ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
1) The document compares the effectiveness of TCSC (Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor) and SSSC (Static Synchronous Series Compensator) in damping sub-synchronous oscillations in power systems.
2) It describes the control structures of TCSC and SSSC, which include a PI controller and supplementary sub-synchronous damping controller (SSDC) that takes the rotor speed deviation as input.
3) Simulation results on the IEEE second benchmark model show that SSSC has superior ability to damp sub-synchronous oscillations compared to TCSC when subjected to disturbances like a change in input mechanical power or disconnection of a transmission line.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Power Flow Control in Power System Using FACT Device Thyristor Controlled Ser...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices for power flow control in a power system. Specifically, it models and simulates the use of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Static VAR Compensator (SVC) in a two-area, four-machine 11-bus test system using MATLAB/Simulink. TCSC is installed between buses 9 and 10 to reduce line reactance and improve power flow. SVC is installed at bus 9 for voltage control. Simulation results show that TCSC and SVC effectively control active and reactive power flows and bus voltages in the system.
Here is the outline of our presentation. First we will discuss the basic concept and objectives of FACTS. Then we will see the types of FACTS and their benefits. Finally we will be presenting the results of the model we have used with series, shunt compensator as well as static var compensator.
Power System Stability Enhancement Using Static Synchronous Series Compensato...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) with Superconducting Magnetic En...IDES Editor
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) has
been designed with Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
(SMES) system. A closed loop control scheme has been
proposed with PI controller and real and reactive powers are
taken as references. A 48 pulse voltage source inverter is
designed for the SSSC. Control scheme for the chopper circuit
of SMES coil is also designed. A three area system is taken as
the test system and the operation of SSSC with SMES is
analysed for various transient disturbances. Test results under
different disturbances and operating conditions show the
proposed SSSC with SMES is effective in damping out the
power system oscillations.
There are two broad classes of power system stability:
1) Steady state stability - The ability of a system to maintain equilibrium after a small disturbance.
2) Transient stability - The ability to maintain synchronism during large disturbances like faults.
Factors influencing transient stability include generator loading, fault conditions, clearing time, reactances, and inertia. Methods to improve it include high-speed excitation, series capacitors, fault clearing and independent pole operation.
A flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) is a system composed of static equipment used for the AC transmission of electrical energy. It is meant to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability of the network. It is generally a power electronics-based system.
In conventional AC transmission system, the ability to transfer AC power is limited by several factors like thermal limits, transient stability limit, voltage limit, short circuit current limit etc. These limits define the maximum electric power which can be efficiently transmitted through the transmission line without causing any damage to the electrical equipments and the transmission lines. This is normally achieved by bringing changes in the power system layout. However this is not feasible and another way of achieving maximum power transfer capability without any changes in the power system layout. Also with the introduction of variable impedance devices like capacitors and inductors, whole of the energy or power from the source is not transferred to the load, but a part is stored in these devices as reactive power and returned back to the source. Thus the actual amount of power transferred to the load or the active power is always less than the apparent power or the net power. For ideal transmission the active power should be equal to the apparent power. In other words, the power factor (the ratio of active power to apparent power) should be unity. This is where the role of Flexible AC transmission System comes.
1) The document compares the effectiveness of TCSC (Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor) and SSSC (Static Synchronous Series Compensator) in damping sub-synchronous oscillations in power systems.
2) It describes the control structures of TCSC and SSSC, which include a PI controller and supplementary sub-synchronous damping controller (SSDC) that takes the rotor speed deviation as input.
3) Simulation results on the IEEE second benchmark model show that SSSC has superior ability to damp sub-synchronous oscillations compared to TCSC when subjected to disturbances like a change in input mechanical power or disconnection of a transmission line.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Power Flow Control in Power System Using FACT Device Thyristor Controlled Ser...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices for power flow control in a power system. Specifically, it models and simulates the use of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Static VAR Compensator (SVC) in a two-area, four-machine 11-bus test system using MATLAB/Simulink. TCSC is installed between buses 9 and 10 to reduce line reactance and improve power flow. SVC is installed at bus 9 for voltage control. Simulation results show that TCSC and SVC effectively control active and reactive power flows and bus voltages in the system.
Here is the outline of our presentation. First we will discuss the basic concept and objectives of FACTS. Then we will see the types of FACTS and their benefits. Finally we will be presenting the results of the model we have used with series, shunt compensator as well as static var compensator.
Power System Stability Enhancement Using Static Synchronous Series Compensato...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) with Superconducting Magnetic En...IDES Editor
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) has
been designed with Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
(SMES) system. A closed loop control scheme has been
proposed with PI controller and real and reactive powers are
taken as references. A 48 pulse voltage source inverter is
designed for the SSSC. Control scheme for the chopper circuit
of SMES coil is also designed. A three area system is taken as
the test system and the operation of SSSC with SMES is
analysed for various transient disturbances. Test results under
different disturbances and operating conditions show the
proposed SSSC with SMES is effective in damping out the
power system oscillations.
There are two broad classes of power system stability:
1) Steady state stability - The ability of a system to maintain equilibrium after a small disturbance.
2) Transient stability - The ability to maintain synchronism during large disturbances like faults.
Factors influencing transient stability include generator loading, fault conditions, clearing time, reactances, and inertia. Methods to improve it include high-speed excitation, series capacitors, fault clearing and independent pole operation.
A flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) is a system composed of static equipment used for the AC transmission of electrical energy. It is meant to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability of the network. It is generally a power electronics-based system.
In conventional AC transmission system, the ability to transfer AC power is limited by several factors like thermal limits, transient stability limit, voltage limit, short circuit current limit etc. These limits define the maximum electric power which can be efficiently transmitted through the transmission line without causing any damage to the electrical equipments and the transmission lines. This is normally achieved by bringing changes in the power system layout. However this is not feasible and another way of achieving maximum power transfer capability without any changes in the power system layout. Also with the introduction of variable impedance devices like capacitors and inductors, whole of the energy or power from the source is not transferred to the load, but a part is stored in these devices as reactive power and returned back to the source. Thus the actual amount of power transferred to the load or the active power is always less than the apparent power or the net power. For ideal transmission the active power should be equal to the apparent power. In other words, the power factor (the ratio of active power to apparent power) should be unity. This is where the role of Flexible AC transmission System comes.
Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers use power electronics to control parameters of AC transmission systems. This improves power transfer capability. The document discusses several types of FACTS controllers:
- Series controllers inject voltage in series with transmission lines. Examples are STATCOM, SSSC, TCSC.
- Shunt controllers inject current and supply/absorb reactive power. Examples are SVC, STATCOM.
- Combined series-shunt controllers like UPFC control both series line parameters and shunt reactive power.
