The document describes various design thinking methods used by IDEO, including anthropometric analysis, error analysis, character profiles, flow analysis, cognitive task analysis, secondary research, long-range forecasts, and competitive product surveys. For each method there is a brief explanation of how it is used and why it is helpful for design. Examples are given of how IDEO has applied several of these methods to design projects.

1. IDEO Method Card Learn U9718026 張家维

2. Anthropometric Analysis HOW: Use human population measurement data to check the coverage and suitability of the design solution for the target user group. WHY: This helps to identify a representative group of people for testing design concepts and evaluating the general usability of product details.

3. Anthropometric Analysis HOW: Use human population measurement data to check the coverage and suitability of the design solution for the target user group. WHY: This helps to identify a representative group of people for testing design concepts and evaluating the general usability of product details. 人體測量分析 如何：用人口測量數據來檢查索包括的範圍 和適宜的設計方案為目標用戶群。 為什麼：這有助於確定一個代表性的人民 測試的設計理念和評價的一般可用性 產品詳細信息。

4. Anthropometric Analysis HOW: Use human population measurement data to check the coverage and suitability of the design solution for the target user group. WHY: This helps to identify a representative group of people for testing design concepts and evaluating the general usability of product details. Anthropometric 人體測量學 suitability 合適 相配 representative 典型的 concepts 概念 evaluating 評估 general 一般的 普遍的 usability 使用 人體測量分析 如何：用人口測量數據來檢查索包括的範圍 和適宜的設計方案為目標用戶群。 為什麼：這有助於確定一個代表性的人民 測試的設計理念和評價的一般可用性 產品詳細信息。

5. Selecting individuals with hand size representative of the population to test prototypes helped IDEO design a computer mouse suitable for general use 選擇個體與手掌典型大小的人口來測試了 IDEO 的設計原型滑鼠適合一般用途

6. Error Analysis HOW: List all the things that can go wrong when using a product and determine the various possible causes. WHY: This is a good way to understand how design features mitigate or contribute to inevitable human errors and other failures .

7. Error Analysis HOW: List all the things that can go wrong when using a product and determine the various possible causes. WHY: This is a good way to understand how design features mitigate or contribute to inevitable human errors and other failures . 錯誤的分析 如何：列出所有的東西，當使用一個產品會犯的錯誤，並確定各種可能的原因。 為什麼：這是一個好方法，了解設計特點 有助於減輕或避免人為錯誤和其他故障。

8. Error Analysis HOW: List all the things that can go wrong when using a product and determine the various possible causes. WHY: This is a good way to understand how design features mitigate or contribute to inevitable human errors and other failures . features 特色 mitigate 緩和 減輕 Inevitable 不可避免的 錯誤的分析 如何：列出所有的東西，當使用一個產品會犯的錯誤，並確定各種可能的原因。 為什麼：這是一個好方法，了解設計特點 有助於減輕或避免人為錯誤和其他故障。

9. The lDEO team used error analysis on a remote control concept in order to maximize the functionality of each button's size, shape, and texture 該 lDEO 團隊把錯誤分析用在遙控器的概念上，以便每個按鈕的大小，形狀和質地能最大限度地發揮功能

10. Character Profiles HOW: Based on observations of real people, develop character profiles to represent archetypes and the details of their behavior or lifestyles. WHY: This is a useful way to bring a typical customer to life and to communicate the value of different concepts to various target groups.

11. Character Profiles HOW: Based on observations of real people, develop character profiles to represent archetypes and the details of their behavior or lifestyles. WHY: This is a useful way to bring a typical customer to life and to communicate the value of different concepts to various target groups. 人物檔案 如何：根據觀察活生生的人，寫一份人物檔案表現出原型和細節的行為或生活方式。 為什麼：這是一種有用的方法，使一個典型的客戶的生活， 溝通的價值，不同的概念，不同的目標群體。

12. Character Profiles HOW: Based on observations of real people, develop character profiles to represent archetypes and the details of their behavior or lifestyles. WHY: This is a useful way to bring a typical customer to life and to communicate the value of different concepts to various target groups. observation 觀察 profile 數據圖表 archetype 原 型 人物檔案 如何：根據觀察活生生的人，寫一份人物檔案表現出原型和細節的行為或生活方式。 為什麼：這是一種有用的方法，使一個典型的客戶的生活， 溝通的價值，不同的概念，不同的目標群體。

13. In order to understand different type of customers and how to target them, IDEO developed four characters for a pharmacy wanting to reach the male beauty-product market 為了了解不同類型的客戶，以及如何對付它們， IDEO 公司發展四種性質的藥房 , 希望達到男性美容產品市場

14. Flow Analysis HOW: Represent the flow of information or activity through all phases of a system or process. WHY: This is useful for identifying bottlenecks and opportunities for functional alternatives.

