This paper presents the simple design of a grid-tied single-phase with distributed rooftop
photovoltaic (PV) non-uniformly location and ratings. All the inclusion components in the developed
scheme are estimated and defined as the inevitability of low voltage (LV) residential network. This
developed scheme is purposed for allocating AC and DC load, which are divided into four steps: the sized
determination of PV inverter (1-5kW), the selection of PV array, the size determination of battery and the
selection of other supporting components. The purposed configuration consists of modeling the system
with non-uniform distributions of rooftop PVs, modeling the rooftop PVs based on their injected active and
reactive power, and finally the inclusion of battery storage, based on its state of charge (SOC). Due to test
the configuration, several cases are built in the MATLAB platform. Simulation results have been generated
and analyzed for an unbalanced three-phase residential feeder which is populated with rooftop PVs and
battery storage (BS). The simulation results show that the unbalanced reduction due to the coordinate of
PVs and BS that provided educated energy storage when the unequal loadings are there, have significant
effect toward the anxiety of the distribution network are successfully done.
This document is a major project report submitted by Sandiip Guptaa in partial fulfillment of their B.Tech degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology. The project involved modelling the integration of renewable energy sources like solar and wind in PSCAD. It describes the modelling of PV and wind systems, provides an overview of PSCAD simulation tool, discusses microgrid components, operation and control techniques. It also includes the objectives, methodology, models developed and output results of the project on modelling renewable energy integration in a microgrid using PSCAD software.
The document provides a third quarter report on the creation of a custom PSCAD library component for renewable energy systems. Key accomplishments include successfully designing wind, solar, and battery storage models and integrating them into a custom library. Future work identified is improving the battery control system. The custom library allows users to easily design renewable energy systems in PSCAD.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
IRJET- Power Quality Improvement in Solar by using Fuzzy Logic ControllerIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system for improving power quality in solar photovoltaic systems using a fuzzy logic controller. The system uses a single-phase inverter controlled by a predictive control algorithm to perform maximum power point tracking from the PV array and deliver power to the grid, while also compensating for current harmonics and reactive power from nonlinear loads. A fuzzy logic control method is applied for maximum power point tracking to handle model uncertainties and nonlinearity. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated using MATLAB simulation.
A REVIEW ON EVALUATION OF PV MODELS BASED ON AN INTEGRATION USING A NEW CONFI...ijiert bestjournal
The effect of linear imbalances and nonlinear loads on the voltage balance of the neutral-point- clamped converters is described in this paper. The Neutral-Point-Clamped inverters are used in the multilevel inverters for high power application s. In this paper a three level NPC inverter that couple accommodate with solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery storage in grid connected system. The three level space vector modulation technique (SVPWM) is proposed. The SVPWM correct the ac voltage under unbalance dc voltage condition .SV-PWM strategy makes it possible to control the neutral point voltage by optimum choice of switch sequence for any position and length of output voltage vector. The control scheme has capability to control the power delivery between the solar PV,battery,and grid,it simulta neously provides maximum power point tracking (MPPT) operation for the solar PV. The res ults of matlab modeling of the system detail the comparative operation of inverter topologies wh ich are the conventional two level inverters and multilevel inverter topology to reduce total ha rmonic distortions in grid voltage and electromagnetic interference. Three-level NPC volta ge source inverter that can integrate both renewable energy and battery storage on the dc side of the inverter has been presented. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is invest igated by the simulation of several scenarios,including battery charging and discharging with dif ferent levels of solar irradiation.
Power Quality Improvement of Grid Interconnection of renewable Energy Based D...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a grid interfacing inverter which compensates power quality problems and also interface Renewable Energy Sources with the help of electric grid. Renewable Energy Sources are being increasingly connected in distribution system utilizing power electronic converters. Grid interfacing inverter can be used: 1) To improve the transfer of active power harvested from RES; 2) To meet load reactive power demand support ; 3) To reduce current harmonics by incorporating the current harmonic compensator at point of common coupling(PCC) ; 4) current unbalance and neutral current compensation in case of 3-phase 4-wire system. The fuzzy logic can be used in many applications especially, when the process/models are complex to analyse by using classical methods. Mainly fuzzy logic controller is used to control DC capacitor voltage. Simulations are carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK to verify the performance of the controller. The output shows the controller has fast dynamic response high accuracy of tracking DC voltage reference and robust to load parameters variations.
This document is a major project report submitted by Sandiip Guptaa in partial fulfillment of their B.Tech degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology. The project involved modelling the integration of renewable energy sources like solar and wind in PSCAD. It describes the modelling of PV and wind systems, provides an overview of PSCAD simulation tool, discusses microgrid components, operation and control techniques. It also includes the objectives, methodology, models developed and output results of the project on modelling renewable energy integration in a microgrid using PSCAD software.
The document provides a third quarter report on the creation of a custom PSCAD library component for renewable energy systems. Key accomplishments include successfully designing wind, solar, and battery storage models and integrating them into a custom library. Future work identified is improving the battery control system. The custom library allows users to easily design renewable energy systems in PSCAD.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
IRJET- Power Quality Improvement in Solar by using Fuzzy Logic ControllerIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system for improving power quality in solar photovoltaic systems using a fuzzy logic controller. The system uses a single-phase inverter controlled by a predictive control algorithm to perform maximum power point tracking from the PV array and deliver power to the grid, while also compensating for current harmonics and reactive power from nonlinear loads. A fuzzy logic control method is applied for maximum power point tracking to handle model uncertainties and nonlinearity. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated using MATLAB simulation.
A REVIEW ON EVALUATION OF PV MODELS BASED ON AN INTEGRATION USING A NEW CONFI...ijiert bestjournal
The effect of linear imbalances and nonlinear loads on the voltage balance of the neutral-point- clamped converters is described in this paper. The Neutral-Point-Clamped inverters are used in the multilevel inverters for high power application s. In this paper a three level NPC inverter that couple accommodate with solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery storage in grid connected system. The three level space vector modulation technique (SVPWM) is proposed. The SVPWM correct the ac voltage under unbalance dc voltage condition .SV-PWM strategy makes it possible to control the neutral point voltage by optimum choice of switch sequence for any position and length of output voltage vector. The control scheme has capability to control the power delivery between the solar PV,battery,and grid,it simulta neously provides maximum power point tracking (MPPT) operation for the solar PV. The res ults of matlab modeling of the system detail the comparative operation of inverter topologies wh ich are the conventional two level inverters and multilevel inverter topology to reduce total ha rmonic distortions in grid voltage and electromagnetic interference. Three-level NPC volta ge source inverter that can integrate both renewable energy and battery storage on the dc side of the inverter has been presented. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is invest igated by the simulation of several scenarios,including battery charging and discharging with dif ferent levels of solar irradiation.
Power Quality Improvement of Grid Interconnection of renewable Energy Based D...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a grid interfacing inverter which compensates power quality problems and also interface Renewable Energy Sources with the help of electric grid. Renewable Energy Sources are being increasingly connected in distribution system utilizing power electronic converters. Grid interfacing inverter can be used: 1) To improve the transfer of active power harvested from RES; 2) To meet load reactive power demand support ; 3) To reduce current harmonics by incorporating the current harmonic compensator at point of common coupling(PCC) ; 4) current unbalance and neutral current compensation in case of 3-phase 4-wire system. The fuzzy logic can be used in many applications especially, when the process/models are complex to analyse by using classical methods. Mainly fuzzy logic controller is used to control DC capacitor voltage. Simulations are carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK to verify the performance of the controller. The output shows the controller has fast dynamic response high accuracy of tracking DC voltage reference and robust to load parameters variations.
