The document contains an excerpt from an electrical engineering exam with 16 multiple choice questions covering topics like power stations, transmission lines, transformers, and more. It provides technical information, diagrams, and questions to test understanding of key concepts in electrical engineering.
The document discusses resonance in R-L-C series and parallel circuits. In series circuits, resonance occurs when the inductive reactance (XL) equals the capacitive reactance (XC), resulting in maximum current. The resonant frequency is 1/2π√LC. In parallel circuits, resonance occurs when the current through the inductor equals the current through the capacitor, resulting in minimum current. The resonant frequency is 1/2π√(L/C - R2/L). Key differences between series and parallel resonance are also summarized.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
1. The document discusses various analog communication concepts including resonance circuits, filters, attenuators, and equalizers.
2. Resonance occurs when the capacitive and inductive reactances are equal, resulting in maximum current. Filters are used to selectively pass or reject bands of frequencies.
3. Attenuators are used to reduce signal levels by a known amount and for impedance matching. Equalizers counteract attenuation or phase distortion in circuits.
This document summarizes the characteristics of purely resistive, inductive, and capacitive AC circuits. It also describes R-L and R-C series circuits, explaining how the current and voltage are phase shifted. Finally, it covers R-L-C series circuits in detail, showing how the phase relationship depends on whether the inductive or capacitive reactance is larger. Power calculations and definitions of impedance and power factor are provided throughout.
1) The document discusses the history and operation of transformers, including their use in power distribution systems to step up voltage for transmission and step down voltage for distribution to loads.
2) A transformer consists of coils wrapped around a common core and works by electromagnetic induction to convert AC voltages from one level to another while maintaining the same frequency.
3) An ideal transformer is analyzed, and equations are provided showing how it transforms voltages and currents while maintaining power, reactive power, and power factor between windings. Impedance transformation is also discussed.
The document describes an RLC series circuit containing a fully charged capacitor, inductor, and resistor. When the switch is closed at time t=0, the capacitor begins discharging and current oscillates through the circuit. The resistor dissipates some of the current, resulting in an underdamped oscillation where the amplitude of the current falls to 50% of its initial value over time.
This document provides an overview of EHV AC and DC transmission. It discusses:
1) The construction of EHV AC and DC transmission links, including the components of AC systems and the types of DC links.
2) The limitations and advantages of AC and DC transmission. AC faces challenges with reactive power and stability over long distances, while DC has benefits of lower losses and greater power control.
3) The principal applications of AC and DC transmission, with DC preferred for long distance, asynchronous connections, and submarine cables due to its advantages over AC in these scenarios.
This document discusses R-L-C parallel circuits, including:
- The voltage is the same across all branches while current is phase shifted based on component properties
- How to calculate impedance, inductance, capacitance, resistive current, inductive current, and capacitive current
- Power calculations including true power, reactive power, apparent power, and power factor
- Parallel resonance and how resonant circuits are used for induction heating
- Power factor correction for AC motors using capacitors in parallel
The document discusses resonance in R-L-C series and parallel circuits. In series circuits, resonance occurs when the inductive reactance (XL) equals the capacitive reactance (XC), resulting in maximum current. The resonant frequency is 1/2π√LC. In parallel circuits, resonance occurs when the current through the inductor equals the current through the capacitor, resulting in minimum current. The resonant frequency is 1/2π√(L/C - R2/L). Key differences between series and parallel resonance are also summarized.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
1. The document discusses various analog communication concepts including resonance circuits, filters, attenuators, and equalizers.
2. Resonance occurs when the capacitive and inductive reactances are equal, resulting in maximum current. Filters are used to selectively pass or reject bands of frequencies.
3. Attenuators are used to reduce signal levels by a known amount and for impedance matching. Equalizers counteract attenuation or phase distortion in circuits.
This document summarizes the characteristics of purely resistive, inductive, and capacitive AC circuits. It also describes R-L and R-C series circuits, explaining how the current and voltage are phase shifted. Finally, it covers R-L-C series circuits in detail, showing how the phase relationship depends on whether the inductive or capacitive reactance is larger. Power calculations and definitions of impedance and power factor are provided throughout.
1) The document discusses the history and operation of transformers, including their use in power distribution systems to step up voltage for transmission and step down voltage for distribution to loads.
2) A transformer consists of coils wrapped around a common core and works by electromagnetic induction to convert AC voltages from one level to another while maintaining the same frequency.
3) An ideal transformer is analyzed, and equations are provided showing how it transforms voltages and currents while maintaining power, reactive power, and power factor between windings. Impedance transformation is also discussed.
The document describes an RLC series circuit containing a fully charged capacitor, inductor, and resistor. When the switch is closed at time t=0, the capacitor begins discharging and current oscillates through the circuit. The resistor dissipates some of the current, resulting in an underdamped oscillation where the amplitude of the current falls to 50% of its initial value over time.
This document provides an overview of EHV AC and DC transmission. It discusses:
1) The construction of EHV AC and DC transmission links, including the components of AC systems and the types of DC links.
2) The limitations and advantages of AC and DC transmission. AC faces challenges with reactive power and stability over long distances, while DC has benefits of lower losses and greater power control.
3) The principal applications of AC and DC transmission, with DC preferred for long distance, asynchronous connections, and submarine cables due to its advantages over AC in these scenarios.
This document discusses R-L-C parallel circuits, including:
- The voltage is the same across all branches while current is phase shifted based on component properties
- How to calculate impedance, inductance, capacitance, resistive current, inductive current, and capacitive current
- Power calculations including true power, reactive power, apparent power, and power factor
- Parallel resonance and how resonant circuits are used for induction heating
- Power factor correction for AC motors using capacitors in parallel
1) The document discusses LC circuits, noting a qualitative difference in how currents develop in RC versus LC circuits. In an LC circuit, energy can be stored in both the inductor and capacitor without dissipation, unlike an RC circuit where energy is dissipated in the resistor.
2) An LC circuit with an initially charged capacitor will undergo oscillations of the current, not exponential decay as in an RC circuit. The frequency of these oscillations is determined to be 1/sqrt(LC) from the equations for the energy stored in each component.
3) Increasing the inductance decreases the oscillation frequency in an LC circuit, while increasing the capacitance also decreases the frequency, according to the governing equation relating the
1) A series RLC circuit exhibits resonance when the inductive reactance equals the capacitive reactance. At resonance, the circuit's impedance is purely resistive and the power factor is unity.
2) The resonant frequency is defined as the frequency at which the imaginary part of the equivalent impedance is zero.
3) The quality factor Q is a measure of selectivity near the resonant frequency, defined as the ratio of the resonant frequency to the bandwidth.
This document discusses phasor analysis of RC, RL, and RLC circuits.
For an RC circuit, the voltage across the capacitor lags behind the current by 90 degrees. For an RL circuit, the voltage across the inductor leads the current by 90 degrees.
For an RLC circuit, the behavior depends on whether the reactance of the inductor or capacitor is higher. If the inductor reactance is higher, it behaves like an RL circuit. If the capacitor reactance is higher, it behaves like an RC circuit. If the reactances are equal, it behaves like a resistive circuit.
This document discusses reactance in series and parallel circuits. It explains how vectors can be used to represent voltages and currents in reactive circuits, accounting for phase differences. Key concepts covered include reactance, impedance, power dissipation, and resonance, which occurs when a circuit's inductive and capacitive reactance are balanced. Figures and diagrams are provided to illustrate these electrical concepts.
This document provides information about magnetic circuits, transformers, and their components. It begins with reviewing laws of magnetism, flux, and their relationship. It then discusses analysis of magnetic circuits and single phase transformers. The document outlines basic concepts and construction features of transformers, including voltage and current transformation, equivalent circuits, and transformer tests.
This document summarizes key concepts about alternating current (AC) circuits including resistors, inductors, and capacitors in AC circuits. It discusses the RLC series circuit, power in AC circuits, and resonance. It also covers transformers and how they are used for power transmission by stepping voltages up or down. Resonance occurs at the resonance frequency when the inductive reactance equals the capacitive reactance in a RLC series circuit, resulting in maximum current. Transformers use magnetic induction to change AC voltages efficiently for applications like power distribution.
This document discusses output capacitor selection for low voltage, high current power supplies used in applications like microprocessors. It derives an equation to calculate the minimum number of capacitors needed to meet transient voltage regulation requirements during load current steps. Different capacitor types are compared based on this calculation, including electrolytic, tantalum, ceramic, and polymer capacitors. Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the theoretical analysis. The analysis shows that the minimum capacitors required depends on factors like equivalent series resistance, capacitance, current step size, and whether the system frequency is higher or lower than the capacitor's zero frequency. This methodology allows engineers to optimize capacitor selection for cost and performance.
This document covers several topics related to AC circuits:
1) It discusses AC circuits with capacitors and inductors, including how they act as filters that pass either high or low frequencies. It also introduces the concept of resonance in RLC circuits.
2) It examines transformers and how they can be used to change voltages by exploiting Faraday's law of induction and the ratio of coils between the primary and secondary windings.
3) It covers concepts like impedance, phase, power factor, and the quality factor Q as they relate to AC circuits, particularly resonant circuits near the natural frequency.
This document provides an outline and overview of key concepts in alternating current (AC) circuits including:
1. AC sources and how AC voltage and current vary sinusoidally over time.
2. The behavior of resistors, inductors, and capacitors in AC circuits, including how their current and voltage are phase shifted.
3. Series RLC circuits and the concept of resonance where the current is at its maximum.
4. Power calculations in AC circuits and the power factor.
5. Transformers and how they are used for power transmission. Electrical filters are also discussed.
Resonance of a distribution feeder with a saturable core fault current limiterFranco Moriconi
1) A resonance event occurred on a distribution feeder with a saturable core fault current limiter installed. When the limiter's DC bias current was lost, its reactance increased, allowing resonance between the feeder's inductive and capacitive elements.
2) Voltage on the feeder rose until a capacitor bank opened. When a second bank closed, resonance reoccurred, sustaining high voltage until the limiter was bypassed.
3) Analysis from the system and limiter perspectives showed agreement. Under low load and full limiter insertion, the feeder properties allowed a damped resonant condition. Suppression measures were proposed.
