ethics

1. 1-1
Chapter 1:
Catalysts for Change
ISEC 610:
Information Systems Ethics and
Security
1-1

2. 1-2
1-2
Organization of Chapter
• 1-1 Introduction
• 1-2 Milestones in computing
• 1-3 Milestones in networking
• 1-4 Information technology issues

3. 1-3
1-3
1.1 Introduction
Information Age
• Characterized by unprecedented access to
information
• Catalysts
– Low-cost computers
– High-speed communication networks
• Examples of advances in past two decades
– Cell phones
– Email
– World Wide Web
– MP3 players

4. 1-4
1-4
1.1 Introduction (cont.)
Technology and Values
• Dynamic between people, technology
– People adopt technology
– Technology changes society
• Different ways people are affected by technology
– Physical changes (e.g., pains accompany the use of
laptops)
– Psychological changes (e.g., cell phones make you feel
safer)
• Technologies can solve problems, create new problems
– Automobile
– Refrigerator and the Ozone Layer
– Low-cost international communication
– Nuclear weapons and radiation the Ozone Layer

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1-5
Control over New Technologies
• People can control whether to adopt new
technology
– Nuclear power moratorium in United States
– Nuclear power advances in rest of world
• People can influence rate at which technologies
are developed
– Intellectual property laws (make money from creativity)
– Tax structure (accumulate great wealth)
1.1 Introduction (cont.)

6. 1-6
1-6
1.2 Milestones in Computing
• Aids to manual calculating
• Mechanical calculators
• Cash register
• Punched card tabulation
• Precursors of commercial computers
• First commercial computers
• Programming languages and time-sharing
• Transistor and integrated circuit
• IBM System/360
• Microprocessor
• Personal computer

7. 1-7
1-7
Aids to Manual Calculating
• The three important aids to manual calculating are:
– tablet,
– the abacus,
– and mathematical tables
• Tables of logarithms (17th
century)
• Income tax tables (today).
• However, even with them manual calculating is
slow, tedious, and error-prone.

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1-8
Early Mechanical Calculators
• Calculators (from 17th
– 19th
century)
• Social Change  Market for Calculators
– Gilded Age (late 19th
century America)
• Rapid industrialization
• Economic expansion
• Concentration of corporate power
– New, larger corporations
• Multiple layers of management
• Multiple locations
• Needed up-to-date, comprehensive,
reliable, and affordable information

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1-9
Early Mechanical Calculators
• Calculator Adoptions  Social Change
– Fierce competition in calculator market
• Continuous improvements in size, speed, ease of use
• Sales increased rapidly
– “Deskilling” and feminization of bookkeeping
• People of average ability quite productive
• Calculators 6 faster than adding by hand
• Wages dropped
• Women replaced men

10. 1-10
1-10
Cash Register
• Store owners of late 1800s faced problems
– Keeping accurate sales records for
department stores
– Preventing embezzlement from clerks
• Response to problems: cash register
– Created printed, itemized receipts
– Maintained printed log of transactions
– Rang bell every time drawer was opened

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1-11
Tabulators  Data-processing Systems
• Punched cards (late 19th
century)
– One record per card
– Cards could be sorted into groups, allowing
computation of subtotals by categories
• Early adopters
– U.S. Bureau of the Census
– Railroads
– Retail organizations
– Heavy industries
• Data-processing system
– Receives input data
– Performs one or more calculations
– Produces output data

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1-12
First Commercial Computers
• Precursors of Commercial Computers
– Small-Scale Experimental Machine: CRT memory. A
fully electronic computer system that had both
program and data stored in its memory. It
successfully executed its first program in 1948.
• Remington-Rand
– Completed UNIVAC in 1951
– Delivered to U.S. Bureau of the Census
– Predicted winner of 1952 Pres. Election
• IBM (entered the commercial market in 1953)
– Larger base of customers
– Far superior sales and marketing organization
– Greater investment in research and development
– Dominated mainframe market by mid-1960s

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1-13
Programming Languages
• Assembly language
– Symbolic representations of machine instructions
– Programs just as long as machine language programs
• FORTRAN (1957)
– First higher-level language (shorter programs)
– Designed for scientific applications
• COBOL (1959)
– U.S. Department of Defense standard
– Designed for business applications

