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Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology Reusability and Reusable Design  許廷祥
網路英語閱讀及詞彙自學中心http://elearning.eng.ntnu.edu.tw/index.php?page=link 英文中國郵報 http://www.chinapost.com.tw/ 台北時報 http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/ 雙語學生郵報 http://www.studentpost.com.tw/ 讀者文摘 http://www.readersdigest.co.uk/ 時代雜誌 http://www.time.com/time/ 紐約時報http://www.nytimes.com/ USA Today http://www.usatoday.com/ 免費學習電子週報 http://www.path2english.com/ 光華雜誌英文版 http://www.sinorama.com.tw/ 空中英語教室 http://www.studioclassroom.com.tw/ 長春藤解析英語網站 http://www.ivy.com.tw/ 階梯英語學習網 http://www.ladder.com.tw/ Eztalk美語會話雜誌 http://www.eztalk.to/ 遠東高中英文學習網站 http://www.hsenglish.com.tw/ 英文GoStudy http://english.gostudy.com.tw/ 魔法 ABC http://www.tvpark.com.tw/ 語言家教學網 http://www.linguist.com.tw/ Just Talk http://www.justtalk.com.tw/ 黛西的生活美語 http://daisyland.tierranet.com/english.htm 網路英語學園 http://192.192.186.8/seal/ ALE網路美語 http://www.ale.com.tw/ale_online/index.php 奇摩英文字典 http://tw.dictionary.yahoo.com/ 線上字典 http://www.justtalk.com.tw/dict/LookupDic.asp 顏元叔教授主編網路 英英/英漢辭典 http://www.onlinedict.com/ 遠東英漢/漢英 線上電子字典 http://www.ee.tku.edu.tw/~rexchen/cdict/cdict.html 英漢字典 http://www.ok88.com/go/svc/ecdict.html 大英百科全書及韋氏字典 http://www.britannica.com/ 英文名句 http://www.quotationspage.com/  About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts
Don ‘t reinvent the wheel About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts
Don ‘t reinvent the wheel About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts
About Reusability About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts
Reusability About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 開發者可以多次使用 需要的教師可以納入做為教學 需要的學生可以獲取利用
Reusability About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts Can I find it ?
Reusability About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts Can I find it ? May I use it ?
Reusability About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work?
Reusability About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work? Can I use it in a way that works for me?
About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts AICC(Aircraft Industries CBT Committee) 航空產業電腦輔助訓練委員會 IMS(IMS Global Learning Consortium) 全球學習聯盟 IEEE (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 電子電機工程師協會 DCMI (Dublin Core Metadata Initiative) 都柏林核心詮釋資料組織 ADL (Advanced Distributed Learning) 先進分散式學習先導計劃
SCORM About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 「Don ‘t reinvent the wheel 」 內容模式(Content Model) 元資料(Metadata) 課程內容包裝(Content Packaging)
SCORM About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 內容模式(Content Model) Asset(教材資產): 這是可以由Web瀏覽器讀取的檔。比如普通文字檔案、HTML、GIF、小程式、基於應用程式的插件(plugin)…等。 Sharable Content Object(共用式內容物件): 各種教材元素的集合,因此是一份獨立的教材(instructional material)。
SCORM About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 內容模式(Content Model) 由SCO組成不同課程(Learning Systems Architecture Lab, SCORM Best Practices  Guide for Content Developers, Carnegie Mellon University, 2002)
SCORM About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 元資料(Metadata) General:課程標題、描述、建立日期、版本等。 Lifecycle:物件目前完工狀態,修改日期、修改者姓名等。 Meta-metadata:描述metadata本身的相關資訊 由誰輸入這些metadata、何時輸入、用來輸入metadata的語言等資訊。 Technical:描述技術需求與此資源的特性 需要哪些附加軟體才能讀取、檔案大小與儲存位置等。 Educational:描述此資源教學或教育上的特性 例如本課程的講師、屬於互動性課程或是自我閱讀性課程、適合的學習者年齡或是學歷、課程難易程度、預估學習時間…等。
SCORM About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 元資料(Metadata) Rights:描述使用此資源的權限或其他限制 例如是否需付費、此課程是否有任何版權限制…等。 Relation:描述此資源和其他標的資源之間的關係 例如這個課程是否是其他課程的一部份…等。 Annotation:提供在教育環境上使用此資源的建議,以及此資源由誰、何時所建立…等資訊。 Classification:描述此資源屬於哪一個系統領域類別。
SCORM About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 課程內容包裝(Content Packaging) coursename.html: 讀取此課程之主要檔案。 coursename.xml: 記錄此課程一般性之metadata。 imsmanifest.xml: 記錄一個課程的組成結構、各種學習資源的存放位置,以及其他相關的metadata,也可記錄SCO或Assets的讀取順序。
About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts Can I find it ?
