factor, the output voltage of both converter should be higher than the amplitude of the ac line voltage. The steady -state analysis is developed and a design is provided
Design and implementation of Closed Loop Control of Three Phase Interleaved P...IJMTST Journal
A single-phase, three-level, single-stage power-factor corrected AC/DC converter operated under closed
loop manner is presented. That operates with a single controller to regulate the output voltage and the input
inductor act as a boost inductor to have a single stage power factor correction with good output response. The
paper deals with a new single stage three level ac-dc converter which performs both power factor correction
and voltage regulation in a single stage. The proposed converter has two separate controllers, one for power
factor correction and the other for regulating the output voltage. A comprehensive review of the existing single
stage topologies has been carried out. Then the operating principle, control scheme and the design of the new
converter are presented. The proposed converter is having an input power factor close to unity and better
voltage regulation compared to the conventional ac-dc converter topologies. Proposed topology is evaluated
through Matlab/Simulink platform and simulation results are conferred.
Three Phase Single Stage Isolated Cuk based PFC ConverterAsoka Technologies
In this paper, analysis and design of a three phase isolated Cuk based power factor correction (PFC) converter has been proposed. The proposed converter is operated in discontinuous output inductor current mode (DOICM) to achieve PFC at ac input. This avoids the inner current control loop which further eliminates the sensing of current. This makes the system more reliable and robust. The converter requires only one simple voltage control loop for output voltage regulation and all the power switches are driven by the same gate signal which simplifies the gate driver circuit. The detailed operation of the converter and design calculations are presented. And also a small signal model of the converter by using CIECE approach is presented to aid the controller design. The experimental results from a 2-kW laboratory prototype with 208-V line-to-line input voltage, 400-V output voltage are presented to confirm the operation of the proposed converter. An input power factor of 0.999, an input current total harmonic distortion of as low as 4.06% and a high conversion efficiency of 95.1% are achieved from laboratory prototype.
Simulation of Bridgeless SEPIC Converter with Modified Switching PulseIJMER
In this paper, a new bridgeless single-ended primary inductance converter(SEPIC) power-factor-correction(PFC) rectifier is introduced. The proposed circuit provides lower conduction losses with reduced components simultaneously. In conventional PFC converters(continuous-conduction-mode boost converter), a voltage loop and a current loop are required for PFC.Simulation is done on bridgeless SEPIC and full bridge SEPIC and found that by working both in DCM conduction losses is less for bridgeless. In the proposed converter, the control circuit is simplified, and no current loop is required while the converter operates in discontinuous conduction mode.
Comparative performances analysis of different rotor types for pmsg used in w...Mellah Hacene
PMSG provides a high performance, compact size, light weight, and low noise, without forgetting its simple structure, high thrust, and ease of maintenance, allow replacing steam catapults in the future. Most turbine generators at low wind speed are presented PMSGs, These it has advantages of high efficiency and reliability, since there is no need of external excitation and loss of drivers are removed from the rotor. In this paper, a comparative PMSG performance study's with several rotor topology is presented, each topology rotor has its own permanent magnet structure that is width, thickness and angle. These results are obtained by finite element method (FEM); this approach is a powerful and useful tool to study and design PMSGs, as represented in this paper.
Engineering review on AC Power.
Presentation lecture for energy engineering class.
Course: MS in Renewable Energy Engineering, Oregon institute of technology
the ratio of the actual electrical power dissipated by an AC circuit to the product of the r.m.s. values of current and voltage. The difference between the two is caused by reactance in the circuit and represents power that does no useful work.
This ppt gives the basic idea about multilevel inverter.this ppt includes
1.Introduction
2.Advantages of multilevel inverters
3.Types of multilevel inverters
4.Working of multilevel inverters
5.Applications.
Fitting Probability Distribution Functions To Discharge Variability Of Kaduna...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
A Five – Level Integrated AC – DC ConverterIJTET Journal
This paper presents the implementation of a new five – level integrated AC – DC converter with high input power factor and reduced input current harmonics complied with IEC1000-3-2 harmonic standards for electrical equipments. The proposed topology is a combination of boost input power factor pre – regulator and five – level DC – DC converter. The single – stage PFC (SSPFC) approach used in this topology is an alternative solution to low – power and cost – effective applications.