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1-14
Time-Sharing Systems and BASIC
• Time-Sharing Systems (In the early 1960s)
– Divide computer time among multiple users
– Users connect to computer via terminals
– Cost of ownership spread among more people
– Gave many more people access to computers
• BASIC (In the early 1960s)
– Developed at Dartmouth College
– Simple, easy-to-learn programming language
– Popular language for teaching programming

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1-15
Other Advances
• Transistor
– Replacement for vacuum tube
– Invented at Bell Labs (1948)
• Semiconductor
– Faster
– Cheaper
– More reliable
– More energy-efficient
• Integrated Circuit : Semiconductor containing transistors,
capacitors, and resistors
– Advantages over parts they replaced
• Smaller
• Faster
• More reliable
• Less expensive

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1-16
IBM System/360
• Before System/360
– IBM dominated mainframe market in 1960s
– IBM computers were incompatible
– Switch computers  rewrite programs
• System/360 (1964)
– Series of 19 computers with varying levels of
power
– All computers could run same programs -
Compatible
– Upgrade without rewriting programs

17. 1-17
1-17
Microprocessor and Personal Computer
• Microprocessor: Computer inside a single
semiconductor chip
– Invented in 1970 at Intel
– Made personal computers practical
• Example of first PCs
– Altair 8800 (1975)
– Personal computers become popular
• Apple Computer: Apple II
– Developments draw businesses to personal
computers
• IBM launches IBM PC

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1-18
1-3 Milestones in Networking
• Discoveries in electromagnetism (early 1800s)
• Telegraph (1844)
– A telegraph is a machine used to transmit messages
in the form of electrical impulses that can be converted
into data
• Telephone (1876)
• Typewriter and teletype (1873, 1908)
In 1908 a typewriter was modified to print a message transmitted over a
telegraph line; the inventors called the invention, a teletype
• Radio (1895)
• Television (1927)

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1-19
Other Milestones in Networking
• Remote computing (1940)
• ARPANET - Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (1969)
• Email (1972)
• Internet (1983)
– network of networks communicating using TCP/IP
• Broadband (2000)
• Broadband
– High-speed Internet connection
– At least 10x faster than dial-up connection
– Enhanced by fiber optic networks
– South Korea is the world leader in broadband
networking.3/4 of homes have broadband connections

20. 1-20
1-20
Other Milestones in Networking
• Newspapers
• Graphical User Interface
• World Wide Web (1990)
– Protocols based on TCP/IP  general
– Later browsers
• Mosaic
• Netscape Navigator
• Netscape Mozilla
• Microsoft Internet Explorer (most popular)
• Search Engines - Google, AltaVista, MSN
• Information Technology

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1-21
Information Technology
• Definition: Devices used in creation,
storage, manipulation, dissemination of
data, sound, and/or images
• Examples: Computers, telephones, video
cameras, MP3 players
• People making greater use of IT
– Costs keep falling
– Capabilities keep rising

22. 1-22
1-22
1-4 IT Issues
• Email
– Easy way to keep in touch
– Spam has become a real problem
• Web
– Free access to huge amounts of information
– Harmful consequences of some sites
• CDs, MP3s, MP4s
– Free or cheap copies readily available
– May be unfair to musicians
• Credit cards
– Convenience over cash and checks
– Increases possibility of identity theft
– Who owns information about transactions?

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1-23
1-4 IT Issues (cont.)
• Telecommuting
– Saves time, allows more flexible work hours
– Can lead to longer work hours
– May result in fewer chances for promotion
• Improved global communication network
– Allow companies to sell to entire world
– Allow companies to move jobs out of their
home countries.
• World Wide Web
– A conduit for democratic ideas?
– Another tool for totalitarian governments?

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1-24
Conclusions
• Revolutionary discoveries are rare
• Information technology has long history
• Rate of technological change accelerating
• Wrong question: “What will the computer
do to us?”
• Right question: “What will we make of the
computer?”
(quoting Seymour Papert)