Computer for grade 10

f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dËKh(Information communication
technology

10 fY%aKsh
 f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dËKfha (ICT) jeo.;alu
 o;a; iy f;dr;=re y`ÿkd .ekSu
 mrs.Klfha w;S; l;dj
 mrs.Kl j¾.SlrKh
 mß.Kl oDvdx.
 o;a; ikaksfõokh yd mrs.Kl cd,
Created by Indika & Udayanka
-Amatiyagoda-Godakawela

fuys we;s iuyr mska;+r wka;¾cd,fhka yd NIE wdh;kfha Presentation jevigyklska ,nd .kakd ,oS ¡

f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dËKh(Information
communication technology-ICT) hkq
l=ulao@
o;a; mrs.Kl yryd ieliSu u.ska
f;dr;=re"äcsg,a iy fjk;a wdldr
j,ska .nvd lsrSu yeisrùu"
l<uKdlrKh lsrSu" fnod yerSu
hkdoS ldrahka lsrSu f;dr;=re
ikaksfõok ;dËKh f,i ye`oskaúh
yel'

mrs.Klhla hkq by; lghq;= jvd;a
fõ.fhka "M,odhSj iy ksjerosj l< yels
nqoaêuh yelshdjla iys; WmlrKhls'

f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dËKfha
(ICT)jeo.;alu

f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dËKfha (ICT)jeo.;alu

 bf.kSï$b.ekaùï lghq;= jvd;a is;a.kakd f,i
bossrsm;a lsrSug (MS powerpoint
presentation wdosh )
 mqoa.,hka w;r we;s ÿria: nj wvq lsrSug
(Eg-E-mails,phones ,Video conferencing etc)
 ikaksfõokhg n,mdk bf.kqï ÿ¾j,;d u`.
yerSug(eg-video,radio udOH Ndú;fhka)
 m¾fhaIK lsrSug iy M,odhS f;r;=re fnod
.ekSug(eg- internet Ndú;fhka)

 /lshd f;dr;=re wdosh ,nd .ekSug
 ICT wdY%s; kj /lhd wjia:d Wod ùu
 úfkdaod;aul wjia:d Wod ùu(eg-mrs.Kl l
%Svd, .S; ,video CD )
 wOHdmk lghq;= j,g WmldrS ùu (eg- ÿria:
wOHdmkh,
 fi!LHh lghq;= i`oyd(CT scanners, MRI scanners,
ECG,EEG hka;% yeisrùu ÿria: Y,H l¾u lsrSu
 uQ,H lghq;= ld¾hËu ùu(ATM hka;%,
telebanking)

 ikaksfõok fËa;%h oshqKq ùu (eg-ÿrl:k
ikaksfõokfha oS" rEmjdyskS jevigyka
ieliSfïoS mqj;a m;a uqøKfha oS)
 m%jdyk fËa;%h oshqKq ùu (r: jdyk
,shdmosxÑ lsrSfï oS tu f;dr;=re .nvd lr ;eîug ,
.=jka .uka md,kh ,.=jka álÜ m;a ksl=;a lsrSu
wdosh)
 boslsrSï fËa;%h oshqKq ùu (eg-jvd fyd`o
fmkqula iys; f.dvke.s,s ks¾udKh lsrSug wvq
úhoulska f.dvke.s,s j, jev wjika l< yels ùu k.r
ks¾udKlrKh i`oyd)

wdrËl fËa;%h oshqKq ùu
 ñihs, yeisrùu
 kHIaál n,d.dr yeisrùu
 nqoaê f;dr;=re tla/ia lsrSu yd úYaf,aIKh
lssrSu

m%jdyk fËa;%h oshqKq
ùu

o;a; iy f;dr;=re y`ÿkd .ekSu
 wmg tosfkod cSú;fhaoS yuq jk uQ,sl
w¾:hka ,nd fok lsisÿ wdldrhlg ilia fkdl<
lreKq ixLHd rEm wl=re Ñ;% iy ñkqï
iuQyhla ir,j o;a; f,i ye`oskaúh yel

 Wod- mka;shl <uhskaf.a úIhlg wod, ,l=Kq
 <uhs lsysm fofkl=f.a Wi fjka fjka
jYfhka .ekSu

f;dr;=re hkq fudkjdo@
 ,nkakdg lsishï w¾:hla ,nd fok mrsos l%udkql+,j
ilia lrk ,o o;a; f;dr;=re f,i y`ÿkajhs‘
 o;a; j,ska ;SrK .; fkdyels w;r ta i`oyd o;a; ilia lr
f;dr;=re njg m;a l< hq;=h

 Wod-mka;shl <uhskaf.a ,l=Kq j, tl;=j
 ,l=Kq j, idudkHh
 ,l=Kq wkqj <uqkaf.a kï wdfrdayK fyda
wjfrdayK ms<sfj,g ilia lsrSu

f;dr;=re j, iqúfYaIs;d
 wod, ld¾hh iòyd WÑ; úh hq;=h
 wod, ld¾hh iòyd m%udKj;a úh hq;=h
 ksjeros úh hq;=h
 meyeos,sj f;areï .; yels úh hq;=h
 úYajdi l< yels úh hq;=h úh hq;=h
 ksjeros mqoa.,hd fj; <`.d úh hq;=h
 kshñ; fõ,dj jk úgoS ilia ù îQodkï ù&
;sìh hq;=h
 kshñ; jákdlulska hqla; úh hq;=h

mrs.Klfha w;S; l;dj
(History of the Computer)
 mrs.Klhg wä;d,u ù we;af;a wenlih fõ
 1617 oS iafldÜ,ka; cd;sl fcdaka fkamsh¾ ,>q .Kl
isoaOdka;h fidhd .kakd ,oS
 ixLHd .=K lsrSu ,>q .Kl Ndú;fhka myiq tl;=
lsrSulg mrsj¾;kh l< yel
 fcdaka fkamsh¾ fï i`oyd we;a o< ;Sre Ndú;fhka
Napier Bones kï WmlrKh ksmoùh
 ,>q .Kl ixl,amhu Ndú;fhka 1632 muK Tyq úiska
i¾mK rE, ksmoùh

fcdaka fkamsh¾
wenlih

Napier’s Bones

 1642 oS muK m%xY cd;sl .Ks;{fhl= jQ íf,aia meial,a (Blaise
Pascal) .Ks; lghq;= ;jÿrg;a myiqfjka lr .ekSug yels wdl,k hka;
%h (Adding Machine) ksmoùh fuh Pascaline hka;%h f,i
y`ÿkajk ,oS
 1674 oS muK c¾udkq cd;sl .Ks;×fhl= jQ f.dâ*S%â ú,afy,aï
úiska íf,aia meial,a f.a hka;%h oshqKq lr tl;= lsrSï wvq lsrSï o
.=K lsrSï iy fnoSï o l< yels Step Recorner kï WmlrKh ksmoùh
 1822 oS bx.S%is cd;slfhl= jQ pd,aia nefíca (Charles Babbage)
m<uq hdka;s%l mrs.Klh i`oyd wjYH lrk wdlD;shla ks¾udKh
lrk ,oS th Difference Engine kï úh
 1833 oS muK pd,aia nefíca úiska wek,sál,a hka;%h
(Analytical Engine) ksmoùh fuys úfYaI ,ËKh jkafka o;a;
wdodkh ;ekam;a lsrSu ilia lsrSu yd m%;sodkh hk ld¾hkag
wjYH Wmdx.hka we;=,;a ùuhs fï ksidu Tyq mrs.Klfha mshd
f,i y`ÿkajhs fuhg uQ,sl wä;d,u jegqfka m%xY cd;sl fcdaYma
cel=jdâ úiska fros úùu myiq lr .ekSug 1801 oS muK ksmo jQ
fros úhk hka;%h (Mechanical Loom) hs tys isÿre l< ldâm;a
u`.ska fros j, úúO rgd ueúh yelsúh

pd,aia nefíca f.a ñ;=rshl jQ wevd T.iagd f,dõf,aia úiska Tyqf.a
fuu wek,sál,a hka;%h (Analytical Engine) iòyd wjYH lrk
jevigyka ilia lsrSu iòyd Wkkaÿ jQjdh fufia ilia lrkq ,enQ
jevigyka miqj mrs.Kl jevigyka ilia lsrSug ork ,o m%:u
W;aiyh f,i i,lk ,oS tksidu weh f,dalfha m%:u jevigyka
Ys,amsksh f,i ^ l%u f,aLK Ys,amskssh $mrs.Kl l%u f,aÅldj
First Computer Programmer& f,i y`ÿkajkq ,nhs
yuqod lghq;= iòyd Ndú;d jQ ada mrs.Kl NdIdj wehg f.!rjhla f,i
kï lrk ,oS
fcdaYma cel=jdâ f.a isÿre m;a ixl,amh Ndú;fhka 1890 oS
wefurslkq ck ix.Kkh b;du;a id¾:lj wvq ld,hlska isÿ lsrSug
y¾uka fydf,ars;a iu;a úh
Wo b;du;a ckm%sh mrs.Kl ksIamdok wdh;khla jk (IBM-
(Interntional Business Machine ) wdh;kh ìys jQfha o y¾uka
fydf,ars;a f.a uQ,sl;ajfhks