This paper proposes a non-isolated soft-switching bidirectional dc/dc converter for interfacing energy storage in DC microgrid. The proposed converter employs a half-bridge boost converter at input port followed by a LCC resonant tank to assist in soft-switching of switches and diodes, and finally a voltage doubler circuit at the output port to enhance the voltage gain by two times. The LCC resonant circuit also adds a suitable voltage gain to the converter. Therefore, overall high voltage gain of the converter is obtained without a transformer or large number of multiplier circuit. For operation in buck mode, the high side voltage is divided by half with capacitive divider to gain higher step-down ratio. The converter is operated at high frequency to obtain low output voltage ripple, reduced magnetics and filters. Zero voltage turn-on is achieved for all switches and zero current turn-on and turn-off is achieved for all diodes in both modes i.e., buck/boost operation. Voltage stress across switches and diode is clamped naturally without external snubber circuit. An experimental prototype has been designed, built and tested in the laboratory to verify the performance of the proposed converter.
Power Factor Corrected Bridgeless Converter Based Improved Power Quality Swit...paperpublications3
Abstract: Many electronic appliances powered up from the utility, utilize the classical method of AC-DC rectification which involves a diode bridge rectifier (DBR) followed by a large electrolytic capacitor. The uncontrolled charging and discharging of this capacitor instigates harmonic rich current being drawn from the utility which goes against the international power quality standard limits. Personal computer (PC) is one of the electronic equipment which is severely affected by power quality problems. Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) is an integral part of the computer that converts AC to multiple numbers of suitable DC voltages to impart power to different parts of the PC. It contains a diode bridge rectifier (DBR) with a capacitor filter followed by an isolated DC-DC converter to achieve multiple dc output voltages of different ratings. That result in a highly distorted, high crest factor, periodically dense input current at the single phase ac mains; this violates the limits of international power quality (PQ) standards such as IEC 61000 -3-2 . Employing various power factor corrected (PFC) single-stage and two stage converters effect a perceivable PQ improvement in these SMPSs. Hence from the analysis of different power factor converters a bridgeless buck boost converter is designed and implemented here for near unity power factor.
Keywords: Switched mode power supplies(SMPS), Power Factor correction(PFC) Converter, Power Quality, DC-to-DC Converters, AC-DC rectification.
Title: Power Factor Corrected Bridgeless Converter Based Improved Power Quality Switched Mode Power Supply
Author: Stephy Mathew, Asst. Prof. Nayana J, Asst. Prof. Remya K P
ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Paper Publications
This paper presents the optimization of PFC Cuk converter parameter design for the minimization of THD and voltage ripple. In this study, the PFC Cuk converter is designed to operate in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) in order to achieve almost unity power factor. The passive components, i.e., inductor and capacitor are designed based on switching frequency and resonant frequency. Nevertheless, the ranges of duty cycle for buck and boost operations are 0<D<0.5 and 0.5<D<1, respectively for the output voltage variation of the converter. The principle of the parameters design optimization is based on the balancing energy compensation between the input capacitor and output inductor for minimization of THD current. In addition, the selection of high output capacitance will minimize the output voltage ripple significantly. A 65 W PFC Cuk converter prototype is developed and experimentally tested to confirm the parameters design optimization principle. The experimental results show that the THD current is reduced to 4.5% from 61.3% and the output voltage ripple is reduced to 7 V from 18 V after parameters optimization are realized. Furthermore, it is confirmed that the output voltage ripple frequency is always double of the input line frequency, 50 Hz and the output voltage ripple is always lower than the maximum input voltage ripple.
Transformerless Buck-Boost Converter With Positive Output Voltage and Nominal...paperpublications3
Abstract: This article deals with a transformerless buck-boost converter with simple structure. By inserting an additional switched network into the traditional buck-boost converter new converter is obtained. Compared with the traditional buck-boost converter, its voltage gain is quadratic of the traditional buck-boost converter. It can operate in a wide range of output voltage, that is, the proposed buck-boost converter can achieve high or low voltage gain without extreme duty cycle. Moreover, the output voltage of this transformerless buck-boost converter is common-ground with the input voltage, and its polarity is positive. The two power switches of the proposed buck-boost converter operate synchronously. The operating principles and the steady-state analyses for the buck-boost converter operating in CCM are presented. The PSIM simulations are provided to compare and validate the effectiveness of the buck-boost converter.
Keywords: Buck-Boost, Transformerless, Positive Output Voltage, Quadratic Gain.