The TCSC provides continuously variable series compensation of transmission lines. It consists of a thyristor-controlled reactor connected in parallel with a fixed capacitor. This allows tuning of the overall
This paper proposes using a genetic algorithm to determine the optimal location of a thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) device to enhance available transfer capability (ATC) between source and sink areas in a deregulated power system. The paper simulates placing a TCSC in the IEEE 14-bus test system and uses repeated power flow calculations to compute the ATC with and without the TCSC to determine how much it can enhance transmission capacity.
Flexible Ac Transmission Systems 2Mark Materials and Question BankSanthosh Kumar
The document provides information about Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) including:
1) FACTS devices use power electronics to control parameters like voltage, impedance, and phase angle to improve power flow in transmission systems.
2) The main objectives of FACTS are to increase power transfer capability and control designated power flow routes.
3) The first STATCOM was implemented in 1955 by TVA to strengthen transmission ties, while the first UPFC was implemented in 1998 by AEP to provide full control of voltage, impedance, and phase angle.
The significance of power factor correction (PFC) has long been visualized as a technology requirement for improving the efficiency of a power system network by compensating for the fundamental reactive power generated or consumed by simple inductive or capacitive loads. With the Information Age in full swing, the growth of high reliability, low cost electronic products have led utilities to escalate their power quality concerns created by the increase of such “switching loads.” These products include: entertainment devices such as Digital TVs, DVDs, and audio equipment; information technology devices such as PCs, printers, and fax-machines; variable speed motor drives for HVAC and white goods appliances; food preparation and cooking products such as microwaves and cook tops; and lighting products, which include electronic ballasts, LED and fluorescent lamps, and other power conversion devices that operate a variety of lamps. The drivers that have resulted in this proliferation are a direct result of the availability of low-cost switch-mode devices and control circuitry in all major end-use segments: residential, commercial, and industrial.
Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) incorporate power electronics and static controllers to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability in AC transmission systems. FACTS include static VAR compensators (SVC), thyristor controlled series compensators (TCSC), and static synchronous compensators (StatCom). SVC and StatCom are shunt devices that control reactive power flow, while TCSC and unified power flow controllers (UPFC) are series devices that control active power flow. Properly placing and coordinating multiple FACTS devices can improve power flow, increase usable transmission capacity, dampen oscillations, and provide other grid support functions. However, their control interactions must be analyzed using electromagnetic transient models to predict high frequency dynamics in large power systems
The concept of FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System) refers to a family of power electronics-based devices able to enhance AC system controllability and stability and to increase power transfer capability.
The document discusses Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation (TCSC), a FACTS device that uses thyristors to control the capacitive reactance of transmission lines. TCSC can enhance power flow, limit fault current, improve stability and transients. It introduces benefits like mitigating subsynchronous resonance risks, damping power oscillations, and improving post-contingency stability. TCSC operates in modes like blocking, bypass, capacitive boost and inductive boost to accurately regulate power flow and damp oscillations while increasing transmission capacity and stability.
Active Reactive Power Flow Control Using Static Synchronous Series Compensato...IOSR Journals
1) The document discusses using a Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) and STATCOM to control active and reactive power flow in transmission lines.
2) An SSSC injects a controllable voltage in quadrature with the line current, allowing both capacitive and inductive compensation. A STATCOM regulates voltage by controlling reactive power injection or absorption.
3) Simulation studies were conducted on a two-area, 11-bus system model in MATLAB/Simulink to observe the compensation achieved by installing an SSSC or STATCOM. The system parameters, such as voltage, current, active and reactive power transmissions were monitored with the FACTS devices connected.
Power Flow Control In A Transmission Line Using Unified Power Flow ControllerIJMER
This paper concentrates on FACT device UPFC which is used for powerflow control in the
transmission side. With the growing demand of electricity, it is not possible to erect new lines to face the
situation. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) makes use of the thyristor controlled devices and optimally
utilizes the existing transmission network. One of such device is Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) on
which the emphasis is given in this present work. Real, reactive power, and voltage balance of the unified
power-flow control (UPFC) system is analyzed. A novel coordination controller is proposed for the UPFC.
The basic control method is such that the shunt converter controls the transmission line reactive power
flow and the dc-link voltage. The series converter controls the real power flow in the transmission line and
the UPFC bus voltages. Experimental works have been conducted to verify the effectiveness of the
UPFC in power flow control in the transmission line. The simulation model was done in
MATLAB/SIMULINK platform.
The document discusses reactive power and voltage control in power systems. It defines voltage collapse as occurring when the system is unable to meet the reactive power demand, typically due to heavy loading, faults, or insufficient reactive power generation/compensation. Voltage collapse can be studied by examining the generation, transmission, and consumption of reactive power in the system. The nature of voltage collapse can be transient or long-term depending on the time scale of the disturbance and system components involved. Analytical methods for assessing voltage stability treat the system as a two-bus model and define a critical voltage and reactance value below which the system becomes unstable. Reactive power support measures are needed to maintain voltage stability.
This document discusses modern power transmission techniques and FACTS devices. It explains that transmission losses can be reduced by increasing voltage levels and maintaining a power factor near 1. FACTS devices like STATCOM and SVC use power electronics to dynamically regulate voltage by supplying or absorbing reactive power from the grid. This improves power quality and stability. The document outlines different series and shunt compensation strategies used in FACTS controllers to address issues like improper load distribution, voltage drops, and low currents in transmission lines.
The document discusses unified power flow controllers (UPFCs) and their benefits for power systems. It provides the following key points:
1) A UPFC consists of two voltage-source converters connected by a DC link, allowing one converter to operate as a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) to provide reactive power support and the other to function as a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) to control real power flow.
2) UPFCs offer benefits like regulating power flows, reducing the need for new transmission infrastructure, improving transient stability, and independently controlling real and reactive power flows.
3) The document describes the basic configuration and circuit of a UPFC installed between a sending and receiving end
voltage stability by compensating reactive powerDurgarao Gundu
This document summarizes a student project report on stabilizing voltage by compensating reactive power. The objectives of the project are to explain how to improve voltage stability by installing sources of reactive power at distribution system buses. Reactive power compensation devices like shunt capacitors, SVCs, and TCRs can directly deliver reactive power to buses to maintain constant voltage despite varying load. The report will simulate and analyze the effects of these devices on voltage stabilization.
FACTS DEVICES AND POWER SYSTEM STABILITY pptMamta Bagoria
This presentation provides an overview of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) and power system stability. It defines FACTS as using power electronics to control power flow and enhance transmission system capacity and stability. The document outlines different types of FACTS controllers including series compensation and shunt compensation. It also classifies power system stability into rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and frequency stability and discusses factors that can lead to losses of each type of stability.
This document provides information about flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) including opportunities for FACTS, types of FACTS controllers, and their relative importance. It discusses how FACTS controllers can control parameters like line impedance, phase angle, and voltage injection to regulate power flow. The key types of FACTS controllers are series, shunt, and combined series-series or series-shunt configurations. Series controllers directly impact current and power flow, while shunt controllers control voltage. Combined controllers allow coordinated control and real power transfer between elements.