This document discusses resonant circuits and series resonance. It defines resonance as occurring when the input voltage and current are in phase for an RLC circuit. For a series RLC circuit, resonance occurs when 1/(ωL) = 1/(ωC). The peak current through the circuit occurs at resonance. The bandwidth and quality factor Q are also defined for a series resonant circuit. Matlab programs are included to simulate different series RLC circuits and illustrate how varying Q impacts the frequency response. Parallel resonance is also briefly covered.
1. The document discusses series and parallel resonant circuits, explaining that in a series resonant circuit the inductive and capacitive reactances cancel out at resonance, resulting in minimum impedance equal to resistance. In a parallel resonant circuit, the currents through the inductor and capacitor are equal and opposite at resonance, resulting in minimum current drawn from the power supply.
2. Experiments are described to obtain the characteristics of series and parallel resonant circuits by varying frequency, inductance, or capacitance and measuring current. Current reaches a maximum in series resonance and minimum in parallel resonance.
3. Circuit diagrams and tables are provided to record experimental results for series and parallel resonant circuits when varying frequency, inductance, or capacitance.
Power Amplifiers: Classification of amplifiers, Class A power Amplifiers and their analysis, Harmonic Distortions,
Class B Push-pull amplifiers and their analysis, Complementary symmetry push pull amplifier, Class AB power
amplifier, Class-C power amplifier, Thermal stability and Heat sinks, Distortion in amplifiers.
This document discusses alternating voltages and currents in electrical circuits. It introduces key concepts such as reactance of inductors and capacitors, phasor diagrams, impedance, and complex notation. Specific topics covered include defining sinusoidal voltages and currents, voltage-current relationships for resistors, inductors, and capacitors, defining reactance, using phasor diagrams to analyze circuits, defining impedance as the ratio of voltage to current in reactive circuits, and representing impedance using complex notation.
This document provides a summary of a group presentation on series AC circuits. Group 11, consisting of Robiul Awal Robi, Abdul Wahid, and Abu Jauad Khan Aliv, will be presenting on R-L series circuits, R-C series circuits, and R-L-C series circuits. The document outlines the analysis of each circuit type, including equations for total voltage and phase angle. It also notes a special case where the inductor and capacitor impedances are equal, resulting in a purely resistive circuit with zero phase angle. Sources for the material are listed at the end.
This document provides information about EHV AC and DC transmission, specifically components of EHV DC systems and converter circuits. It discusses:
1) The main components of EHV DC systems include converter transformers, thyristor valves, bus bars, and series reactors. Converters use thyristor valves connected in a three-phase full-wave bridge circuit to convert AC to DC and vice versa.
2) Converters require reactive power, which is supplied by AC filters, shunt capacitors or synchronous condensers. Operation of converters generates harmonic voltages and currents that can cause equipment heating, interference, and other issues if not mitigated.
3) Harmonics are mitigated using AC and DC
The document discusses operational amplifiers (op amps) and their applications in different circuit configurations:
1) An op amp is an electronic device that can perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, etc. It has high gain, very high input impedance, and very low output impedance.
2) Common op amp circuit configurations include the inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, summing amplifier, difference amplifier, and instrumentation amplifier.
3) The summing amplifier produces an output voltage that is the weighted sum of its input voltages. The difference amplifier amplifies the difference between its two input voltages and rejects any components that are common to both inputs.
The document discusses alternating current (AC) and how it reverses direction periodically unlike direct current from batteries. It then discusses simple AC circuits including resistor-capacitor (RC) circuits and how the capacitor charges and discharges over time. The document also covers applications of RC circuits including using them as filters to block or pass certain frequency ranges. Diodes are introduced which allow current to flow in only one direction, enabling their use to convert AC to DC. Finally, applications like radio tuning and Marx generators are briefly mentioned.
1. The document discusses control strategies for EHV AC and DC transmission systems, including desired features of HVDC system control, control characteristics of constant current and constant extinction angle, and parallel operation of AC and DC systems.
2. Control of HVDC systems is achieved through control of current or voltage to maintain a constant voltage in the DC link. Common control modes include constant current control at the rectifier and constant extinction angle control at the inverter.
3. Parallel operation of AC and DC systems can present problems but also advantages; control coordination is needed between the two different transmission types.
1. The document contains 6 problems related to calculating voltages, currents, power factors, and efficiencies for single phase and three phase transmission lines of varying lengths. Key parameters provided include line resistances, reactances, voltages, currents, powers, and power factors. Formulas are used to calculate values at the sending and receiving ends.
This document appears to contain an exam for electrical engineering that includes multiple choice questions covering various topics in electrical engineering. There are 33 total questions related to topics like electrical power systems, electronics, semiconductor devices and microprocessors. The questions are multiple choice with options A, B, C or D for the answer to each question.
This document contains an electrical engineering exam with multiple choice questions covering topics like electrical machines, transformers, motors, and power systems. There are 36 total questions testing knowledge of synchronous machines, induction motors, stepper motors, transformer connections and characteristics, and more. The questions are in a multiple choice format with options A, B, C or D for each question.
1) The document discusses LC circuits, noting a qualitative difference in how currents develop in RC versus LC circuits. In an LC circuit, energy can be stored in both the inductor and capacitor without dissipation, unlike an RC circuit where energy is dissipated in the resistor.
2) An LC circuit with an initially charged capacitor will undergo oscillations of the current, not exponential decay as in an RC circuit. The frequency of these oscillations is determined to be 1/sqrt(LC) from the equations for the energy stored in each component.
3) Increasing the inductance decreases the oscillation frequency in an LC circuit, while increasing the capacitance also decreases the frequency, according to the governing equation relating the
1) A series RLC circuit exhibits resonance when the inductive reactance equals the capacitive reactance. At resonance, the circuit's impedance is purely resistive and the power factor is unity.
2) The resonant frequency is defined as the frequency at which the imaginary part of the equivalent impedance is zero.
3) The quality factor Q is a measure of selectivity near the resonant frequency, defined as the ratio of the resonant frequency to the bandwidth.
This document discusses phasor analysis of RC, RL, and RLC circuits.
For an RC circuit, the voltage across the capacitor lags behind the current by 90 degrees. For an RL circuit, the voltage across the inductor leads the current by 90 degrees.
For an RLC circuit, the behavior depends on whether the reactance of the inductor or capacitor is higher. If the inductor reactance is higher, it behaves like an RL circuit. If the capacitor reactance is higher, it behaves like an RC circuit. If the reactances are equal, it behaves like a resistive circuit.
This document discusses reactance in series and parallel circuits. It explains how vectors can be used to represent voltages and currents in reactive circuits, accounting for phase differences. Key concepts covered include reactance, impedance, power dissipation, and resonance, which occurs when a circuit's inductive and capacitive reactance are balanced. Figures and diagrams are provided to illustrate these electrical concepts.
This document provides information about magnetic circuits, transformers, and their components. It begins with reviewing laws of magnetism, flux, and their relationship. It then discusses analysis of magnetic circuits and single phase transformers. The document outlines basic concepts and construction features of transformers, including voltage and current transformation, equivalent circuits, and transformer tests.
This document summarizes key concepts about alternating current (AC) circuits including resistors, inductors, and capacitors in AC circuits. It discusses the RLC series circuit, power in AC circuits, and resonance. It also covers transformers and how they are used for power transmission by stepping voltages up or down. Resonance occurs at the resonance frequency when the inductive reactance equals the capacitive reactance in a RLC series circuit, resulting in maximum current. Transformers use magnetic induction to change AC voltages efficiently for applications like power distribution.
This document discusses output capacitor selection for low voltage, high current power supplies used in applications like microprocessors. It derives an equation to calculate the minimum number of capacitors needed to meet transient voltage regulation requirements during load current steps. Different capacitor types are compared based on this calculation, including electrolytic, tantalum, ceramic, and polymer capacitors. Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the theoretical analysis. The analysis shows that the minimum capacitors required depends on factors like equivalent series resistance, capacitance, current step size, and whether the system frequency is higher or lower than the capacitor's zero frequency. This methodology allows engineers to optimize capacitor selection for cost and performance.
This document covers several topics related to AC circuits:
1) It discusses AC circuits with capacitors and inductors, including how they act as filters that pass either high or low frequencies. It also introduces the concept of resonance in RLC circuits.
2) It examines transformers and how they can be used to change voltages by exploiting Faraday's law of induction and the ratio of coils between the primary and secondary windings.
3) It covers concepts like impedance, phase, power factor, and the quality factor Q as they relate to AC circuits, particularly resonant circuits near the natural frequency.
This document provides an outline and overview of key concepts in alternating current (AC) circuits including:
1. AC sources and how AC voltage and current vary sinusoidally over time.
2. The behavior of resistors, inductors, and capacitors in AC circuits, including how their current and voltage are phase shifted.
3. Series RLC circuits and the concept of resonance where the current is at its maximum.
4. Power calculations in AC circuits and the power factor.
5. Transformers and how they are used for power transmission. Electrical filters are also discussed.
Resonance of a distribution feeder with a saturable core fault current limiterFranco Moriconi
1) A resonance event occurred on a distribution feeder with a saturable core fault current limiter installed. When the limiter's DC bias current was lost, its reactance increased, allowing resonance between the feeder's inductive and capacitive elements.
2) Voltage on the feeder rose until a capacitor bank opened. When a second bank closed, resonance reoccurred, sustaining high voltage until the limiter was bypassed.
3) Analysis from the system and limiter perspectives showed agreement. Under low load and full limiter insertion, the feeder properties allowed a damped resonant condition. Suppression measures were proposed.
This document discusses resonant circuits and series resonance. It defines resonance as occurring when the input voltage and current are in phase for an RLC circuit. For a series RLC circuit, resonance occurs when 1/(ωL) = 1/(ωC). The peak current through the circuit occurs at resonance. The bandwidth and quality factor Q are also defined for a series resonant circuit. Matlab programs are included to simulate different series RLC circuits and illustrate how varying Q impacts the frequency response. Parallel resonance is also briefly covered.
1. The document discusses series and parallel resonant circuits, explaining that in a series resonant circuit the inductive and capacitive reactances cancel out at resonance, resulting in minimum impedance equal to resistance. In a parallel resonant circuit, the currents through the inductor and capacitor are equal and opposite at resonance, resulting in minimum current drawn from the power supply.
2. Experiments are described to obtain the characteristics of series and parallel resonant circuits by varying frequency, inductance, or capacitance and measuring current. Current reaches a maximum in series resonance and minimum in parallel resonance.
