The document describes several ethnographic research methods used by IDEO to understand user behaviors and design opportunities. These include personal inventories to catalog important personal items, shadowing and guided tours to observe daily routines and contexts, and behavioral mapping to track user movements and identify high traffic areas. Understanding social relationships and motivations behind certain activities provided insights for IDEO's designs.

1. IDEO Method Cards Look U9718033 潘郁茹

2. Personal Inventory 個人存貨 HOW: Document the things that people identify as important to them as a way of cataloging evidence of their lifestyles. WHY: This method is useful for revealing people's activities, perceptions , and values as well as patterns among them. For a project to design a handheld electronic device, the IDEO team asked people to show and describe the personal objects they handle and encounter every day. 作法： 紀錄 人們認為重要的東西作為 編目 他們生活方式證據的方法。 理由： 這個方法有益於 揭露 人們的行為、 感知 、價值觀以及其之間的模式。 針對一個手持電子器具的設計案， IDEO 團隊要求人們透露、描述他們每天拿及碰到的個人物品。

3. Rapid Ethnography 迅速人種誌法 HOW: Spend as much time as you can with people relevant to the design topic. Establish their trust in order to visit and/or participate in their natural habitat and witness specific activities. WHY: This is a good way to achieve a deep firsthand understanding of habits, rituals. natural language, and meanings around relevant activities and artifacts. In exploring opportunities for internet-enabled devices, an IDEO team spent time with families from different ethnic, economic, and educational backgrounds to learn about their daily patterns . 作法： 盡量在與設計主題相應的人們身上多花一點時間，建立他們的信任感，便於參觀或參與他們的自然行為及目睹 特定 行為。 理由： 這是個可深入取得習慣、儀式、自然語言及行為意涵的第一認知的好方法。 在探索網路設備的機會中，一個 IDEO 團隊花時間與不同種族、經濟、教育背景的家庭相處去學習他們的日常 模式 。

4. A Day in the Life HOW: Catalog the activities and contexts that users experience throughout an entire day. WHY: This is a useful way to reveal unanticipated issues inherent in the routines and circumstances people experi ence daily. IDEO asked potential wearers of a drug-delivery patch to document their daily behaviors including those that might affect the function of the patch – getting wet, snagging on clothing, etc. 編目使用者整天下來經歷的活動及 景況 。 這是一個揭露人們每天經歷的例行公事及情景中 意想不到 的問題的好方法。 IDEO 要求 potential wear of a drug-delivery patch 記錄他們每天行為包括那些可能影響 patch 功能 - 潮濕、卡衣服等等。

5. Behavioral Mapping 關於行為的繪製 HOW: Track the positions and movements of people within a space over time. WHY: Recording the pathways and traffic patterns of occupants of a space helps to define zones of different spatial behaviors. Tracking the paths of visitors helped designers to identify the traffic spots and the vacant, underused areas of a museum lobby. 隨時跟蹤人在空間之內的位置和移動。 記錄一空間的居住者的路徑和交通模式幫助定義不同空間的行為的 區域 。 跟蹤訪客路徑帮助設計師辨認交通斑點和博物館空置、未充分利用的區域。

6. Behavioral Archaeology 行為考古學 HOW: Look for the evidence of people's activities inherent In the placement, wear patterns, and organization of places and things. WHY: This reveals how artifacts and environments figure in people‘s lives, highlighting aspects of their lifestyle, habits, priorities and values. Noting that people efficiently organized multiple work tasks by stacking paper all over their desk surfaces, IDEO invented a brand-new system furniture element to support this. 尋找人們 固有 活動的地點的證據、穿着式樣、地方和事的組織。 這顯露人工製品和環境如何計算進人們生活，突顯他們的生活方式方面、習性、 優先權 和價值。 從人們 堆滿 紙張的書桌表面注意到他們高效率地組織了 複雜的 工作任務， IDEO 發明一個全新的系統家具元素支持此。

7. HOW: Set up a time-lapse camera to record movements in a space over an extended period of time. 做法： 設置一個慢頻攝像相機長時間的記錄一個場所裡的動靜。 Time-Lapse Video 慢頻攝像技術 WHY: Useful for providing an objective, longitudinal view of activity within a context. 理由： 有益於提供對於情境中的活動一個客觀、 縱觀性的 看法。 The IDEO team recorded the activity of museum visitors over several days to Iearn how to improve space layout . IDEO 團隊連續幾天紀錄博物館參觀者的活動情形來學習如何改善空間設計。

8. Fly on the Wall HOW: Observe and record behavior within its context, without interfering with people's activities. WHY: It is useful to see what people actually do within real contexts and time frames, rather than accept what they say they did after the fact. By spending time in an operating room, IDEO designers witnessed the regard with which the surgeons treated a transplant organ and incorporated these ideas into the transport box they were designing. 在沒有干涉人們活動的情況下觀察並且記錄景況內的行為。 益於看見人們在真實景況和時間內實際做的，而不是接受事後他們說他們做了什麼。 花時間在手術室， IDEO 設計師目擊了外科醫生專注的對待移植器官並且 合併 這些想法到他們設計的運輸箱子。

9. Guided Tours HOW: Accompany participants on a guided tour of the project-relevant spaces and activities they experience. WHY: Making an exploration of objects and actions in situ helps people recall their intentions and values. By following users through their homes, the IDEO team understood the various motivations behind ways photographs are used and stored. 伴隨參加者經歷有與計畫相應的空間及活動之引導遊覽。 在原處做事物及行動的探索幫助人們回想他們的 意圖 和價值。 藉跟隨使用者通往他們家， IDEO 團隊了解影像使用與存放方式背後各式各樣的 動機 。

10. Shadowing HOW: Tag along with people to observe and understand their day-to-day routines, interactions, and contexts. WHY: This is a valuable way to reveal design opportunities and show how a product might affect or complement users‘ behavior. The IDEO team accompanied truckers on their routes in order to understand how they might be affected by a device capable of detecting their drowsiness . 跟隨、 標記 人們，觀察和瞭解他們的每日例行、相互作用和前後關係。 這是一個有價值的方式，其顯露設計機會和顯示一個產品如何可能影響或補全使用者行為。 IDEO 團隊一路伴隨他們的卡車司機為了瞭解他們如何可能受到能夠查出他們的 睡意 的設備影響。

11. Still-Photo Survey 連續拍攝 HOW: Follow a pIanned shooting script and capture pictures of specific objects, activities, etc. WHY: The team can us e this visual evidenc e to uncover patterns of behavior and perceptions related to a particular product or context, as well as structure and inspire design Ideas. For a faucet design the team documented all the situations in which people accessed water. 跟著計劃好的拍攝 腳本 並捕捉特定物件、行為等等的畫面。 團隊可使用這個視覺證據去揭露行為模式及感知和特定產品或景況甚至結構的相關聯，並啟發設計想法。 為了一個 水龍頭 設計案，團隊紀錄所有人們取水會遇到的情況。

12. Social Network Mapping 社交網對應繪製 HOW: Notice different kinds of social relationships within a user group and map the network of their interactions. WHY: This is a useful way to understand interpersonal and professional relationship structures within workgroups. Understanding the social relationships within a workplace helped IDEO to articulate how environment design could support these important connections. 作用： 注意使用者族群中各種不同的社交關係並繪製他們的相互作用網。 這是個益於了解工作團隊中 人際的 和專業的關聯結構的方法。 了解一個工作場所的社交關係幫助 IDEO 明確表達環境設計如何能支持這些重要連結。

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