The document is an overview of information technology, covering key concepts such as information processing, computer systems, networks, and software engineering. It discusses the evolution and classification of computers, the role of informatics, and the importance of data management technologies in organizations. Additionally, it highlights the historical context of information technology development and its pervasive impact on society.

1. NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY
NEU COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTIONTO INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW OF INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY

2. LECTURER
MSC. PHAMTHAO
Senior Lecture
📞 0966 986 689
📩 thaop@neu.edu.vn
https://fit.neu.edu.vn/lecturer/th-s-pham-thao

3. CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW OF INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
https://fit.neu.edu.vn/syllabus/K66/en/EP17.CNTT1116
• 1.1.1. Information - Data
• 1.1.2. Information Processing
• 1.1.3. Information Systems
1.1. Information and Information Processing
• 1.2.1. Concept of Electronic Computers
• 1.2.2. History of Computer Development
• 1.2.3. Classification of Computers
1.2. Electronic Computers
• 1.3.1. Informatics
• 1.3.2. Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
• 1.3.3. History and Development Trends of IT
1.3. Information Technology
• 1.4.1. Hardware
• 1.4.2. Software
1.4. Computer Hardware and Software
• 1.5.1. Concept and History of Computer Networks
• 1.5.2.Types of Computer Networks
• 1.5.3. Basic Components
• 1.5.4.The Internet
1.5. Computer Networks
• 1.6.1. Concept
• 1.6.2. Problem-Solving Process
• 1.6.3. Solution Methods
• 1.6.4.Algorithms
1.6. Problem Solving with Computers

4. 1.3. INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
1.3.1. INFORMATICS
 Informatics is the study of computational systems.According to the ACM Europe Council and
Informatics Europe, informatics is synonymous with computer science and computing as a profession,
where the central concept is the transformation of information. In some contexts, the term "informatics"
may also have different meanings, such as in social computing or library science.
 Informatics is a scientific discipline focused on information processing and system engineering. It studies
the structure, algorithms, behavior, and interactions of natural and artificial systems that store, process,
access, and communicate information.
 Informatics also involves the use of technology, such as computers and software, to collect, store,
analyze, and disseminate information.The field encompasses both the theoretical and practical aspects of
designing and developing information technology for the benefit of individuals, organizations, and society.
 The term "informatics" is often used interchangeably with other terms such as information systems,
information science, information theory, information engineering, information technology, and
information processing.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics

5. 1.3. INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
1.3.1. INFORMATICS
 Computing refers to any goal-oriented activity that requires, benefits from, or results in
the creation of computing machinery.
 It involves the study and experimentation of algorithmic processes, as well as the
development of both hardware and software.
 Computing encompasses scientific, engineering, mathematical, technological, and social
dimensions.
 The major computing disciplines include computer engineering, computer science,
cybersecurity, data science, information systems, information technology, and software
engineering.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics

6. 1.3. INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
1.3.1. INFORMATICS
• CE (Computer Engineering)
• CS (Computer Science)
• IS (Information System)
• IT (Information Technology)
• SE (Software Engineering) Informatics
CE
(Computer
Engineering)
CS
(Computer
Science)
IS
(Information
System)
IT
(Information
Technology)
SE
(Software
Engineering)

7. 1.3. INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
1.3.1. INFORMATICS
CE (Computer
Engineering)
• Computer engineering is a branch of computer science
and electronic engineering that integrates several fields
of computer science and electronic engineering required
to develop computer hardware and software.
• Computer engineering usually deals with areas including
writing software and firmware for embedded
microcontrollers, designing VLSI chips, analog sensors,
mixed signal circuit boards, and operating systems.

8. 1.3. INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
1.3.1. INFORMATICS
CS (Computer
Science)
• Computer science is the study of algorithms and their
complexity. Here, the term “complexity” means the
amount of effort (that is, physical resources such as
time, space, and energy) required to solve a given
mathematical problem, as a function of the size of the
problem.
• On the mathematical conception of computer science,
computer science is a branch of mathematics, its
methods are aprioristic and deductive, and its aims are
to develop useful algorithms and to realize these in
computer programs.

9. 1.3. INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
1.3.1. INFORMATICS
SE (Software Engineering)
• According to the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), software engineering is concerned with
developing and maintaining software systems that behave reliably and efficiently, are affordable to develop and
maintain, and satisfy all the requirements that customers have defined for them [ACM 2006]. IEEE dsystematic,
disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of softwareefines software
engineering more succinctly as “a.”
• Software engineering (SE) emerged as a discipline in the late 70s and early 80s
• Software Engineering is a multidisciplinary discipline involving different social and technological features.
• To understand how software engineers maintain complex software systems, it is necessary to investigate not
only the tools and processes they use but also the cognitive and social processes surrounding them.
• It requires the study of human activities.We need to understand how software engineers individually develop
software as well as how teams and organizations coordinate their efforts
• Software engineering is an evolving engineering discipline. It deals with systematic approaches to building large
software systems by teams of programmers.We have given a brief review of the essential elements of
software engineering including product-related issues such as requirements, design, and validation, and
process-related issues including process models and their assessment.
Mehdi Jazayeri, in Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology (Third Editio
2003
Paulo Sérgio Medeiros dos Santos, Guilherme Horta Travassos, in
Advances in Computers, 2011