2 119-1480671105-4. tjprcijsps - decoupled active and reactive power control fordungsp4
This document describes a decoupled active and reactive power control system for a large-scale grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system. It uses cascaded current-fed dual active bridge (CF-DAB) converters and a cascaded multilevel inverter. The CF-DAB converters boost the PV panel voltages, achieve maximum power point tracking independently for each PV module, and minimize low-frequency power fluctuations. The cascaded multilevel inverter allows reactive power control in each module to reduce overmodulation risk regardless of active power changes. A control system with phase locked loop, voltage and current controllers, and voltage distribution is proposed to achieve decoupled active and reactive power control and improve power quality and reliability
A CONTROL APPROACH FOR GRID INTERFACING INVERTER IN 3 PHASE 4 WIRE DISTRIBUT...IJMER
With the increase in load demand, the Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are
increasingly connected in the distribution systems which utilizes power electronic
Converters/Inverters. Nowadays, 3-phase 4-wire distribution power system has been widely used in
residential and office buildings, manufacturing facilities, schools etc This paper presents a novel
control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from the grid-interfacing inverters when installed in
3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject
power to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics and
load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or
simultaneously. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink
simulation studies
A Power quality problem is an occurrence of nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results in a
failure or a misoperation of end user equipments. Utility distribution networks, sensitive industrial loads and
critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost
significant financial losses. With the increase in load demand, the Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are
increasingly connected in the distribution systems which utilizes power electronic Converters/Inverters. This
paper presents a single-stage, three-phase grid connected solar photovoltaic (SPV) system. The proposed system
is dual purpose, as it not only feeds extracted solar energy into the grid but it also helps in improving power
quality in the distribution system. The presented system serves the purpose of maximum power point tracking
(MPPT), feeding SPV energy to the grid, harmonics mitigation of loads connected at point of common coupling
(PCC) and balancing the grid currents. The SPV system uses a three-phase voltage source converter (VSC) for
performing all these functions. An improved linear sinusoidal tracer (ILST)-based control algorithm is proposed
for control of VSC. In the proposed system, a variable dc link voltage is used for MPPT. An instantaneous
compensation technique is used incorporating changes in PV power for fast dynamic response. The SPV system
is first simulated in MATLAB along with Simulink and simpower system toolboxes.
A Novel Approach for Allocation of Optimal Capacitor and Distributed Generati...paperpublications3
This document presents two algorithms for optimally allocating capacitors and distributed generation on radial distribution systems. The algorithms predict reactive power and real power requirements that can be supplied by capacitor banks and distributed generation units. This arrangement reduces transmission losses and improves voltage stability. The algorithms were implemented on the IEEE 69-node and 52-node test systems. Load flow analysis was performed using a forward/backward sweep method to calculate node voltages, branch currents, and power losses. The results show reductions in losses and improvements to voltage profiles with the addition of capacitors and distributed generation.
This document describes a flexible control strategy using a continuous mixed p-norm (CMPN) algorithm-based adaptive control to enhance the low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) power plants. PV arrays are connected through a DC-DC boost converter for maximum power point tracking, a DC-link capacitor, grid-side inverter, and transformer. The CMPN algorithm adaptively updates PI controller gains in real-time to control the power electronics during faults and improve the LVRT capability without needing tuning. The effectiveness of this control strategy is evaluated using MATLAB/SIMULINK by subjecting the system to different faults on the IEEE 39-bus test system.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
The document presents a novel DC-DC converter architecture for photovoltaic applications that uses distributed micro-converters to enforce voltage ratios across strings of PV cells, mitigating power loss from shading and mismatch effects. The converters are based on a resonant switched-capacitor design and integrate directly into PV module junction boxes, balancing power flow at the sub-module level with over 99% conversion efficiency and less than 0.1% insertion loss. The proposed architecture extends the balancing function to multiple series-connected PV modules through a dual-core cable and connector.
Design and Simulation of Efficient DC-DC Converter Topology for a Solar PV Mo...Sajin Ismail
Modulated Integrated Converter systems are considered to be the new and global turning point in the field of
Solar PV systems. These converters are highly recognised for its modular size and compact nature and they are supposed to
be attached directly with each PV module and since one PV module is having the power rating of a few watts ranging from
0-500Ws, the design rating would be in the same range and thus the most vital condition in such a design is efficiency
under these relatively low loads. In this paper an isolated interleaved boost converter topology is considered in the DC-DC
section and which is designed and simulated for a specific power rating (250W) and the efficiency is analysed with varying
load conditions and compared with the target efficiency of the system.
This document presents a new control strategy for an islanded microgrid consisting of PV and fuel cell distributed generation units supplying both local and nonlocal unbalanced loads. The control strategy comprises voltage control using a proportional resonance controller, droop-based power sharing, and a negative sequence impedance controller. The voltage controller regulates load voltages while the droop controller shares average power. The negative sequence controller minimizes negative sequence currents in the microgrid lines by adjusting each DG unit's negative sequence output impedance, improving power quality under unbalanced conditions. Time-domain simulations in MATLAB/Simulink validate the control strategy's performance for the PV and fuel cell microgrid.
IRJET- Mitigation of Current and Voltage Harmonics using MAF based UPQCIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system for mitigating current and voltage harmonics using a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) with a moving average filter (MAF)-based control strategy. The UPQC consists of series and shunt compensators to regulate voltage and current, respectively. A photovoltaic array is connected between the compensators and provides power to the system. Simulation results show the system can effectively reduce the total harmonic distortion of both the supply voltage and current, improving power quality delivered to loads despite nonlinearities. The MAF control technique offers optimal harmonic attenuation without reducing controller bandwidth compared to other filtering methods.
Improvement of Power Quality using Fuzzy Logic Controller in Grid Connected P...IAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, the design of combined operation of UPQC and PV-ARRAY is designed. The proposed system is composed of series and shunt inverters connected back to back by a dc-link to which pv-array is connected. This system is able to compensate voltage and current related problems both in inter-connected mode and islanding mode by injecting active power to grid. The fundamental aspect is that the power electronic devices (PE) and sensitive equipments (SE) are normally designed to work in non-polluted power system, so they would suffer from malfunctions when supply voltage is not pure sinusoidal. Thus this proposed operating strategy with flexible operation mode improves the power quality of the grid system combining photovoltaic array with a control of unified power quality conditioner. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is used in both three phase four leg inverters. A Proportional Integral (PI) and Fuzzy Logic Controllers are used for power quality improvement by reducing the distortions in the output power. The simulated results were compared among the two controller’s strategies With pi controller and fuzzy logic controller
Improved Power Quality by using STATCOM Under Various Loading ConditionsIJMTST Journal
This document discusses improving power quality using a STATCOM under various loading conditions. It first provides background on power quality issues and defines STATCOM. It then describes the system topology which includes a wind energy generation system connected to the grid along with a STATCOM and battery energy storage system. Two control schemes for the STATCOM are proposed: Bang-Bang current control and fuzzy logic control. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink are presented for various cases including balanced/unbalanced linear and non-linear loads, showing the STATCOM is able to mitigate power quality issues and regulate voltage.
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P-Q Theory Based UPQC for Reactive Power Compensation with UCAPIRJET Journal
This document discusses a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) integrated with an ultracapacitor (UCAP) for reactive power compensation. The UPQC uses a p-q theory based control method where fundamental frequency positive sequence voltages are extracted using a generalized cascaded delay signal cancellation technique. The shunt converter compensates for part of the load reactive power while the series converter shares part of the reactive power load even under normal grid conditions. The UCAP integrated at the DC bus provides active power capability. Simulation results verify the dynamic performance of the proposed UPQC-UCAP system under linear and non-linear load conditions with voltage sags/swells and distortions.
A new bidirectional multilevel inverter topology with a high number of voltage levels with a very reduced number of power components is proposed in this paper. Only TEN power switches and four asymmetric DC voltage sources are used to generate 25 voltage levels in this new topology. The proposed multilevel converter is more suitable for e-mobility and photovoltaic applications where the overall energy source can be composed of a few units/associations of several basic source modules. Several benefits are provided by this new topology: Highly sinusoidal current and voltage waveforms, low Total Harmonic Distortion, very low switching losses, and minimum cost and size of the device. For optimum control of this 25-level voltage inverter, a special Modified Hybrid Modulation technique is performed. The proposed 25-level inverter is compared to various topologies published recently in terms of cost, the number of active power switches, clamped diodes, flying capacitors, DC floating capacitors, and the number of DC voltage sources. This comparison clearly shows that the proposed topology is cost-effective, compact, and very efficient. The effectiveness and the good performance of the proposed multilevel power converter (with and without PWM control) are verified and checked by computational simulations.
Modeling and simulation of three phases cascaded H-bridge grid-tied PV inverterjournalBEEI
In this paper a control scheme for three phase seven level cascaded H-bridge inverter for grid tied PV system is presented. As power generation from PV depends on varing environmental conditions, for extractraction of maximum power from PV array, fuzzy MPPT controller is incorporated with each PV array. It gives fast and accurate response. To maintain the grid current
sinusoidal under varying conditions, a digital PI controller scheme is adopted. A MATLAB/Simulink model is developed for this purpose and results are presented. At last THD analysis is carried out in order to validate the performance of the overall system. As discussed, with this control strategy the balanced grid current is obtained keeping THD values with in the specified range of IEEE-519 standard.