 1937 oS ydj¾â úYaj úoHd,fha fydaj¾â thslka
úiska pd,aia nefíca f.a ixl,am jeä oshqKq
lrkakg fndfyda W;aiy oerSh tys m%;sM,hla f,i
1944 oS muK fydaj¾â thslka g yd ydj¾â ys
IBM hk wdh;k j, fiajh l< Tyqf.a ñ;=rkag
Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator kï
WmlrKh ks¾udKh lsrSug yels úh fuh miqj
ud¾la 1 (Mark 1) f,i kï lrk ,oS fuhg myiqfjka
tl;= lsrSï wvq lsrSï jeälsrSï iy fnoSï l< yels jQ
w;r o;a; we;=¿ lsrSug h;=re ,shkhla o o;a; m
%;sodkh i`oyd isÿrem;a o Ndú;d lrkq ,eîh
 fuys ;=kaoyilg wêl úoHq;a hdka;%sl fldgia
mej;s w;r nrska fgdka 5 la muK úh

 ud¾la 1 hka;%h jir 15 lg jeä ld,hla mrs.Kl f,dj ;=< Ndú;
lrkq ,eîh
 1937 iy 1942 w;r ld,fha oS n,af.arshdkq cd;sl uydpd¾h
fcdaka úkaikaÜ wgdkdfidõ úiska la,s*¾â fnrS f.a o iyh
we;sj mrs.Klhla w¾O jYfhka ksu lrk ,oS fuu mrs.Klh
Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC mrs.Klh) f,i kï lrkq ,eîh
 fuh w¾O f,i ksu l< neúka ta i`oyd fmagkaÜ n,m;%h ,nd .;
fkdyels úh tksid ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Computer) mrs.Klh f,dj m%:u úoHq;a ixLHdxl mrs.Klh f,i
i,lk ,efí
 1945 oS muK .Ks;×hl= jQ fcdaka fjdka kshqudkaa úiska
mrs.Kl i`oyd kj ixl,amhla y`ÿkajd fok ,oS tys .eí jQ uQ,sl
woyi jQfha mrs.Klfha fN!;sl fjkialï fkdlr tys ;ekam;a lrk
jevigyka wdY%fhka mrs.Klhla u`.ska úúOdldr jev lghq;=
lr .; yelsh hkakhs wo Ndú;d lrkqfha fuu ixl,amhhs

 1946 oS muK fmksis,afõkshd úYaj úoHd,fha úoHqja
bxcsfkare wxYh jq uQ¾ mdif,a § ^Moor school of
Electrical Engineering of the university of pennsylvania )
f,dj m%:u úoHq;a ixLHdxl mß.Klh ^Electronic digital
computer )ìys úh¡ th (ENIAC) kñka y÷kajkq ,enQ w;r
th ks¾udKh lsrSu i`oyd rsla;l k< (Vacuum Tubes)
18000 la muK fhdod .kakd ,oS fuh tla ;;amrhla
;=,oS .Ks; l¾u 5000 la muK bgq lr oSug yels jQ
kuq;a m%udKfhka b;du;a úYd, ùu fuys m%Odku
ÿ¾j,;dj úh
 wêl WIaK;ajh ksid ks;r ks;r oeù hk rsla;l k< udre
lsrSug isÿ ùu úÿ,s n,h wêl f,i wjYH ùu
fuys jQ ;j;a ÿ¾j,;djhls
 rsla;l k< fhdod .;a mrs.Kl m<uq mrïmrdfõ mrs.Kl fõ

 1950 oS muK frñx.agka /kaâwdh;kh ksIamdokh
lrkq ,enQ UNIVAC -1 (Universal Automatic Calculator
-1)mrs.Klhg ;;amrhl ld,hla ;=, oS .Kkh lsrSï 10000
muK lsrSfï yelshdjla ;snqKs
 1957 oS International Business Machine Corporation
(IBM) wdh;kh ks¾udKh lrkq ,enQ IBM 704
mrs.Klhg ;;amrhl ld,hla ;=, oS .Kkh lsrSï 100000 muK
lsrSfï yelshdjla ;snqKs
 mrs.Klfhys fojk mrïmrdj wdrïN jkafka g
%dkaisiag¾(Transistor) fidhd .ekSu;a iu`.sks
 g%dkaisiag¾ fidhd .ekSfï f.!rjh fn,a úoHd.drfha ú,shï
fIdlaf,a (William Shoockley) fcdaka ndãka (John
Bardeen )iy fjda,ag¾ n%dfÜ%ka (Walter Brattain ) hk
whg ysñ jk w;r fï i`oyd Tjqka fjkqfjka j¾I 1956 oS
fN!;sl úoHdj i`oyd jQ fkdfn,a ;Hd.h o msrskukq ,eîh

 g%dkaisiag¾ Ndú;d jQ fojk mrïmrdfõ mrs.Kl j,g
;;amrhla ;=, oS .Ks; l¾u 200000-250000 ;a w;r m
%udKhla bgq l< yels úh
 wvq úÿ,s n,hla wjYH ùu m%udKfhka l=vd ùu fuu mrs.Kl
j, jQ úfYaI ,ËKhka h
 ;=kajk mrïmrdfõ mrs.Kl ks¾udKh lsrSu i`oyd ifudaOdks;
$wkql+,s; mrsm: (Integrated Circuits –(IC) Ndú;d úh
 IC Ndú;h ksid mrs.Kl m%udKfhka ;j;a l=vd jQ w;r jeä
ld¾hËu;djla o we;s úh uq,a ld,fha jQ ifudaOdks;$wkql+,s;
mrsm: j, g%dkaisiag¾ wvq m%udKhla Ndú; jQ w;r tajd
SSI (Small Scale Integration) f,i ye`oskaúh tajd jvd;a
oshqKq lrñka tla mrsm:hla ;=< jeä g%dkaisiag¾ m
%udKhla we;=,;a lrñka ms<sfj,ska MSI (Medium Scale
Integration)LSI (Large Scale Integration)VLSI
(Very Large Scale Integration) iy ULSI (Ultra Large Scale
Integration) ìys úh

 ;dlaIKsl ÈhqKqj;a iuÕ ìysjQ laIqø mßm: (Micro
Chips)mrs.Klfha y;r jk mrïmrdj ksfhdackh lrhs fuu
laIqø mrsm: uhsfl%dfm%dfii¾ ^Microprocessor )
f,iskao y`ÿkajkq ,efí

(Artificial Intelligent)

mrs.Kl j¾.SlrKh
m%udKh ie,ls,a,g f.k mß.Kl j¾.Slrkh lsÍu (size)
 m%udKh ie,ls,a,g f.k mß.Kl fkdfhl=;a wdldrhg j¾.SlrKh l<
yelsh¡fuys§ mß.Kl m%Odk wdldr ;=klg fnodfjka l< yelsh¡
 uyd mß.Klh ^mainframe Computers):
fujeks mß.Kl m%udKfhka b;du;a úYd, jk w;r wo Ndú;fha
fkdue;s ;rïh¡
 uOH mß.Kl (mini computers ):
uOHu m%udKfha mß.Kl fufia y÷kajd Èh yelsh¡
 Ëqø mß.Klh^Micro computers):
fuu mß.Kl m%udKfhka b;du;a l=vdh¡
flfia jqj o b;du;a fõ.fhka isÿjk ;dËKsl ÈhqKqj ksid wojk úg
mß.Kl fufia uyd uOH iy Ëqø f,i j¾. lsÍu wmyiqù we;¡ fï ksid
wo Ndú;fha mj;sk mß.Kl my; wdldrfhka j¾. lsÍu iy y÷kajd
§u isÿ l< yelsh

 fm!oa.,sl mrs.Klh (Personal Computers)
fïi mrs.Kl (Desktop Computers) f,i o fïjd y`ÿkajhs
 Wl=,a mrs.Klh (Laptop Computers)
fïjd myiqfjka tyd fuyd f.k hd yels w;r is`.s;s mrs.Kl
(Notebook computers) $iqjykSh mrs.Kl(Portable
computers) f,i o y`ÿkajhs
 w;a, mrs.Kl (Palmtop Computers)
w,af,a ;nd f.k jev l< yels l=vd mrs.Kl fõ
fïjd mqoa., iyhl mrs.Kl (PDA-Personal Digital
Assistant) f,i o y`ÿkajhs