Title: Transformerless Buck-Boost Converter With Positive Output Voltage and Nominal Duty Ratio
Author: Aleena Paul K, Prof.Sini Paul, Prof.Geethu James
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Paper Publications
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
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A Integrated Technique of SIDO PFC Fly back Converter in power systemIJMTST Journal
Energy saving is the major international efforts to control down the global warming .Power electronics based devices has being improving day by day for saving the electrical energy in the power grids. The govt. of India is also contributing several projects based on energy conservation. The Designing of a single-inductor dual output (SIDO) fly-back power factor correction (PFC) converter is proposed, in which the PFC and power conversion are done at the same time, multiplexing of a single-inductor is implemented through which each output can be regulated independently. The converter will be operating under in critical conduction mode (CRM). A SIDO PFC converter is a system of dual efficient DC output obtained from the AC source, it can also be replaced by solar panel and our system is capable of running a dc motor also, fly back converter can be used in both ac-dc and dc-dc conversion process. The efficiency along with power factor, total harmonic distortion (THD), settling time and output accuracy of this converter will be improved by implementing the neural network as controllers in the system
Design and Simulation of Efficient DC-DC Converter Topology for a Solar PV Mo...Sajin Ismail
Modulated Integrated Converter systems are considered to be the new and global turning point in the field of
Solar PV systems. These converters are highly recognised for its modular size and compact nature and they are supposed to
be attached directly with each PV module and since one PV module is having the power rating of a few watts ranging from
0-500Ws, the design rating would be in the same range and thus the most vital condition in such a design is efficiency
under these relatively low loads. In this paper an isolated interleaved boost converter topology is considered in the DC-DC
section and which is designed and simulated for a specific power rating (250W) and the efficiency is analysed with varying
load conditions and compared with the target efficiency of the system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Novel High Gain SEPIC Converter with the Tapped Inductor Model Operating in...IJPEDS-IAES
Power factor correction (PFC) has become one of the most active research
areas in the field of power electronics due to the surplus power required for
various industrial applications around the world. In this work, a novel SEPIC
converter with the tapped inductor model operating in discontinuous
conduction mode (TI-SEPIC- DCM) is proposed for PFC. The proposed TISEPIC-
DCM improves the voltage gain through voltage multiplier cell and
charge pump circuit. The voltage multiplier cell also helps in attaining the
zero-voltage switching (ZVS) and zero-current switching (ZCS), which
results in higher switching frequency and size reduction. Moreover, a third
order harmonic reduction control loop has been proposed for better harmonic
mitigation. The proposed work has been simulated in MATLAB and the
results are obtained to validate the significance of the proposed TI-SEPICDCM
with near unity power factor and reduced harmonics.
A ZVS Interleaved Boost AC/DC Converter Using Super Capacitor Power for Hybri...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Fuzzy Logic Controller Based High Frequency Link AC-AC Converter For Voltage ...IJTET Journal
Abstract—In this paper, an advanced high frequency link AC-AC Push-pull cycloconverter for the voltage compensation is proposed in order to maintain the power quality in electric grid. The proposed methodology can be achieve arbitrary output voltage without using large energy storage elements. So that the system is more steadfast and less costly compared with the conventional inverter topology. Additionally, the proposed converter does not contain any line frequency transformer, which reduces the cost further. The control scheme for the push pull cycloconverter employs the fuzzy logic controller based sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) to accomplish better performance on voltage compensation, like unbalanced voltage harmonics elimination. The simulation results are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed high frequency link AC-AC converter and fuzzy logic controller based SPWM technology
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
New Topology for Transformer less Single Stage -Single Switch AC/DC Converter
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 3 | Mar. 2014 | 69 |
New Topology for Transformer less Single Stage -Single Switch
AC/DC Converter
Nirma Peter1
, Surya Natrajan2
1
(Student, Department of Electrical and Electronics, FISAT, MG University, Kerala, India)
2
(Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics, FISAT, MG University, Kerala, India)
I. Introduction
The use of rectifiers in industrial applications started at the era of mercury converters with the
electromechanical contact converter. DC machines are common in day to day use. But the supply that we get
from power companies is AC. To use those machines AC supply has to be turned into DC supply by the use of a
rectifier.The basic block diagram of AC/DC converter is shown in Figure 1.1. A rectifier is an electrical device
that converts the incoming AC (alternating current) from a transformer or any other ac power source to pulsating
DC (direct current). Rectifier may be made of diodes, solid states, vacuum tube, mercury arc valves and other
components. Rectifiers are widely used in non linear loads which are connected with distribution systems which
plays an important role in power system network (ex: UPS, discharge lamp, television, computer, fax machines,
ferromagnetic devices, arc furnaces, energy savers etc).
The research on single-stage PFC ac/dc converters can be traced back to the early 1990s .Single-stage
(ss) ac/dc converters have lot of applications because of its cost effectiveness, compact size, and simple control
mechanism. Among existing SS converters, most of them are comprised of a boost power-factor correction
(PFC) cell followed by a dc/dc cell. Dc/dc cell is used for output voltage regulation . Several such methods are
shown in references [1]–[7] .But their intermediate bus voltage is usually greater than the line input voltage and
goes beyond 450 V at high-line application. Also there are a lot of efforts to limit this bus voltage, it is still near
or above the peak of the line voltage due to the nature of boost-type PFC cell. In addition, the other drawbacks
of the boost-type PFC cell are that it cannot limit the input inrush current and provide output short-circuit
protection[14] .