This paper presents a thorough control structure of the distributed generators inside the microgrid during both grid-connected and islanded operation modes. These control structures of the DGs voltage source inverters are implemented in synchronous reference frame (SRF) and controlled using linear PI controllers. By implementing the control structures, the desired real and reactive power can be efficiently transferred to the local loads and the utility load by the microgrid generating units. A modified droop control technique is introduced to facilitate the microgrid performance during both modes of operation. The active and reactive power sharing of the load demand between the utility grid and the microgrid can be performed by this drop control technique during the islanded mode. The system performance during intentional islanding event and utility load increase is investigated. The effectiveness of the offered control structures is confirmed through simulation results during both modes of operation.
Control of Two Stage PV Power System under the Unbalanced Three Phase Grid Vo...ijtsrd
This paper proposes a dynamic power decoupling DPD strategy for the three phase grid tied PV power system without increasing the dc link capacitance. Under normal condition, the interleaved boost converter will extract the maximum power point MPP from the PV array and the three phase inverter will inject the power to the grid. During the unbalanced grid fault scenario, the input power and current of the interleaved boost converter will be controlled by the proposed DPD to achieve the power decoupling capability as well as to eliminate the dc link voltage oscillation. The proposed work has been carried out in MATLAB, and the results are presented. Manasa | Nirmaladevi ""Control of Two Stage PV Power System under the Unbalanced Three-Phase Grid Voltages"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30091.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/30091/control-of-two-stage-pv-power-system-under-the-unbalanced-three-phase-grid-voltages/manasa
A New Control Method for Grid-Connected PV System Based on Quasi-Z-Source Cas...IAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, a new control method for quasi-Z-source cascaded multilevel inverter based grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system is proposed. The proposed method is capable of boosting the PV array voltage to a higher level and solves the imbalance problem of DC-link voltage in traditional cascaded H-bridge inverters. The proposed control system adjusts the grid injected current in phase with the grid voltage and achieves independent maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for the separate PV arrays. To achieve these goals, the proportional-integral (PI) controllers are employed for each module. For achieving the best performance, this paper presents an optimum approach to design the controller parameters using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The primary design goal is to obtain good response by minimizing the integral absolute error. Also, the transient response is guaranteed by minimizing the overshoot, settling time and rise time of the system response. The effectiveness of the new proposed control method has been verified through simulation studies based on a seven level quasi-Z- Source cascaded multilevel inverter.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a control model for a three-phase grid-connected photovoltaic generation system with reactive power regulation. It proposes a control scheme using two PI controllers along with an MPPT algorithm to stabilize the DC voltage. A three-phase grid inverter is synchronized to the grid using a phase-locked loop. Simulation results in Matlab/Simulink show the system has high stability and efficiency with flexible power factor control between 0.5-1. The control structure, MPPT method, DC link control, reactive power control and PLL are described.
This document analyzes a unified output MPPT control strategy for a subpanel PV converter system (SPMC) to address real-world mismatch issues in photovoltaic systems. The SPMC system connects a dedicated MPPT converter to each PV cell string in a panel. This allows each string to operate at its individual maximum power point regardless of mismatch conditions. However, implementing independent MPPT control for each string increases costs. Therefore, the document proposes a unified output MPPT control structure that reduces costs by saving on analog-to-digital units, current sensors, and MPPT controllers while still allowing each SPMC to operate at its optimal maximum power point. Simulation and experimental results confirm the effectiveness of this unified output control approach.
In a distributed generation system, divers renewable agents are connected to the low voltage 3 phase utility grid by an inverter which is used as power condition and must assurance the higher efficiency of the renewable agent. To achieve this level of efficiency, a unitary power factor between the utility grid voltages and the inverter currents is necessary, and a synchronization algorithm is required for the perfect synchronization between the 3-phase utility grid and the renewable agent. The aim of this paper is to present the optimization of the performance of a Synchronization controller for a 3-phase photovoltaic grid-connected system, assessing its accuracy under different conditions and studying their drawbacks and advantages. A grid connected photovoltaic system with a nominal power of 5 kW is used so as to assess the behavior of the synchronization algorithm when the 3 phase utility grid is affected by some disturbances such as voltage unbalances.
2 119-1480671105-4. tjprcijsps - decoupled active and reactive power control fordungsp4
This document describes a decoupled active and reactive power control system for a large-scale grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system. It uses cascaded current-fed dual active bridge (CF-DAB) converters and a cascaded multilevel inverter. The CF-DAB converters boost the PV panel voltages, achieve maximum power point tracking independently for each PV module, and minimize low-frequency power fluctuations. The cascaded multilevel inverter allows reactive power control in each module to reduce overmodulation risk regardless of active power changes. A control system with phase locked loop, voltage and current controllers, and voltage distribution is proposed to achieve decoupled active and reactive power control and improve power quality and reliability
A CONTROL APPROACH FOR GRID INTERFACING INVERTER IN 3 PHASE 4 WIRE DISTRIBUT...IJMER
With the increase in load demand, the Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are
increasingly connected in the distribution systems which utilizes power electronic
Converters/Inverters. Nowadays, 3-phase 4-wire distribution power system has been widely used in
residential and office buildings, manufacturing facilities, schools etc This paper presents a novel
control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from the grid-interfacing inverters when installed in
3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject
power to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics and
load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or
simultaneously. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink
simulation studies
A Power quality problem is an occurrence of nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results in a
failure or a misoperation of end user equipments. Utility distribution networks, sensitive industrial loads and
critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost
significant financial losses. With the increase in load demand, the Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are
increasingly connected in the distribution systems which utilizes power electronic Converters/Inverters. This
paper presents a single-stage, three-phase grid connected solar photovoltaic (SPV) system. The proposed system
is dual purpose, as it not only feeds extracted solar energy into the grid but it also helps in improving power
quality in the distribution system. The presented system serves the purpose of maximum power point tracking
(MPPT), feeding SPV energy to the grid, harmonics mitigation of loads connected at point of common coupling
(PCC) and balancing the grid currents. The SPV system uses a three-phase voltage source converter (VSC) for
performing all these functions. An improved linear sinusoidal tracer (ILST)-based control algorithm is proposed
for control of VSC. In the proposed system, a variable dc link voltage is used for MPPT. An instantaneous
compensation technique is used incorporating changes in PV power for fast dynamic response. The SPV system
is first simulated in MATLAB along with Simulink and simpower system toolboxes.
A Novel Approach for Allocation of Optimal Capacitor and Distributed Generati...paperpublications3
This document presents two algorithms for optimally allocating capacitors and distributed generation on radial distribution systems. The algorithms predict reactive power and real power requirements that can be supplied by capacitor banks and distributed generation units. This arrangement reduces transmission losses and improves voltage stability. The algorithms were implemented on the IEEE 69-node and 52-node test systems. Load flow analysis was performed using a forward/backward sweep method to calculate node voltages, branch currents, and power losses. The results show reductions in losses and improvements to voltage profiles with the addition of capacitors and distributed generation.
This document describes a flexible control strategy using a continuous mixed p-norm (CMPN) algorithm-based adaptive control to enhance the low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) power plants. PV arrays are connected through a DC-DC boost converter for maximum power point tracking, a DC-link capacitor, grid-side inverter, and transformer. The CMPN algorithm adaptively updates PI controller gains in real-time to control the power electronics during faults and improve the LVRT capability without needing tuning. The effectiveness of this control strategy is evaluated using MATLAB/SIMULINK by subjecting the system to different faults on the IEEE 39-bus test system.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
The document presents a novel DC-DC converter architecture for photovoltaic applications that uses distributed micro-converters to enforce voltage ratios across strings of PV cells, mitigating power loss from shading and mismatch effects. The converters are based on a resonant switched-capacitor design and integrate directly into PV module junction boxes, balancing power flow at the sub-module level with over 99% conversion efficiency and less than 0.1% insertion loss. The proposed architecture extends the balancing function to multiple series-connected PV modules through a dual-core cable and connector.