A Simulink Model for Damping Power System Oscillations Using Fact DevicesIOSR Journals
This document presents a Simulink model for damping power system oscillations using FACTS devices. It describes a hybrid series compensation scheme using a single-phase thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) and fixed capacitors on the other two phases. The TCSC is equipped with a proportional-integral controller to modulate its reactance based on stabilizing signals. Case studies on a test power system show the hybrid scheme provides better damping than fixed compensation alone. The best damping was achieved using local generator angle differences as stabilizing signals.
USING SSSC & STATCOM --IMPROVE TRANSIENT STABILITY--P & Q OSICALLATIONSIJSRD
In a deregulated power system, the electric power demand is extending ordinary which may lead to overloads and loss of generation. Transient stability studies put a fundamental part in power systems, which give information related to the capacity of a power structure to stay in synchronism during major disturbances resulting from either the loss of generation or transmission facilities, sudden or sustained changes. The examination of transient quality is discriminating to work the power structure more secure and this paper focuses on growing the transient relentlessness using FACTS devices like Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). These FACTS contraptions are in a perfect world set on transmission structure using Sensitivity approach framework.
Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers use power electronics to control parameters of AC transmission systems. This improves power transfer capability. The document discusses several types of FACTS controllers:
- Series controllers inject voltage in series with transmission lines. Examples are STATCOM, SSSC, TCSC.
- Shunt controllers inject current and supply/absorb reactive power. Examples are SVC, STATCOM.
- Combined series-shunt controllers like UPFC control both series line parameters and shunt reactive power.
The TCSC provides continuously variable series compensation of transmission lines. It consists of a thyristor-controlled reactor connected in parallel with a fixed capacitor. This allows tuning of the overall
This paper proposes using a genetic algorithm to determine the optimal location of a thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) device to enhance available transfer capability (ATC) between source and sink areas in a deregulated power system. The paper simulates placing a TCSC in the IEEE 14-bus test system and uses repeated power flow calculations to compute the ATC with and without the TCSC to determine how much it can enhance transmission capacity.
Flexible Ac Transmission Systems 2Mark Materials and Question BankSanthosh Kumar
The document provides information about Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) including:
1) FACTS devices use power electronics to control parameters like voltage, impedance, and phase angle to improve power flow in transmission systems.
2) The main objectives of FACTS are to increase power transfer capability and control designated power flow routes.
3) The first STATCOM was implemented in 1955 by TVA to strengthen transmission ties, while the first UPFC was implemented in 1998 by AEP to provide full control of voltage, impedance, and phase angle.
The significance of power factor correction (PFC) has long been visualized as a technology requirement for improving the efficiency of a power system network by compensating for the fundamental reactive power generated or consumed by simple inductive or capacitive loads. With the Information Age in full swing, the growth of high reliability, low cost electronic products have led utilities to escalate their power quality concerns created by the increase of such “switching loads.” These products include: entertainment devices such as Digital TVs, DVDs, and audio equipment; information technology devices such as PCs, printers, and fax-machines; variable speed motor drives for HVAC and white goods appliances; food preparation and cooking products such as microwaves and cook tops; and lighting products, which include electronic ballasts, LED and fluorescent lamps, and other power conversion devices that operate a variety of lamps. The drivers that have resulted in this proliferation are a direct result of the availability of low-cost switch-mode devices and control circuitry in all major end-use segments: residential, commercial, and industrial.
Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) incorporate power electronics and static controllers to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability in AC transmission systems. FACTS include static VAR compensators (SVC), thyristor controlled series compensators (TCSC), and static synchronous compensators (StatCom). SVC and StatCom are shunt devices that control reactive power flow, while TCSC and unified power flow controllers (UPFC) are series devices that control active power flow. Properly placing and coordinating multiple FACTS devices can improve power flow, increase usable transmission capacity, dampen oscillations, and provide other grid support functions. However, their control interactions must be analyzed using electromagnetic transient models to predict high frequency dynamics in large power systems
The concept of FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System) refers to a family of power electronics-based devices able to enhance AC system controllability and stability and to increase power transfer capability.
The document discusses Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation (TCSC), a FACTS device that uses thyristors to control the capacitive reactance of transmission lines. TCSC can enhance power flow, limit fault current, improve stability and transients. It introduces benefits like mitigating subsynchronous resonance risks, damping power oscillations, and improving post-contingency stability. TCSC operates in modes like blocking, bypass, capacitive boost and inductive boost to accurately regulate power flow and damp oscillations while increasing transmission capacity and stability.
Active Reactive Power Flow Control Using Static Synchronous Series Compensato...IOSR Journals
1) The document discusses using a Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) and STATCOM to control active and reactive power flow in transmission lines.
2) An SSSC injects a controllable voltage in quadrature with the line current, allowing both capacitive and inductive compensation. A STATCOM regulates voltage by controlling reactive power injection or absorption.
3) Simulation studies were conducted on a two-area, 11-bus system model in MATLAB/Simulink to observe the compensation achieved by installing an SSSC or STATCOM. The system parameters, such as voltage, current, active and reactive power transmissions were monitored with the FACTS devices connected.
Power Flow Control In A Transmission Line Using Unified Power Flow ControllerIJMER
This paper concentrates on FACT device UPFC which is used for powerflow control in the
transmission side. With the growing demand of electricity, it is not possible to erect new lines to face the
situation. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) makes use of the thyristor controlled devices and optimally
utilizes the existing transmission network. One of such device is Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) on
which the emphasis is given in this present work. Real, reactive power, and voltage balance of the unified
power-flow control (UPFC) system is analyzed. A novel coordination controller is proposed for the UPFC.
The basic control method is such that the shunt converter controls the transmission line reactive power
flow and the dc-link voltage. The series converter controls the real power flow in the transmission line and
the UPFC bus voltages. Experimental works have been conducted to verify the effectiveness of the
UPFC in power flow control in the transmission line. The simulation model was done in
MATLAB/SIMULINK platform.
The document discusses reactive power and voltage control in power systems. It defines voltage collapse as occurring when the system is unable to meet the reactive power demand, typically due to heavy loading, faults, or insufficient reactive power generation/compensation. Voltage collapse can be studied by examining the generation, transmission, and consumption of reactive power in the system. The nature of voltage collapse can be transient or long-term depending on the time scale of the disturbance and system components involved. Analytical methods for assessing voltage stability treat the system as a two-bus model and define a critical voltage and reactance value below which the system becomes unstable. Reactive power support measures are needed to maintain voltage stability.
This document discusses modern power transmission techniques and FACTS devices. It explains that transmission losses can be reduced by increasing voltage levels and maintaining a power factor near 1. FACTS devices like STATCOM and SVC use power electronics to dynamically regulate voltage by supplying or absorbing reactive power from the grid. This improves power quality and stability. The document outlines different series and shunt compensation strategies used in FACTS controllers to address issues like improper load distribution, voltage drops, and low currents in transmission lines.