Figure1.1: Block Diagram Of AC/DC Converter
ABSTRACT : This paper presents a transformer less single-stage single-switch ac/dc converter suitable
for universal line applications (90–270 Vrms). The topology consists of a buck-type power-factor
correction (PFC) cell with a buck–boost dc/dc cell and part of the input power is directly coupled to the
output after the first power processing. With this direct power transfer and sharing capacitor voltages, the
converter is able to achieve efficient power conversion, high power factor, low voltage stress on
intermediate bus (less than 120 V) and low output voltage without a high step-down transformer. The
absence of transformer reduces the size of the circuit , component counts and cost of the converter. Unlike
most of the boost-type PFC cell, the main switch of the proposed converter only handles the peak inductor
current of dc/dc cell rather than the superposition of both inductor currents. Tight voltage regulation is
provided by using PID controller. Detailed analysis and design procedures and simulation of the
proposed circuit are given .
Keywords: Direct power transfer (DPT), integrated buck– buck–boost converter (IBuBuBo), power-
factor correction (PFC), single-stage (SS), transformer less.
2. New Topology For Transformer less Single-Stage Single Switch AC/DC Converter
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 3 | Mar. 2014 | 70 |
Some multistage power electronics system (e.g., in data center, electrochemical and petrochemical
industries), the isolation has been done in the PFC stage, the second transformer in the dc/dc cell for the sake of
isolation is considered as redundant. Hence, nonisolated ac/dc converter can be employed to reduce unnecessary
or redundant isolation and enhance efficiency of the overall system. Besides, leakage inductance of the
transformer causes high spike on the active switch and lower conversion efficiency. To protect the switch,
snubber circuit is usually added resulting in more component counts[13]. For low voltage application
(e.g.,≤48V), this high intermediate bus voltage increases components stresses on the dc/dc cell. This problem
can be overcome by using a simple step-down dc/dc cell (i.e. buck or buck–boost converter).Extremely narrow
duty cycle is needed for the conversion.This leads to poor circuit efficiency and limits the input voltage range for
getting better performance.
Several methods were introduced to reduce the bus voltage much below the line input voltage during
the years 2007-2011. Several such topologies have been reported in the references [9], [10], [13], [15]–[18].
Although the recently reported IBoBuBo converter in [13] is able to limit the bus voltage under 400 V, it cannot
be applied to the low-voltage application directly due to the boost PFC cell. On the other hand, the converters in
[9], [10], [15]–[18] employ different PFC cells to reduce the intermediate bus voltage. Among those converters
in [9] and [15] use a transformer to achieve low output voltage either in PFC cell or dc/dc cell. Therefore, the
leakage inductance is unavoidable. Converters in [10], [17], and [18], employ a buck–boost PFC cell resulting in
negative polarity at the output terminal. In addition, the topologies in references [18] and [10] process power at
least twice resulting in low power efficiency. Moreover, the reported converters, in [16], and [17], consist of two
active switches leading to more complicated gate control. Apart from reducing the intermediate bus voltage, the
converter in [19] employs resonant technique to further increase the step-down ratio based on a buck converter
to eliminate the use of intermediate storage capacitor. The converter features with zero-current switching to
reduce the switching loss. However, without the intermediate storage, the converter cannot provide hold-up time
and presents substantial low-frequency ripples on its output voltage. Besides, the duty cycle of the converter for
high-line input application is very narrow, i.e., < 10%. This greatly increases the difficulty in its implementation
due to the minimum on-time of pulse-width-modulation (PWM) IC and rise/fall time of MOSFET.
To tackle the aforementioned problems, an intergrated buck–buck–boost (IBuBuBo) converter with low
output voltage is proposed. This proposed circuit consists of a buck converter, used as PFC cell and a buck-
boost converter as a dc/dc converter. This circuit is able to limit the bus voltage below the input voltage
effectively.In addition, by In addition, by sharing voltages between the intermediate bus and output capacitors,
further reduction of the bus voltage can be achieved. Therefore, a transformer is not needed to obtain the low
output voltage. The converter is able to achieve:
1)low voltage stress on intermediate bus (less than 120 V) ;
2)high PF, compact size, Less cost;
3) low intermediate bus and output voltages in the absence of transformer;
4) simple control structure with a single-switch;
5) positive output voltage;
6) high conversion efficiency due to part of input power is processed once and
7) input surge current protection because of series connection of input source and switch.