Design and Simulation of Efficient DC-DC Converter Topology for a Solar PV Mo...Sajin Ismail
Modulated Integrated Converter systems are considered to be the new and global turning point in the field of
Solar PV systems. These converters are highly recognised for its modular size and compact nature and they are supposed to
be attached directly with each PV module and since one PV module is having the power rating of a few watts ranging from
0-500Ws, the design rating would be in the same range and thus the most vital condition in such a design is efficiency
under these relatively low loads. In this paper an isolated interleaved boost converter topology is considered in the DC-DC
section and which is designed and simulated for a specific power rating (250W) and the efficiency is analysed with varying
load conditions and compared with the target efficiency of the system.
This document presents a new control strategy for an islanded microgrid consisting of PV and fuel cell distributed generation units supplying both local and nonlocal unbalanced loads. The control strategy comprises voltage control using a proportional resonance controller, droop-based power sharing, and a negative sequence impedance controller. The voltage controller regulates load voltages while the droop controller shares average power. The negative sequence controller minimizes negative sequence currents in the microgrid lines by adjusting each DG unit's negative sequence output impedance, improving power quality under unbalanced conditions. Time-domain simulations in MATLAB/Simulink validate the control strategy's performance for the PV and fuel cell microgrid.
IRJET- Mitigation of Current and Voltage Harmonics using MAF based UPQCIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system for mitigating current and voltage harmonics using a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) with a moving average filter (MAF)-based control strategy. The UPQC consists of series and shunt compensators to regulate voltage and current, respectively. A photovoltaic array is connected between the compensators and provides power to the system. Simulation results show the system can effectively reduce the total harmonic distortion of both the supply voltage and current, improving power quality delivered to loads despite nonlinearities. The MAF control technique offers optimal harmonic attenuation without reducing controller bandwidth compared to other filtering methods.
Improvement of Power Quality using Fuzzy Logic Controller in Grid Connected P...IAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, the design of combined operation of UPQC and PV-ARRAY is designed. The proposed system is composed of series and shunt inverters connected back to back by a dc-link to which pv-array is connected. This system is able to compensate voltage and current related problems both in inter-connected mode and islanding mode by injecting active power to grid. The fundamental aspect is that the power electronic devices (PE) and sensitive equipments (SE) are normally designed to work in non-polluted power system, so they would suffer from malfunctions when supply voltage is not pure sinusoidal. Thus this proposed operating strategy with flexible operation mode improves the power quality of the grid system combining photovoltaic array with a control of unified power quality conditioner. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is used in both three phase four leg inverters. A Proportional Integral (PI) and Fuzzy Logic Controllers are used for power quality improvement by reducing the distortions in the output power. The simulated results were compared among the two controller’s strategies With pi controller and fuzzy logic controller
Improved Power Quality by using STATCOM Under Various Loading ConditionsIJMTST Journal
This document discusses improving power quality using a STATCOM under various loading conditions. It first provides background on power quality issues and defines STATCOM. It then describes the system topology which includes a wind energy generation system connected to the grid along with a STATCOM and battery energy storage system. Two control schemes for the STATCOM are proposed: Bang-Bang current control and fuzzy logic control. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink are presented for various cases including balanced/unbalanced linear and non-linear loads, showing the STATCOM is able to mitigate power quality issues and regulate voltage.
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P-Q Theory Based UPQC for Reactive Power Compensation with UCAPIRJET Journal
This document discusses a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) integrated with an ultracapacitor (UCAP) for reactive power compensation. The UPQC uses a p-q theory based control method where fundamental frequency positive sequence voltages are extracted using a generalized cascaded delay signal cancellation technique. The shunt converter compensates for part of the load reactive power while the series converter shares part of the reactive power load even under normal grid conditions. The UCAP integrated at the DC bus provides active power capability. Simulation results verify the dynamic performance of the proposed UPQC-UCAP system under linear and non-linear load conditions with voltage sags/swells and distortions.
A new bidirectional multilevel inverter topology with a high number of voltage levels with a very reduced number of power components is proposed in this paper. Only TEN power switches and four asymmetric DC voltage sources are used to generate 25 voltage levels in this new topology. The proposed multilevel converter is more suitable for e-mobility and photovoltaic applications where the overall energy source can be composed of a few units/associations of several basic source modules. Several benefits are provided by this new topology: Highly sinusoidal current and voltage waveforms, low Total Harmonic Distortion, very low switching losses, and minimum cost and size of the device. For optimum control of this 25-level voltage inverter, a special Modified Hybrid Modulation technique is performed. The proposed 25-level inverter is compared to various topologies published recently in terms of cost, the number of active power switches, clamped diodes, flying capacitors, DC floating capacitors, and the number of DC voltage sources. This comparison clearly shows that the proposed topology is cost-effective, compact, and very efficient. The effectiveness and the good performance of the proposed multilevel power converter (with and without PWM control) are verified and checked by computational simulations.
Modeling and simulation of three phases cascaded H-bridge grid-tied PV inverterjournalBEEI
In this paper a control scheme for three phase seven level cascaded H-bridge inverter for grid tied PV system is presented. As power generation from PV depends on varing environmental conditions, for extractraction of maximum power from PV array, fuzzy MPPT controller is incorporated with each PV array. It gives fast and accurate response. To maintain the grid current
sinusoidal under varying conditions, a digital PI controller scheme is adopted. A MATLAB/Simulink model is developed for this purpose and results are presented. At last THD analysis is carried out in order to validate the performance of the overall system. As discussed, with this control strategy the balanced grid current is obtained keeping THD values with in the specified range of IEEE-519 standard.
This paper presents a thorough control structure of the distributed generators inside the microgrid during both grid-connected and islanded operation modes. These control structures of the DGs voltage source inverters are implemented in synchronous reference frame (SRF) and controlled using linear PI controllers. By implementing the control structures, the desired real and reactive power can be efficiently transferred to the local loads and the utility load by the microgrid generating units. A modified droop control technique is introduced to facilitate the microgrid performance during both modes of operation. The active and reactive power sharing of the load demand between the utility grid and the microgrid can be performed by this drop control technique during the islanded mode. The system performance during intentional islanding event and utility load increase is investigated. The effectiveness of the offered control structures is confirmed through simulation results during both modes of operation.
Control of Two Stage PV Power System under the Unbalanced Three Phase Grid Vo...ijtsrd
This paper proposes a dynamic power decoupling DPD strategy for the three phase grid tied PV power system without increasing the dc link capacitance. Under normal condition, the interleaved boost converter will extract the maximum power point MPP from the PV array and the three phase inverter will inject the power to the grid. During the unbalanced grid fault scenario, the input power and current of the interleaved boost converter will be controlled by the proposed DPD to achieve the power decoupling capability as well as to eliminate the dc link voltage oscillation. The proposed work has been carried out in MATLAB, and the results are presented. Manasa | Nirmaladevi ""Control of Two Stage PV Power System under the Unbalanced Three-Phase Grid Voltages"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30091.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/30091/control-of-two-stage-pv-power-system-under-the-unbalanced-three-phase-grid-voltages/manasa
A New Control Method for Grid-Connected PV System Based on Quasi-Z-Source Cas...IAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, a new control method for quasi-Z-source cascaded multilevel inverter based grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system is proposed. The proposed method is capable of boosting the PV array voltage to a higher level and solves the imbalance problem of DC-link voltage in traditional cascaded H-bridge inverters. The proposed control system adjusts the grid injected current in phase with the grid voltage and achieves independent maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for the separate PV arrays. To achieve these goals, the proportional-integral (PI) controllers are employed for each module. For achieving the best performance, this paper presents an optimum approach to design the controller parameters using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The primary design goal is to obtain good response by minimizing the integral absolute error. Also, the transient response is guaranteed by minimizing the overshoot, settling time and rise time of the system response. The effectiveness of the new proposed control method has been verified through simulation studies based on a seven level quasi-Z- Source cascaded multilevel inverter.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a control model for a three-phase grid-connected photovoltaic generation system with reactive power regulation. It proposes a control scheme using two PI controllers along with an MPPT algorithm to stabilize the DC voltage. A three-phase grid inverter is synchronized to the grid using a phase-locked loop. Simulation results in Matlab/Simulink show the system has high stability and efficiency with flexible power factor control between 0.5-1. The control structure, MPPT method, DC link control, reactive power control and PLL are described.
This document analyzes a unified output MPPT control strategy for a subpanel PV converter system (SPMC) to address real-world mismatch issues in photovoltaic systems. The SPMC system connects a dedicated MPPT converter to each PV cell string in a panel. This allows each string to operate at its individual maximum power point regardless of mismatch conditions. However, implementing independent MPPT control for each string increases costs. Therefore, the document proposes a unified output MPPT control structure that reduces costs by saving on analog-to-digital units, current sensors, and MPPT controllers while still allowing each SPMC to operate at its optimal maximum power point. Simulation and experimental results confirm the effectiveness of this unified output control approach.