15. Flow Analysis HOW: Represent the flow of information or activity through all phases of a system or process. WHY: This is useful for identifying bottlenecks and opportunities for functional alternatives. 流通分析 如何：表現出信息或行動的流通，或通過各種階段的系統或過程。 為什麼：這是用來確定瓶頸和功能替代的機會 。

16. Flow Analysis HOW: Represent the flow of information or activity through all phases of a system or process. WHY: This is useful for identifying bottlenecks and opportunities for functional alternatives. represent 表現出 flow 流通 bottlenecks 瓶頸 functional 功能 alternatives 代替 流通分析 如何：表現出信息或行動的流通，或通過各種階段的系統或過程。 為什麼：這是用來確定瓶頸和功能替代的機會 。

17. Designing an online advice website, flow analysis is helped the IDEO team to design a more seamless experience navigating the site 設計在線諮詢網站，流量分析是幫助 IDEO 的團隊設計出更加無縫的體驗導航網站導航

18. Cognitive Task Analysis HOW: List and summarize all of a user's sensory inputs , decision points, and actions WHY: This is good for understanding users' perceptual , attentional , and informational needs and to identify bottlenecks where errors may occur .

19. Cognitive Task Analysis HOW: List and summarize all of a user's sensory inputs , decision points, and actions WHY: This is good for understanding users' perceptual , attentional , and informational needs and to identify bottlenecks where errors may occur . 認知任務分析 如何：列出和總結所有使用者的感覺輸入，決策點和行動 為什麼：這是很好的理解使用者的感知，注意力和信息的需要，並確定瓶頸可能會出現錯誤的地方。

20. Cognitive Task Analysis HOW: List and summarize all of a user's sensory inputs , decision points, and actions WHY: This is good for understanding users' perceptual , attentional , and informational needs and to identify bottlenecks where errors may occur . 認知任務分析 如何：列出和總結所有使用者的感覺輸入，決策點和行動 為什麼：這是很好的理解使用者的感知，注意力和信息的需要，並確定瓶頸可能會出現錯誤的地方。 cognitive 認知 task 任務 summarize 總結 sensory 感覺 inputs 輸入 perceptual 感覺 感知 attentional 注意力

21. Cognitive task analysis helped the IDEO team understand the proximity and disorientation problem that remote-vehicle operators suffered due to the design of their controls 認知任務分析幫助 IDEO 的團隊了解接近和迷惑的問題，遙控車經營者困惑於控制方面的設計

22. Secondary Research WHY: This is a useful way to ground observations and to develop a point of view on the state of the art. HOW: Review published articles, papers, and other pertinent documents to develop an informed point of view on the design issues .

23. Secondary Research WHY: This is a useful way to ground observations and to develop a point of view on the state of the art. HOW: Review published articles, papers, and other pertinent documents to develop an informed point of view on the design issues . 次要的研究 為什麼：地面觀測 , 這是一個有用的方法，並制定點鑑於作品的狀況。 如何：審查發表的文章，文件，以及其他有關文件來建立一個知情的觀點在設計議題。

24. Secondary Research WHY: This is a useful way to ground observations and to develop a point of view on the state of the art. HOW: Review published articles, papers, and other pertinent documents to develop an informed point of view on the design issues . secondary 次要的 pertinent 相關的 次要的研究 為什麼：地面觀測 , 這是一個有用的方法，並制定點鑑於作品的狀況。 如何：審查發表的文章，文件，以及其他有關文件來建立一個知情的觀點在設計議題。

25. Understanding emergent social and technological trends helped an IDEO team to produce more relevant PDA concept 理解緊急社會和技術發展趨勢幫助 IDEO 公司團隊產生更多相關的 PDA 概念

26. Long-Range Forecasts HOW: Write up prose scenarios that describe how social and/or technological trends might influence people's behavior and the use of a product, service, or environment. WHY: Predicting changes in behavior, industry, or technology can help clients to understand the implications of design decisions.