 jev ksfla;k mß.Klh (workstation Computers):
jvd;a jeä yelshdjlska hqla;j ks¾udKh lrk ,o Desktop PC ye|
skaùu i|yd “workstations”hk ku Ndú; lrhs¡fujeks mß.Kl
jvd;a ixlS¾K jQ ;%sudK Ñ;% ks¾udKh (3D graphic
designing )lghq;= i|yd nyq,ju Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡
 fiajdÞhl mß.Kl/iemhqï fiajd mß.Kl^server
computers ):
fuu mß.Kl mß.Kl cd,hl§ wfkl=;a mß.Kl i|yd fiajd iemhSu isÿ
lrkq ,nhs¡jeä u;l Odß;djla iy " jeä o;a; ;ekam;a lsÍfï
yelshdjla we;s iemhqï fiajd mß.Kl j, l%shdldÍ fõ.h o idudkH
mß.Klhlg jvd jeäh¡
 iqmsß mß.Klh ^super computers):
b;du;a úfYaIs; jQ ld¾hhka i|yd fuu mß.Kl fhdÞ.kq ,efí¡
fndfyda wjia:d j,§ iqmsß mß.Kl lsysmhla iudka;rj o l%shd
lrkq ksÍËKh l, yelsh¡

ld¾h(purpose)ie,ls,a,g f.k mß.Kl
j¾.SlrKh
ld¾hh wkqj mß.Kl m%Odk wdldr follg fnÞ fjka l,
yelsh¡
 idudkH lghq;= i|yd Ndú; lrk mß.Kl
(general purpose computers)
tÈfkÞ lghq;= i|yd Ndú;d lrkq ,nk mß.Kl fï hg;g
.efka¡
 úfYaIs; ld¾h i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk mß.Kl
^special perpose computers )
úfYaIs; jQ úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK hqO fufyhqï
f;,a ksê .fõYKh jeks iqúfYaIS ld¾hh i|yd
fhdÞ .kakd mß.Kl fõ

ks¾udK ;dËKh ie,ls,a,g f.k mß.Kl
j¾.SlrKh
 ixLHdxl $wxlsl mrs.Kl (Digital Computers)
oaúuh ixLHd ixl,amh Ndú;d lrñka ks¾udKh
lrkq ,enQ mrs.Kl fï .Khg .efka
 m%;siu mrs.Kl (Analog Computers)

m%;siu mrs.Kl l%shd;aul ùu i`oyd WIaK;ajh
f;rmqu mSvkh jeks fN!;sl o;a; Wmfhda.S lr
.ksñka ks¾udKh lrkq ,enQ mrs.Kl fõ
 ñY% fyda fouqyqï mrs.Kl (Hybrid
Computers)
by; olajk ,o mrs.Kl j¾. 2ys u iïñY%Khla f,i fuu
mrs.Kl ye`oskaúh yel

mß.Kl oDvdx.
mß.Klhla hkq l=ulao?
mß.Klhla hkq o;a; f;dr;=re njg m;a lrk úoHq;a
WmlrKhls

mß.Klfha iqúfYaIS;d
 fõ.h-tkï úYd, ld,hla .; jk ld¾hhla fyda .Kkh lsrSï mß.Kl wdY
%fhka ;;amr .KkloS bgq l< yelsh
 ksrjoH;djh- mß.Kl l%shdldrS;ajfha oS hï jeroSula isÿ jqj
fyd;a th isÿ jkafka ta i`oyd ,nd oS we;s Wmfoia j, fodaI
fya;=fjks tajdfha ksjeros nj ms<sn`o j.lSu Wmfoia ilia
lrkakkaf.a j.lSuls
 ld¾hËu;dj-ñksidg oefkk taldldrS nj fjfyi wjOdkh .s,syS hdu
jeks foa mß.Klhg fkdoekSu fuhg m%Odk fya;=jhs
 nyqYe;Ndjh- tkï tla wdldrhl ld¾hhla wjika jQ ú.i Bg
yd;amiskau fjkia ld¾hhl fhoSug yelshdjhs
 u;l ;nd .ekSfï yelshdj- tkï oDv ;eáh ;=< we;s u;l Odrs;djg
iudk u;l yelshdjla ;sîuhs
 nqoaêu;a fkdùu- ñksidg fuka nqoaêh fufyhjd lrk ;SrK .ekSï
mrs.Klhg l< fkdyelsh
 ye`.Sï oekSï fkdue;s nj-;kslu md¿j ldkaish wosh mrs.Klhg
we;s fkdfõ

mrs.Klfha m%Odk fldgia yd Bg wod, ld¾hhka
 mrs.Klfha m%Odk ld¾hhka(Basic Functions of a Computer)
 wdodkh fyj;a o;a; yd Wmfoia we;=¿ lsrSu (Input)
 ieliSu (Process)- tkï o;a; f;dr;=re njg m;a lsrSuhs
 m%;sodkh fyj;a o;a; fyda f;dr;=re msg;g ,nd oSSu (Output)
 wdphkh fyj;a o;a; fyda f;dr;=re ;ekam;a lsrSu (Store)
 md,kh(Control)
mrs.Klfha m%Odk fldgia
 wdodk tall(Input Devices)
 m%;sodk tall(Output Devices)
 uOH ieliqï tallh (Central Processing Unit)
 wdphk tall (Storage Devices)

 wdodk tall(Input Devices)

• m%;sodk tall (Output Devices)

fj<`ofmdf,a we;s DVD j¾.

Back to Secondary memory

úúO wdphk tall j, rEm igykla

uOH ieliqï tallh (Central Processing Unit)

 fuh m%Odk fldgia 3 lska iukaú; fõ
 md,k tallh(Control Unit)
 wxl .Ks;uh yd ;d¾lsl tallh(Arithmatic & Logic Unit)
 u;lh(Memory)

md,k tallh(Control Unit)
mrs.Klfha ish¿u md,k lghq;= tkï wjYH lrk wjia:d j,oS úúO wK
lsrSï isÿ lsrSu u`.ska mrs.Klh md,kh lsrSu fuu.ska isÿfõ
 wxl .Ks;uh yd ;d¾lsl tallh (Arithmatic &
Logic Unit)
 fuu.ska ish¿ wdldrfha jQ wxl .Ks;uh ld¾hhka iy ;d¾lsl
lghq;= isÿ lrhs

 u;lh(Memory)
 .Kkh lsrSï i`oyd fyda ilia lsrSu i`oyd uOH ieliqï tallh fj;
heùug we;s o;a; fyda uOH ieliqï tallh fj;ska msg;g ,nd fok
f;dr;=re ;djld,slj ;nd .ekSug u;lh m%fhdackhg .kS processor
tl ;=< L1 ,L2 f,i fldgia 2ls¡ processor j,ska msg; u;lh wdldr 2ls
 iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh (Random Access Memory-RAM)
 mGk ud;% u;lh(Read Only Memory-ROM)

iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh (Random Access Memory-RAM)
fuh ;djld,sl u;lhls fuys we;s o;a; mrs.Klh keje;aùfï oS fyda
úÿ,s n,h úikaê ùfï oS úkdY fõ fuys we;s o;a; fjkia lsrSu uld
oeóu o l< yel fuys fldgia 2ls

 ia:s;sl iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh (Static Random Access Memory-
SRAM)
 .;sl iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh (Dynamic Random Access Memory-
DRAM

processor tl ;=< L1 ,L2 u;lhka
iy m%Odk u;lh(RAM)

SIMM-(Single Inline Memory Module) (DDR-Double Data Rate)

synchronous dynamic random access memory(SDRAM)

 mGk ud;% u;lh (Read Only Memory-ROM)
ia:djr u;lhla jk fuys we;s o;a; fjkia lsrSu fyda uld oeóu
myiqfjka l< fkdyels h mrs.Kl ksIamdok wdh;kh úiska mrs.Klh
on lsrSfï oS thg iïnkaO lr we;s Wmdx. mrSËd lsrSug;a
fufyhqï moaO;sh RAM tl u;g .ekSug;a wjYH f;dr;=re fuys we;
ta i`oyd fuys we;s BIOS-(Basic Input Output System)kï jevigyk
l%shd;aul fõ fuys wdldr 2ls
 l%uf,aLkh l< yels mGk ud;% u;lh
 (Programmable Read Only Memory-PROM)
 (wfOdarla; lsrK Ndú;fhka) uld ouñka kej; kej; l%uf,aLkh l<
yels mGk ud;% u;lh (Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory-EPROM)
 úoHq;h Ndú;fhka uld ouñka kej; kej; l%uf,aLkh l< yels mGk
ud;% u;lh (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory-EEPROM)