The document discusses unified power flow controllers (UPFCs) and their benefits for power systems. It provides the following key points:
1) A UPFC consists of two voltage-source converters connected by a DC link, allowing one converter to operate as a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) to provide reactive power support and the other to function as a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) to control real power flow.
2) UPFCs offer benefits like regulating power flows, reducing the need for new transmission infrastructure, improving transient stability, and independently controlling real and reactive power flows.
3) The document describes the basic configuration and circuit of a UPFC installed between a sending and receiving end
voltage stability by compensating reactive powerDurgarao Gundu
This document summarizes a student project report on stabilizing voltage by compensating reactive power. The objectives of the project are to explain how to improve voltage stability by installing sources of reactive power at distribution system buses. Reactive power compensation devices like shunt capacitors, SVCs, and TCRs can directly deliver reactive power to buses to maintain constant voltage despite varying load. The report will simulate and analyze the effects of these devices on voltage stabilization.
FACTS DEVICES AND POWER SYSTEM STABILITY pptMamta Bagoria
This presentation provides an overview of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) and power system stability. It defines FACTS as using power electronics to control power flow and enhance transmission system capacity and stability. The document outlines different types of FACTS controllers including series compensation and shunt compensation. It also classifies power system stability into rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and frequency stability and discusses factors that can lead to losses of each type of stability.
This document provides information about flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) including opportunities for FACTS, types of FACTS controllers, and their relative importance. It discusses how FACTS controllers can control parameters like line impedance, phase angle, and voltage injection to regulate power flow. The key types of FACTS controllers are series, shunt, and combined series-series or series-shunt configurations. Series controllers directly impact current and power flow, while shunt controllers control voltage. Combined controllers allow coordinated control and real power transfer between elements.
A Simulink Model for Damping Power System Oscillations Using Fact DevicesIOSR Journals
This document presents a Simulink model for damping power system oscillations using FACTS devices. It describes a hybrid series compensation scheme using a single-phase thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) and fixed capacitors on the other two phases. The TCSC is equipped with a proportional-integral controller to modulate its reactance based on stabilizing signals. Case studies on a test power system show the hybrid scheme provides better damping than fixed compensation alone. The best damping was achieved using local generator angle differences as stabilizing signals.
USING SSSC & STATCOM --IMPROVE TRANSIENT STABILITY--P & Q OSICALLATIONSIJSRD
In a deregulated power system, the electric power demand is extending ordinary which may lead to overloads and loss of generation. Transient stability studies put a fundamental part in power systems, which give information related to the capacity of a power structure to stay in synchronism during major disturbances resulting from either the loss of generation or transmission facilities, sudden or sustained changes. The examination of transient quality is discriminating to work the power structure more secure and this paper focuses on growing the transient relentlessness using FACTS devices like Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). These FACTS contraptions are in a perfect world set on transmission structure using Sensitivity approach framework.
The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.
This document discusses using a unified power flow controller (UPFC) controlled by a neural network proportional-integral (NN PI) controller to mitigate sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) in a series capacitive compensated power system. An IEEE second benchmark model is used to study SSR resulting from a three-phase fault. The UPFC with NN PI controller provides better damping of oscillations in generator speed, turbine speeds, and torques compared to an uncontrolled UPFC. This improves system stability and decreases the settling time, demonstrating the effectiveness of this control method at mitigating SSR.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
This paper presents a method to improve transient stability and damping of low frequency oscillations in a multi-machine power system using adaptive neuro-fuzzy control of FACTS devices. A Simulink model of a three generator power system equipped with a UPFC is developed. Simulation results show that a UPFC controlled using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system controller more effectively improves transient stability and damps power oscillations compared to using SSSC. The neuro-fuzzy controller is trained using a hybrid learning algorithm to tune its parameters online based on generator speed deviation and acceleration as inputs.
This document discusses using a Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) to enhance power system stability. It first reviews power system stability concepts like steady state, transient, and dynamic stability. It then discusses factors limiting transmission line loading capacity and introduces Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) technology. The document focuses on TCSC, explaining its working principle and applications. It presents simulation results in MATLAB showing that TCSC improves stability performance and dampens power oscillations under different loading conditions like light, nominal, and heavy loads. The conclusion is that TCSC effectively enhances power system stability.
Efficacy of Facts in Power Oscillation Damping and Renewable IntegrationIOSRJEEE
This document summarizes research on using flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices to improve power oscillation damping and facilitate renewable energy integration. It discusses how power oscillations can lead to instability if not controlled and how FACTS devices like STATCOM and SVC can enhance stability. It presents simulations of the IEEE 14-bus system that demonstrate improved damping from these controllers. Eigenvalue analysis shows STATCOM shifts modes further into the stable region than SVC. Both STATCOM and SVC integration helps renewable sources by mitigating power quality issues to allow more distributed generation on the grid.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Voltage Stability analysis by using SVC With Fuzzy Logic Controller in Multi ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Power system can be simulated and analyzed based on a mathematical model however; uncertainty still exists due to change of loads and an occurrence of fault. Recently, fuzzy theory highly flexible easily operated and revised, theory is a better choice, especially for a complicated system with many variables. Hence, this work aims to develop a controller based on fuzzy logic to simulate an automatic voltage regulator in transient stability power system analysis. By adding power system stabilizer for tuning of fuzzy logic stabilizing controller there is no need for exact knowledge of power system mathematical model. The fuzzy controller parameters settings are independent due to nonlinear changes in generator and transmission lines operating conditions. Because of that proposed fuzzy controlled power system stabilizer should perform better than the conventional controller. To overcome the drawbacks of conventional power system stabilizer (CPSS), numerous techniques have been proposed in the article. The conventional PSS's effect on the system damping is then compared with a fuzzy logic based PSS while applied to a single machine infinite bus power system.
Comparison of Shunt Facts Devices for the Improvement of Transient Stability ...IJSRD
This paper presents, the performance of STATCOM placed at midpoint of the two machine power system and compared with the performance of SVC. The comparison of various results found for the different type of faults (single line, double line & three phase fault) occur in long transmission line, and their removal by using shunt FACTS devices is analysed. Computer simulation results under a severe disturbance condition (three phase fault) for different fault clearing times, and different line lengths are analyzed. Both controllers are implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results shows that the STATCOM with conventional PI controller installed with two machine three bus systems provides better damping oscillation characteristics in rotor angle as compared to two machine power system installed with SVC. The transient stability of two machine system installed with STATCOM has been improved considerably and post settling time of the system after facing disturbance is also improved.
Comparison of Shunt Facts Devices for the Improvement of Transient Stability ...IJSRD
This paper presents, the performance of STATCOM placed at midpoint of the two machine power system and compared with the performance of SVC. The comparison of various results found for the different type of faults (single line, double line & three phase fault) occur in long transmission line, and their removal by using shunt FACTS devices is analysed. Computer simulation results under a severe disturbance condition (three phase fault) for different fault clearing times, and different line lengths are analyzed. Both controllers are implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results shows that the STATCOM with conventional PI controller installed with two machine three bus systems provides better damping oscillation characteristics in rotor angle as compared to two machine power system installed with SVC. The transient stability of two machine system installed with STATCOM has been improved considerably and post settling time of the system after facing disturbance is also improved.