27. Long-Range Forecasts HOW: Write up prose scenarios that describe how social and/or technological trends might influence people's behavior and the use of a product, service, or environment. WHY: Predicting changes in behavior, industry, or technology can help clients to understand the implications of design decisions. 長期的預測 如何：用情境散文來描述如何社會和 / 或 技術發展趨勢可能會影響人們的行為和使用一個 產品，服務，或環境。 為什麼：預測變化的行為，行業或技術可以幫助客戶了解其含義的設計決策

28. Long-Range Forecasts HOW: Write up prose scenarios that describe how social and/or technological trends might influence people's behavior and the use of a product, service, or environment. WHY: Predicting changes in behavior, industry, or technology can help clients to understand the implications of design decisions. long-range 長期的 forecasts 預測 prose 散文 predicting 預測 implications 含意 長期的預測 如何：用情境散文來描述如何社會和 / 或 技術發展趨勢可能會影響人們的行為和使用一個 產品，服務，或環境。 為什麼：預測變化的行為，行業或技術可以幫助客戶了解其含義的設計決策

29. In an effort to describe how changes in work behavior might affect design strategy , the IDEO team wrote up forecasts to consider future circumstances or context in office spaces 為了說明如何在工作行為的變化可能會影響設計的策略， IDEO 的團隊寫了預測來考慮未來的情況或辦公空間的條件下

30. Competitive Product Survey HOW: Collect, compare and conduct evaluations of the product's competition. WHY: This is a useful way to establish functional requirements, performance standards, and other benchmarks .

31. Competitive Product Survey HOW: Collect, compare and conduct evaluations of the product's competition. WHY: This is a useful way to establish functional requirements, performance standards, and other benchmarks . 競爭產品調查 如何：收集，比較和進行評價產品的競爭。 為什麼：這是一個有用的方法來建立功能要求，性能 標準和其他標準。

32. Competitive Product Survey HOW: Collect, compare and conduct evaluations of the product's competition. WHY: This is a useful way to establish functional requirements, performance standards, and other benchmarks . competitive 競爭 conduct 實施 進行 evaluations 評價 performance 性能 benchmarks 基準 競爭產品調查 如何：收集，比較和進行評價產品的競爭。 為什麼：這是一個有用的方法來建立功能要求，性能 標準和其他標準。

33. Developing a new soft drink, the IDEO design team surveyed the competition for functionality and form factor 開發一個新的飲料， IDEO 的設計團隊調查了競爭的功能和外形

34. Cross-Cultural Comparisons HOW: Use personal or published accounts to reveal differences in behaviors and artifacts between national or other cultural groups. WHY: This helps teams to understand various cultural factors and the implications for their projects when designing for unfamiliar or global markets.

35. Cross-Cultural Comparisons HOW: Use personal or published accounts to reveal differences in behaviors and artifacts between national or other cultural groups. WHY: This helps teams to understand various cultural factors and the implications for their projects when designing for unfamiliar or global markets. 跨文化比較 如何：使用個人或公開的帳戶來顯現出行為和國與國和文化群體之間工藝品的差異。 為什麼：這有助於球隊了解各種文化因素以及 影響了他們的案子當設計不熟悉的或全球 市場。

36. Cross-Cultural Comparisons HOW: Use personal or published accounts to reveal differences in behaviors and artifacts between national or other cultural groups. WHY: This helps teams to understand various cultural factors and the implications for their projects when designing for unfamiliar or global markets. cross-cultural 跨文化 reveal 展現出 現出 artifacts 工藝品 implications 牽連 影響 projects 案子 企劃 跨文化比較 如何：使用個人或公開的帳戶來顯現出行為和國與國和文化群體之間工藝品的差異。 為什麼：這有助於球隊了解各種文化因素以及 影響了他們的案子當設計不熟悉的或全球 市場。

37. In designing a messaging device for an international market, IDEO compared communication methods across culture 在設計為國際市場的傳訊息設備時， IDEO 比較跨文化溝通的方法

38. Affinity Diagrams HOW: Cluster design elements according to intuitive relationships such as similarity, dependence, proximity , etc. WHY: This method is a useful way to identify connections between issues and reveal innovation opportunities.