Metadata About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 描述資料的資料 1.基本描述元資料( Basic descriptive metadata ): 題目、作者、學科、關鍵字 2.背景元資料( Contextual metadata ): 學習目標、困難度 3.版權元資料( Rights metadata ): 版權訊息、權利人 4.技術元資料( Technical metadata ): 格式、平台、軟體 5.使用訊息( Usage information ): 文件、指南
About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts May I use it ?
Rights About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts Copyleftv.sCopyright
Rights About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 事後授權 著作標示權利人與聯絡方式
Creative Commons About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 姓名標示 非商業性 禁止改作 相同方式分享 http://creativecommons.org/
Creative Commons About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts http://creativecommons.org/license/
About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts Will it work ?
Interoperability About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 跨平台廣泛運用 不限於某種瀏覽器 物件不需依賴其他插件或軟體播放
About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts Can I use it in a way that works for me?
OPEN About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 開放原始檔,供他人所需修改。
Edu Teacher About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts http://teacher.educities.edu.tw/
OOPS About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 麻省理工學院	 約翰霍普金斯大學 猶他州立大學		 塔夫斯大學		 帕迪霞教授的開放式金屬與合金資源庫	 日本開放式課程網頁聯盟		 巴黎高科開放式課程		 哈佛進修學院遠距教育計畫	 台灣交通大學開放式課程 http://www.myoops.org/twocw/index.htm
OOPS-MIT About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts http://www.myoops.org/twocw/mit/Brain-and-Cognitive-Sciences/index.htm
OOPS-MIT About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts http://www.myoops.org/twocw/mit/Brain-and-Cognitive-Sciences/index.htm
About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts Reusable Design
Reusable Design About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 創作出能在不同背景狀況與使用方式的內容 創作出可在內容製作中重覆利用的內容
Reusable Design About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts Content 要傳遞的訊息,不是文字、圖片、影像等媒介。 Context 語言、文化、學科先備知識。 對學習者背景越了解,越能開發出有效的教材資源; 但容易降低再利用性。 解決方式: 1.使用適合任何背景的語言、圖片等媒介 2.需能在線上使用,否則最好找尋替代物件 3.元件不受情境影響,能獨立運用在不同教材上 4.內容要依據網路無障礙指南製作 5.使用多國語言
Reusable Design About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts Pedagogy 為單一情況或教學策略設計的資源其再利用性會受到限制。 Structure 概念單元─內容:前言、解說、例子、結論 物質單元─媒體:網頁、PPT、段落 學習對象與內容模型 組成學習資源的單元各自獨立,每一部份針對一個學習目標, 就能提高再利用性。 Learnativity Group 提出的 Granularity and Reuse (p.307)
Reusable Design About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts Presentation 內容呈現的樣貌和整體的感覺。 對再利用的影響: 1.過多呈現方式造成整體的不協調 2.呈現元素可能包含情境因素,某種文化標語、字體、風格等。 提高再利用性的方式: 運用內容與呈現方式分離的格式,如HTML(XHTML)。
eXe About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts http://exelearning.org/FrontPage
Reload About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts http://www.reload.ac.uk/editor.html
About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts Final Thoughts
Final Thoughts About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 電腦教學的素材,不像圖書館擁有完整的分類和目錄, 所以呈現混亂的局面,無法長期、有效的使用。 當多媒體內容越符合SCORM規範, 越容易被找尋、越容易使用、越容易操作、越容易編改, 再利用就越容易。
About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts END

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SCORM

  • 1. Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology Reusability and Reusable Design 許廷祥