3. Circuit diagrams and tables are provided to record experimental results for series and parallel resonant circuits when varying frequency, inductance, or capacitance.
Power Amplifiers: Classification of amplifiers, Class A power Amplifiers and their analysis, Harmonic Distortions,
Class B Push-pull amplifiers and their analysis, Complementary symmetry push pull amplifier, Class AB power
amplifier, Class-C power amplifier, Thermal stability and Heat sinks, Distortion in amplifiers.
This document discusses alternating voltages and currents in electrical circuits. It introduces key concepts such as reactance of inductors and capacitors, phasor diagrams, impedance, and complex notation. Specific topics covered include defining sinusoidal voltages and currents, voltage-current relationships for resistors, inductors, and capacitors, defining reactance, using phasor diagrams to analyze circuits, defining impedance as the ratio of voltage to current in reactive circuits, and representing impedance using complex notation.
This document provides a summary of a group presentation on series AC circuits. Group 11, consisting of Robiul Awal Robi, Abdul Wahid, and Abu Jauad Khan Aliv, will be presenting on R-L series circuits, R-C series circuits, and R-L-C series circuits. The document outlines the analysis of each circuit type, including equations for total voltage and phase angle. It also notes a special case where the inductor and capacitor impedances are equal, resulting in a purely resistive circuit with zero phase angle. Sources for the material are listed at the end.
This document provides information about EHV AC and DC transmission, specifically components of EHV DC systems and converter circuits. It discusses:
1) The main components of EHV DC systems include converter transformers, thyristor valves, bus bars, and series reactors. Converters use thyristor valves connected in a three-phase full-wave bridge circuit to convert AC to DC and vice versa.
2) Converters require reactive power, which is supplied by AC filters, shunt capacitors or synchronous condensers. Operation of converters generates harmonic voltages and currents that can cause equipment heating, interference, and other issues if not mitigated.
3) Harmonics are mitigated using AC and DC
The document discusses operational amplifiers (op amps) and their applications in different circuit configurations:
1) An op amp is an electronic device that can perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, etc. It has high gain, very high input impedance, and very low output impedance.
2) Common op amp circuit configurations include the inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, summing amplifier, difference amplifier, and instrumentation amplifier.
3) The summing amplifier produces an output voltage that is the weighted sum of its input voltages. The difference amplifier amplifies the difference between its two input voltages and rejects any components that are common to both inputs.
The document discusses alternating current (AC) and how it reverses direction periodically unlike direct current from batteries. It then discusses simple AC circuits including resistor-capacitor (RC) circuits and how the capacitor charges and discharges over time. The document also covers applications of RC circuits including using them as filters to block or pass certain frequency ranges. Diodes are introduced which allow current to flow in only one direction, enabling their use to convert AC to DC. Finally, applications like radio tuning and Marx generators are briefly mentioned.
1. The document discusses control strategies for EHV AC and DC transmission systems, including desired features of HVDC system control, control characteristics of constant current and constant extinction angle, and parallel operation of AC and DC systems.
2. Control of HVDC systems is achieved through control of current or voltage to maintain a constant voltage in the DC link. Common control modes include constant current control at the rectifier and constant extinction angle control at the inverter.
3. Parallel operation of AC and DC systems can present problems but also advantages; control coordination is needed between the two different transmission types.
1. The document contains 6 problems related to calculating voltages, currents, power factors, and efficiencies for single phase and three phase transmission lines of varying lengths. Key parameters provided include line resistances, reactances, voltages, currents, powers, and power factors. Formulas are used to calculate values at the sending and receiving ends.
This document appears to contain an exam for electrical engineering that includes multiple choice questions covering various topics in electrical engineering. There are 33 total questions related to topics like electrical power systems, electronics, semiconductor devices and microprocessors. The questions are multiple choice with options A, B, C or D for the answer to each question.
This document contains an electrical engineering exam with multiple choice questions covering topics like electrical machines, transformers, motors, and power systems. There are 36 total questions testing knowledge of synchronous machines, induction motors, stepper motors, transformer connections and characteristics, and more. The questions are in a multiple choice format with options A, B, C or D for each question.
This document contains a practice test for the Electrical Engineering exam. It includes 32 multiple choice questions covering topics like transformers, DC motors, induction motors, and electrical machine testing. The questions test understanding of concepts like transformer connections, motor characteristics, equivalent circuits, and protective devices.
1. The statements given regarding the conditions for real and complex roots of a characteristic equation are analyzed. Statement 1 and 2 are correct, indicating one pair of real roots with opposite signs or one pair of conjugate roots on the imaginary axis.
2. A question is asked regarding the type of system based on its Bode plot asymptotes being -40 dB/decade for low frequency and -20 dB/decade for high frequency. The given system is a Type 1 system.
3. One statement is asked about closed loop stability with an open loop pole in the right half of s-plane. For stability, the Nyquist plot of the open loop transfer function GH must not encircle the (-1,
This document contains information about an electrical engineering exam, including sample multiple choice questions on topics like conductors in magnetic fields, electric fields, dipoles, electric flux, dielectrics, transmission lines, semiconductors, superconductors, and circuits. It provides 10 questions with 4 possible answers each, labeled A, B, C, or D. The questions cover basic concepts in electrical engineering.
When a thyristor is negatively biased, the outer junctions are positively biased and the inner junction is negatively biased.
A 3-phase bridge rectifier fed from the star connected secondary winding of a transformer produces an output voltage at the rectifier terminals equal to 1.5 times the peak phase voltage during maximum voltage of one phase.
In a non-inverting op-amp summer circuit shown in the figure, the output voltage Vo is equal to 2sin100t.
The document discusses uncontrolled rectifiers, which provide a fixed DC output voltage from an AC supply using diodes. It describes single-phase half-wave and full-wave uncontrolled rectifiers with resistive and resistive-inductive loads. For a half-wave rectifier with resistive load, the average DC output voltage is half the peak AC input voltage. A full-wave rectifier doubles this output voltage by using two pairs of diodes to conduct during both half-cycles of the AC input. Rectifiers with resistive-inductive loads have more complex non-sinusoidal current waveforms that decay during the negative half-cycles.
An inverter converts DC power from a source into AC power at a desired output voltage and frequency. It can be classified based on its input source, commutation method, circuit configuration, and output wave shape. The performance of an inverter is determined by factors like harmonic distortion, total harmonic distortion, distortion factor, and lowest order harmonics. A single-phase half-bridge inverter uses two switches to alternately apply the DC voltage across the load, generating a square wave output voltage.
This document contains a 3-part exam on high voltage engineering. Part 1 contains 3 questions, the first on measuring HVAC peak value and performing an accelerated aging test on a bushing. The second concerns generating HVDC using a Greinacher cascade circuit and a basic rectifier circuit. The third addresses impulse voltage generation and designing a 5-stage Marx generator. Part 2 includes questions on earthing systems, surge arrestors, and analyzing an RLC circuit with DC supply. Part 3 concerns calculating flash protection boundaries for a busbar with short circuit current. The exam tests knowledge of high voltage concepts and applications.
This document contains a 3-part exam on high voltage engineering. Part 1 contains 3 questions, the first on measuring HVAC peak value and performing an accelerated aging test on a bushing. The second concerns generating HVDC using a Greinacher cascade circuit and a basic rectifier circuit. The third addresses impulse voltage generation and designing a 5-stage Marx generator. Part 2 contains 3 questions, two on RC and RLC circuits applied to DC sources, and one on flash protection boundaries for live busbars. Part 3 requests calculations regarding voltage regulation, ripple, and output of a Cockcroft-Walton circuit, as well as the design of a DC voltage doubling circuit.
The document discusses electrical transmission lines and their key components. It describes how transmission lines can be modeled as 2-port networks and discusses the ABCD constants that characterize different types of transmission lines from short to long. It also covers how power flow is affected by load power factor, with received voltage decreasing for lagging loads and increasing for leading loads. The power handling capability and limits of transmission lines are also summarized.
The document discusses the basic theory of capacitors and inductors. It explains that a capacitor stores energy in an electric field between two conducting plates, while an inductor stores energy in a magnetic field produced by current flowing through a coil. The key equations relating voltage, current, charge and time are presented for RC, RL and RLC circuits. Examples of step responses and natural responses are analyzed for RC, RL and RLC circuits under different initial conditions. Combinations of capacitors and inductors in series and parallel are also covered.
The document contains a passage summarizing key concepts in electrical engineering and physics. It includes questions related to charge distributions, electric fields, magnetic fields, electromagnetic induction, circuits, semiconductors, dielectrics, and materials.
This document provides an outline and objectives for a chapter on alternating current (AC) circuits. The chapter will describe AC circuits and investigate the characteristics of simple series circuits containing resistors, inductors, and capacitors driven by sinusoidal voltage. It will also illustrate the functions of transformers, power transmission, and electrical filters. The key topics are: AC sources, resistors and phasors in AC circuits, inductors which cause current to lag voltage, capacitors which cause voltage to lag current, RLC series circuits, power in AC circuits including power factor, and resonance in RLC circuits where current is maximized. Students are assigned to redraw resonance curves using Excel and read sections on transformers and rectifiers/filters.
This document provides an overview of forward-type switched mode power supplies (SMPS). It begins by stating the objectives and introducing the basic topology, which consists of a switching device, transformer, and rectification/filtering circuit. It then explains the principles of operation, including two modes - the powering mode when the switch is on, and the freewheeling mode when it is off. Key points covered include the relationship between input/output voltages and duty cycle, and factors that influence the sizing of filter components like the switching frequency. Practical considerations like non-ideal transformer characteristics necessitate modifications to the basic circuit.
1. The document describes an experiment to analyze series and parallel resonance circuits. It includes the components, theory, procedures, results, and conclusions for both circuits.
2. For the series circuit, the current is maximum at resonance when the inductive and capacitive reactances are equal. For the parallel circuit, the impedance is maximum and current minimum at resonance when the inductances and capacitances are equal.
3. The results show the voltage and current measurements across different frequency ranges to observe the resonant peak for each circuit. The conclusions compare the bell-shaped graphs for each circuit.