mrs.Klfha fõ.h
 tkï uOH ieliqï tallfha (Processor) fõ.hhs fuh >áld fõ.h(Clock
Speed) f,i o y`ÿkajhs fï i`oyd y¾Üia (Hertz- Hz)kï tallh
Ndú;d lrhs ^;;amrhloS l< yels .Kkh lsrSï ixLHdj fuysoS
fmkajhs ^Wod 2¡8 GHz -P4 Processor&
 1000Hz = 1 KHz
 1000KHz = 1MHz
 1000MHz = 1 GHz
 uOH ieliqï tall ksmoùfï mqfrda.dóka f,i Intel iy AMD-
(Advanced Macro Devices) hk wdh;k ye`oskaúh yel

mrs.Klfha ks¾ñ;sh
(Computer Architecture)
md,k tallh

wdodk tall m%Odk u;lh m%;sodk tall

wxl .Ks;uh yd ;d¾lsl tallh oaú;Shsl u;lh

Control signals

Data flow
Data & information ^wdodkh jQ o;a; ieliS m%;sodkh fõ&
Data & information ^wdodkh jQ o;a; ieliS .nvd fõ&

mrs.Kl uõmqjrej
 uOH ieliqï tallh u;l tall jeks foa fukau mrs.Klfha yelshdjka
jeä oshqKq lr .ekSug iú lrkq ,nk wu;r mrsm:hka fda iuyr
ndysr fuj,ï fyda Wmdx. iú lsrSug wjYH myiqlï imhkq ,nkafka
fuh hs fuys wu;r mrsm:hka iú lsrSug myiqlï imhkq ,nkafka m
%idrK újrhka (Expansion Slots) u`.sks.

Power supply cables

IDE Cables - Integrated Device, (or
Drive), Electronics

 IDE stands for Integrated Device, (or Drive), Electronics. EIDE is a later standard
of IDE. It stands for Enhanced Integrated Device, (or Drive), Electronics. EIDE is
three to four times faster than the older IDE standard. The picture above shows how
to connect an IDE cable to two drives. Using jumpers that are normally located on
the back of a drive, the top drive should be made the "master" and the bottom drive
should be made the "slave." The master drive is the primary drive. It is normally
located at the end of a two connection IDE cable. The slave, or secondary drive, is
connected to the IDE cable between the master drive and the motherboard IDE
connection. Since data can not go to and from each drive at the same time, it is
necessary to make one drive the master and the other drive the slave. IDE cables
consist of either 40 individual wires or 80 individual wires. Ultra ATA/66 or later
devices need the 80 wire cables to operate efficiently. Most of these wires are used
to transfer data between the motherboard and the drives

SATA hard drive cable

Hard drive power conectors

Expansion slots CMOS Battery

mrs.Klhl msgqmi msysgd we;s flfjks

ujqih iú jk ia:dkh(PS/2
Mouse port)
h;=re mqjrej iú jk
ia:dkh(PS/2 Key
board port) iudka;r .; Wmdx. iú jk
USB Wmdx. iú jk ia:dkh (parallel port)
ia:dkh(USB
Ports)

úÿ,s /yeka iú jk
Yío Wmdx. iú jk
ia:dkh(Power
ia:dkh(Sounds
connector)
Ports)

fYa%Ks.; Wmdx. iú jk cd,lrK jhrh iú jk
ia:dkh (9 pins/ 25 pins ia:dkh(Networ
Serial port) k port)

Serial port tll rEm igykla

PS/2 USB converter ADSL fudvuhl wvx.= Ports

fudksgrh iú lrk port tflys rEm
igykla

Laptop mrs.Klhl Ports
olajk rEm igykla

Serial ports yd parrellel ports wvx.= mrsm:

SRAM chip SRAM chip

 PS/2 wdldrfha flfjks (PS/2 Ports)
PS/2 wdldrfha h;=re mqjrej iy ujqih iú lsrSug fuu flfjks Ndú;
lrhs¡ fuys h;=re mqjrej i|yd oï meye;s
flfjksh ujqih i|yd fld< meye;s flfjksh o Ndú; flf¾¡fndfyda
uõmqjre j, fuu flfjks wi,ska ixfla; o fhdod we;'
 fY%aKs.; flfjks ^Serial ports)

fYaKs.; Wmdx. ^Serial devices)mß.Klhg iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd fuu
flfjks Ndú; lrhs¡ úfYaIfhau ndysßka iúlrk fudvï
WmlrKh(MODEM) iú lsÍu i|yd fuu flfjks Ndú; flf¾¡fuh
Serial wdldrfha Mouse iïnkaO lsÍugo fhdod .kS fuh 9 pins
iy 25 pins jYfhka wdldr 2 ls

iudka;r flfjksh(parallel port)
 uqøK hka;%h (Printer) iqmsrSlaIKh (Scanner) jeks
iudka;r .; wdldrfhka iïnkaO jk WmlrK (Parallel Devices)
iïnkaO lsÍug fuh fhdod .kS¡ idudkHfhka fuh uqøK hka;%h
iú lrk flfjksh f,i o y`ÿkajhs¡ fuh ;=vq 25 lska iukaú; fõ¡
 mrs.Kl ;sr flfjksh (Monitor Port)
fuys ;=vq 15 la fma<s 3 l wdldrhg msysgd we;
 úYaj fY%aKs.; nia flfjksh (USB-Universal Serial
Bus)
j¾;udkfha ckm%shu flfjksh fuhhs fuu`.ska h;=re mqjrej
(Key board) uQislh (Mouse) uqøK hka;%h (Printer) ixLHdxl
leurd(Digital Cameras) fudvï WmlrKh(MODEM)jeks
wdodk m%;sodk Wmdx. b;du;a myiqfjka iïnkaO l< yel¡

USB flfjks j, úfYaI ,ËK
 fndfyda USB Wmdx. mrs.Klhg iú l, ú.iska l%shd lrhs
fuysoS Odjl/t,jqï (Drivers) jevigyka ia:dmkh (Install) lsrSfï
wjYH;djhla fkdue;¡fuh Plug and Play f,iska y`ÿkajhs¡
 fndfyda USB Wmdx. i`oyd wjYH lrk úÿ,sh ,nd .ekSu isÿ
lrkafka USB port tl yrydu ùu fuys ;j;a úfYaI;ajhls
 mrs.Klh jid oeóulska f;drj USB wdldrfhka Wmdx. iú lsrSfï
iy úikaê lsrSfï yelshdj fuys ;j;a úfYaI;ajhls
fuu l%shdj,sh Hot pluggable ke;fyd;a Hot swappable f,i
y`ÿkajhs¡

 tla USB flfjkshla u`.ska úúOdldrfha jQ Wmdx.hka 127 lg
jeä ixLHdjla iïnkaO lsrSfï yelshdj fuys we;s ;j;a
úfYaI;ajhls
 USB 2.0 wdldrfha jQ flfjksj, oS ;;amrhg fu.dìÜia 480 l(480
Mbps) fõ.hlska o;a; iïfm%aIKh lsrSfï yelshdjlao we;¡
Yío Wmdx. flfjks (Sounds Ports)
fuhg iú lrkq ,nkafka Speakers, Microphones jeks Wmdx. hs
iuyr mrs.Kl j, fuu Yío Wmdx.h fkdue;s w;r tjeks wjia:d j,
oS thg wjYH mrsm: (Multimedia kit/circuit)fjku ñ,oS f.k
mrs.Klhg iú l< hq;=h

 fudvï flfjks h (MODEM Port)
mrs.Klh wka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaO lsrSug;a mrs.Klfhka Fax
heùug;a fuh Ndú; flf¾¡ mrs.Klh ;=< iïnkaO lrk fudvï hka;
% wNHka;r fudvï (Internal MODEM) f,i o msg;ska iïnkaO
lrk fudvï hka;% ndysr fudvï (External MODEM) f,i o
y`ÿkajhs¡
fndfyda wjia:d j,oS fudvuhl ÿrl:k jhr iïnkaO lsrSug flfjks 2
la we;¡Line in f,i we;af;a ÿrl:k jhrh mrs.Klh yd iïnkaO lrk
ia:dkh jk w;r Phone hkqfjka i`oyka jkafka ndysrska iú lrk
ÿrl:k jhrh i`oyd jk iïnkaO;djhhs¡ fuu`.ska ÿrl:k weu;=ï
,nd .ekSfï yelshdj o we;¡(wka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaO fkdjk yd
Fax fkdhjk wjia:d j, oS)

wdphkh fyj;a o;a; ;ekam;a lsrSu fyda .nvd lsrSu
(Storage)
 fuh m%Odk fldgia 2 lg fnosh yel
 m%d:ñl wdphk tall (Primary Storage)
 oaú;shsl wdphk tall (Secondary Storage)
wdphkh(Storage)

m%d:ñl wdphkh^ m%d:ñl oaú;shsl wdphkh ( iyhl u;lh)
u;lh/m%Odk u;lh) Primary Secondary Storage (Auxiliary
Storage (Primary Memory) Wod( oDv ;eáh(Hard
Memory/Main Memory) disk)
Wod( iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh

 m%d:ñl wdphk tall w¾O ikakdhl (Semiconductors)
Ndú; lrñka ksmojk w;r oaú;shsl wdphk tall ksmoùug
pqïNl ;dËKh (Magnetic Technology) fyda m%ldY
;dËKh (Optical technology) Ndú; lrhs¡
 m%d:ñl wdphkfha uQ,sl ld¾hh jkqfha uOH ieliqï
tallhg wjYH lrk o;a; iemhSug ;djld,slj ;ekam;a lr
;nd .ekSuhs¡ oaú;shsl wdphkfha uQ,sl ld¾hh jkqfha
wkd.;hg wjYH lrk o;a; Wmfoia yd f;dr;=re ;ekam;a
lr ;nd .ekSuhs¡
 mrs.Kl u;lh (Computer memory)
fuh m%Odk fldgia 3 lg fnosh yel
 iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh (Random Access Memory)
 mGk ud;% u;lh ^lshùug muKla we;s u;lh& (Read Only
Memory)
 jdrl u;lh (Cache Memory)

 iiïNdù ms úiqï u;lh (Random Access Memory)
RAM hk flá kñka y`ÿkajk fuys uQ,sl ld¾hh jkqfha uOH ieliqï tallhg
wjYH lrk o;a; iemhSug o;a; ;djld,slj ;ekam;a lr ;nd .ekSuhs ¡ fuh
kYH u;l ldKavhg wh;a fõ¡
mrs.Klhl ld¾hËu;dj (Performance of a Computer) i`oyd fuu u;lh b;d jeo.;a
fõ¡ wjYH mrsos u;l tall (RAM cards) tla lrñka fuys Odrs;dj jeä l<
yelsh¡
 mGk ud;% u;lh ^lshùug muKla we;s u;lh& (Read Only
Memory)
ROM hk flá kñka y`ÿkajk fuys we;s o;a; iy f;dr;=re mrs.Klfha úÿ,sh
úikaê ùfukaa úkdY fkdfõ¡

mrs.Kl ksIamdok wdh;kh úiska wjYH lrk ish¿ úia;r (mrs.Klhg iïnkaO
Wmdx. mrSËd lsrSug;a fufyhqï moaO;sh RAM tl u;g load
lsrSug;a) we;=¿ lr we;¡ kùk mrs.Kl j, wjYH kï fuu u;lh
hdj;ald,Sk(Up date/upgrade) l< yel

 jdrl u;lh (Cache Memory)
uOH ieliqï tallhg wjYH lrk o;a; .uka lrkafka iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh
yrydhs¡ kuq;a uOH ieliqï tallhg (Central Processing Unit-
CPU) wjYH lrk ;rï fõ.fhka o;a; ,nd oSfï yelshdjla thg ke;¡ Bg
fya;=j tu u;lfha fõ.h uOH ieliqï tallfha fõ.hg jvd wvq ùuh¡s
fuu wvqmdvqj u`. yerSu i`oyd Cache u;lh Ndú;d lrkq ,efí¡
fuys wdldr 2 la we;¡
 m% d:ñl jdrl u;lh (Primary Cache memory-(level-1[L1])

fuh CPU tl ;=< u ks¾udKh lr we;s w;r tys Odrs;dj b;d l=vd
w.hla .kS¡ uOH ieliqï tallhg o;a; yd Wmfoia wjYH jQ úg tajd
mj;S oehs uq,skau fidhd n,kafka fuu u;lh ;=< hs
 oaú;s hs l jdrl u;lh(Secondary Cache memory-(level-2[L2])

fuh CPU tlg b;d wdikakfhka uõmqjrej u; iú lr we;¡ idfmaËj m
%d:ñl jdrl u;lh g jvd Odrs;dj jeä h¡tfy;a fõ.h Bg idfmaËj wvq
h¡

mrs.Kl u;lfha .;s ,ËK wkqj u;lh my; wdldrhg fnosh
yel
 kYH u;lh (Volatile memory)
fuys úfYaI ,ËKh jkafka tys ;ekam;a lr we;s o;a; iy f;dr;=re
mrs.Klfha úÿ,sh úikaê ùu;a iu`. úkdY fõ¡ WodyrK f,i iiïNdù
msúiqï u;lh fmkajd osh yel¡
 kYH fkdjk u;lh (Non volatile memory)

fuys ;ekam;a lr we;s o;a; iy f;dr;=re ia:djrh mj;sk w;r úÿ,sh
úikaê ùfuka tajdg lsisÿ n,mEula we;s fkdfõ¡ WodyrK f,i
mGk ud;% u;lh ^lshùug muKla we;s u;lh& fmkajd osh yel¡

oaú;shsl wdphk tall(iydhl u;lh) Secondary
Storage Unit (Auxiliary Memory)
 o;a; ia:djrj ;ekam;a lsrSug fïjd Ndú; fõ¡WodyrK- kuH ;eáh
(Floppy disk) "oDv ;eáh(Hard disk)
 kuH ;eáh (Floppy disk)

fuys pqïnl ;dËKh (Magnetic technology) Ndú;d lrñka o;a;
lshùu iy ,sùu isÿ lrhs¡ wo jk úg Ndú;fhka bj;a fjñka
mj;S¡ b;d wvq fõ.hlska o;a; lshùu iy ,sùu isÿ lrhs¡ wfkl=;a
wdphk tall iu`. Iei`oSfï oS Odrs;dj b;d wvq h¡ kuH ;eá
w`.,a 8 , 5.25 , 3.5 m%udK j,ska ksmo fõ¡ wo olakg
we;af;a w`.,a 3¡5 ^3 1$2& tajd muKs¡
fïjd tyd fuyd f.k hdu myiq jqj;a Odrs;dj b;d wvq ksid úYd,
f.dkq f.k hdu wmyiq ùu wjdisodhl h¡

 Zip Disk iy Jazz Disk
fïjd o kuH ;eá yd iudk jk w;r ;ekam;a l< yels o;a; m%udKh
kuH ;eá fuka lsysm .=Khls¡ Zip Disk j, Odrs;dj 100MB^fu.d
nhsÜ& isg 700 MB olajd o Jazz Disk j, .s.d nhsg 1 l (1 GB) yd
2 l (2GB) Odrs;dfjka hqla; fõ¡

 oDv ;eáh (Hard disk)
mrs.Klfha o;a; ;ekam;a lsrSug jeäfhkau Ndú; jkafka fuhhs¡
fïjdfha o;a; ;ekam;a lrkqfha pqïnl ;eá (Platters) u; jk w;r fuys
fujeks ;eá lsysmhla mej;sh yels w;r tajd ish,a, tla oKavla
(Spindle) u; iú lr we;¡ fuu ish¿ ;eá tljr tlu fõ.hlska lrlefjk w;r ta
yeu ;eáhla i`oydu fjk fjku lshùu yd ,sùu isÿ lrk YS¾Ihla (A
read /Write head)
ne.ska iú lr ;sfí¡ fïjdfha fõ.h tys m%fõY ld,h (Access time)
u`.ska ukskq ,nhs¡ fuu ld,h uekSu i`oyd ñ,s ;;amr
(milisecond) (;;amrfhka 1000 ka fldgila= ñ,s ;;amr 1hs&
Ndú;d lrhs¡

 ix.;$ ixhqla; ;eá (Compact disk-CD) iy ixLHdxl nyqúO ;eá
(Digital Versatile Disk-DVD)
wo nyq,j Ndú; lrkqfha fïjdhs¡ uq,skau fïjd ksIamdokh jQfha
ix.S; iy Ñ;%mg lafIa;%h i`yd jqjo miqj mrs.Kl j, Ndú;
úh¡ fmkqfuka fuu ixhqla; ;eá iy ixLHdxl nyqúO ;eá iudk jqj
o ixhqla; ;eáhl Odrs;dj 650-900 MB olajd jk w;r DVD tll
Odrs;dj 4.7GB - 17 GB olajd fõ.
wdodk yd m% ;s odk W mdx. (Input and Output Devices)
 uQislh(Mouse)
 h;=re mqjrej (Key board)
 äcsg,a leurdj (Digital Camera)
 fjí leurdj (Web camera)
wka;¾cd,h yryd lrkq ,nk ixjdo(Chat session) j, oS fuh nyq,j Ndú;d
fõ¡
 wdf,dal mEk ^Light pen)
wdf,dal ixfõoS mrs.Kl wdodk tallhla jk fuh mrs.Kl wdY%s;
ks¾udKlrKfhaoS (CAD-Computer Assisted Learning)
iy mrs.Kl wdY%s; ksIamdok (CAM-Computer Aided
Manufactering ) l%shdj,sfhaoS nyq,j Ndú; fõ¡

 mrsf,dalkh $ iqmrSlaikh (Scanner)
uqøs; PdhdrEm Ñ;% (Pictures –Images) fyda mdG (Texts)
mrs.Kl .; lsrSfï oS fuh fhdod .kS mdG we;=¿ lsrSug m%ldY wkq
,ËK ixcdkk (OCR-Optical Character Recognition) myiqlu fhdod .kS¡
 mrs.Kl ;srh (Monitor)
mrs.Kl ;srfha úfNaokh (Resolution) yd thska o¾Ykh l< yels
j¾K .Kk (Number of colours) mrs.Kl ;srhl .=Kd;aul nj uek ne,Su
i`oyd Ndú; lrk o¾Ylhka h¡
mrs.Kl ;srfha úfNaokh hkafkka tys jrl oS fjka fjkaj fhduq l< yels
rEm wx. (Picture elements) .Kk fldmuK oehs woyia flf¾¡ fï iu`.u
mrs.Kl ;srfhka ksl=;a jk úlsrKYS,S;djh o (Resolution) mrs.Kl
;srfha ;;ajh uekSu i`oyd ñkqï oKavla f,i Ndú;d fõ¡

mrs.Kl ;srhka uQ,sl wdldr 2 ls¡
 lef;dav lsrK k< (Cathod Ray Tube)Ndú;fhka ks¾udKh lrk ,o
mrs.Kl ;sr