Enhancement of Power System Dynamics Using a Novel Series Compensation SchemeIJMER
Phase imbalanced capacitive compensation is a “hybrid” series compensation scheme, where the
series capacitive compensation in one phase is created using a single-phase TCSC in series with a fixed capacitor
(Cc), and the other two phases are compensated by fixed series capacitors (C). The TCSC control is initially set
such that its equivalent compensations at the power frequency combined with the fixed capacitor yield a
resultant compensation equal to the other two phases. Thus, the phase balance is maintained at the power
frequency while at any other frequency, a phase imbalance is created. The effectiveness of the scheme in damping
power system oscillations for various network conditions, namely different system faults and tie-line power flows is
evaluated using the MATLAB/SIMULINK Software
Impact of hybrid FACTS devices on the stability of the Kenyan power system IJECEIAES
Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices are deployed for improving power system’s stability either singly or as a combination. This research investigates hybrid FACTS devices and studies their impact on voltage, small-signal and transient stability simultaneously under various system disturbances. The simulations were done using five FACTS devices-static var compensator (SVC), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), static synchronous series compensators (SSSC), thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) and unified power flow controller (UPFC) in MATLAB’s power system analysis toolbox (PSAT). These five devices were grouped into ten pairs and tested on Kenya’s transmission network under specific contingencies: the loss of a major generating machine and/or transmission line. The UPFC-STATCOM pair performed the best in all the three aspects under study. The settling times were 3 seconds and 3.05 seconds respectively for voltage and rotor angle improvement on the loss of a major generator at normal operation. The same pair gave settling times of 2.11 seconds and 3.12 seconds for voltage and rotor angle stability improvement respectively on the loss of a major transmission line at 140% system loading. From the study, two novel techniques were developed: A performance-based ranking system and classification for FACTS devices.
Performance comparison of SVC and SSSC with POD controller for Power System S...IOSR Journals
This document compares the performance of a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) and static VAR compensator (SVC), both with a power oscillation damping (POD) controller, for improving power system stability. It simulates a test power system in MATLAB/Simulink with each device. The SSSC is able to inject a controllable voltage in series with a transmission line to emulate inductive or capacitive reactance. The SVC injects reactive power to regulate voltage. Simulation results show the SVC with POD controller more effectively enhances voltage stability and increases transmission capacity during faults compared to the SSSC.
Transformer-Less UPFC for Wind Turbine ApplicationsIJMTST Journal
In this paper, an innovative technique with a new concept of transformer-less unified power flow controller
(UPFC) is implemented. The construction of the conventional UPFC that consists of two back-to-back inverters
which results in complexity and bulkiness which involves the transformers which are complication for
isolation & attaining high power rating with required output waveforms. To reduce a above problem to a
certain extent, a innovative transformer-less UPFC based on less complex configuration with two cascade
multilevel inverters (CMIs) has been proposed. Unified power flow controller (UPFC) has been the most
versatile Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device due to its ability to control real and reactive power
80w on transmission lines while controlling the voltage of the bus to which it is connected. UPFC being a
multi-variable power system controller it is necessary to analyze its effect on power system operation. The
new UPFC offers several merits over the traditional technology, such as Transformer-less, Light weight, High
efficiency, Low cost & Fast dynamic response. This paper mainly highlights the modulation and control for
this innovative transformer-less UPFC, involving desired fundamental frequency modulation (FFM) for low
total harmonic distortion (THD), independent active and reactive power control over the transmission line,
dc-link voltage balance control, etc. The unique capabilities of the UPFC in multiple line compensation are
integrated into a generalized power flow controller that is able to maintain prescribed, and independently
controllable, real power & reactive power flow in the line. UPFC simply controls the magnitude and angular
position of the injected voltage in real time so as to maintain or vary the real and reactive power flow in the
line to satisfy load demand & system operating conditions. UPFC can control various power system
parameters, such as bus voltages and line flows. The impact of UPFC control modes and settings on the
power system reliability has not been addressed sufficiently yet. Cascade multilevel inverters has been
proposed to have an overview of producing the light weight STATCOM’s which enhances the power quality at
the output levels.When the multilevel converter is applied to STATCOM, each of the cascaded H-bridge
converters should be equipped with a galvanically isolated and floating dc capacitor without any power
source or circuit. This enables to eliminate a bulky, heavy, and costly line-frequency transformer from the
cascade STATCOM. When no UPFC is installed, interruption of either three-phase line due to a fault reduces
an active power flow to half, because the line impedance becomes double before the interruption. Installing
the UPFC makes it possible to control an amount of active power flowing through the transmission system.
Results has been shown through MATLAB Simulink
This document provides an overview of system stability analysis and flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices. It discusses how FACTS devices like STATCOM, SVC, TCSC, and UPFC can improve power system stability, voltage stability, and transient stability through reactive power compensation and active power flow control. Mathematical models of various FACTS devices are also presented to analyze their control capabilities and impact on power flow.
Implementation of FC-TCR for Reactive Power ControlIOSR Journals
This document discusses the implementation of a Fixed Capacitor Thyristor Controlled Reactor (FC-TCR) system for reactive power control. FC-TCR is a type of Static VAR Compensator (SVC) that can inject or absorb reactive power to control voltage. It consists of a fixed capacitor in parallel with a thyristor controlled reactor. The reactor current is controlled by varying the firing angle of thyristors, allowing both lagging and leading reactive power. MATLAB simulation results show that reactive power output from the FC-TCR increases as the reactor inductance increases while keeping the capacitor constant, demonstrating effective reactive power control.
Introduction System stability analysis represents one of the common.pdfbkbk37
This document discusses system stability analysis in electrical systems and the role of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices in enhancing stability. It provides an overview of different FACTS devices like STATCOM, TCSC, TCPST, SVC, and UPFC. Mathematical models for some key FACTS devices are presented, including the UPFC model using a back-to-back voltage source representation. The controllable power flow regions for TCSC, TCPST and UPFC are compared, showing the UPFC has the largest control region. Transient stability is also discussed, noting some FACTS devices can damp power oscillations and improve transient stability following disturbances.