This document discusses uncontrolled rectifiers, which use diodes to convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). It covers the operation and analysis of single-phase half-wave and full-wave rectifiers, as well as three-phase rectifiers, with both resistive and inductive loads. Key points covered include the output voltage and current calculations, effects of adding capacitors or inductors, and how source inductance can affect rectifier operation. The objectives are to understand different rectifier circuits and analyze their performance parameters.
This document discusses half-wave rectifiers. It begins by stating the learning outcomes which include evaluating the performance of various power electronic converters. It then defines half-wave rectifiers as converting AC to DC by only allowing current flow during one half of the AC cycle. The document analyzes half-wave rectifiers with resistive and resistive-inductive loads. It also discusses freewheeling of the inductor current and controlled half-wave rectifiers using thyristors. Equations for various voltages and currents are provided.
1. Power supplies convert the 240V AC mains supply into suitable DC voltages between 5-30V for electronic equipment through transformers, rectifiers, and regulators.
2. Transformers convert the AC voltage to a lower isolated AC voltage, which is then rectified to DC and smoothed by capacitors.
3. Various rectifier circuits like half-wave, full-wave, and bridge are used to rectify different portions of the AC cycle. Smoothing circuits use large capacitors to reduce ripple in the DC output.
4. Regulator circuits like zener diodes and integrated circuits are used to stabilize the output DC voltage against fluctuations in the input voltage and load. Heat sinks are required to dissip
Similar to Ies electrical-engineering-paper-2-2001 (20)
This document provides book recommendations and advice for preparing for the Indian Engineering Services (IES) exam. It analyzes past exams and recommends focusing on certain topics. For paper 1, it recommends studying electromagnetics from Hayt and Jordan & Ballman, electrical materials from Indulkar, network theory from several sources, and measurements from Sawhney and Kalsi. For paper 2, it recommends studying electrical machines from Bimbra, power systems from several sources, analog electronics from Boyelsted and digital electronics from Mano and Jain, microprocessors from Goankar, communication systems from Kennedy, and power electronics and drives from Bimbra and Dubey. It analyzes past exams and advises priorit
To get registered in Salesforce.com, go to the developer website and enter your details. Then verify your account by clicking the link in the confirmation email. Next, create a password that is 8 characters long including 1 letter and 1 number when prompted. This will create your account and take you to the Force.com home page.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on air pollution. Researchers found that lockdowns led to significant short-term reductions in nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter pollution globally as transportation and industrial activities declined substantially. However, the document notes that the improvements in air quality were temporary and pollution levels rose back to pre-pandemic levels as restrictions eased and activity increased again.
1) The document describes the quantum mechanical behavior of electrons confined to a thin semiconductor film. It presents the Schrödinger equation and solutions for this system.
2) Energy levels and wavefunctions for electrons in the film are derived and shown to depend on the film thickness. Standing wave patterns emerge due to quantum confinement.
3) Methods for measuring the electron energy levels and wavefunctions experimentally are discussed, including transport measurements and optical absorption spectroscopy.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document contains instructions for an engineering services examination test booklet for electrical engineering. It provides directions on checking for any issues with the test booklet, encoding personal information, the structure of the test, time allowed, number of questions, how to fill out the answer sheet, scoring procedures, and use of scratch paper. It also notes that the test booklet should not be opened until instructed to do so.
This document provides instructions for test takers regarding an electrical engineering exam. It states that test booklets should be checked for missing pages or items upon receiving them. Test takers must fill in personal information on the answer sheet, including their roll number and test booklet series. The test contains 120 multiple choice questions to be answered on the separate answer sheet. Only one answer should be marked for each question. After completing the test, test takers should submit only their answer sheet and keep the test booklet. There will be penalties for incorrect answers.
The document provides instructions for a test booklet for an electrical engineering exam. It notes that the test booklet contains 120 multiple choice questions divided into two parts. It provides directions on how to fill out the answer sheet, including encoding the test booklet series and entering the roll number. It also notes there will be penalties for incorrect answers.
This document appears to be a practice test for an electrical engineering exam. It contains 14 multiple choice questions related to topics like logic circuits, microprocessors, power electronics, and communication systems. The questions assess knowledge of concepts like flip-flops, addressing modes, converter operation, error types, coding theory, and modulation/demodulation techniques.
This document appears to be a practice test for an electrical engineering exam. It contains multiple choice questions related to electrical engineering topics like three-phase systems, transformers, DC machines, synchronous machines, induction motors, and power transmission. The questions cover concepts like voltage calculations, transformer impedance, DC motor speed control, synchronous motor power development, induction motor torque and efficiency, and transmission line compensation.
This document contains an exam for the Electrical Engineering paper with multiple choice questions covering topics like DC motors, AC motors, transformers, and power systems. It includes 15 questions with options for answers in a coded format like a, b, c, or d. The questions test knowledge of concepts like motor direction of rotation, motor characteristics, transformer components and tests, and power system matrices.
A 230 V dc series motor connected to a 230 V ac supply will run with less efficiency and more sparking (option b). The interpoles in dc machines have a tapering shape to reduce saturation in the interpole (option b). At starting, the field excitation of a dc shunt motor is kept at its maximum value to reduce sparking at brushes and acceleration time (options 1 and 2 are correct). The series-parallel control using two similar dc motors for traction would give a 25% saving in starting energy compared to a single series motor (option c).
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
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1•.:0'-(0IU) 21101 I ul 14
ELECTRONICAL ENGINEERING II
2.
3.
4.
PAPER-II
0 'llliltw: IW
·n,e load durntion curve lor u power
suuion is as shown io the above iigurc.
The reserve cap<~city in the plam u1 70%
cap<~city factor is
"' Zero
b. 10 MW
c. 30 MW
d. 50 MW
In pump storage hydropower plan1. the
electrical machine is made to work
altemmely as generator and motor. The
efficiency of the generator working ar the
same eleCtrical poWer Level is
a. Grcater than that as motor
h. Equal tu ~1at a< motor
c. Less than that as motor
d. Orcartr or less than that as motor
depending on the type ofthe machine
The ABCD constants of ·a 3-phasc
transmission Iinc arc
A=D=O.S Lt•
a=110 Lss•n
C = 0.002 L 90.4°ruho
rhe sending end voltage is 400 kV. 'fhe
rec~iving end 'Oltage under nn-load
condition is
a. 40() kV
b. 500 kV
c. 320 kV
d. 4 17kV
Itt a tltcrmal uudo:ur rt.'tlctor
I. The purpose or modemtOI' is to slow
dawn fast ucutrons produced due to
fission
2. The moderator material must have low
molecular weight
5.
6.
7.
3. Ordinary wuler cnn be used 'IS
moderator wilh natural uranium us fuel
4. The multiplication factor is kept
slightly greater than unity during its
normal limcttoning
Ofthese stat;,ment~
a. I and 3 are correct
b. 3 and 4 are correct
c. l. 2 and 3 arc correct
d. 1, 2 and 4 arc com.'Ct
it' a 250 MVA. I1/400 kV tllfee-pbase
power tcallSf'ormer has leakage reactance
of 0.()5 per unit on the base of 250 MVA
and the primary voltage of ll kV, then the
actual leakage reactance orU1e iransformer
referred to U1e secondary side of400 kV is
a. 0.8 n
b. 0.0032!'l
c. 0.03!250
d. 32.00
In a short transmission line, voltage
reeulation is zero when the power factor
angle of the load at the receiving end side
is equal to
a. tan-1
(.' / R)
b. tan ·•(RI.')
c. tnn-'(X IZ)
d. tan·•( R17.)
Consider the following statements'
Surge impedance loading ofa transmission
liJle can be increased by
1. Increasing its voltage level
1. Addition of lumped inductance in
p<~rallel
J. Addition of lumped capacitance io
seJies
4. Reducingtle length ofthe line
Ofthese statements
a. I andJ an:: c.orrccl
b. I and -1 are correct
c~ 2 and 4 arc correct
d. 3 aud 4 are correct
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8.
9.
Itl.
II.
12.
The toad currcnl '" short circuil
calcuhuion are neglec1ed bec3u.e
I. Sho11-circuil cwTooL< are much L,rger
Uun Load. ourrtoniS
2 Short circuit cun·cnu. ara greally oul or
phoue with lond current~
Which oilheieJl~toment(s) iJ/are correct?
a. ~either I nor 2
b 2nlone
c. l :tlone
•l I ond 2
Tile surge lmJ>Cdllncc ·of u 3-pha~. 400
kV lrnnsrnission line i• 4000 . The su,·ge
impedance loading (SO..) is
•· 4UOMW
h. IUOMW
c.. 1600!IIW
d. 200MV
fwo 50 liz gCt~.emting unit!. optralc in
parollal wilhin the same power ploni nnd
have lhe following l"Jlings
l'Jul I : 500 MVA, 0.85 puwcr t'aclnrc 20
kV. 3000 rpm,
H1• 5}vlJI}.IVA
l inil 2 : 200 M'A. 0.9 power l'aclor, 20
kV. 1500 rpm. H• = S MillIVA.
l'he eqmvalenl lnenia ccnsrant II in
lvU/~fVA on iOO M•A bltSe is
"· 2.5
b. 5.(1
c. 10.0
d. ~5.0
If a traveling·wave traw ling along a loss·
free t>Verhe•d line doe~ 11~1 resull in auy
rcflcction llficr il h:u; r<:acbcd Lbc f111' L'Jld.
them the f•r end ofthe line is
n. Open circuiled
h Short circmlecl
~. Terminal~<! inlo n ~islanco d JUal to
•u•go impedanl!C (>(UJc line
cl. Tt:rmmatcd into o capacitor
Tile >ctive ~nd t11e reactive J>OWer
delivered at th.: receiving end of a shorl
ll'llnsmissiun line (If impednnca z_... arc
rt:Spc¢Livcly given by
r ,. r•
P = ...:.Leos( '}1- d) - ~cos '1'. and
' z z
,. ,.. I''
Q, =z-•in( '!' - <~) - zsin '1'. Wilh
V, and v. heing the mnf,~l itu!le ~,f vnllago
".l the sending and rteeiving ends, 6 the
H .
14.
IS.
16.