II. Direct Power Transfer
In a conventional two-stage or S PFC ac/dc converter, there are two functional cells, i.e., PFC cell and
dc/dc cell. AC input power is first transferred into somewhat pulsating dc power stored on intermediate bulk
capacitors by the PFC cell. The stored dc power on the bulk capacitors is processed again by the dc/dc cell to the
desired dc output power. So the input power is processed twice to reach the output, as shown in Fig. 2.1(a).
Assuming the PFC cell has unity input power factor, and the efficiency of the PFC cell and dc/dc cell are
and, respectively, we have output power
(1)
and the resultant efficiency of SS PFC ac/dc converter is
(2)
From the above equations, we can see that the dual power processing approach means lower conversion
efficiency since it is the product of the efficiency of each power conversion
1 2
210 inPP
21
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Figure. 2.1. Power transfer block diagrams of PFC ac/dc converters: (a) conventional power transfer and (b)
proposed power transfer with DPT concept.
Direct power transfer approaches will allow a part of the input power to be processed only once and let
the remaining input power to be processed twice while still achieving both high power factor and tight output
(3)
regulation. Those power transfer approaches provide a new way to achieve more efficient and higher power
rating PFC converters than the conventional double power processing approach. A block diagram of the
proposed power transfer approach with the DPT concept is expressed in Fig. 2 .1(b). In Fig. 2.1(b), (1-k)
portion of the power from the PFC cell is directly transferred to the output, and the remaining power from PFC
cell is stored in the intermediate bus capacitor and then processed by the dc/dc cell. Based on this concept, we
have so the efficiency of this S PFC ac/dc converter is
(4)
Comparing (2) with (4), it is clear that the converter with the DPT generally has higher efficiency than its
counterpart without the DPT approach, simply because the converter with the DPT concept follows an inequality
(5)
The above efficiency comparison enhances our understanding why the DPT concept will help build an inherently
more efficient PFC converter
III. Single-Stage PFC Converter
Power factor correction (PFC) techniques have become increasingly important since several regulations
that are used to limit harmonic injection to the power utilities have been enacted recently. There are two basic
PFC approaches, namely, active PFC and passive PFC. Active PFC, classified by the system configurations, can
be categorized into two-stage and single-stage SS schemes. A two-stage scheme results in high power factor and
fast response output voltage regulation by using two independent controllers and optimized power stages, as
shown in Fig. 3.1(a). The main drawbacks of this scheme are its relatively higher cost and larger size resulted
from its complicated power stage topology and control circuits, particularly in low power applications.
An SS scheme combines the PFC cell and dc/dc power conversion cell into one stage, and typically
uses only one controller and shares power switches, as shown in Fig. 3.1(b). It should be pointed out that from
the viewpoint of functionality, in order to get high power factor and regulated output, an SS converter actually
still needs to complete PFC and dc/dc regulating tasks as a two-stage converter. Usually, the high power factor
of an SS PFC converter is guaranteed by operating the PFC cell in discontinuous current mode (DCM), while the
fast response output regulation is achieved by the dc/dc cell. Although the single-stage scheme is especially
)1(2110 kPkPP inin
)1( 2121 k
.1.1.1_
)1(
21
212121
andkwhere
k
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attractive in low cost and low power applications due to its simplified power stage and control circuit, major
issues still exist, such as low efficiency and difficulty being moved to higher power level, and high as well as
wide-range intermediate dc bus voltage stress.
Figure. 3.1. Functional block diagram of PFC converters: (a) two-stage PFC converter and (b) typical single-
stage PFC converter.
IV. Proposed Circuit and Its Operating Principle
The proposed I Bu Bu Bo converter, which consists of the merging of a buck PFC cell ( )
and a buck–boost dc/dc cell ( ) is illustrated in Fig. 4.1(a). Although L2 is on the
return path of the buck PFC cell, does not contribute to the cell electrically. Thus, L2 is not considered as in the
PFC cell. Moreover, both cells are operated in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) so there are no currentsin
both inductors L1 and L2 at the beginning of each switching cycle t0 . Due to the characteristic of buck PFC cell,
there are two operating modes in the circuit.
Figure 4.1: (a) Proposed IBuBuBo SS ac/dc converter. (b) Input voltage and current waveforms
BO CCDDSL ,,,,, 3222
BO CCDSL ,,,, 111
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ModeA(vin (θ)≤VB + Vo ): When the input voltage vin (θ) is smaller than the sum of intermediate bus
voltage VB , and output voltage Vo , the buck PFC cell becomes inactive and does not shape the line current
around zero-crossing line voltage , owing to the reverse biased of the bridge rectifier. Only the buck–boost dc/dc
cell sustains all the output power to the load. Therefore, two dead-angle zones are present in a half-line period
and no input current is drawn as shown in Fig. 4.1(b). The circuit operation within a switching period can be
divided into three stages and the corresponding sequence is Fig. 4.2(a),(b), and (f). Fig. 4.3(a) shows its key
current waveforms.