This document compares the effectiveness of STATCOM, SSSC, and UPFC FACTS devices in improving power system stability. It presents a single machine infinite bus system model with each device and analyzes the response to a 3-phase fault. All FACTS devices reduce oscillations and stabilize the system after the fault, while the uncompensated system becomes unstable. STATCOM and SSSC effectively suppress oscillations and stabilize the rotor angle, velocity, and generator output power. UPFC combines features of STATCOM and SSSC to regulate real and reactive power flow and make the system stable.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
This document describes research to develop and validate a scale to measure lean service. It involves a 5-step process: 1) Developing initial items from literature, 2) Validating items with experts which eliminated 29 items, 3) Conducting exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on the remaining 58 items using data from a ports organization, 4) Performing confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to validate extracted factors, 5) Assessing reliability. EFA identified 10 factors with eigenvalues over 1. The scale, Lean Service Scale (LSS), includes 27 items across 6 dimensions: lean structure, inventory, maintenance/repair, movement, and staff. The research aims to address the lack of a validated scale for measuring
This document describes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to develop a land use plan for Lunglei District in Mizoram, India. Satellite imagery was analyzed to map the existing land use/land cover, which included agricultural land, forests, bamboo forests, scrubland, and water bodies. Slope maps were also generated. The land use plan proposed allocating different areas to uses like wet rice cultivation, terrace farming, agro-horticulture, forest conservation, and afforestation based on the existing land use and slope. The analysis in a GIS system helped produce maps and statistics to inform a productive and sustainable land use plan for the district.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Ijetr021114
1. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-1, January 2014
24 www.erpublication.org
Abstract---A long transmission line needs controllable series
as well as shunt compensation for power flow control and
voltage regulation. This can be achieved by suitable
combination of passive elements and active FACTS
controllers.The advent of series FACTS controllers,Thyristor
Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Static Synchronous
Series Compensator (SSSC) has made it possible not only for
the fast control of power flow in a transmission line, but also
for the mitigation of SubSynchronous Resonance (SSR) in the
presence of Fixed series capacitors. While the technology of
TCSC using thyristor valves is well established, SSSC based on
Voltage Source Converter (VSC) with GTO valves is anPWM
Hysteresis controller and has several advantages compared to
TCSC. The MATLAB/Simulink was used to successfully
accomplish the comparative analysis and simulation studies.
Index Terms–TCSC,SSSC, Subsynchronous resonance
(SSR), Flexible AC transmission system
(FACTS),Torsional oscillation.
I. INTRODUCTION
Growth of electric power transmission facilities is
restricted despite the fact that bulk power transfers and use of
transmission systems by third parties are increasing.
Transmission bottlenecks, non-uniform utilization of
facilities and unwanted parallel path or loop flows are not
uncommon. Transmission system expansion is needed, but
not easily accomplished. Factors that contribute to this
situation include a variety of environmental, land-use and
regulatory requirements.
As a result, the utility industry is facing the challenge of
the efficient utilization of the existing AC transmission lines.
Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) technology is
an important tool for permitting existing transmission
facilities to be loaded, at least under contingency situations,
up to their thermal limits without degrading system security .
The most striking feature is the ability to directly control
transmission line flows by structurally changing parameters
of the grid and to implement high-gain type controllers,
based on fast switching.
A problem of interest in the power industry in which
FACTS controllers could play a major role is the mitigation
Manuscript received Dec. 29, 2013.
Kumaresan.E, Electrical & Electronics Engineering Dept, Valliammai
Engineering College, Chennai, India, +91 8754223797.
Parthasarathy.S, Electrical & Electronics Engineering Dept, Valliammai
Engineering College, Chennai, India,
Vidya.B, Electrical & Electronics Engineering Dept, Valliammai
Engineering College, Chennai, India,
of Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR) oscillations. SSR is a
dynamic phenomenon in the power system which has certain
special characteristics.
The onset of series connected FACTS controllers, like
thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) and static
Synchronous series compensator (SSSC), has made it
possible not only to regulate power flow in critical lines and
also to counter the problem of SSR. SSSC has several
advantages over TCSC.SSSC is a voltage source converter
(VSC) based FACTS controller, and has one degree of
freedom (i.e., reactive voltage control) injects controllable
reactive voltage in quadrature with the line current. The risk
of SSR can be minimized by a suitable combination of hybrid
series compensation consisting of passive components and
VSC based FACTS controllers such as STATCOM or SSSC.
The advantage of SSSC compensation is reported in [13] and
shown that reactive voltage control mode of SSSC reduces
the potential risk of SSR by detuning the network resonance.
The SSR characteristics of TCSC and SSSC are compared
in [8] and studies indicate that vernier operation of TCSC is
often adequate to damp SSR whereas a subsynchronous
damping controller (SSDC) with SSSC is desired for
damping critical torsional modes when the line resistance is
low. A method for online estimation of subsynchronous
voltage components in power systems is described in and
used for the mitigation of SSR . The damping of SSR using
single phase VSC based SSSC is reported in [5].
In this paper, the analysis and simulation of a hybrid series
compensated system with TCSC and then SSSC based on
PWM controller is presented. The major objective is to
investigate SSR characteristics of the hybrid series
compensated power system in detail using both linear
analysis, nonlinear transient simulation and propose a simple
method for the extraction of subsynchronous component of
line current using filter. The extracted subsynchronous
frequency component of line current is used to inject a
proportional subsynchronous voltage in series with the
transmission line which suppresses subsynchronous current
in the transmission network. This novel technique is termed
as subsynchronous current suppressor and effectively
mitigates SSR. Then finally the mitigation of SSR using
TCSC is compared with the SSSC connected to a same
system individually.
II. SUBSYNCHRONOUS RESONACNE IN POWER
SYSTEMS
Performance Evaluation of Mitigation of SSR Using
TCSC and SSSC
KumaresanE, ParthasarathyS, VidyaB
2. Performance Evaluation of Mitigation of SSR Using TCSC and SSSC
25 www.erpublication.org
In this section, conditions leading to SSR will be described. It
is of importance to mention that while SSR due to TI effect
can be analyzed analytically by using linear models, the
analysis of SSR due TA is fairly complicated and can be
approached only
byusingasimulationprogram.TheconditionsthatleadtoSSRdu
eTIeffectwillbeanalyzed.
Fig.1. Block scheme representing interaction between electrical and
mechanical system.
SSR due to TI effect can be investigated using the feedback
loop depicted in Fig. 1, [15]. The mechanical system is
typically constituted by several masses representing different
turbine stages (low-pressure, intermediate-pressure,
high-pressure) interconnected by elastic shafts. When a
torsional mode is ex- cited, the masses perform small
amplitude twisting movements relative to each other. The
phase angle of the generator mass becomes modulated,
causing a variation in the stator flux . Depending on the
series-compensated network, substantial modulation of the
stator current will results. In particular, if the frequency
of this oscillating current is electricallyclose to the resonance
frequency of the series compensated network, undamped
currents will result. The flux in the generator and the stator
current will create an electrical torque that will act on the
generator mass. As a result, the feedback loop depicted in the
figure is established. Call the transfer function from the
rotor speed to the electrical torque
(1)
To investigate the response of the electrical system at
different frequencies, the Laplace variable can be simply
substituted with , where is the frequency of interest (for
example, one of the natural frequencies of the
generator-shaft system). At each frequency, the transfer
function can be split up into its real and imaginary part,
as
+jIm =
(2)
with the base frequency. The terms and are
named electrical damping and synchronizing torque,
respectively. Similar definition holds for the mechanical
damping and synchronizing torques, and .In a
series-compensated network, the electrical damping can be
considered equal to zero for all frequencies except at the
resonance of the electrical system, where becomes
negative. Assuming that the synchronizing torque is
negligible, SSR due to TI occurs in the power system if
equals or is lower than the mechanical damping
torque .