In a distributed generation system, divers renewable agents are connected to the low voltage 3 phase utility grid by an inverter which is used as power condition and must assurance the higher efficiency of the renewable agent. To achieve this level of efficiency, a unitary power factor between the utility grid voltages and the inverter currents is necessary, and a synchronization algorithm is required for the perfect synchronization between the 3-phase utility grid and the renewable agent. The aim of this paper is to present the optimization of the performance of a Synchronization controller for a 3-phase photovoltaic grid-connected system, assessing its accuracy under different conditions and studying their drawbacks and advantages. A grid connected photovoltaic system with a nominal power of 5 kW is used so as to assess the behavior of the synchronization algorithm when the 3 phase utility grid is affected by some disturbances such as voltage unbalances.
Simulation of various DC-DC converters for photovoltaic systemIJECEIAES
This work explains the comparison of various dc-dc converters for photovoltaic systems. In recent day insufficient energy and continues increasing in fuel cost, exploration on renewable energy system becomes more essential. For high and medium power applications, high input source from renewable systems like photovoltaic and wind energy system turn into difficult one, which leads to increase of cost for installation process. So the generated voltage from PV system is boosted with help various boost converter depends on the applications. Here the various converters are like boost converter, buck converter, buck-boost converter, cuk converter, sepic converter and zeta converter are analysed for photovoltaic system, which are verified using matlab / simulink.
This work includes the establishment of a Photovoltaic system connected to the grid by means of an inverter. The fundamental goal of the work is to incorporate an advanced active power flow management scheme in order to adopt load at any weather condition along with the advantage of maximum active power flow and zero harmonics from PV inverter to the grid. The outcome of analysis and control design of grid connected PV inverter using a Proportional-Integral (PI) control technique is based on synchronous dq rotating reference frame so as to achieve maximum output voltage and record the active power. It has been observed that the model provides a better rate of stability as compared to the existing topology.
Low-voltage ride-through for a three-phase four-leg photovoltaic system using...IJECEIAES
With the innovative progresses in power electronics in recent years, photovoltaic (PV) systems emerged as one of the promising sources for electricity generation at the distribution network. Nonetheless, connection of PV power plants to the utility grid under abnormal conditions has become a significant issue and novel grid codes should be recommend. The low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability is one of the challenges faced by the integration of PV power stations into electrical grid under abnormal conditions. This work firstly provides a discussion on recent control schemes for PV power plants to enhance the LVRT capabilities. Next, a control scheme for a three-phase four-leg grid-connected PV inverter under unbalanced grid fault conditions using synchronous reference frame proportional integral (SRFPI) controller is proposed. Simulation studies are performed to investigate the influence of the control strategy on the PV inverter.
IRJET- A Review on Solar based Multilevel Inverter with Three Phase Grid SupplyIRJET Journal
- The document discusses solar-powered multilevel inverters that can supply three-phase grid power. Multilevel inverters have advantages over single-level inverters like lower harmonic distortion, reduced electromagnetic interference, and the ability to operate at several voltage levels.
- The literature review covers prior research on different multilevel inverter topologies for photovoltaic systems, including the flying capacitor, neutral point clamped, and cascaded H-bridge inverters. It also discusses control methods like maximum power point tracking and modulation techniques.
- The goal is to develop a multilevel inverter powered by PV panels that can supply three-phase grid power with minimum harmonic distortion and reduced component requirements compared to
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Harmonic assessment on two photovoltaic inverter modes and mathematical model...IJECEIAES
Power quality is a crucial aspect of designing a large-scale photovoltaic power plant, particularly regarding harmonics caused by inverter switching. This research aimed to analyze harmonics in a system using electrical transient analyzer program (ETAP) Power Station 20.5.0 to uncover the effect of irradiance on the inverters’ power quality running at 85% and 100% power factors. We analyzed both voltage and current total harmonic distortion (THDi and THDv) from the simulation and compared them with the mathematical model. Moreover, we analyzed the effect of changes in irradiance level on harmonics and reactive power penetration, which influenced power losses in transformers and cables. Inverters at 85% power factor experienced an increase in THDi, whereas those at 100% power factor decreased. Inverters with 85% power factor experienced more frequent switching, causing more prominent distortion. The magnitude of THDv increased proportionally with the rise of irradiance level. Inverters at 85% had a higher THDv value because of the excessive reactive power compensation when irradiance rose. Irradiance level had an inverse relationship with system losses since high irradiance levels led to lower losses as less power was required through transmission lines and transformers. Moreover, losses at 85% power factor were higher since the high harmonics caused additional losses.
Power quality optimization using a novel backstepping control of a three-phas...IJECEIAES
A novel nonlinear backstepping controller based on direct current (DC) link voltage control is proposed in three-phase grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) systems to control the active and reactive power flow between the PV system and the grid with improved power quality in terms of pure sinusoidal current injection with lower total harmonic distortion (THD), as well as to ensure unity power factor, or to compensate for reactive power required by the load, i.e., the electrical grid. The output power of the PV array is supplied to the grid through a boost converter with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control and an inverter. Simulation results of the proposed controller show good robustness under nominal conditions, parameter variations, and load disturbances, which presents the main advantage of this controller as compared to an existing controller. The performance of this work was evaluated using a MATLAB/Simulink environment.
1.compensation of reactive power using d statcom in grid interfaced pv systemEditorJST
This document summarizes a research paper on using a D-STATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator) with an LCL passive filter to compensate for reactive power and improve power quality in a grid-interfaced photovoltaic (PV) system. The D-STATCOM injects current to mitigate voltage fluctuations. Simulation results show improvements in three-phase output voltage at the transmission and distribution levels as well as increased power generation from both the transmission system and PV system. In conclusion, the integration of FACTS devices like the D-STATCOM can help maintain desired power quality standards while reducing distortions and improving the power factor.
A Novel Technique for Enhancing Active and Reactive Power Quality for Renewab...IJMER
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies and results.
Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Level Wi...Pradeep Avanigadda
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly
connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic
converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for
achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters
when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter
is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating
active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be
utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from
RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance,
load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and
load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished
either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the
combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire
linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling
appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control
concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation
studies and validated through digital signal processor-based
laboratory experimental results.
Index Terms—Active power filter
Regardless its significant potential for generating renewable energy, Moroccan government prohibited the injection of production surplus into the low voltage (LV) network because it still lack the implementing decreases, that represents one of the principal challenges for residential self-production in the country. The focus of this paper work is to introduce and analyze a novel fast MPPT strategy applied in an improved grid-connected Residential PV system respecting the current legislative framework in Morocco, which allow to the consumer being an actor in the energy transition towards a low-carbon society by reducing his dependence to the electrical grid and managing his own energy consumption efficiently by a good switching between photovoltaic (PV) source and the grid and therefore making a framework of smart residence management system. The overall system is designed to improve the energy control performance with two techniques: the first one uses a novel high performance controller to track the maximum power point (MPP) of a photovoltaic array under fast irradiation and load changes. Among the advantages of this proposed controller is the stability of its output voltage with fast response speed to the required parameters. The second one uses a Power Factor Correction (PFC) circuit to ensure the power quality regulation in the grid side via a predictive current control method. Finally, the stability of a closed-loop system is simulated and analyzed using commercial software offering sufficient conditions to validate a practical stability and robustness of the proposed overall designed system.
High PV Penetration Impact on European-based LV Residential NetworkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The impact of high PV penetration into the grid particularly at the distribution side has been
extensively studied. However, most of the available research focuses on North American style systems.
This project aims to investigate the effect of high PV penetration at a residential area in a European-based
distribution network, which is electricity supply system Malaysia is based on. The modeling is done using
OpenDSS while the network model used is the IEEE European Low Voltage Test Feeder which consists of
55 loads representing a generic housing area. Each load point is then equipped with a 4 kW PV
system-representing a typical size for a house installation. PV output variability is then introduced into the
modeling using two sample days of actual irradiance variability obtained from UTeM Malaysia; one for
clear day and another for a high variability day. Voltage unbalance, voltage rise and reverse power flow
were analyzed. One significant finding of this project is that voltage rise exceeds the standard of 1.05 pu
during noon. Besides that, the high variability days significantly affect the mitigation measures required to
manage reverse power flow.