 øj iaMál (Liquid Cristle Display-LCD ;dËKh Ndú; jk me;,s
mrs.Kl ;sr (Flat Panel)

 lef;dav lsrK k< ;sr j,g idfmaËj øj iaMál ;dËKh Ndú; jk me;,s
;sr j, my; ,ËK oelsh yels h¡
 wvq bv m%udKhla m%udKj;a ùu (Less space)
 b;d wvq úÿ,s n,hla wjYH ùu( Less power consumption)
 ;srfha fi,ùu wvq nj (Lack of flicker)
 idfmaËj ñ, wêl nj (Expensive)
 o¾Ykh ùu iSñ; mrdihl ùu (Limited Viewing angle)
 m%;spdr oelaùu i`oyd jeä ld,hla .ekSu¡( Slower response
time)

 uqøK hka;% (Printers)
fuhska wm ,nd .kakd msgm;a oDv msgm;a f,i(Hard copies)
y`ÿkajhs¡ mrs.Kl ;srfhka ,nd fokqfha uDÿ msgm;a (soft
copies) fõ¡
;dËKsl jYfhka uqøK hka;% fldgia 2 lg fjka l< yel¡
 >Ügkh u`.ska uqøKh isÿ lrk hka;%(Impact printers)
 fjk;a wdldrfha ;dËKsl l%u Ndú;fhka uqøKh isÿ lrk hka;% (Non
Impact printers)
 >Ügkh u`.ska uqøKh isÿ lrk hka;%(Impact printers)
fuysoS uqøKh isÿ lrkafka ;Ska; iys; rsnka (Inked ribbon)
mghlg hï wdldrgl ;Ügq lsrSula (Hammering) u`.sks¡ fuu ;Ügq
lsrSu ksid rsnka mgfhys we;s ;Ska; lvodish u; jeoSfuka
wjYH lrk wdldrfha wl=re i,l=Kq yd rEm we`oSu isÿ fõ¡
fïjd lsysm wdldrhlska oelsh yel¡

 fâis frdao uqølh (Daisy Wheel Printer)
 ;s;a kHdi uqølh (Dot metrics printer)
 f¾Ld uqølh (Line printer)
fï jk úg fâis frdao uqøK hka;% Ndú;fhka bj;a ù we;s
w;r fïjdfha Ndú;d jQ fâis frdaohla (Daisy wheel) my; oela fõ¡

 fndfyda wdh;k j, uqøK lghq;= i`oyd ;s;a kHdi uqøK hka;%
(Dot metric printers) Ndú;d lrhs¡ msgm;a i`oyd wju msrsjehla
jeh ùu;a wjYH lrk wdldrfhka ldnka lvodis Ndú;d lrñka tljr
msgm;a lsysmhla ,nd .ekSug yelsùu;a fus we;s jdis fõ¡
 uqøKfha oS jeä Yíohla we;s ùu;a uqøK fõ.h wvq ùu;a
fuys we;s wjdish fõ¡
fjk;a wdldrfha ;dËKsl l%u Ndú;fhka
uqøKh isÿ lrk hka;% (Non Impact printers)
 ;Ska; úÿï uqøK hka;% ( Ink jet for [bubble jet] Printers
 f,ai¾ ;dËKh Ndú;d lrk uqøK hka;% (laser printers)
 ;dm ixfõoS uqøK hka;% (Thermal printers)
 W¾Odjmd;kh u`.ska idhï w;=rk uqøK hka;% (Dye
Sublimation Printers)
 fuu Nun impact uqøK hka;% j, úfYaI ,ËKh jkafka Yíoh wju
ùuhs¡

 ;Ska; úÿï hka;%h

fuu uqøK hka;% j, øj wdldrfha ;Ska; (Liquid ink) n`ÿkl
(Cartridge) nyd we;s w;r tys we;s isÿre j,ska (fïjd Nozzle kï
fõ) wjYH wdldrhg lvodis u;g ;Ska; úoSu (Spray) u`.ska
uqøKh lrkq ,efí¡ j¾K uqøK msgm;a ,nd .ekSu iòyd fuu
j¾.fha uqøK hka;% Ndú;d lrhs¡ j¾K uqøKh iòyd Ndú;d jk
j¾Khka fjk fjku n`ÿka j, wvx.= lr ;sfí¡ fï iòyd j¾K 4 la Ndú;d
fõ¡ flfia jqj;a fuu j¾K uqøKh iòyd jeä msrsjehla jeh fõ¡
f,ai¾ ;dËKh Ndú;d lrk uqøK hka;%

 o;a; ikaksfõokh yd mrs.Kl cd,
o;a; ikaksfõokh hkq l=ula o@
o;a; tla ia:dkhl isg ;j;a ia:dkhlg iïfm%aIKh lsrSu hs¡

o;a; ikaksfõokhg wjYH uQ,sl fldgia
 o;a; m%Njh ^o;a; ksmojkakd fyda ia:dkh (Sender /Source)
 o;a; iïfm%aIK udOHh (Data Communication Medium )
 o;a; .%dylhd ^o;a; ,nd .kakd& (Receiver/Sink)

Medium
o;a; m%Njh o;a;h o;a; .%dylhd
(Sender /Source) udOHh (Receiver/Sink)

 o;a; m%Njh
tkï o;a; ksmojkakd fyda ia:dkhhs¡
Wod- Tn ñ;=frl=g ÿrl:k weu;=ula ,nd fokafka kï túg o;a; m
%Njh Tnhs¡
 o;a; iïfm%aIK udOHh
tkï o;a; m%Njfha isg .%dylhd fj; o;a; f.k hkq ,nk
udOHhhs¡ Wod- ÿrl:k j,oS tu úoHq;a ;rx. fyda ÿrl:k jh¾ fõ¡
o;a; .%dylhd
 wjidk jYfhka o;a; ,nkakd fyda ,nd .kakd mqoa.,hd fõ¡
by; WodyrKfha o;a; .%dylhd Tfí ñ;=rd h¡

o;a; iïfm%aIK udOHhka
• kshuq udOH (Guide Media)
• úlsrK udOHh (Radiated Media)

 kshuq udOH (Guide Media)
fuys oS Ndú;d lrkqfha fN!;sl udOHhka (Physical medium)
fõ¡jvd;a m%p,s; udOHhka my; oelafõ¡
♣ idudkH wdldrfhka jQ jhr iudjD;$weUreï lïì (Twisted wire
pair)

 iudË fhd;a (Co-axial Cable )
 fïjdfha Ndú;d jkqfha ;U lïìhla jgd T;k ,o ;U oe,la iys; jh¾ fõ

m%ldY ;ka;= (Fiber optics)
fïjd wo jk úg b;du;a ckms%h kshuq udOHhla ù ;sfí¡

uqyqÿ m;=f,a we;s Fiber optics jh¾ j, rEm igykla

 úlsrK udOHh (Radiated Media)
fuysoS fN!;sl fkdjk my; wdldrfha jQ iïfm%aIK udOHhka
Ndú;d lrhs¡
 .=jka úÿ,s ;rx. (Radio transmission)
Radio, TV, Mobile phones jeks WmlrK j, Ndú;d jkqfha fuu
;rx.hs¡
 wfOdarla; lsrK (Infra red)
b;d wvq ixLHd; j,ska h;a wdf,dal ;rx. o o;a; iïfm%aIKh
iòyd fhdod .kS¡/yeka rys; h;=re mqjre"ujqihka iy uqøK hka;%
fïjdg WodyrK fõ¡
 laIqø ;rx. (Microwaves)
jvd jeä ÿrla iòyd o;a; iïfm%aIKh iòyd fïjd Ndú;d lrhs¡fuysoS
jeä ixLHd;hlska hq;= flá ;rx. Ndú;d fõ¡
 ikaksfõok pkaøsld(communication satellites)
wyfia ròjd we;s pkaøsld fï iòyd fhdod .efka¡