~ i>f 14
J'OWcr-angle.. At the power-limi1 condition
-i.e. for max1mum ~
a. Leadnl@VARs (QR) goes to U1e load
for any valoo> of Vs and Vll
b. Leadiug 'Afu (<:JR) go~s to the lo•d
ONLY tor ,-rvR
c. tagging VAR< ((!a) goes to the load
for any values of v,and V.,
d_ L"!l$ing VAR.~ (Qr,) goes tQ U1e loud
ONLY for v. ~ v"
A tr.wcling w;rve 4(() 1/5() rue.tll5 eresl
value of
"· ~()(I" with nsc time n.f 1150.
b. MW) kV wilb oise lime I • and fa ll time
50 S
c. -WO kY with Jisc time I I"' wlU1 fall
timc50!1S
d. 400 MV with rise time 1,_.. lUld tall
time 501'"
If a 500 MV;, II kV lhree-phase
H"''erato•· al 50 Ilz feeds. IJ>rough •
lransler' impedance Ill'(0.0 J 0.(,05)0 per
phose. an ulfinilc hu• lllso 111 tl kV; 1hen
the moximum sleady $10ie power lransler
on 1he ba~e o1'5t)0 MVA nnd 11 kV i~
a. 1.11 Pu
b. 0.8 Pn
c. 0.5 Pu
ci 0.4 Pu
lo• talbtioo of capacitors at ~u itablc
location$ ~nd of opumum ~ize in •
distribution system resul15 in
1. IJnprovc:d voltage regulaliOII-
2. Roductiou in di!llrihution power losses.
3. Redttelion of kVA t11ling of
tli!it.rihulion trun."'t0rmers
$elecl the <.mrrecl 11nswer using the codes
given below:
a. I al(mc
b. I and 2
c 1,2~nd 3
d, 3 ulone
In a lhree unil insulator string. ''ohage
across the lowesl unil i< 17.5 k1 .nd siring
diicicucy is 8428""' 'll1e lola! voltage
across Lbe •Iring will be equallo
•. 8.825 k1
b. ~4. 25 k
c. 88.25 k1
d. 4425 k•
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17. 13Wldlcd conductors urc used for EJJV
transmission lines primarily fhr rt..-dudng
th<!
a. Corona loss
b. Surge impedance ofthe line
c. Voltage drop across the line
d. 12
R losses
18. The good effect of corona on overhead
lines is to
a. Increase the line caiT)'iDJI capacity due
to corlducting ionized air euvelop
ur'Qund the conductor
b. Increase the power factor due to
('.()rona loss
c. Reduce d1e radio interference from the
conductor
d. Reduce IJ1e steepness ofsurgefronts
19. !'he principal information obtninL'd from
load flow studies in a power system are.
I. Magnitude and phase angle of the
voltage at each bus
'2. Reactive and real pOwer flows in each
ofthe lines
3. Totnl power loss in the network
4. Transiem stability limn of the system
Select the C<lrrect answer using the codes
!)hen below:
a. land2
b. 3 and -1
c. I. 2 and J
d. 2 and .J
~0. Three genermors rated 100 MVA. I I kV
huw an impcJancc of {).15 Pll oach. If in
the same planr1 ahese generalors are being
replaced by a single equivalent generator,
ll1e eO'bctive impedance of equivalent
generator wiII l>e
a. 0.05 pu
b. 0.15 pu
c. 0.25 l'u
d. 0.45 Pu
~ I . If all U1e sequence voltages at the f.1ult
point in a power ,ystcm arc equal, then the
Inuit is a
a. Three-phase Fault
b. Line to ground fault
c. Une to line fault
d. Double line to ground lault
n .
24.
25.
26.
3 ut II
-
A llm~e-phasc transformer having zero-
sequence impedance of Z. ha.• the .<ere-
sequence network as shown in the nbove
figw·e. l11e cunneclions of its windings are
a. star - star
b. delta - deltn
c. star- delta
d. del~• - star with neu!Inl groundeJ
Which one oftl1e following relays has the
cnpability of anticipating the poJ;Sihle
major fault in a ~ransfonner?
a, Over current relay
b. Ditlerential relay
c. Buchholz relay
d. Over Ouxing relay
Ju a 220 kV system. the inductance and
capacitance. lip to the circuit breuker
loC<~tion are 25mH and ().025J.LF
respectfvely. The value ofresistor required
to be. connected across the brcakct
contacts which will give no transient
osciIIations, is
a. 150
b. 2500
c. 5000
d. 10000
MUlch List I with List 11 ond selL>ct tile
con·eo1answer.
List I (Equipme.nb)
A Metal oxide arrcst~r
B. Isolator.
C. Auto·reclosing C.B
D. Difleremial rel3y
List II (Applicntions)
I. Protects generotor agalust short circuit
faults
2. Improves transient stability
3. illows C.B. maintenanc"
4. Provides prot~elionagainst ~urges
a.
b.
c.
d.
A B C D
4
3
4
3
3
4
3
4
2
1
2
2
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27.
~N!ln..,...llll.,•
~ c;:;-~
--~=;z._; __,~
rhc. npemling, charact~rbaic or a distance
telay in 1he R-X plane is sholvn in 1he
ahove tigure. II represeniS operating
chatncleristic ofa
a. Reactnm:e relay
b. Directional imp<.•dana• r.:lay
c. lmped:mce relay
tL Mhn relay
P,
~0Jood
rwo j')U"cr plants interconnected by 3 t(~..
lint a~ shown in the above figure haw loss
l'onuula coellici<nl flu = 10'3
M V'1
•
Power is being. dispalched economically
wiiJ• plant 'I ' a~ I00 M W und plruar ·r a<
I25 MW The penally laclors ror plan[!; I
~nd 2are respectively
!1, I and 1.25
b. f.25and I
c. I and 'cro
d. Zero and I
/~ Gnd(Souu.:e.
( (t) R~l."'( n.:tliJ.Iblill
A ~[ 8
32~ D , ()
02 D-lpu Olpu ()-l pu
f It Jlj(V
F'""f ~pu ~Feeder ,._
!'he ub(IW diugralll sh t)WS Oae luyoul or u
power station having_ two gen~rntors A und
B, connected to the II kV buses which are
also fed through two transformers C and D
from a 132 kV grid. Tho It kV buses are
inlorc:onnected thmugh a r•nctor R.
!'he reactsnce's ofA. B. C. D and Rare, in
p.u. on n common MV/- and kV-base. 1II
the g~nerated vohnges in A, B and grid are
each 1.0 p.u. and assumed as in phase a1
o.~ time or fau lt
The steady Slate •-ymmetriclll r~u h-currenl
for a 3-phase fault on the 11 kV feeders is
a. 10 p.u.
J9.
30.
11
32.
.i.l.
l ofH
b. IS p.u.
c. 20 p.ti.
d. 25 p.u.
l'hc speed regulation parameter R ol' u
control oren is 0.025 II1JMW and load
lreqneocy const;J.m 0 is 2 MWfl tz. The
area frequency response churacteri$tic
(tFRC) is,
a 42.0MW/Hz
b. -10.0 MW/Hz
c. 20 M/Hz
d. ~ MW/Hz
In IJ1e HVDC' sys~crn, the ac harmouies
wbich gets effectively eliminatt!:d wilb 12
pulse bridge converters. are
a. Triplen harmonics
b. l'riplen and s••harmonics
c. Triplen, s••and 7'11
hnrmonics
d. s••and 7'" harmonics
In un eJectromechanicat energy (JOJl'ersion
de1•ice. the developed torq11e depends upon
a. Stator field strength and torque angle
b. Stator field nnd rotor tield stren&rths
c. Stator field and rotor licld strcnglhs
nnd the torque angle
d. Stahlr lleld strength tlnly
Consider the following smlemeniS;
Th~ use.o. inter poles in de rnachinllS is to
counteract the
I. Reactance V(1h.11ge
2. Demagnetizing eflect ofnnnature mmf
in the commutnting zone
3. Cross-mngnet·i7.ing effect of nnnnll•«
mmf in tl1e commuwring zone
Which of' t he>~ Sllircrnenl (~) is/an:'
correct?
a. I and 2
b. 2 and 3
c. I ruad 3
d. J alone
In an aliemnlur, if 111 is Ihe mtrnber llf slols
per pole per phase nnd y is tlae slot pitch
angle. then the breadth or tlte distribution
fac.tor fur Ihe anna1ure winding is
a.
sin L,
. mrmsln-,-
b. sin( /In
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34.
35.
36.
37.
. mv
stn .:..:.L-
2
sin(!!f)
d. >in(~)
The rurrenl drawn by a .nov de motof ol'
armaiUre re;islnncc 0.50 nnd bnc~ .:mf
200V i~
a 40A
b. 441
c. 400A
d. 440A
Match Lfst I (Typ~ ofmnchin~) wilh List
II (Chamctcri•tic/arrlicali<ln) nnd sdc0t
Ihe oorrcct answer.
List I
A. J c shu01 gcncratof
13. deserii."S motor
C. Level compounJcd de_genL.'"fator
D. de series g.cncmtor
List II
I. l>lcctric tr4t•ction
2. Has good vollagc rcgulatim>
J. Must have lcsidual llUJ<
-1. Used as hoostcrs
A ll C D
a 4 I 2 J
b. 3 2 4
c.
d.
4
J 2
J
.j
A de shunt gcncmtor when dril'cn without
connecting lielcl winding $hows ;m open
cirlu it terminal voltage <If 12V.
1tcn ticld winding is conneot,'d nod
~xci1cd th~ lerminal voltage drops w N tO
lxc311SC
a. Field re:~istance is higher than crhical
tc'SiS19nCC'
b. There is no residual magnetism in the
field. Circuit
c. Field "inding has got wrongl>
connected
d. ·n,crcis u li1Uit1n urmuturo circuli
Mutch List I (de motors) "itb List U
IChamc1cristic.1 labt~L-d I. 2. 3 anc.l 4) oml
select the correct answer:
List I
A. Shum motor
38.
39.
~0.
41.