  • 2. 網路英語閱讀及詞彙自學中心http://elearning.eng.ntnu.edu.tw/index.php?page=link 英文中國郵報 http://www.chinapost.com.tw/ 台北時報 http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/ 雙語學生郵報 http://www.studentpost.com.tw/ 讀者文摘 http://www.readersdigest.co.uk/ 時代雜誌 http://www.time.com/time/ 紐約時報http://www.nytimes.com/ USA Today http://www.usatoday.com/ 免費學習電子週報 http://www.path2english.com/ 光華雜誌英文版 http://www.sinorama.com.tw/ 空中英語教室 http://www.studioclassroom.com.tw/ 長春藤解析英語網站 http://www.ivy.com.tw/ 階梯英語學習網 http://www.ladder.com.tw/ Eztalk美語會話雜誌 http://www.eztalk.to/ 遠東高中英文學習網站 http://www.hsenglish.com.tw/ 英文GoStudy http://english.gostudy.com.tw/ 魔法 ABC http://www.tvpark.com.tw/ 語言家教學網 http://www.linguist.com.tw/ Just Talk http://www.justtalk.com.tw/ 黛西的生活美語 http://daisyland.tierranet.com/english.htm 網路英語學園 http://192.192.186.8/seal/ ALE網路美語 http://www.ale.com.tw/ale_online/index.php 奇摩英文字典 http://tw.dictionary.yahoo.com/ 線上字典 http://www.justtalk.com.tw/dict/LookupDic.asp 顏元叔教授主編網路 英英/英漢辭典 http://www.onlinedict.com/ 遠東英漢/漢英 線上電子字典 http://www.ee.tku.edu.tw/~rexchen/cdict/cdict.html 英漢字典 http://www.ok88.com/go/svc/ecdict.html 大英百科全書及韋氏字典 http://www.britannica.com/ 英文名句 http://www.quotationspage.com/ About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts
  • 3. Don ‘t reinvent the wheel About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts
  • 4. Don ‘t reinvent the wheel About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts
  • 5. About Reusability About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts
  • 6. Reusability About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 開發者可以多次使用 需要的教師可以納入做為教學 需要的學生可以獲取利用
  • 7. Reusability About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts Can I find it ?
  • 8. Reusability About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts Can I find it ? May I use it ?
  • 9. Reusability About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work?
  • 10. Reusability About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work? Can I use it in a way that works for me?
  • 11. About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts AICC(Aircraft Industries CBT Committee) 航空產業電腦輔助訓練委員會 IMS(IMS Global Learning Consortium) 全球學習聯盟 IEEE (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 電子電機工程師協會 DCMI (Dublin Core Metadata Initiative) 都柏林核心詮釋資料組織 ADL (Advanced Distributed Learning) 先進分散式學習先導計劃
  • 12. SCORM About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 「Don ‘t reinvent the wheel 」 內容模式(Content Model) 元資料(Metadata) 課程內容包裝(Content Packaging)
  • 13. SCORM About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 內容模式(Content Model) Asset(教材資產): 這是可以由Web瀏覽器讀取的檔。比如普通文字檔案、HTML、GIF、小程式、基於應用程式的插件(plugin)…等。 Sharable Content Object(共用式內容物件): 各種教材元素的集合,因此是一份獨立的教材(instructional material)。
  • 14. SCORM About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 內容模式(Content Model) 由SCO組成不同課程(Learning Systems Architecture Lab, SCORM Best Practices Guide for Content Developers, Carnegie Mellon University, 2002)
  • 15. SCORM About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 元資料(Metadata) General:課程標題、描述、建立日期、版本等。 Lifecycle:物件目前完工狀態,修改日期、修改者姓名等。 Meta-metadata:描述metadata本身的相關資訊 由誰輸入這些metadata、何時輸入、用來輸入metadata的語言等資訊。 Technical:描述技術需求與此資源的特性 需要哪些附加軟體才能讀取、檔案大小與儲存位置等。 Educational:描述此資源教學或教育上的特性 例如本課程的講師、屬於互動性課程或是自我閱讀性課程、適合的學習者年齡或是學歷、課程難易程度、預估學習時間…等。
  • 16. SCORM About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 元資料(Metadata) Rights:描述使用此資源的權限或其他限制 例如是否需付費、此課程是否有任何版權限制…等。 Relation:描述此資源和其他標的資源之間的關係 例如這個課程是否是其他課程的一部份…等。 Annotation:提供在教育環境上使用此資源的建議,以及此資源由誰、何時所建立…等資訊。 Classification:描述此資源屬於哪一個系統領域類別。
  • 17. SCORM About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 課程內容包裝(Content Packaging) coursename.html: 讀取此課程之主要檔案。 coursename.xml: 記錄此課程一般性之metadata。 imsmanifest.xml: 記錄一個課程的組成結構、各種學習資源的存放位置,以及其他相關的metadata,也可記錄SCO或Assets的讀取順序。
  • 18. About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts Can I find it ?