1) Stage 1 (period d1Ts in Fig. 4.3) [see Fig. 4.2(a)]: When switch S1 is turned ON, inductor L2 is charged
linearly by the bus voltage VB while diode D2 is conducting. Output capacitor Co delivers power to the load.
2) Stage 2 (period d2Ts in Fig. 4.3) [see Fig. 4.2(b)]: When switch S1 is switched OFF, diode D3 becomes
forward biased and energy stored in L2 is released to Co and the load.
3) Stage 3 (period d3Ts - d4Ts in Fig. 4.3) [see Fig. 4.2(f)]: The inductor current iL2 is totally discharged and
only Co sustains the load current.
Mode B (vin (θ) > VB + Vo ): This mode occurs when the input voltage is greater than the sum of the
bus voltage and output voltage. The circuit operation over a switching period can be divided into four stages and
the corresponding sequence is Fig. 4.2(c), (d), (e), and (f). The key waveforms are shown in Fig. 4.3(b).
1) Stage 1 (period d1Ts in Fig. 4.3) [see Fig. 4.2(c)]: When switch S1 is turned ON, both inductors L1 and L2
are charged linearly by the input voltage minus the sum of the bus voltage and output voltage (vin
(θ) − VB − Vo ), while diode D2 is conducting.
2) Stage 2 (period d2Ts in Fig. 4.3) [see Fig. 4.2(d)]: When switch S1 is switched OFF, inductor current iL1
decreases linearly to charge CB and Co through diode D1 as well as transferring part of the input
power to the load directly. Meanwhile, the energy stored in L2 is released to Co and the current is
supplied to the load through diode D3. This stage ends once inductor L2 is fully discharged.
3) Stage 3 (period d3Ts in Fig. 4.3) [see Fig. 4.2(e)]: Inductor L1 continues to deliver current to Co and the
load until its current reaches zero.
4) Stage 4 (period d4Ts in Fig.4.3 ) [see Fig. 4.2(f)]: Only Co delivers all the output power.
Figure. 4.2 Circuit operation stages of the proposed ac/dc converter.
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Figure. 4.3. Key waveforms of the proposed circuit
V. Design Consideration
To simplify the circuit analysis, some assumptions are made as follows:
1) all components are ideal;
2) line input source is pure sinusoidal, i.e. vin (θ) = Vpksin(θ) where Vpk and θ are denoted as its peak voltage
and phase angle, respectively;
3) both capacitors CB and Co are sufficiently large such that they can be treated as constant DC voltage sources
without any ripples;
4) the switching frequency fs is much higher than the line frequency such that the rectified line input voltage |vin
(θ)| is constant within a switching period.
5.1. Circuit Characteristics
According to Fig.4.1 (b), there is no input current drawn from the source in Mode A, and the phase angles of the
dead-time α and β can be expressed as
(6)
(7)
where VT is the sum of VB and Vo . Thus, the conduction angle of the converter is
(8)
From the key waveforms (see Fig. 4.3), the peak currents of the two inductors are:
(10)
)arcsin(
pk
T
V
V
)arcsin(
pk
T
V
V
)arcsin(2
pk
T
V
V
otherwise
Td
L
Vv
i
S
Tin
pkL
,0
,
)(
1
1_1
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(11)
where Ts (1/fs ) is a switching period of the converter. In (10) and (11), the dependency of iL1 pk on θ
has been omitted for clarity. It is noted that L2 does not contribute in equation (10) even though it is on the
current return path of the PFC cell.
In addition, by considering volt–second balance of the L1 and L2 , respectively, the important duty
ratio relationships can be expressed as follows
(12)
(13)
By applying charge balance of CB over a half-line period, the bus voltage VB can be determined. From
Fig. 4.3, the average current of CB over a switching and half-line periods are expressed as follows:
(14)
And
(15)
where the constants A and B are
(16)
Putting equation (4.8) to zero due to the steady-state operation, this leads to
(17)
where M is the inductance ratio L2/L1 .
As observed from equation(4.11), the bus voltage VB can be obtained easily by numerical method. It is
noted that VB is independent on the load, but dependent on the inductance ratio M.. It is noted that the bus
voltage is kept below 150 V at high-line input condition.