B. S~rics motor
C. Cumutarivc C'l)mpound mowr
D, Difli:rcntiul cu•liJX>Wtd motm
Li<t II
A D
a. 3 2 4
h. 4 2 J
c. 3 2
d. 4
vL__ __ _ _ . ,
In the ·V' wrw sllown in the above ligun:
tbr a synchronous motor. the parameter or
s und y wordinatcs arc, rcspt:cth•ely
a. 1rmatur.: current nnd tielcl curr<nt
h. 1'011 cr factm nnd lield current
~. Armmure c'll,....,nt tand h)J'<IU<
d. 'rorque and field ••urrcnt
The advantage of the double squirrd-cuge
inducLion mmor C'Wcr single cage rt.)lQr is
thw ito
a, Etlioiency is higher
h. 11<lwcr tactur is hi!l)i<r
c. Slip l$ lurg~r
d. Sinning current is ltJwer
; n induction mowr when started 0 11 loud
docs not aecclcrnt~ up to tull sre~d but
runs at 117t) oftlte l'tllt'd speed. 'fhc motor
is said to be
a. Locking
b. Pluming
c. Crawling
d. Cogging
Ma1ch List I(f:.qui,ale.m drcuil pnrnrne1cr)
with List II (Values) lor a 50 MVA three.
rhase altemmor arid .<~kct the correct
OJlSCr:
List I
A. Am1mure r~siSltlilC!
B. Synchronous reactance
C. Leakage reactance
List II
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42.
43.
44.
1Pu
2. 0,1 Pu
3 1),0' pll
.-
n.
b. 3
<!. '_,
B
2
I
2
c
3
2
I
d. l 3 2
Synchronous condenser means
n. A synchronm~~ motor wilh .:.'t)lncitor
C.()nneeted n~ross st;'ttCJr h..-nnlnals to
improve pf
b. A synchronous motor opo~otin~ ot full
lood with leodins pf
c. An over-excited ~~'llchronous motor
partially • upplying mcchani~.'ll load,
nnd ulso in1pruving. PfOftJu:."Y~ICm tu
wbicb i1 i• com1e<:ted
d An over-excited •ynchronous motor
operating at no-load "ith leading pf
u$td ii1 l:itlle IXlWcr st:Jllons for
improvement ofpf
~ latch List I w·ith List ll oJd select the
oorrec1ans·,,· er~
List r(TI!iib)
A. No-load and bl<~<:ked rotor· test
B. Sompncrs test
C. Swinburnt.:·s. t<.:st
List·U (M:ochin'"')
1. Trnn.,fomlcr
2. Induction motor
3 Synchronous mOI(>r
~ . do motor
r B ("
·~
1 4 2
b. 2 1 4
c. 3- 4 2
cl 3 4
1latch Li,t with List II and select tho
correc.& ttUl!tWer:
Liot I (Regulutlon m..rhod)
A. Syncllrouou• imJl"dauco method
B. Mmf mttlrod
C. Zero power factor (ZPF) method
D. American &landar'd A~$OCiotion method
l,i<t fl (Rclcv•nt pha•or)
I. eml'phasor
2. Predtlrninantl~ mmrpho.wr
.3. Both emfand mmfphasors
-1-. t.'!nf and mruf pbasor~ Including
soturntion
-15.
-16.
47.
.jg,
-19•
f> nl IJ
. B c D
a, 1 2 3 4
h.
' 2 4 3
c. 2 I 3 4
d. 2 4 '~
In a cylindrical mtor •yncbronous
machine. lhc phnsor addition ofslnlor and
rotor mmfs is possib! because
a, TW!> mmfs ore rotating in Opp(lsilc
dircetiun
b. Two nunfs ru·e rotating fn 5Ume
direction •t ditTercntspeeds
c, Two mmfs nre sllltionary with respect
to enoh mher
d. One mmf Is sliltlonary ~nd d1e oU1er
nunfls rotD!ing
TI1e rotnr power output of 3-ph•~c
Induction moror is l5 kW The rotor copper
losses nr ~ slp of4"o will bo
11. 6()()11
b. 625W
c. 650'
d. 700W
S~wln~ ilf U1e rotor in 11 three-phll.<c>
sqotrrel-ca_ge indncaion nmtor reduce~
a. Noi~e. parnsitie lf>Ttlll<>, starting tl>r<loe
•nd puUouttorqu.;
b. Noise and pariiSitie torque. but
increase~ starting tor<(IIC ""d pullout
torque.
e. Noise and pullout torque, but increases
pnrasitictorque and &l;!rting torquo
d. Noise, por·ll.'<itlc torque and ~tluting
lorqu~>, bul increnses pullout torque
In o shaded-p!lle induction molclr. the rotor
r11ns from tl1e
a. Shaded portion to the un1haded portion
of the pole while the Jlu.x in tbo f'om1cr
leads thor ofthe lntter
b. Shaded portiOn to rhe unshoded portion
of the pol< while die flux in the fomter
bg.> th~t iu the IaUer
c. Unshadod portion to lb~5l1.1dod portion
while the flux in the former lend< thot
in tireIotter
d. l ln>luulc<l portion 10 theshoJ<:tf t>orti!>n
wlulc the flug in tho fom1cr lngs that in
the latter
The torque of • reluctance motor can be
efl'ecltvely inc1·eased b)'
~. lncrca~ing n:ludoncc or the magnetic
circuil :dong the: di~ct ia,'{i8
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50.
51.
52.
53.
b. Dccrea•ing the reluctance of the
magnetic circuit along the quatlrniUrc
AX-i5·
e. Jnot"Wsing tlt.: ratio of llt~ qUlltlrnture
axis rclucta:occ lo direct nxi reluctance
d. Decre.ts.ing the rnllo oflJUndrnture nli•
reluc.tnncc to direct axis.-rduct:mcc
l'he starling current of n 3+ induction
motor is 5 limes l.he rated cot'tluL while
the rated sliJ> is 4°u. The ratio of •tartin~
tc:>rque ID full-load torque i~
~. 0.6
h. O.K
1!. 1.0
d. 1.2
A >ing.h:-ph11Se transformer wb<n supplied
from 220 V, 50 Hz h•.s eddy qurrent lo~s
of50 W. If Ut~> transfonner is connected to
a vull•gc of 330V. 50 Hz. lllc cdll)l eurront
loss wiU be:
•. 168.75 w
b. 112.5 w
c.. 75W
d. 5()V
In case of auto·lransfo,·mer.~. which ofthe-
following slatc:nu.·nts are correct'?
l. An .nuto..truo.i!Otm.cr requires l~!t
copper •• compared to a conven1imml,
2-winding tran•formor 1>f the •am"
Cl>pncity,
2. An 3Uto·U'llltsformer provideo; i..olation
between the primary and 51lCtlodary
winding~
:;_ AJt aoiJHransfimne~ h>s leJ<s le•kltg"
,.,.~tattce as compared to U1o
conventional. 2-winding tr>nsformcr of
the same ~apacity.
Sele-ct the oorrect an~w~r using .the code.
given below:
a, l, 2 ~nd 3
b. 1 :md 2
c. J.md 3
cl. 2 nnd 3
If P, ond P., repre:!ent "ore nnd full-load
ohmic loss<>• f""lJCctivcly. ~1c maximum
IN A delivcccd tu lond <lOI''""JIOnding t(l
muxi1num ~fficient.:y i5 equal tn rated kVA
m~ lliplied hy
n. f'. l P.
b. .[i'iP
c. (P. 1'_)'
54.
55.
56.
7 ot 14
d. (r,,IP )'
For ~ given •mmmt of kinetic energy tn be
'"'leased hy the tlywhetl of w>rd·l..eon•rd·
llgn~1· COIb'O) sy~ll.'1D at. a 8tV~n pereettllt8e
,.,duction m speed. th~ mass of Ute
il}1Vheel 1ould depend upon il!i rndiiL• of
gyration ~, and it;; initial peripheral speed
l!r,
;~. Dit·ccll)' tn'Ot)tuHMnl tn bf>tl> r; nod
u;.
h. Di•·octly propiJitiun•l lo 1:. bul
inversely to ~--~
e. lnvel<"ly proportional 10 r,. ~Jt
dire.:lly to u~
d, Inversely propootioMI to both r; and
u;,
Ml>td1 list I with list U ;md select the
con·eel answer:
Li•t I (;vlotors)
A. De 1cries motor
B. Squirrel-cage induction motor
C. do Rhunl momr
Llsl II (Appli<alions)
I. Sheati•rg ;md pressing
2. Haul•ge and hoistiJill
3. Rolling mill
. B C
• . 1 2 3
~- 2 3 I
c. 3 I 2
d. 3 2 I
~la tch l.isl 1 ( I~ Rectitier topology -
fdediug resistive Load) with L;,t 11
(Average output voltage) and sol~ct llto
con-eot answer:(a is Ute firing angle)
A. llncontroiJod • baiJ'wave
8. Controlled· h:.lfwave
C. Conti'Olldd . full W~'c
D. Scmi-controUcd full WaVe
List U
I. 1 ~.~ JF(JHosa)
2. 2V,... I " """a
3. v,~Jilt. :r
4. vf......,- "!1r(l , cosa)
a.
A
3
B
2
c
-1
D
1
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57.
S8.
S9.
61.
b.
c.
d.
3
4
d
l
2
2
4
3
3
S'1 ilched rducJ.Jnce rrtotnr me3rts
a. Salient pole s_vnchronOU!! motor
without c:xc it~tiott windin1t
b. Astepper motor with snlient poles
~. Synchronou~ motor 11~th snllenl pole•
""statorand rotor
d. A steeper motor with closed loop
ccJJllrol and with roU:it posit1on.sensor
;s.~<'l'lion CA): ln avaluucno brw.U.:down.
the reverse a~rrenl shorply increoses with
voltage 1111e to a field emi~sion.
R~ason (R): TI1e field. omission requiJ-es
highly d<!J>•d p ond '' r"Sions.
a. Both A mu R tti'C lw~ aud R is ~1e
c()rrecl e:<plnnalion of A
b. Both A and R are lnte but R is NOT
Ihe c~nTc;ct e:<planutiiiJlllfA
c. A is ll·ue bulR is false
d. A ;,. f~l!..but R is tru~
Ass~rlion (i): 1J1 small .>ign•l <>las. •••
•mpr.fier, 1h1: output i~ o mognitied replico
or tha .nput without any change in
frequeuc) .
Re~~><m (R): ·n,o de OJlCI'l'ling r>oint is
li~ed in cla•s ·A· (H>sit·ion.