10. 1.3. INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
1.3.1. INFORMATICS
IS
(Information
System)
•An information system contains information about an organization and its
surrounding environment.Three basic activities—input, processing, and output—
produce the information organizations need.
•Feedback is output returned to appropriate people or activities in the organization
to evaluate and refine the input. Environmental actors, such as customers, suppliers,
competitors, stockholders, and regulatory agencies, interact with the organization
and its information systems.
• Information Systems: activities produce required information
• Input: Captures raw data from organization or external environment
• Processing: Converts data into meaningful form
• Output:Transfers processed information to people or activities that use it
• Feedback: Output returned to appropriate members of organization to
help evaluate or correct input stage

11. 1.3. INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
1.3.1. INFORMATICS
What is Information Technology
(IT)
• Information technology can be broadly defined as the use of computers, software (operating
system/tools and application), communications, and networks to ensure that the information needs of
an organization are being satisfied
Information technology, (IT)
• Information Technology (IT) is about computing hardware and software applied to enterprise needs.
• Is the technology component of an information system or the collection of the computing systems in
an organization (Turban et al., 2008).
IT covers
• Information technology (IT) covers any form of technology, that is, any equipment or technique used
by a company, institution, or any other organization which handles information. It incorporates
computing, telecommunication technologies, and includes consumer electronics and broadcasting as it
is getting more and more digitized
IT is:
• Hardware: physical component
• Software: instruction control Hardware
• Data management technology
• Network and telecommunications technology
• Network: Hardware + Software link computers
• Internet: Network to provide services
• WWW: service to store retrieve information
• IT infrastructure: platform that the firm can built on its IS

12. 1.3. INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
1.3.1. INFORMATICS
More about
Information
Technology (IT)
• Information technology will collaborate with
production engineering, production, distribution, sales,
and field services to implement necessary changes to
systems to support the new product.
• Information technology will work with enterprise
architecture, production engineering, and production
to implement new or changed capability unit business
processes.
• Information Technology (IT) is one of the most
rapidly evolving, widely used, and pervasive high
technologies in the world today.

13. 1.3. INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
1.3.2. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES (ICT)
Information and
communication
technologies (ICT)
• ICT, or information and communications technology (or
technologies), is the infrastructure and components that enable
modern computing.Among the goals of IC technologies, tools and
systems is to improve the way humans create, process and share data
or information with each other.
• Allowing and accompanying the development of Internet, by giving
access to incomparable transmission capacity required by massive
data transportation
• Since years, the research community in electronics, Radio Frequency
(RF) components/platforms, system integration and engineering, as
well as Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is spurred
by drivers like the Internet of Things (IoT)
• The exceptional growth of ICT (Information and Communication
Technologies) allowed scientists to create new smart
instrumentation.

14. 1.3. INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
1.3.2. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES (ICT)

15. 1.3. INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
1.3.2. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES (ICT)
• Transmission Type and Timing
– Serial
• Data sent one bit at
a time, one after
another, along a
single path
– Parallel
• Data sent at least one
byte at time with each
bit in the byte taking a
different path
• Synchronous Transmission
– Blocks of data are transferred at regular, specified intervals
– Most data transmissions within a computer and over a
network are synchronous
• Asynchronous Transmission
– Data is sent when ready without being synchronized
– Start bits and stop bits used to identify the bits that belong in each byte
• Isochronous Transmission
– Data sent at the same time as other, related, data

16. 1.3. INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
1.3.3. HISTORY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
 Information technology (IT) is a set of related fields that encompass computer
systems, software, programming languages, and data and information processing,
and storage.[1]
IT forms part of information and communications technology (ICT)
 Ideas of computer science were first mentioned before the 1950s under the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, where they
had discussed and began thinking of computer circuits and numerical calculations.
As time went on, the field of information technology and computer science
became more complex and was able to handle the processing of more data.
 The development of the personal computer (PC) in the 1970s, and the emergence
of information and communications technology (ICT)

17. 1.3. INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
1.3.3. HISTORY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
 By the year of 1984, according to the National Westminster Bank Quarterly
Review, the term information technology had been redefined as "The
development of cable television was made possible by the convergence of
telecommunications and computing technology (…generally known in Britain
as information technology).
 Innovations in technology have already revolutionized the world by the twenty-
first century as people were able to access different online services.
 This has changed the workforce drastically as thirty percent of U.S. workers
were already in careers in this profession. 136.9 million people were personally
connected to the Internet