39. Affinity Diagrams HOW: Cluster design elements according to intuitive relationships such as similarity, dependence, proximity , etc. WHY: This method is a useful way to identify connections between issues and reveal innovation opportunities. 親和圖 如何：群集的設計元素依據直覺的關係，如相似性，依賴性，接近等 為什麼：此方法是一種有用的方法，以確定問題與揭示創新的機會之間的聯繫。

40. Affinity Diagrams HOW: Cluster design elements according to intuitive relationships such as similarity, dependence, proximity , etc. WHY: This method is a useful way to identify connections between issues and reveal innovation opportunities. affinity 親和 diagrams 圖表 cluster 群集 intuitive 直覺 proximity 接近 innovation 創新 親和圖 如何：群集的設計元素依據直覺的關係，如相似性，依賴性，接近等 為什麼：此方法是一種有用的方法，以確定問題與揭示創新的機會之間的聯繫。

41. Clustering the elements related to transporting the family helped the IDEO team to discover some significant opportunities for stroller design 收集有關家庭運輸的要素幫助 IDEO 的團隊發現了一些重要的機會 - 嬰兒車設計

42. Historical Analysis HOW: Compare features of an industry, organization, group. Market segment or practice through various stages of development. WHY: This method helps to identify trends and cycles of product use and customer behavior and to project those patterns into the future.

43. Historical Analysis HOW: Compare features of an industry, organization, group. Market segment or practice through various stages of development. WHY: This method helps to identify trends and cycles of product use and customer behavior and to project those patterns into the future. 歷史分析 如何：比較一個行業，組織，團體的特色。細分市場或嘗試通過不同的發展階段。 為什麼：這種方法有助於查明趨勢和產品的使用週期和客戶行為，並預測這些模式的未來。

44. Historical Analysis HOW: Compare features of an industry, organization, group. Market segment or practice through various stages of development. WHY: This method helps to identify trends and cycles of product use and customer behavior and to project those patterns into the future. features 特色 segment 分割 細分 cycles 週期 project 預測 歷史分析 如何：比較一個行業，組織，團體的特色。細分市場或嘗試通過不同的發展階段。 為什麼：這種方法有助於查明趨勢和產品的使用週期和客戶行為，並預測這些模式的未來。

45. A historical view of changes in chair design helped IDEO to define a common language and reference points for the client and the team 一個歷史的觀點在設計椅子上的變化，有助於 IDEO 確定客戶和團隊 共同的語言和參考點

46. Activity Analysis HOW: List or represent in detail all tasks, actions , objects, performers and interactions involved in a process. WHY: This is a useful way to identify and prioritize which stakeholders to interview as well as which issues to address .

47. Activity Analysis HOW: List or represent in detail all tasks, actions , objects, performers and interactions involved in a process. WHY: This is a useful way to identify and prioritize which stakeholders to interview as well as which issues to address . 活動分析 如何：列出或秀出詳細的各項任務，採取的行動 對象，參與者和互動參與的過程。 為什麼：這是一個有用的方法能夠區分和優先考慮接見哪一個利益相關者，以及哪些問題需要解決。

48. Activity Analysis HOW: List or represent in detail all tasks, actions , objects, performers and interactions involved in a process. WHY: This is a useful way to identify and prioritize which stakeholders to interview as well as which issues to address . interactions 互動 prioritize 優先考慮 stakeholder 利益相關者 address 對付 解決 活動分析 如何：列出或秀出詳細的各項任務，採取的行動 對象，參與者和互動參與的過程。 為什麼：這是一個有用的方法能夠區分和優先考慮接見哪一個利益相關者，以及哪些問題需要解決。

49. Analyzing the many activities and procedure involved in brushing teeth helped the IDEO team to understand some unanticipated needs and concerns 分析許多動作和程序包括刷牙 , 幫助 IDEO 的團隊來了解許多想像不到的需要和關切

50. 其中 Error Analysis 對這次產品設計的作業－介面設計 , 有相當大的幫助 , 在設計過程中要把所有使用者會犯的錯 , 都要排除掉 , 以達到淺顯易懂的使用者介面