•· lloth A unci R ore boo ond R is tho
~rrect e>1>ltmation ul'A
b. 13t)th A ond R are tru" but R i> NOT
U1e "orT~cl explnnotlou of A
c. t i3 true but R is fabe
d. A is fnl$e but R i$ true
JJ;s~rt inn (i): D·lotch •nd uclge-tri.ggered
0-flir llor (FF are functionully dift'eront
Re•son ~R): l11 D-latch theoutput (0) c.1n
chonge wbil~ ennblt (E.Nl i• ltigh. l11 D-PF
th~: outpul can change only on the :tctlvc-
e,lge ofCLI(.
a. Both A ~nd R 01re hue nnd R i$ the
<l<ln-ecl C1tplD.llatlon ofA
b. BoUt A •nd R ""' b'Ut bui R i~ NOT
tlte c<liTcd explanation ofA
o. A is lrQe hut R IS false
cl. A is t"alse but R i• tme
AssertiOn (A): D·Jlip llup• aro IL~c<l to
C()n•trutt !I l?u!fer r'egL•tcr.
ReiiSon (R): Bull;,.. rulfbtecs ""' i!Sod to
•lore" binary word t.cmpor:arily.
"· lloth ,'I unci I{ ore hue and R is th<
e<mccl c:~plonntion ofA
62
6~.
64.
65.
6(i.
8of 14
b. Both A ~ncl R arc true !Jut R i!< NOT
the correct e~planation ofA
c. A is true but R is fal<e
d. .- is false: but R is true
A.sse1·tiuu (A): L.inear A.M d<:>lcctor
applied witb two •mplitude-n>odulated
wuves sunull:neously. one being very
weak wi~1 r~pect to the other, detects
only Ut1 strong slgnal.
Reason (R)! Dct.eclot selcctil'ity ts
increased ln the ~cncc ofstrong ;,1gnal.
a. l~oth A and R are huo and R i.~ tt>e
correct explanalfoo of A
b. Bot11 .- and R sro true but R is NOT
tl1e ..OrTcct explanation ofJ
c. A is true but R is lltlsc
d. A i• false but R i~ true
.<.<S•rtion (A): Coherent FSK sy•tem is
prefeiTed e>vet uuu-cohorelll FSK.
Rt•asdu (R): Coherent FSK re4uircs less
power than non-ooberent FSK.
11. BoU1 A and R O<'O ltuc 11nd R is the
corre.:t explnnntion ofA
b. Both A ~nd R ore true but R is N()'l'
the ..OrTeclexplanation ofA
<!. 1 is true but R ill f•L;e
<1. A is false but R is true
As••rliuu (A): Jligb li'<li(UCncy pullet
"''PI'Ii"" arc lightweigh•
R~asnn (R): Transfcmner size get reduced
atltit~Ldrequcocy.
a. 13oth A and R arc huo ami R i.s the.
correct aplonation of .
b. floth A ond R arc tt'UO but R is N()'l
the COITecl explanation nf A
c. A is lnlc but R rs f.lse
d. A is folsc but R is true
A .SI)WUneui of intJ·insic gt:rm:uUunl with
tho density of clurge carri"" of 2.5
lOu/em•. i• doped with <i<ln<lr imp11rity
atoms such 01at there ls ont donor
impul'fty •tom for wer to<' gcnnnJ1ium
utom;,. The density of g~nnunlum atoms is
4.4 (():l/c mJ, The holedonsity would be
• · 4.4 ICY~ I cnt'
b. 1.4 1010
Iem'
c. ~.4. 1o''1
, ~·m1
d. 1..1 to'•t.;m'
l11 • C<>rwurd biosod !lhOtO diode. :m
in<ll'<nl!lq in incident light iotcMil' ''"uses·
the d-iode currentlo •
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67.
68.
69.
?Q.
71.
a. Increase
b. Remain consllu11
c. Decrease
d. Remain constant while 1he vQha_ge
drnp across Ihe diode incrcnses
If for intrinsic Silcon at n •c. the charge
concentration and mobilities or free-
electrons and holes are l.SxlO" per m3
,
0.13m1
/(Vs) and 0.05 m1i(Vs)
respcctlvl'ly. irs conductivity will be
a. 2Ax to·' (O•mr'
b. 3,l5xi(Y' (O-rnr '
c. 5><10"' (O-mr1
d. 4.32• 10"' (n-mr1
l'IOV _
_!-H n
'•• I V y/'L---.q
o-....---1' v£._. 1 1v
I(KHO,!:
>kD
- IOV
II cin:uir using the .BJT is shown In lho
alJQVe figure. the value or[) is
a, 120
b. 150
c. 165
d. 166
Aridge recHfiers ;~re preferred because
a They require smalltransfonner
b. They ha·ve less peak ·inve.rse voltage
c. 'Ihey need small trnnsl'orrner and also
have less peak invcr~e vohagc
d. They have low ripple factor
4fl 4{1
.
fn
'"'T
Por the ci•·cuil shown ilt t.he ~bow figure
h11, h,J, h:u and hn are respectively
a. - 0.5, 0.5, 0.125 und 6
h. 6. 0.5. U.5 ami 0.125
c. 0.5. - ().5. 6 and 0.1 2.5
d. 0.125. 6. O.Sand - 0.5
In an RC coupled autplifier, Ute gaif1
dcCI'cru;es in the frequency response due to
the
a Couplin.g c.3pacitor at low frC<JUC11CY
and bypass capacitor <II ~lgh lrequcncy
72..
73.
74.
75.
II ol tJ
b. Coupling capaci10r ~~ high lrequency
orid bypass capacitor a1 low frequency
c, Coupling junction capuci!ance at low
ITequ~ncy and coupling capacitor at
high frcqu~ncy
d. Devic~ junt:lion c~•pucilor ~t high
frequency und coupling capaciwr 111
low frequency
The Darlington pair has a current gain of
approximately p'. the voltage sain Av,lhe
input resistance R, nnd the oulpur
resistance R.,. when the Ourlinglon pair is
used in the emiller follower configurntion.
Ay. R, and Ruare r~spectivcly
a. Very large. very largeund very small
b. Uuil)', very larseand very small
c. Unil)', very small and very large
d. Very lnrge. very small and very large
Match List I with List II and selec1 the
correct answer:
List I
A. b,.
B. hr.
c.:. h,.
D. h.,.
List II (Units/dolinoil:ttions)
I. Cum:nt transfer rnliO
., Ohms
3. Siemens
4. Voha!1e traosfer ratio
A 13 C D
a.
b.
c.
d.
1
I
2
I
2
2
1
~
3
4
3
lin amplifier lmving an output tes·islanc•
of4 n gives un open circuli output volwge
of 6 V (rrns). 1h~ ma~inmm pow~r thAI il
cnn deliver to a load is
a. 1.5 W
b. 2.25 w
c. 2.4 w
d. 9W
Active loatl is used In 1hc c<liiCclor of the
differential amplifier ofan O[>-llmp to
a. l ncr~ase theoutpul resis1ance
b. Increase the dtrreremial gain II"
c. Increase maximum peak to peak output
vohago
d. Eljmjoale lond resistance from the
circuit
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76.
77.
7R.
7'1.
80.
t IOV
"...
V'
.,.,..
..,..l .....,
... "
For the circuil- shown iu the nbQvu tigurc.
JJ=IQO for the tronsistor, the transistor will
be in
a. Cut ol'fregion
b. Inverse active region
c.. i(·tive region
d. Sutunuion region
'·Slope overloud'' occurs in della
modulation when the
a. Frequency of ihe clock pulses is loo
low
81.
h. Race of <•hangc ,;fanalog wnv~form is ~2.
too large
c. St~p size is too small
d. Analog signal varies very slowly with
time
The slew rJil: of a.n op-amp Is 0.5V/micro
sec. The maximum frequency of a
.sinusoidal inpul of l V mlS ~llll ctm be
handled withoutexcessive distortion is
a. 3kHz
b. 30kHz
c. 200kllz
d. 2MHz
••
~
An op-omp is used in the circuit as shown
in the above figure. Currem (, is
a. f' " R,
R, (R1 I 11,)
b. I' I R,
c. ~~ I111
d. ~~( ~> + ~I )
83.
84.
v,,
v,
~ ~ ·" ~
IIJor t ~
A cin:ui1 witb op-amp .is shown in the
nbovc ligure. The voltage V11 is
n• 3~'1 - 6VS,
b. 21(v1 -31-':v!
c. 2J~v, - 2Vsl
d. 3r·:,·,- ZVs1
A sinusoidal wavefom1 can be convened
10 u square w•veform hy using a
a. J10 st-ag_c transistorized ovel7driven
nmpiH1er
b. 1vo stage diode d~ll'iclor cirouil
c. Voliage comparator based on op-amp
d. Regenerative voiLage com(wrator
circuit
'"" 1·~ 0
'1;--.;
""'T
""t.D; _JE-V
T
For the circuit shown in the obc.w~ figure.
hy tiSsuming fl=200 and Vue = U.7V. the
best ~pprosimotion ror the collector
current lc iu d1e active regiou is
a. I mA
b. 2.4 mA
c, 3 mi
d. ~.61nA
Iligh power efficiency of the flISh-pull
a111plificr is Juc h) the lace that
a. Each transistor conducts on dif·l'erenl
cycle orthe input
b. rransistors are placed in CE
configumtion
c. The.re: is no quiescent collector curn:nl
d. Low forward biasing voiLage b
rcquil'd
Which one of ~1e following is the output
ofthe high pass filter to a step input?
a.
b.
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85.
M6.
87.
c.
d.
;l-~
~
n te Schmitt trigger circuit is shown in the
above tigure. IrV,~ =± I0 V. the tripping
point lor the increasing input volluge will
be
a. IV
b. 0,893 v
"' 0A77Y
d. 0.416V
In Bookan Algcbm,
II' F=(A +B)(A+C). then
IL F=AB+AC
b. F =AB+AB
c. F = AC+ AB
d. F=AA+ AB
Hn
V
111
jotg v,..
=~.t.
A switch cirtuir using the ll'aosistor is
shmvn in the above figure. Assuwe hFEtmloJ
= 20 and /r= 100MHz. n te nwst
dominant speed limitation is brought by
a. Rise time
b. P;tlltime
c. Stomge Lime
88.
SY.
90.