Similarly, the instantaneous and average input currents of the proposed circuit are
(18)
And
(19)
s
B
pkL Td
L
V
I 1
2
_2
otherwise
d
V
Vv
dd T
Tin
,0
,
)(
1
32
12 d
V
V
d
O
B
2
2
1
1
2
1
1_2321_1
)())((
))((5.
L
V
Td
VL
vVv
Tdi
dIdddii
B
S
T
inTin
SswCB
pkLpkLswCB
21
2
1
0
))
42
((
2
1
L
V
B
A
V
V
L
VTd
i
dii
B
T
pkpkS
CB
swCBCB
)cos()cos(
)2sin()2sin(
B
A
2
2
))(()(2
)arcsin(2
)(2 pk
OBpkOBpkOB
pk
OB
OB
pk
B
V
VVVVVVVV
V
VV
VV
MV
V
otherwise
Td
L
Vv
di
i
S
Tin
pkL
swin
,0
,
2
)(
2
2
1
1
1_1
Tpk
S
in
swinin
VBV
L
Td
I
diI
1
2
1
2
1
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Using equation (18) and (19), the rms value of the input current, average input power and power factor are
given by
(20)
(21)
(22)
5.2 Condition for DCM
To ensure both cells working in DCM mode throughout the ac line period, we must determine their
critical inductance first. To allow L1 working in DCM and from equation (12), we have the following
inequalities
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
where d1 PFC is the maximum d1 of the PFC cell.
By applying input–output power balance of the PFC cell and substituting in equation (27) into equation
(21), the critical inductanceL1 crit is given by
(29)
where RL min is denoted as the minimum load resistance of the converter.
For the dc/dc cell sustaining all the power to the load under DCM operation in Mode A, the critical
inductance L2 crit is the smallest. Under the input–output power balance of the dc/dc cell, the critical inductance
L2 crit can be determined. The input power of the dc/dc cell in Mode A is given by
(30)
22
_
1
2
1
22
1
2
1
_
2
_
2)
42
(
)
42
(
2
2
)(
1
)
42
(
2
)(
1
2)
42
(
2
)(
1
TTpkpk
Tpk
rmsin
pk
swinin
Tpk
pkS
in
swininin
TTpkpk
S
rmsin
swinrmsin
VBVV
A
V
BV
A
V
PF
I
V
div
PF
BV
A
V
L
VTd
P
divP
VBVV
A
V
L
Td
I
diI
O
O
L
DCDC
DCDCPFC
T
O
BO
O
DCDC
DCDC
in
T
PFC
PFC
P
V
R
otherwised
dd
d
V
V
VV
V
d
dd
otherwise
v
V
d
ddd
2
min__
/_1
/_1_1
max_1
/_1
/_12
_1
_132
,
),,min(
1
,0
,
)(
1
2
max_1
0
2
min_
_1 ))cos()(cos()
4
)2sin()2sin(
2
(
2
dVV
V
VTR
L Tpk
pksL
crit
2
2
1
2
//_
2L
dTV
di
V
P SB
swDCDC
B
DCDCin
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where < idc/dc >sw is the instantaneous input current of dc/dc cell. Hence, by substituting (27) into (30), the
critical inductance L2 crit is given by
(31)
4.3. Capacitors Optimization
To determine the size of the intermediate bus capacitor CB , we can consider the hold-up time (thold
up) of the circuit. The bus capacitor CB will sustain all the output power within t_hold up when the ac input
source is removed. In normal practice, the hold-up time is one of the ac line cycle. In addition, the maximum
capacitance of CB to meet this hold-up time requirement is determined under the low-line and full output load
conditions. Thus, the size of CB is expressed as follows:
(32)
where hold up time is:
(33)
Apart from the size of CB, it is noted that the line frequency ripple on the output capacitor Co is
inevitable since a portion of the input power is coupled to the load directly. However, this ripple can be reduced
by increasing its capacitance.
VI. Design of the Simulation Prototype
The performance of the proposed circuit is verified by using MATLAB/ Simulink. To ensure the
converter working properly with constant output voltage, a simple voltage mode control is employed. To achieve
high performance of the converter for universal line operation in terms of low bus voltage (< 150V) and high
power factor (> 96%), the inductance ratio has to be optimized. The lower the bus voltage of the converter, the
lower voltage rating capacitor (150 V) can be used.
6.1 Specifications
1) output power: 100 W;
2) output voltage: 19 Vdc
3) power factor: > 96%;
4) intermediate bus voltage: < 150V;
5) line input voltage: 90–270 Vrms/50 Hz;
6) switching frequency (fs ): 20 kHz.
7) M =.4
6.2 Input filter
A low-pass filter is a filter that passes low-frequency signals and attenuates (reduces the amplitude of)
signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency. A low-pass filter is the opposite of a high-pass filter.