III. TYPES OF SSR
There are many ways in which the system and the generator
may interact with sub synchronous effects. A few of
thoseinteractions are basic in concept and have been given
special names. We mention three of those that are of
particularinterest: Induction Generator Effect, Torsional
Interaction Effect, and Transient Torque Effect [5].
A. Induction Generator Effect
Induction generator effect is caused by self excitation of the
electrical system. The resistance of the rotor to sub
synchronous current, viewed from the armature terminals, is
a negative resistance. The network also presents a resistance
to these same currents that is positive. However, if the
negative resistance of the generator is greater in magnitude
than the positive resistance of the network at the system
natural frequencies, there will be sustained sub synchronous
currents. This is the condition known as the "induction
generator effect."
B. Torsional interaction
Torsional interaction occurs when the induced sub
synchronous torque in the generator is close to one of the
torsional natural modes of the turbine generator shaft. When
this happens, generator rotor oscillations will build up and
this
motion will induce armature voltage components at both sub
synchronous and super synchronous frequencies. Moreover,
the induced sub synchronous frequency voltage is phased to
sustain the sub synchronous torque. If this torque equals or
exceeds the inherent mechanical damping of the rotating
system, the system will become self excited. This
phenomenon is called "torsional interaction."
C. Transient Torques
Transient torques is those that result from system
disturbances. System disturbances cause sudden changes in
the network, resulting in sudden changes in currents that will
tend to oscillate at the natural frequencies of the network. In
a transmission system without series capacitors, these
transients are always dc transients, which decay to zero with
a time constant that depends on the ratio of inductance to
resistance. For networks that contain series capacitors, the
transient currents will be of a form similar to above equation,
and will contain one or more oscillatory frequencies that
depend on the network capacitance as well as the inductance
and resistance. In a simple radial R-L-C system, there will be
only one such natural frequency, which is exactly the
situation described in above equation , but in a network with
many series capacitors there will be many such Sub
synchronous frequencies. If any of these sub synchronous
network frequencies coincide with one of the natural modes
of a turbine-generator shaft, there can be peak torques that
are quite large since these torques are directly proportional to
the magnitude of the oscillating current. Currents due to
short circuits, therefore, can produce very large shaft torques
both when the fault is applied and also when it is cleared. In
a real power system there may be many different sub
synchronous frequencies involved and the analysis is quite
3. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-1, January 2014
26 www.erpublication.org
complex.Of the three different types of interactions described
above, the first two may be considered as small
disturbanceconditions, at least initially. The third type is
definitely not a small disturbance and nonlinearities of the
system alsoenter into the analysis. From the view point of
Fig. 2 Simulation of TCSC connected system
system analysis, it is important to note that the induction
generator andtorsional interaction effects may be analyzed
using linear models, suggesting that Transient simulation
analysis is appropriatefor the study of these problems.
IV. SYSTEM MODELLING
We shall now demonstrate the damping effects of
TCSC and SSSC through eigenvalue analysis. To do this, we
have to develop a linear model of the overall system. The
linearized models for the generator and shaft system for
IEEE first benchmark model are well documented. Here, we
use theapproach given in [14].
A. Combined Generator and Shaft System Model
The linearized state equations are given by:
xGAG xG BG1 ug
BG2Efd (3)
yGCGx (4)
Where the state vector xG , input vector ug and
outputvector yG are given by
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
B. Modelling the Transmission Line
The differential equations for the circuit elements,
after applying Park‘s transformation, can be expressed in the
d-q reference frame as following
The voltage across the capacitor (12):
C. TCSC Modelling
A typical TCSC module consists of a fixed series
capacitor (FC) in parallel with a thyristor controlled reactor
(TCR). The TCR is formed by a reactor in series with a
bi-directional thyristor valve that is fired with a phase angle α
ranging between 90º and 180º with respect to the capacitor
voltage.
Typically, the principal steady state function of a
TCSC is power flow control, which is usually accomplished
either automatically with a ―slow‖ PI controller or manually
through direct operator intervention. Additional functions
for stability improvement, such as damping controls, may be
included in the external control.
The TCSC is modelled in detail taking into
consideration of the switching action of thyristors for
transient simulation. The eigenvalue analysis is based on
the dynamic phasor model of TCSC given in reference [8],
where the TCSC is modelled as a variable capacitor.
The equations of TCSC in D-Q frame of reference can be
given as
(10)
(11)
Where,
=
Where,
4. Performance Evaluation of Mitigation of SSR Using TCSC and SSSC
27 www.erpublication.org
The prevailing conduction angle can be approximated as
(13)
To simplify the analysis, only constant ring angle control
is considered. In steady state, this is equivalent to the
constant reactance control.
D. SSSC Modelling
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) is one
of the important series FACTS devices. SSSC is a solid-state
voltage source inverter, injects an almost sinusoidal voltage,
of variable magnitude in series with the transmission line.
The injected voltage is almost in quadrature with the line
current. A small part of the injected voltage, which is in
phase with the line current, provides the losses in the
inverter.
Most of the injected voltage, which is in quadrature
with the line current, emulates an inductive or a capacitive
reactance in series with the transmission line. This emulated
variable reactance, inserted by the injected voltage source,
influences the electric power flow through the transmission
line.
A SSSC operated without an external electric energy
source as a series compensator whose output voltage is in
quadrature with, and controllable independently of, the line
current for the purpose of increasing or decreasing the
overall reactive voltage drop across the line and thereby
controlling the transmitted active power.
The SSSC may include transiently rated energy storage
or energy absorbing devices to enhance the dynamic
behaviour of the power system by additional temporary real
power compensation, to increase or decrease momentarily,
the overall resistive voltage drop across the line.
The Fig. 3 shows the schematic representation of SSSC.
Fig. 3SSSC Model
Here, the SSSC is realized by a combination of 12
pulseand three level configuration [5]. The three level
converter topology greatly reduces the harmonic distortion
on the ac side . The detailed three phase model of SSSC is
developed by modelling the converter operation by switching
functions [5, 13].
When switching functions are approximated by their
fundamental frequency components, neglecting harmonics,
SSSC can be modelled by transforming the three phase
voltages and currents to D-Q variables using
Kron'stransformation .
Fig. 4SSSC Equivalent Circuit
In Fig. 4, and are the resistance and reactance of
the interfacing transformer of VSC. The magnitude control
of converter output voltage is achieved by modulating the
conduction period affected by dead angle of converter while
dc voltage is maintained constant.