o;a; iïfm%aIK wdldr(Data transmission types)

 fuys oS Ndú; jk l%u 2 ls
 fY%aKs.; o;a; iïfm%aIKh(Serial data transmission)
fuysoS o;a; tlla msgqmi tlla wdldrhg o;a; iïfm%aIKh
flf¾¡ fuysoS tla jhrhla muKla fhdod .efka¡
1 Bit 1 Bit 1 Bit 1 Bit

 iudka;r.; o;a; iïfm%aIKh (Parallel data transmission)

fuys oS tljr ìgq(bits) lsysmhla iïfm%aIKh flf¾¡ ta i`oyd jh¾
lsysmhla Ndú; fõ¡
1 Bit
1 Bit
1 Bit

o;a; iïfm%aIK fõ.h (Data transmission speed)
 fuys oS ;;amrhla ;=< oS iïfm%aIKh lrkq ,nk ìgq m%udKh
ie,ls,a,g .ksñka fuh .Kkh flf¾¡(bits per second-bps)
o;a; iïfm%aIKh uekSu i`oyd kbps (kilo bits per second) Mbps
(mega bits per second) Gbps (giga bits per second) hk tall o
Ndú;d lrhs¡
8 bit = 1 bite
1000 bite = 1Kb
1000 Kb = 1Mb
1000 Mb = 1 Gb

KB,MB,GB iy Kb,Mb,Gb w;r fjki

o;a; iïfm%aIK úê (Data transmission modes)
 fuys m%Odk l%u 3 la oelsh yel¡
 tal m: (Simplex)
 w¾O oaúm: (Half duplex)
 mQ¾K oaúm: (Duplex)
 tal m: (Simplex)
fuys oS o;a; .uka lrkqfha tla osYdjlg muKs¡wfkla osYdjg o;a;
iïfm%aIKh ùu i`oyd lsisÿ wjldYhla fkdue;¡ o;a; iïfm%aIKh
ieu úgu o;a; m%Njfha isg o;a; .%dyl foig muKla isÿfõ¡
Wod- rEmjdyskS ikaksfõokh
.=jka úÿ,s ikaksfõokh

Medium
o;a; m%Njh o;a;h o;a; .%dylhd
(Sender /Source) (Receiver/Sink)
udOHh

w¾O oaúm: (Half duplex)

 tla jrlg tla osYdjlg muKla o;a; iïfm%aIKh lsrSug yels l
%uhls fuysoS fo osYdjgu o;a; iïfm%aIKh l< yels kuq;a tla
osYdjlg o;a; iïfm%aIKh wjika jk f;la wfkla osYdjg o;a; iïfm
%aIKh l< fkdyels h
 Wod-fjdals-fgdals (walkie-talkie)

o;a; m%Njh fyda Medium o;a; m%Njh fyda o;a; .
o;a; .%dylhd o;a;h %dylhd (Sender
(Sender /Source)
/Source)Receiver/Sink)
(Receiver/Sink) udOHh o;a;h

mQ¾K oaúm: (Duplex)

 tlu wjia:dfõ oS foosYdjgu o;a; iïfm%aIKh isÿ l< yels
o;a; iïfm%aIK l%uh mQ¾K oaúm: (Duplex data
transmission) l%uh fõ¡ ÿrl:kh fï i`oyd fyd`ou WodyrKhhs¡

o;a; m%Njh fyda Medium o;a; m%Njh fyda o;a; .
o;a; .%dylhd o;a;h %dylhd (Sender
(Sender /Source)
/Source)Receiver/Sink)
(Receiver/Sink) udOHh o;a;h

mrs.Kl cd, iy cd,lrKh
 mrs.Kl cd,hla hkq l=ulao@
 mrs.Kl 2 la fyda lsysmhla tlsfkl iïnkaO lrñka ilia
lrk mrs.Kl moaO;shla fõ¡
 mrs.Kl cd,hla f.dvke.Su u`.ska mrs.Klhkays we;s
iïm;a fmdÿfõ Ndú;d l< yels fõ¡
 mrs.Kl cd,hla f.dvke.SfïoS tys mrs.Kliy wfkl=;a
Wmdx. tlsfkl iïnkaO lsrSu i`oyd úúOdldrfha
ikaksfõok Wml%u yd Wmdx. Ndú;d lrkq ,efí¡
 Wod- Hub, Switch
fï ms<sn`o jeä úia;r bosrsfhaoS oelafõ¡

mrs.Kl cd, Ndú;fha jdis
(Advantages of computer networks)
 fõ.h(Speed)
mrs.Kl cd,hloS mrs.Kl iy wfkl=;a Wmdx. tlsfkl yd
fydòska iïnkaOj we;s ksid b;d myiqfjka iy fõ.fhka
o;a; iy f;dr;=re tyd fuyd lsrSfï yelshdjla we;¡
 úhou(Cost)
mrs.Kl uDÿldx. iòyd jeh jk wêl úhou i,ld ne,SfïoS
mrs.Kl cd,hla f.dvke.Su ;=<ska mrs.Kl uDÿldx.
iòyd jeh jk wêl úhoï m%udKh myiqfjkau wvq lr .;
yel¡
Wod- mrs.Kl iòyd fjk fjku mrs.Kl uDÿldx. ñ,g .; hq;=
fkdùu ^ksoyia yd újD; uDÿldx. (free and open
source software FOSS)Ndú;d lrkafka kï ta iòyd
lsisÿ uqo,la jeh fkdfõ¡&

mrs.Kl cd, Ndú;fha jdis..cont..
 wdrËdj(Security)

mrs.Kl cd, ;=< o;a; iy f;dr;=re wdrËd lsrSui`oyd
Passwords jeks úúO Wml%u fhdod .kS
 iïm;a fmdÿfõ Ndú;d l< yels ùu¡ (Sharing of
resources)
tkï ñ, wêl Printers, Modems, Scanners jeks foa
fmdÿfõ Ndú; l< yels ùuhs¡
 úoHq;a ;emE, (E-mail/Electronic mail)

mrs.Kl w;r b;du;a myiqfjka f;dr;=re yqjudre lsrSu
i`oyd úoHq;a ;emE, Ndú;d l< yel¡

mrs.Kl cd, Ndú;fha wjdis
(Disadvantages of computer networks)
 we;eï ^;re wdldrfha& mrs.Kl cd, j, m%Odk mrs.Klfha
ì`ojeàu iïmQ¾K mrs.Kl cd,fhau l%shdldrs;ajh flfrys wys;lr f,i
n,mdhs¡
 cd, moaO;sfha we;s jk fodaI ksid o;a; yd f;dr;=re úkdY ùu
fyda wjq,a ùu Wod- ffjria (Virus) we;=¿ ùu¡
 ndysr mqoa.,hskag myiqfjka moaO;shg we;=¿ ù o;a; yd
f;dr;=re fidrd .; yelsùu¡ Wod-nexl= .sKqï wxl
 we;eï úfgl moaO;sfha l%shdldrs;ajh my;a uÜgul mej;Su
Wod-o;a; .uka lrk ud¾. j, we;s ÿ¾j,;d ksid o;a; yqjudre jk
fõ.h wvqùu¡
 cd,h md,kh lsrSu myiq lghq;a;la fkdùu fï i`oyd úfYaI mrs.Kl
uDÿldx. o úfYaI mqyqKqjla ,;a ks,OdrSka o wjYH fõ¡

cd, ia:, úoHdj (Network Topology)
 mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSfï oS tajd fN!;sl jYfhka iïnkaO lr
we;s wdldrh fuu.ska fmkakqï lrhs¡
 fuys uQ,sl wdldr lsysmhla my; oelafõ¡
 ;re wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu (Star Topology)
 uqÿ wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu (Ring/Loop
Topology)
 nihl wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu (Bus Topology)
 rela ^.il& wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu (Tree
Topology)