This document presents a new fault ride-through (FRT) scheme called a bridge-type fault current limiter (BFCL) for a three-phase grid-tied photovoltaic system to optimize performance during unbalanced fault conditions. A 100 kW MATLAB/Simulink model is used to simulate the system response with the new BFCL FRT scheme and compare it to a conventional crowbar circuit approach. Simulation results show the BFCL scheme achieves stable operation with minimal oscillations and ripples for unbalanced fault variables, performing better than the crowbar method. The BFCL is tested under single phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase faults both at the point of common coupling and 5 km away
Grid reactive voltage regulation and cost optimization for electric vehicle p...nooriasukmaningtyas
Expecting large electric vehicle (EV) usage in the future due to environmental issues, state subsidies, and incentives, the impact of EV charging on the power grid is required to be closely analyzed and studied for power quality, stability, and planning of infrastructure. When a large number of energy storage batteries are connected to the grid as a capacitive load the power factor of the power grid is inevitably reduced, causing power losses and voltage instability. In this work large-scale 18K EV charging model is implemented on IEEE 33 network. Optimization methods are described to search for the location of nodes that are affected most due to EV charging in terms of power losses and voltage instability of the network. Followed by optimized reactive power injection magnitude and time duration of reactive power at the identified nodes. It is shown that power losses are reduced and voltage stability is improved in the grid, which also complements the reduction in EV charging cost. The result will be useful for EV charging stations infrastructure planning, grid stabilization, and reducing EV charging costs.
Intelligent controller based power quality improvement of microgrid integrati...IJECEIAES
Now a day the power demand has a major problem for developing countries due to the growth of population, industries, IT companies and other needs. In this present situation the fossil fuel-based power generation alone does not support the consumer needs, poor power quality due to nonlinear function and very harmful for environment. The main objective of this paper is improving the power quality of grid connected photovoltaic power system through a new cascade H-bridge multilevel inverter. The proposed research work has been modelled and controlled by ANFIS intelligence in MATLAB simulation environment. The simulation results are analysed under various operating conditions for improve the performance of proposed system. Finally, the proposed system THD value of simulation results is compared with IEEE 1547 standard for prove the effectiveness of proposed research work.
Power Quality Improvement at Distribution Level for Grid Connected Renewable ...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a control method for grid-connected inverters used with renewable energy sources. The control method allows the inverter to perform four functions without additional hardware: 1) transfer active power from the renewable source to the grid, 2) support load reactive power demand, 3) compensate for current harmonics at the point of common coupling, and 4) compensate for current imbalance and neutral current in a 3-phase 4-wire system. Extensive MATLAB simulations demonstrate the inverter's ability to maintain power quality standards without adding hardware costs.
An inverter system applied with the PV source typically has a problem of lower input voltage due to constraint in the PV strings connection. As a countermeasure a DC-DC boost converter is placed in between to achieve a higher voltage at the inverter DC link for connection to the grid and to realize the MPPT operation. This additional stage contributes to losses and complexity in control thus reducing the overall system efficiency. This work discussed on the design and development of a grid-connected quasi-Z-source PV inverter which has different topology and control method compared to the conventional voltage source inverter and able to overcome the above disadvantages. Modelling and performance analysis of the voltage and current controller to achieve a good power transfer from the PV source, as well sycnchronization with the grid are presented in detail. Results from both simulation and experimental verification demonstrate the designed and developed grid-connected qZSI PV inverter works successfully equivalent to the conventional voltage source inverter system.
Modeling of Hysteresis Current Control Technique for Three Phase PV Based VSI...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study that models and simulates a photovoltaic (PV) based three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) system. A boost converter is used to connect the PV module to the inverter, which operates in continuous conduction mode. A fuzzy logic based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is used to maximize power extraction from the PV module under varying light and temperature conditions. The document describes a phase-locked loop (PLL)-less hysteresis current control technique for the PV-based three-phase VSI to provide faster response without using a PLL. The proposed system is designed and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink.
Similar to Non-uniform Rooftop PVs Distribution Effect to Improve Voltage Profile in Residential Feeder (20)
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes using a snake optimization algorithm to tune the gains of an enhanced proportional-integral controller for congestion avoidance in a TCP/AQM system. The controller aims to maintain a stable and desired queue size without noise or transmission problems. A linearized model of the TCP/AQM system is presented. An enhanced PI controller combining nonlinear gain and original PI gains is proposed. The snake optimization algorithm is then used to tune the parameters of the enhanced PI controller to achieve optimal system performance and response. Simulation results are discussed showing the proposed controller provides a stable and robust behavior for congestion control.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
2. TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930
Non-uniform Rooftop PVs Distribution Effect to Improve Voltage Profile in .... (Zamzami)
1389
This paper presents an enlargement of a single-phase rooftop photovoltaic (PV) with
battery storage (BS) scheme that installed in the low voltage (LV) residential feeder due to
overcoming the raised issue of voltage regulation in the distribution system. The developed
scheme is assigned to meet the single-phase rooftop PV for the purpose of AC and DC load.
The five requirements steps are; i) the estimation of total loads and energy, ii) the assortment of
PV inverter iii) the selection of PV array iv) the determination of battery size, and v) the
determination of other supporting components. Each step comes with the proper configuration.
The contribution of this paper is designated as the proper student practice material for
laboratory purposes at the renewable energy plant laboratory in the Department of Electrical
Engineering of Lhokseumawe State Polytechnic in Aceh, Indonesia.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows Section 2 is discussed the problem
formulation and proposed approach which involving the PV system with BS. In Section 3 the
configuration of the included components of the developed scheme are described
independently. Several study cases, which have been built in the MATLAB platform is described
in Section 4. Finally, section 5 is concluded the whole scenario of the developed scheme.
2. Research Method
There are basically two main problems with the application of rooftop PVs in distribution
networks: i) during the day, PVs inject active power while most household loads are at their
nominal levels which could result in active power flow in the opposite direction toward the grid
causing voltage increase at some nodes, ii) in the evenings and during peak load hours, power
output of PVs vanish that could result in voltage drops.
Droop control approach is commonly applied for lowering the frequency and voltage
amplitude whenever increases in active and reactive powers are sensed. When rooftop PVs are
deployed in single-phase residential feeders, the normal electric power demand pattern will
change and the three-phase power system might not be capable of handling the new operating
conditions and demands. Based on the recent study [10], rooftop PVs, typically with power
levels ranging from 1-5 kW installed by the householders is gaining popularity due to their
financial benefits. They will be soon expected to support the network as small DG units, which
are able to transfer the energy stored in their battery into the grid. On the contrary, by deploying
PVs at residential houses, the voltage unbalance in the network will be increased due to the
uncertainties in the random locations and ratings of PVs. This proposal takes the following four
steps to mitigate the impacts of rooftop PVs on the grid using numerical and droop control
approaches in MATLAB software platform. A detailed droop control approach, rooftop PVs and
battery storage units including their coordination will be performed in this section.
2.1. Modeling the system with non-uniform distributions of rooftop PVs
The unbalanced low voltage 415 V residential feeders of Figure 1 connected to the
medium voltage system 11 kV and populated with PVs will be simulated to test the performance
of the coded load flow algorithm. In this proposal, rooftop PVs are accurately modeled based on
the injected active and reactive powers (𝑃𝑃𝑉 , 𝑄 𝑃𝑉) and their terminal voltages (| 𝑉𝑃𝑉
|, 𝛿 𝑃𝑉) as
shown in Figure 2 [10]. Furthermore, a constant power factor of 0.95 is assumed for each
household with an average house peak demand of 2.0 kW. An unbalance load flow algorithm
will be coded in MATLAB that will be to implement the proposed coordination algorithm. Since
the distribution system under consideration is a radial network consisting of single-phase, two-
phase, and un-transposed three-phase lines serving balanced and unbalanced loads, it is
necessary to carefully calculate the values of rows and columns of the Ybus matrix. The nodal
approach will be the model for the distribution systems:
𝐼 = 𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠. 𝑉 (1)
Sometimes it is desirable to reduce the matrix size by eliminating the nodes in which the
current do not enter or leave. The Kron’s reduction approach will be used in this proposal to
eliminate the unwanted values of row and column [11].