The converter output voltage can be represented in D-Q
frame of reference as:
(14)
(15)
(16)
Fig. 5Simulation of SSSC Model
where ,
for a 12 pulse converter.
5. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-1, January 2014
28 www.erpublication.org
From control point of view it is convenient to define the
active voltage ( ) and reactive ( ) voltage injected
bySSSC
in terms of variables in D-Q frame ( and ) as follows.
(17)
(18)
Here, positive ,implies that SSSC injects
inductive voltage and positive implies that it draws
real power to meet losses.
V. COMPARISON OF THE SSSC AND TCSC
The SSSC offers inherent functional characteristics and
compensation features, steaming from the unique attributes
of a voltage source converter for series line compensation not
achievable by thyristor-controlled series capacitors schemes.
These characteristics and features can be summarized as
follows:
1. It is capable of internally generating a controllable
compensating voltage over an identical capacitive and
inductive range independently of the magnitude of the line
current.
2. With the ability to interface with an external dc power
supply it can provide compensation for the line resistance, as
well as for the line reactance , for the purpose of keeping the
effective ratio high, independently of the degree of
series compensation.
3. With an energy storage (or sink), highly effective
damping of power oscillation is possible by modulating by
series reactive compensation to increase and decrease
transmitted power, and by concurrently injecting an
alternating virtual positive and negative real impedance is
sympathy with the prevalent machine swings.
4. It has a substantially voltage source type impedance
versus frequency characteristics which excludes classical
series resonance with the reactive line impedance.
VI. SIMULATION
In the system considered, in generator side we have low
pressure and high pressure turbine, the transmission line
with parameters like resistance inductance and capacitance
to install the TCSC or SSSC to analyse the controller path of
PWM hysteresis controller, step-up transformer to step up
the supply, and the grid side is connected to a 500 MW load.
The analysis is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink on the
following initial operating condition and assumptions.
1. The generator delivers 0.9 p.u. power to the transmission
system.
2. The input mechanical power to the turbine is assumed
constant.
3. The total series compensation level is set at 0.6 p.u.(60% of
the transmission line reactance).
The following cases are considered for the analysis.
Case-1: Without TCSC/SSSC (compensation only by fixed
capacitor, Xc = 0:60)
Case-2: With TCSC (Xc=0.40, XT CSC = 0:20 with vernier
ratio=XT CSC =X tc =1.25)
Case-3: Without TCSC/SSSC,Xc = 0:40
Case-4: With SSSC (Xc=0.40,XSSSC = 0:20 with constant
reactive voltage control).
Fig. 6Rotor deviation, Torque, load current waveforms of simulated system
with TCSC connected.
In TCSC, high pressure turbine (during transmission)
peak torque exceeds 4 N-m and in low pressure turbine the
peak torque exceeds 1.5 N-m. Due to this above variations
the grid side current oscillations i.,e subsynchronous
oscillations would be very high which is shown in the Fig 6.
Fig. 7Rotor deviation, torque, load current waveforms of simulated system with
SSSC connected.
6. Performance Evaluation of Mitigation of SSR Using TCSC and SSSC
29 www.erpublication.org
Where as in SSSC, high pressure turbine (during
transmission) peak torque was limited to a much lesser value
compared to TCSC and even in low pressure turbine the peak
torque could be maintained well within 1 N-m. Hence in the
system connected with SSSC the grid side current
oscillations i.,e subsynchronous oscillations was mitigated to
a much lower value as shown in the Fig 7&8.
Fig. 8Load current (Ia, Ib, Ic) waveforms of simulated system with SSSC
connected.
VII. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have analyzed the SSR characteristics
of a series compensated transmission line with TCSC and
SSSC. While in the case of TCSC, a properly designedPI was
used for damping the critical torsional mode oscillations. In
SSSC, a PWM based controller was used which shows a
better damping of both torsional oscillation on the generator
side and grid current oscillations.
REFERENCES
[1] N.G.Hingorani and L.Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS. NewYork:
IEEE Press, 2000.
[2] Lie,X.,Jaing,D.Yang,Y.T.,‗AnalysingSubsynchronous Resonance
Using a Simulation Program‘, IEEE Transaction on Power
Apparatus and Systems, 2000.
[3] Hossiani,S.H.,Mirshekar,O.,‗Optimal Control of SVC for
Subsynchronous Resonance Stability in Typical Power System‘,
IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, 2001.
[4] K.R.Padiyar, Power System Dynamics—Stability and Control, 2nd
ed. Hyderabad, India: B.S. Publications, 2002.
[5] K.R.Padiyar and N.Prabhu, ―Analysis of subsynchronous resonance
with three level twelve-pulse VSC based SSSC,‖ in Proc.
IEEETENCON-2003, Oct. 14–17, 2003.
[6] K.R. Padiyar and V. SwayamPrakash, ―Tuning and performance
evaluation of damping controller for a STATCOM,‖ Int. J. Elect.
PowerEnergy Syst., vol. 25, pp. 155–166, 2003.
[7] N.Prabhu, ‗‗Analysis of SubSynchronous Resonance with Voltage
SourceConverter based FACTS and HVDC Controllers,‘‘
Ph.D.dissertation, IISc Bangalore, 2004.
[8] K.R.Padiyar and N.Prabhu, ―A comparative study of SSR
characteristics of TCSC and SSSC,‖ in Proc. PSCC Conf. 2005,
Liege, Belgium,
[9] K.R.Padiyar and N.Prabhu, ―Design and performance evaluation of
subsynchronous damping controller with STATCOM,‖ IEEE
Trans.Power Del., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 1398–1405, Jul. 2006.
[10] X. P. Zhang, Flexible AC Transmission Systems: Modelling and
Control, Berlin: Springer, 2006.
[11] K.R.Padiyar, FACTS Controllers in Power Transmission and
Distribution. New Delhi, India: New Age International, 2007.
[12] M.Bongiorno, J. Svensson, and L. Angquist, ―Online estimation of
subsynchronous voltage components in power systems,‖ IEEE
Trans.Power Del., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 410–418, Jan. 2008.
[13] M.Bongiorno, J. Svensson, and L. Angquist, ―On control of static
synchronous series compensator for SSR mitigation,‖ IEEE Trans.
Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 735–743, Mar. 2008.
[14] M.Bongiorno, J. Svensson, and L.Angquist, ―Single-phase VSC
based SSSC for subsynchronous resonance damping,‖ IEEE Trans.
Power Del., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1544–1552, Jul. 2008.
N.Prabhu and K. R. Padiyar, ―Investigation of subsynchronous
resonance with VSC based HVDC transmission systems,‖ IEEE
Trans.Power Del
Kumaresan.E, Electrical & Electronics Engineering Dept,
Valliammai Engineering College, Chennai, India, +91 8754223797.
Parthasarathy.S, Electrical & Electronics Engineering Dept,
Valliammai Engineering College, Chennai, India,
Vidya.B, Electrical & Electronics Engineering Dept, Valliammai
Engineering College, Chennai, India,