A band-pass filter is a combination of a low-pass and a high-pass. Low-pass filters exist in many different
forms, including electronic circuits (such as a hiss filter used in audio), anti-aliasing filters for conditioning
signals prior to analog-to-digital conversion, digital filters for smoothing sets of data, acoustic barriers, blurring
of images, and so on. The moving average operation used in fields such as finance is a particular kind of low-
pass filter, and can be analyzed with the same signal processing techniques as are used for other low-pass
filters. Low-pass filters provide a smoother form of a signal, removing the short-term fluctuations, and leaving
the longer-term trend.
Fr as the resonance frequency
(34)
Assume the value of and find
max_1
2
0
2
2
min_
_2
2
d
V
TVR
L
SBL
crit
2
min_min_
2
_2
BalnoB
upholdO
B
VV
tP
C
)arcsin(_
pk
OB
uphold
V
VV
t
)2(
1
ff
r
CL
F
fL fC
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Here we take Fr as 2500 Hz assume as 2mH then, = 2µF
6.3 Intermediate bus voltage
Equation (17) is solved by using MATLAB.
m=.4;
vpk= 230*sqrt(2);
vo=19;
f=vb-(((m*vpk*vpk)/(2*pi*(vb+vo)))*((pi(2*asin((vb+vo)/vpk)))-(2*(vb+vo)*sqrt((vpk+vb+vo)*(vpk-vb-
vo))/(vpk*vpk))));
df = diff (f);
vb=1;
for M=1:10
p=eval(f);
q=eval(df);
eval('vb=vb-(p/q)');
end
For input given is 230V ,intermediate voltage VB obtained is 98.73V.
It is noted that VB is independent on the load, but dependent on the inductance ratio M. Depicts the
relationship among VB , rms value of the line voltage, and inductance ratio M. It is noted that the bus voltage is
kept below 150 V at high-line input condition.
Table 2:different intermediate voltage as input varies
INPUT VOLTAGE INTERMEDIATE VOLTAGE
90V 32V
230V 98.7V
270V 117.8V
6.4 Intermediate capacitor
Using equation (33)
t_holdup =1.17ms
Assume ripple of about 40% of the output voltage
Using equation (32) intermediate capacitor is:
CB = 5mF
6.5 Buck and buck- boost inductor
Using equation (24) and (26)
161.
,0
,362.
/_1
_1
T
O
BO
O
DCDC
PFC
V
V
VV
V
d
otherwise
d
Using equation (27) d_max is choose as
otherwise
d
,161.
,161.
max_1
fLfC
sec/15.314**2
40.2
77.2
370.
26.3252*230
,
19,5.98,%40,7.98,100
,
min_min_
radiansf
radians
radians
radians
VVV
then
VVVVVrippleVVWP
Let
pk
OBOalnoBO
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61.3
2
min__
O
O
L
P
V
R
where RL min is denoted as the minimum load resistance of the converter.
Using equation (29) and (31)
6.6 Output capacitor filter
Output capacitor is used to eliminate the ripple in output voltage
(35)
Table 3 circuit components
VII. Simulation and Results
Fig 6.1: Proposed Circuit In MATLAB/Simulink
7.1 Subsystems
PARAMETERS VALUES
Input Filter Inductor 2 mH
Input Filter Capacitor 2 µF
Inductor L1 188µH
Inductor L2 63µH
Capacitor CB 5mF
Capacitor CO 5mF
radians
radians
radians
VVV
VV
Let
pk
O
40.2
77.2
370.
26.3252*230
19
,
HL
HL
crit
crit
63
188
_2
_1
)
.2
1
1(
4
1
FRfR
C
L
O
mFC
V
V
FR
O
dc
ac
5
27..
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a) Pulse generating system
b) PI Controller
c) PF measurement
Fig 6.2 Different Subsystems used in Simulation
7.2 Results
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Fig 6.3 waveforms of input voltage, input current,output voltage
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Fig 7.4: Waveforms of IL1, IL2, ICB, ICO
VIII. Conclusion
The proposed AC/DC converter has been simulated, and the waveforms have been observed. The
intermediate bus voltage of the circuit is able to keep low at all input and output conditions and is lower than that
of the most reported converters. Thus, the lower voltage rating of capacitor can be used. Moreover, the topology
is able to obtain low output voltage without high step-down transformer. Owing to the absence of transformer,
the demagnetizing circuit, the associated circuit dealing with leakage inductance and the cost of the proposed
circuit are reduced compared with the isolated counterparts. Because of the direct power transfer path in the
proposed converter, it is able to achieve high efficiency.
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