3. ISSN: 1693-6930
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Figure 1. The unbalanced residential network used for simulations
Grid XPV PPV
QPV
Phase
Neutral
VPV,n=|VPV,n |ÐδPV,nVAn=|VAn |ÐδAn
Converter
PV Cell
Figure 2. Details diagram of the rooftop PV
2.2. Modeling rooftop PVs based on the injected active and reactive power
The rooftop PV voltage magnitude and phase angle (| 𝑽 𝑨𝒏
|, 𝜹 𝑨𝒏), as shown in Figure 1
can be computed based on its injected power (𝑷 𝑷𝑽, 𝑸 𝑷𝑽) and terminal voltage (| 𝑽 𝑷𝑽
|, 𝜹 𝑷𝑽),
as shown in Figure 1 as follows:
𝑃𝑃𝑉 =
| 𝑉 𝐴𝑛 || 𝑉 𝑃𝑉| 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝛿 𝐴𝑛 −𝛿 𝑃𝑉
)
𝑋 𝑃𝑉
, 𝑄 𝑃𝑉 =
| 𝑉 𝐴𝑛 || 𝑉 𝑃𝑉 | 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝛿 𝐴𝑛−𝛿 𝑃𝑉
)−| 𝑉 𝑃𝑉|2
𝑋 𝑃𝑉
(2)
From (2), then 1 and | 𝑽 𝟏
| can be computed.
𝛿 𝐴𝑛 = 𝛿 𝑃𝑉 + 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛 (
𝑃 𝑃𝑉 . 𝑋 𝑃𝑉
𝑄 𝑃𝑉.𝑋 𝑃𝑉 +| 𝑉 𝑃𝑉 |2
), | 𝑉𝐴𝑛
| =
𝑃 𝑃𝑉 𝑋 𝑃𝑉
| 𝑉 𝑃𝑉| 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝛿 𝑃𝑉
)
(3)
Droop control through active and reactive power injection as shown in Figure 3 can be
performed with rooftop PVs based on their equivalent circuit as shown in Figure 2 and power
characteristics highlighted by (2) and (3). To mitigate the impacts of rooftop PVs, a droop control
approach is implemented by updating the PV bus voltages as the locations and ratings of
rooftop PVs are defined. These PV buses are the nodes where generators are connected.
Therefore, the power generation and terminal voltage of PV buses are controlled through the
droop control approach. By keeping the input power of PV buses constant and maintaining their
voltage levels constant using voltage regulators, the constant power and absolute voltage
values for these buses can be specified. Clearly, the reactive powers of the generator
connected to PV buses depend on the system configuration and cannot be specified in
advance. Furthermore, the unknown phase angles of the bus voltages need to be completed
Zf
VA1
PV
1
~
Zf
Phase-A
ZL,1
Zf
Distribution
Transformer
VB1
PV
1
~
Zf
Phase-B
ZL,1
Zf
VC1
PV
1
~
Zf
Phase-C
ZL,1
Zn
VN1
Zn
Neutral
VA2
PV
2
~
Zf
ZL,2
VB2
PV
2
~
Zf
ZL,2
VC2
PV
2
~
Zf
ZL,2
VN2
PV
n
~
VAn
PV
k
~
VAk
ZL,N
ZL,k ZL,n
PV
n
~
VBn
PV
k
~
VBk
ZL,N
ZL,k ZL,n
PV
n
~
VCn
PV
k
~
VCk
ZL,N
ZL,k ZL,n
Zn
VNk VNn
Zf
Zf
Zf
Zn
4. TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930
Non-uniform Rooftop PVs Distribution Effect to Improve Voltage Profile in .... (Zamzami)
1391
through load flow calculations. Therefore, to update the voltage of a PV bus, firstly the reactive
power of the bus must be estimated [12]:
𝑄𝑖,𝑖𝑛𝑗 = −𝐼𝑚[ 𝑉𝑖
∗ ∑ 𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘
𝑛
𝑘=1
] = −𝐼𝑚[ 𝑉𝑖
∗ { 𝑌𝑖1 𝑉1 + 𝑌12 𝑉2 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑖 + ⋯+ 𝑌𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑛
}], (4)
hence the Q value at the k
th
iteration can be written as
𝑄𝑖,𝑖𝑛𝑗
(𝑘)
= −𝐼𝑚 [ 𝑉𝑖
∗( 𝑘−1)
{ 𝑌𝑖1 𝑉1 + 𝑌𝑖2 𝑉2
( 𝑘)
+ ⋯ + 𝑌𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑖
( 𝑘−1)
+ ⋯ + 𝑌𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑛
( 𝑘−1)
}], (5)
and the bus voltage can be completed as:
𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑤 1 =
1
𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑤
× [
𝑃−𝑗𝑄
𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑤
− 𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑤 × 𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑤 − 𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑤 ′ × 𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑤 ′] (6)
(a)
(b)
Figure 3. The droop concept; (a) δ-P characteristics, (b) V-P characteristics
2.3. Inclusion of battery storage
Voltage improvement and regulation through droop control of the rooftop PV’s inverters
will only be effective up to a certain level of loading. Furthermore, it is only possible to perform
voltage regulations during the day while most of the large smart appliances such as PEVs are
usually activated in the evening and/or early morning hours when the price of the electricity is
expected to be inexpensive. Therefore, distributed battery storage units are assumed to be
available in the household with rooftop PVs. The flowchart of the proposed algorithm for the
coordination of rooftop PVs and battery storage units to regulate network voltage profiles and
reduce voltage unbalance is shown in Figure 4.
The battery can be assumed as a constant voltage source with a fixed amount of
energy and modeled as a constant DC voltage source with series internal resistance. Since the
battery has a limitation on the duration of its generated power depending on the amount of
current, then it will be assumed that the battery will be charged at off-peak load periods. Battery
storage units with appropriate will be included in the algorithm of Figure 3 and their
|𝑽|
𝑽 𝑷𝑽
𝑸
𝑸 𝒓𝒆𝒇 𝑸 𝑷𝑽
𝑽 𝑨𝒏
𝑨𝒏
𝑷𝑽
𝑷 𝒓𝒆𝒇 𝑷 𝑷𝑽
𝑷
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charge/discharge strategies will be coordinated with rooftop PVs to further improve the network
voltage profiles.
INPUTS:
INITIALIZATION NETWORK IMPEDANCES
INITIALIZATION VOLTAGE PHASE A, B, AND C
INITIALIZATION HOUSESPOWER CONSUMPTION
INSTALLATION OF PVs
RUN LOAD FLOW
−𝑉𝑅𝐸𝐹 < 𝑉𝐵𝑈𝑆 < 𝑉𝑅𝐸𝐹?
SET BATTERY CHARGING RATES
100% CHARGED?
STOP
INJECT REACTIVE POWER FROM PV
𝑄𝑖,𝑖𝑛𝑗 = −𝐼𝑚𝑉𝑖
∗
𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘
𝑛
𝑘=1
= −𝐼𝑚[𝑉𝑖
∗
{𝑌𝑖1 𝑉1 + 𝑌12 𝑉2 + ⋯+ 𝑌𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑖 + ⋯+ 𝑌𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑛}]
CALCULATE UPDATE 𝑉𝐵𝑈𝑆 𝑁𝐸𝑊1
𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑤 1 =
1
𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑤
×
𝑃 − 𝑗𝑄
𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑤
− 𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑤 × 𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑤 − 𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑤 ′ × 𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑤 ′
CALCULATE
𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = |𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑤 | ×
𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑤 1
|𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑤 1|
𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑉𝐵𝑈𝑆 ≅ 𝑉𝑅𝐸𝐹?
NO
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
𝑃𝑃𝑉 =
|𝑉𝐵𝑈𝑆||𝑉𝑃𝑉|𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛿 𝐵𝑈𝑆 − 𝛿𝑃𝑉)
𝑋𝑃𝑉
, 𝑄𝑃𝑉 =
|𝑉𝐵𝑈𝑆||𝑉𝑃𝑉|𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛿 𝐵𝑈𝑆 − 𝛿𝑃𝑉) − |𝑉𝑃𝑉|2
𝑋𝑃𝑉
𝑉𝐵𝑈𝑆 − 𝑉𝑃𝑉 = −𝐾𝑞 𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑓 − 𝑄𝑃𝑉
Figure 4. Flowchart of proposed algorithm for the coordination of rooftop PVs and battery
storage
Firstly, we need to estimate the total loads and energy as the sum of the total AC and
the total DC connected watts, then we calculate the AC average daily requirement. Thus, divide
it by the inverter efficiency to obtain the DC energy required for the total AC load. Moreover, we
need to calculate the total energy requirement due to DC loads, add the DC energies obtained
and this quantity is the total of DC energy load on the battery bank. Additionally, Table 1
indicates the estimation of sizing the PV array, inverter, battery banks and other supporting
components, respectively.