II ul I~
d. Deht)' time
For th~ circuit shown in lh~ ~bovc figure.
the output f wiU be
a. I
b. X
c. Zero
d. X
ht the CMOS inverter, llt<: power
dissipation is
a. Low ouly when V EN Is low
b. Low only when V1,N is high
c. lligh during dynamit opcnttion
d. Low during dynamic operation
An NMOS cin:uit is shuwn in the above
tigur<'- The logit run~t i<>n ft>r the output
(o/p) is
a. (A+ B).C+D.E
h. ( .•IB+C).('D+E)
c. A.(B+C)DE
d. ABCD£
9l. Match List I with List 11 8J'ld select the
C()l'J'!lCt aJl'iWCf:
List I (Type ofgates)
A. ECI
n. rn_
C. CMOS
D. NMO.
List U (Values orpropagation delay)
I. 5ns
2. 20ns
,
~- lOOns
-1. IJJS
A B c D
a. I 4 3 2
b. 4 I 3 2
c. -1 2 3
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92.
9.3.
94.
95.
d. 4 I 2 3
Tbe length of a bus cycle in 8086/8088 i~
four clock cycles. To. T,. Tl, T, and an
indeterminate number of wait state clock
cvcles denoted by T•. The wait states are
aiways insenl!d been
a. T1 and T1
b. T2and 1'3
c. T, 3nd T.
d. T4 and T1
When RET instruction is e.~ecuted by nn)'
subroutine lhen
a. The mp tlf ~1c stack will be.jl(lpped Clllt
and assigned to the PC
b. Without any operation. U1e callins,
program would re.sume from
instruction immediately following the
call instruction
c. Tite PC will be incremented after the
execution ofthe instruction
d. Without any openttiou, Ute calling
program would resume from
instruction immediately following the
cull instruction, and also the PC wm be
incremented after tho execmion of the
instruction
Coosidcr the following set of 8085
instructions used to read 11 byte of data
from the output of an ADC. The byte
r~prescnts digital cquival~nt of analog
input vohag~ v,. appli~d to ADC wbcn
RD is asser1ed.
ADC EQU 30H
GETIDC: IN /DC
RI:T
WhcLt RET is e)(ecutcd
I. Op-code of lN is f~lched
2. por1 address JOH is decoded
3. Op-eode of IN is decoded
4. 110 read operation is perf(WJlled
The corrl!ct seqvence of these operat·ions Is
a. 3, 1, 4. 2
b. 1. 3.2.-l
c. 1, 3, 4, 1
d. 3. I, 2.4
ln an AM signal whe.n the modulation
lndex is one,- lhe maximum power P,
(wh~re 1'. is thecarrier power) is ei)uai t<l
a. 1',
b. I.Sp.
c. 2p,
d. l.Sp,
96.
97.
98.
c ,,f,~
In the frequency modulation If l. ls
modul:.tin~ frequency, 6/ i~ ma.~lmum
ftt"Cjuency dcvimiou and B is bandwidth,
then
a. B =!if+f..
b. !J=!if-f.
c. 8=2(1'b f.. )
d. /1='2(6/-/., )
.lo 8085 microprocessor. a number of U1e
fmm OOOXXX:XO stol'ed in the
accumulator is processed by the
programme (Assume Cy : 0) /JS rolluws
ANI OFFH
RAI.
MOV
ANI B.A
RAL
ANI
RAL
ADD B
The opernlion carried out by the
programme is
a. Multiplication of accumulator content
by HI
b. Complement ofaccumulntorcontent
c. Multiplication of accuruuialor cootcni
by 9
d. Rmation of accumulator coment tbree
times
Which one oi' the following circuits
trMsmits lwo messages simultaneously in
one direction?
a. Duplex
b. Diplex
c. Simpkx
d. Quodmpiex
"""' lPF
A DSB suppressed carrier receptiqn is
shown in the above tigure. lf(SNR), is rhe
SIN ratio for direct (incoherent) detection
and (SNR), is thai for (coherent)
syncltrouous detection~ th~n
a. (SNR), = 2(SNR),
b. (SNR), =(SNR),
c. (SNR.), = 4(SNR),
d. (SNR),= Y, (SNRli
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I00. An AM super-heterodyne recelver with IF
of455kHz is tuned to the carrier r.·equency
of 1000 kH1.. Th~ image frequency Is
a. 545kHz
b. I MHz
c. 1455kHz
u. 19 10kHz
101. A 4 GHz carrier is amplitude-modulmed
by n low-pass signal of maximum cut ol'l'
frequency I MHz. If this signal is to be
ideally sampled, the minimum sampling
Frequency <hould be nearly
a. 4 MHz
b. ~ OH7.
c. 8 Mllz
d. 8 Gllz
102. If the 111odulation lnde~t Qfan AM waw is
chunged from 0 ro I. the 1ransmit1ed power
103.
104.
a. Increases by 50%
b. Increases by 75%
c. Increases by I00%
d. Remains unaffected
Whkh one ofthe following PCM schemes
is tlcpictM in the above ligure?
a. Adaptive DM
b. Differential PCM
c. Companding
d. Delta Modtilalion
fbe latching cun·cnl.iu the ab<)ve circuit is
4 mA. The minimum width of the gate
pulse required turn on the thyristor is
a. 6 JtS
b. 4 f.IS
C. 2 JIS
d. I Jl-'i
105. Triac cannot be used in
a, ac voltage regulators
b. Cycloconvcners
c. Solid state type of switch
1.1of 1·1
d. lnven.er
lOu. The ~nubbcr circuit is used in thyriswr
circuits for
a. Triggering
b. dv/dt pt·otcction
c. dil dt protection
d. Phase shiftin)!
I07. It is pt-efemble 10 use a train of pulse. of
ltigh frequency for gate triggering of SCR
in order to reduce
a. dv/dt problem
b. di/dt problem
c. Th< size oflhc pulse tntnslonncr
d. The complexity ol'the liring circuit
I08. A tour quadmnL chopper cannot be
opemtc<IM
a. One quadmm chopper
b. Cycloconvener
c. lnvene•·
d. Bi- dil'eclional rectifier
109. Match List I (Wavcforn1s) Vith List IJ
(Descriptions) and select the correct
answer.
l, i, t I
A.
Wl~ •• , .
m ]Jt•
-~!i'f"l?- 2£1) l ]
..
a.
t= s.~~ I • 1 C
l• L:J 2M' • u
-E ]
c.
D.
List II
I. Single phase tully culllroUed ac 10 de
conv~rl.er
2. Voltage commuted de 10 de chopper
wi~t input de voltag~Jo E
3. Phase voltage ofa lhree phase inverter
with 180° conduction and input de
voltage E
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~ . Llnc voltage of • tlu:ee phose inverter
1 ith 120" conduetoon and mput d~
vohogc E
5. Thri;..~pllll><> diode bridge; n:etifk-r
A B C D
•. 3 4 1 5
b. s 1 4 2
c. 3 "'" 5
d. 5 4 2
110. Ooe to!al hormonic distortion (THD) ofac
supply input ~uor~nt of o'Cclifiers h
mnximum for
n. Single - phnsc diode rectifier with de
induetive fiIter
b 3-phase diode r.ctifier with de
inductive filter
o!. 3-pltnse thyristor rectitler widt
inductive filter
d. Single•phase diode rectifier with
C3padlive filter
ttl. / $iogle pha~c :oc volt:Jge eomroller
feeding a _pure ~iswnce lood h:~S ~ lQod
volt;~ge of 200 V (no~) when Jed from 4
sQolrc~ lof 251• V(rms). The input power
tt:t~lnr ufdte-cuuhollt:r i!'J
n. 0.64
h. 0,8
"- 0,894
cl. nifficuh "' estimate bec.1tl•e of
insufficie:ucy ofdat:J
112 ln a thyri>tor-con~'tllleJ reactor. ~'" fu·iug
:utglc! of thyristru· is lo be coutm lled in tloe
rangeof
"· 0° to 90°
h. 0° to 1Stl"
c. 9<)' to Isoo
d. 9<l" to 271)0
113. A 3-phusc wound rotor incluction ouotoo· i"
controlled by • chopper-con~Uod
resl•t:mce in iL< rotor circuit A o..:~lstance
nr20 is C<)Jln e<!lt:(l itt the rOtllf circuit and
a "''i":tncc 01' ~Q is atlditiunnUy
cttnncclcd durirt~ OFF periods of 11c
chopper. 'flle avemga resistance m thC"
rotor oin:nil for the chopper frequency of
100 Hz is
"· 2(~ 50
b. 2·~5 Q
c. 18'50
d. 16150
1~nl l4
114. Tioc ml).'ll suitable solid st.11c ~onverter for
cotitrollinJI the spt:ed of the three-phas~
""Me motorat 25 Hz i,~
u. Cydoe.:onvcrter
b. Cuoretlt ~uroo invortc"''
c. Voltage sou.rcc inverter
d. Lo;od commutated i.nven<:r
115 In "·,.• of voltage source onverter. lr.,...
wheelin~t c.1n be avoided for thd load of
a. Inductivendture
b. Copucitiw noturo
c, Rosisti·c nature
cl. B.1ckemfna1llre
116, flVl'"l switching is preferred in vnltoge
Wlt<:e inveo1ers fnr the purposeof
a. ContrOlling output voltage
b. Output hannunl""
e. Reducing fllt.er size
d. ComroUiug output voltag,c. output
harmonics -and reducing filter size
117 Which nne of the th llowing is NOT the
advantage: ofsolids slate swilchtng ol' ac
""P'cilo~ into oo ~upply ovc;r Nlay based
sw1tclting?
a, J;OW trnnsient~
h. " '"' l••·~e.
o. Fastrespong-e
d. Long life
118. The most .suitable Jcvlco:. for bigb
fnxlllency Inver!ion in SJi.PS i.J
a. BIT
b, l(iiH
c, MOSJlET
d. GTO
119. ·n,~ (JUJJiity <'If Olilj>ut ~" volla~;c ttl' •
cyclut:c)t1Vt'11ur is imp1·uvcd witli
a. h1~se in output voltng..:- aw reduced
frequency
b. Increase on output vo1t11ge 01 mc.reased
trcquen~y
c. Decrcall<> ill output voltngo ut 1.:du..:ed
frequency
d. l)ecreJJ•e in tmtput voltage al increased
l'requc:ncy
L20 A cyoloconverteo· is operoting on a 50 Hz
supply. 11o~ tango ofoutput fru<tueocy Ulat
"""be obtained w ith acceptable quality, is
a. n- 16Hz
b. 0- 32 H~
c. 0- M Hz
d. U- 1281lz