  • 19. Metadata About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 描述資料的資料 1.基本描述元資料( Basic descriptive metadata ): 題目、作者、學科、關鍵字 2.背景元資料( Contextual metadata ): 學習目標、困難度 3.版權元資料( Rights metadata ): 版權訊息、權利人 4.技術元資料( Technical metadata ): 格式、平台、軟體 5.使用訊息( Usage information ): 文件、指南
  • 20. About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts May I use it ?
  • 21. Rights About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts Copyleftv.sCopyright
  • 22. Rights About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 事後授權 著作標示權利人與聯絡方式
  • 23. Creative Commons About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 姓名標示 非商業性 禁止改作 相同方式分享 http://creativecommons.org/
  • 24. Creative Commons About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts http://creativecommons.org/license/
  • 25. About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts Will it work ?
  • 26. Interoperability About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 跨平台廣泛運用 不限於某種瀏覽器 物件不需依賴其他插件或軟體播放
  • 27. About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts Can I use it in a way that works for me?
  • 28. OPEN About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 開放原始檔,供他人所需修改。
  • 29. Edu Teacher About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts http://teacher.educities.edu.tw/
  • 30. OOPS About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 麻省理工學院 約翰霍普金斯大學 猶他州立大學 塔夫斯大學 帕迪霞教授的開放式金屬與合金資源庫 日本開放式課程網頁聯盟 巴黎高科開放式課程 哈佛進修學院遠距教育計畫 台灣交通大學開放式課程 http://www.myoops.org/twocw/index.htm
  • 31. OOPS-MIT About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts http://www.myoops.org/twocw/mit/Brain-and-Cognitive-Sciences/index.htm
  • 32. OOPS-MIT About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts http://www.myoops.org/twocw/mit/Brain-and-Cognitive-Sciences/index.htm
  • 33. About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts Reusable Design
  • 34. Reusable Design About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 創作出能在不同背景狀況與使用方式的內容 創作出可在內容製作中重覆利用的內容
  • 35. Reusable Design About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts Content 要傳遞的訊息,不是文字、圖片、影像等媒介。 Context 語言、文化、學科先備知識。 對學習者背景越了解,越能開發出有效的教材資源; 但容易降低再利用性。 解決方式: 1.使用適合任何背景的語言、圖片等媒介 2.需能在線上使用,否則最好找尋替代物件 3.元件不受情境影響,能獨立運用在不同教材上 4.內容要依據網路無障礙指南製作 5.使用多國語言
  • 36. Reusable Design About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts Pedagogy 為單一情況或教學策略設計的資源其再利用性會受到限制。 Structure 概念單元─內容:前言、解說、例子、結論 物質單元─媒體:網頁、PPT、段落 學習對象與內容模型 組成學習資源的單元各自獨立,每一部份針對一個學習目標, 就能提高再利用性。 Learnativity Group 提出的 Granularity and Reuse (p.307)
  • 37. Reusable Design About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts Presentation 內容呈現的樣貌和整體的感覺。 對再利用的影響: 1.過多呈現方式造成整體的不協調 2.呈現元素可能包含情境因素,某種文化標語、字體、風格等。 提高再利用性的方式: 運用內容與呈現方式分離的格式,如HTML(XHTML)。
  • 38. eXe About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts http://exelearning.org/FrontPage
  • 39. Reload About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts http://www.reload.ac.uk/editor.html
  • 40. About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts Final Thoughts
  • 41. Final Thoughts About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts 電腦教學的素材,不像圖書館擁有完整的分類和目錄, 所以呈現混亂的局面,無法長期、有效的使用。 當多媒體內容越符合SCORM規範, 越容易被找尋、越容易使用、越容易操作、越容易編改, 再利用就越容易。
  • 42. About Reusability Can I find it ? May I use it ? Will it work ? Can I use it ? Reusable Design Final Thoughts END