Table 1. Estimation size of PV system with BS components
PV array sizing 1. Average daily AH requirement from the battery ÷ battery columbic efficiency
gives the AH to be put in by the PV array in a day
2. AH required from PV array ÷ average peak sun hours in a day of the site gives
Amperes required from PV array
3. Amperes from array peak ÷ panel (or module) peak ampere gives number of PV
panel strings required in parallel
4. Nominal system DC voltage ÷ nominal operating module voltage gives the
number of SPV modules in one series string
5. Number of modules in one series string x number of parallel strings gives the
total number of SPV modules in the pow er plant
6. Number of PV modules x PV module w attage is the total PV array w attage
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Table 1. Estimation size of PV system with BS components
Selection of inverter 1. The capacity of the inverter must be more than that of the total daily average AC
loads, including their surge requirement
2. The nominal DC input voltage of the inverter w illbe the battery bank voltage and
is decided by the design of the inverter
3. The output w ill be single phase or three phase, 230/440V 50Hz, to be
compatible w ith the AC loads requirement
4. The conversion efficiency at minimum load (10%) should be 80%
5. Total Harmonic Distortion (TDH) 3%
6. The w ave shape, crest factor, pow er factor etc, to be as per the load
requirements
Battery bank sizing 1. The total DC energy ÷ the nominal input voltage gives the daily Ampere Hour
(AH) requirement from the battery bank
2. The daily AH hours x autonomy ÷ discharge limit provides the battery bank
Ampere hour capacity
3. Battery bank AH capacity/Individual battery AH gives the number of batteries in
parallel (generally it is 1)
4. DC system voltage ÷ the battery voltage gives number of batteries in series
Other supporting components 1. Charge controller maximum current capacity should be one and half times that
of total short circuit current of all parallel strings
2. The total open circuit voltage of all the modules in series should give the
maximum voltage of the charge controller
3. The cables connecting the module to Junction boxes, to that of DC board and
battery bank should be selected as per the standards
4. Cutouts, fuses and other control components should be as per the National
standard of Electrical current ratings
3. Results and Analysis
A load flow algorithm is developed based on (1) to (8) and used to investigate the
impacts of PV penetration on the LV distribution network of Figure 1. In this Section, the injected
active and reactive powers by rooftop PVs (PPV,QPV) are assumed to be constant during the 24
hours period. Detailed preliminary simulations for the three-phase radial network of Figure 1 are
performed to show the effectiveness of the proposed load flow algorithm as shown in Figure 5
with different penetrations, locations and rating of rooftop PVs. Detail of the developed cases is
summarized in Table 2.
Table 2. The simulated case studies as shown in Figure 1
Locations of rooftop PVs (pf=0.95) w ith BS and PVs
ratings are 1kW, 2 kW, 3 kW, 4 kW and 5 kW
Case of unbalanced three-phase systemdue to
unequal residential loadings as recorded froma
real system (Figure 1, n=13)
No PVs Case 1, Figure 6(a)
All nodes Case 2, Figure 6(b)
Beginning of feeder (nodes 1-5) Case 3, Figure 6(c)
Middle of feeder (nodes 6-9) Case 4, Figure 6(d)
End of feeder (nodes 10-13) Case 5, Figure 6(e)
Five case studies (Cases 1-5) have been simulated with the using of actual recordings
from a real system for the residential loads and rooftop PVs with BS during a 24 hours period.
The system considered is the unbalanced three-phase LV networks with thirteen nodes and has
unequal residential loadings. The location of rooftop PVs with the rating of 1-5kW is given
differently for each case due to notice the voltage variation along the feeder.
As we can see from Figure 5(a), whereas no PVs have been installed along the feeder,
the voltage variation shows significant imbalance phase-A, B, and C, respectively. On the
contrary, as PVs are installed all along the feeder, the voltage variations of each phase are
improving and indicate the unbalance reduction (Figure 5(b)). This is because the coordination
of PV systems with BS improves the voltage profile and reduces voltage unbalance.
However, as PVs located randomly along the feeder, (Figure 5(c), (d) and (e)), the
voltage profile for phase-A, B and C indicate several significant variations in the simulation
cases. This is because of the rating of PVs along the feeder is random and uncertain residential
loadings have been simulated for 24 hours period. It is proved that the unbalanced reduction
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1394
due to the coordinate of PVs and BS that provided educated energy storage when the unequal
loadings are there, have significant effect toward the anxiety of the distribution network.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e)
Figure 5. Simulations results showing the impact of rooftop PVs on a real system;
(a) Case 1, (b) Case 2, (c) Case 3, (d) Case 4, (e) Case 5
4. Conclusion
Distributed PVs along the feeder that with reactive power control has the potential and
possibility to improve the voltage profile and reduce the voltage unbalance of three-phase radial
distribution networks. An algorithm based on the droop control has successfully been
0 5 10 15 20 25
0.984
0.986
0.988
0.99
0.992
0.994
0.996
0.998
1
Voltage Variation
Time (hrs)
Voltage(pu)
Phase C with 1-,5kW PV
Phase B with 1-5kW PV
Phase A with 1-5kW PV
Phase C with 1-5kW PV
Phase B with 1-5kW PV
Phase A with 1-5kW PV
Phase C with 1-5kW PV
Phase B with 1-5kW PV
Phase A with 1-5kW PV
Phase C with 1-5kW PV
Phase B with 1-5kW PV
Phase A with 1-5kW PV
Phase C with 1-5kW PV
Phase B with 1-5kW PV
Phase A with 1-5kW PV
0 5 10 15 20 25
0.9965
0.997
0.9975
0.998
0.9985
0.999
0.9995
1
Voltage Variation
Time (hrs)
Voltage(pu)
0 5 10 15 20 25
0.99
0.991
0.992
0.993
0.994
0.995
0.996
0.997
0.998
0.999
1
Voltage Variation
Time (hrs)
Voltage(pu)
Phase C with 5kW PV
Phase B with 5kW PV
Phase A with 5kW PV
Phase C with 4kW PV
Phase B with 4 kW PV
Phase A with 4kW PV
Phase C with 3kW PV
Phase B with 3kW PV
Phase A with 3kW PV
Phase C with 2kW PV
Phase B with 2 kW PV
Phase A with 2kW PV
Phase C with 1kW PV
Phase B with 1kW PV
Phase A with 1kW PV
0 5 10 15 20 25
0.982
0.984
0.986
0.988
0.99
0.992
0.994
0.996
0.998
1
1.002
Voltage Variation
Time (hrs)
Voltage(pu)
Phase A with 2kW PV
Phase A with 1kW PV
Phase A with 3kW PV
Phase A with 4kW PV
Phase A with 5kW PV
Phase B with 2kW PV
Phase B with 1kW PV
Phase B with 3kW PV
Phase B with 4kW PV
Phase B with 5kW PV
Phase C with 2kW PV
Phase C with 1kW PV
Phase C with 3kW PV
Phase C with 4kW PV
Phase C with 5kW PV
0 5 10 15 20 25
0.98
0.982
0.984
0.986
0.988
0.99
0.992
0.994
0.996
0.998
1
Voltage Variation
Time (hrs)
Voltage(pu)
Phase A with 5kW PV
Phase A with 4kW PV
Phase A with 3kW PV
Phase A with 2kW PV
Phase A with 1kW PV
Phase B with 5kW PV
Phase B with 4kW PV
Phase B with 3kW PV
Phase B with 2kW PV
Phase B with 1kW PV
Phase C with 5kW PV
Phase C with 4kW PV
Phase C with 3kW PV
Phase C with 2kW PV
Phase C with 1kW PV
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implemented to coordinate the reactive power injections of non-uniform single-phase rooftop
PVs with the charge/discharge management of battery storage in order to regulate network
voltages and reduce the voltage unbalance factor.
The load flow analysis is carried out to investigate the effects of non-uniform rooftop
PVs distribution on the single- and three-phase network voltage profiles. First, the load flow
simulates a voltage droop control that maintains the steady-state voltage profiles close to the
reference values, up to a certain level of loading. Later, as the battery storage is included for
further improvement of the voltage profiles and also the reduction of voltage unbalance that
caused by the non-uniform distributions of rooftop PVs and unequal loadings conditions, is
successfully done.
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