;re wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu
(Star Topology)

 fuys oS mrs.Kl iïnkaO jkafka my; wdldrhg h¡
mrs.Kl tlsfkl yd iïnkaO lsrSu i`oyd
mrs.Klhla fyda Hub fyda Switch tlla
fhdod .kS¡ fuys we;s jdis jkafka fuu
wdldrhg cd,h ia:dmkh lsrSu myiq
ùu;a fodaI fiùu yd tajd ksrdlrKh;a
idfmaËj myiq ùu;a h¡ mrs.Kl tlsfkl yd
iïnkaO lsrSu i`oyd jeä jh¾ m%udKhla
wjYH ùu;a uOHfha msysá WmlrKh l
%shd úrys; ùu iïmQ¾K moaO;shgu
n,mEu;a fuys we;s m%Odk;u wjdis
fõ¡

uqÿ wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu
(Ring/Loop Topology)
 uqoaola$ j,,a,la wdldrhg mrs.Kl tlsfkl
iïnkaO lsrSu u`.ska fuu mrs.Kl cd,h ilia
lrkq ,efí¡ mrs.Kl tlsfkl iïnkaO lsrSug
wvq jh¾ m%udKhla wjYH ùu jdishla
jqj;a tla mrs.Klhl weK ysàu iïmQ¾K
cd,hu wvmK lsrSug fya;=ùu fuys we;s
m%Odk;u wjdish fõ¡

nihl wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu
(Bus Topology)
 m%Odk jhrh flakaø lr f.k ish¨ u mrs.Kl yd wfkl=;a Wmdx. tu
jhrhg iïnkaO lr fuu mrs.Kl cd,h ilia lrkq ,efí¡ wvq jh¾ m
%udKhla wjYH ùu;a b;d myiqfjka mrs.Kl yd wfkl=;a Wmdx.
iú l< yelsùu;a fuys we;s jdis fõ¡iïmQ¾K cd,hu m%Odk jhrh u;
hemSu fuys we;s m%Odk;u wjdishls¡ tfiau fuu m%Odk jhrh
fl<jr folskau jid oeóu o lrorldrS l%shdjla f,i oelaúh yel¡

rela ^.il& wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu
(Tree Topology)
 .il w;= fnfok wdldrfhka ilia ù we;s mrs.Kl
cd, fukñka yeòskafõ¡ fujeks cd,hl oS
tla tla w;a; fjk fjku md,kh lsrSug yels ùu
jdishls¡fuysoS cd,h ilia lsrSu yd md,kh
uòla ixlS¾K lghq;a;ls¡ tfukau fuu
cd,fha w;= iïnkaO lsrSu iòyd nihl
wdldrfha cd, iòyd Ndú; jQ m%Odk
jhrhla iïnkaO jk fyhska ta u; cd,fha l
%shdldrS;ajh ròd mej;Su o .eg¨jls¡

 Mesh Topology –fuu cd, j, my; wdldrhg flan,a
iïnkaO lsrSu isÿfõ¡

;re wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu
(Star Topology)

m%Odk mrs.Kl cd, wdldr
(Main types of Computer Networks)

 fujeks wdldr 3 la oelsh yelsh¡
 ia:dkSh m%foaY cd, (Local Area Networks - LAN)
 mq¿,a m%foaY cd, (Wide Area Networks - WAN)
 mqrjr m%foaY cd, (Metropolitan Area Networks -
MAN)

 ia:dkSh m%foaY cd,
(Local Area Networks - LAN)
 tkï l=vd m%foaYhl me;sr mj;akd mrs.Kl cd,
hs¡ fndfyda wjia:d j, fuh f.dvke.s,a,lg iSud
fõ¡ ke;fyd;a b;du wdikakfha msysá ia:dk lsysmhla
iïnkaO lrñka cd,h f.dv k.hs¡
 Wod- mdi,la fyda úYaj úoHd,hla ;=< ilia lrk
mrs.Kl cd,hla¡
 mq¿,a m%foaY cd, (Wide Area Networks - WAN)

tkï úYd, m%foaYhl me;sr mj;akd mrs.Kl cd, hs¡
Fujeks cd,hlg N+f.da,Sh jYfhka lsisÿ iSudjla ke;¡
fï i`oyd fyd`ou WodyrKh jkafka wka;¾cd,h(Internet)
hs¡

mqrjr m%foaY cd,
(Metropolitan Area Networks - MAN)
 by; ia:dkSh m%foaY cd,hg jvd jeä m%foaYhl
mj;akd kuq;a mq¿,a m%foaY cd,hg jvd wvq
N+f.da,Sh m%foaYhl me;sr mj;akd mrs.Kl cd, fõ¡
 Wod- hï rdcH wdh;khla mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk mrs.Kl
cd,hla¡ fuysoS m%dfoaYSh jYfhka msysgqjd we;s
wod, wdh;k tlsfkl yd iïnkaO fjñka l%shd;aul
fõ¡ nexl= wdh;k ;u YdLd w;r mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk
mrs.Kl cd, o fuhg WodyrK f,i fmkajd osh yel¡

mrs.Kl cd, j,oS wjYH jk Wmdx.
 fudvï WmlrKh (MODEM)

wka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaO ùug ÿrl:k iïnkaO;djh Ndú; l<
yel¡fuysoS ÿrl:k ud¾.h yryd tk m%;siu ix×d (Analog
signals) mrs.Klhg .e,fmk f,i ixLHdxl ix×d (Digital signals)
njg m;a lsrSug;a mrs.Klfhka tk ixLHdxl ix×d m%;siu
ix×d njg m;a lsrSu;a lrkq ,nkafka fuu Modem
WmlrKh u`.sks¡
Modulation^wkql,kh& Demodulation ^wkkql,kh& hk jpk
foflka Modem hkjpkh iEoS we;¡
 ndysrska iú l< yels fudvï yd wNHka;rfhka iú l< yels
fudvï o oelsh yel¡

ndysrska iú l< yels fudvï (External Modems)

wNHka;rfhka iú l< yels fudvï (Internal Modems)

cd,lrK kdNsh (Network Hub)

 mrs.Kl cd,hloS mrs.Kl lsysmhla tlsfkl iïnkaO
lsrSu i`oyd fuh Ndú;d l< yel¡

cd,lrK iaúph (Network Switch)
 mrs.Kl cd,hloS mrs.Kl w;r o;a; iy f;dr;=re úêu;aj
yqjudre lsrSu i`oyd fuh Ndú;d lrhs¡fuh fnfyda ÿrg
cd,lrK kdNsh (Network Hub) g iudk jk w;r fuys
úfYaI;ajh jkafka o;a; yd f;dr;=re úêu;aj yqjudre
lsrSu hs¡

cd,lrK w;=re uqyqK;a ldâm;
(Network Interface card-NIC)
 mrs.Kl cd,hloS wmf.a mrs.Klh cd,hg iïnkaO lsrSu i`oyd
wjYH mrsm: wvx.= ldâm; fukñka y`ÿkajhs¡iuyr mrs.Kl j,
fuh mrs.Kl uõ mqjrej u; (On board / Built- in network
interface card)oelsh yel¡

fiajdodhl mrs.Kl (Server Computers)

 mrs.Kl cd,hl ish¨ lghq;= md,kh lrñka wjYH lrk
fiajd imhk mrs.Kl fõ¡fïjd idudkH mrs.Kl j,g jvd jeä
msrsú;rhkaf.ka ^High configuration )^fõ.hlska "u;l
Odrs;djhlska& l%shd;aul fõ¡
 fiajd,dNS mrs.Kl (Client Computers)

mrs.Kl cd,hloS fiajdjka ,nd .kakd mrs.Klhka
fukñka y`ÿkajhs¡ Wod- wka;¾cd,h Ndú;d lrk
wjia:djkays oS Tnf.a mrs.Klh fiajd,dNS mrs.Klh jk
w;r Tng fiajd imhk mrs.Klh fiajdodhl mrs.Klh f,I l
%shd lrhs¡

wka;¾cd,h(Internet)
 1960 oYlfha w.Nd.fha oS weursldfõ wdrËl wud;HxYh
hgf;a ;snQ Wiia m¾fhaIK jHdmD;s tackaish u`.ska
wdrïN l< wdmdfkÜ (ARPANET) mrs.Kl cd, jHdmD;sh
wka;¾cd,fha wdrïNh iksgqyka lrhs¡ m%dfoaYsh
jYfhka me;sr mj;akd úYaj úoHd," úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK
isÿ lrk wdh;k iy mrs.Kl moaO;Ska tlsfkl myiqfjka
iïnkaO lsrSu fuu wdmdfkÜ cd,fha uQ,slu wruqK
úh¡ fuh j¾Okh ùfuka wo mj;sk mrs.Kl wiSñ;
ixLHdjlska hq;a wka;¾cd,h ìys ù we;¡
 flfia jqjo wka;¾cd,hg whs;slrefjl= ke;s w;r ta i`oyd
md,lfhl= o olakg ke;¡kuq;a rdcH fkdjk cd;Hka;r iajdëk
wdh;k tl;= ù msysgqjdf.k we;s wka;¾cd, iudc úiska
wka;¾cd,h i`oyd wjYH lrk iïu; iy wdpdr O¾u ilia lr we;¡

 wka;¾cd, fiajdj ,nd .ekSu i`oyd wka;¾cd, fiajd
imhkafkl=(Internet Service Provider-ISP) iu`. iïnkaO
úh hq;= w;r tu fiajd imhkakd cd;Hka;r wka;¾cd,
fiajdj yd iïnkaO fjñka wm fj; fiajh ,nd fohs¡
 wka;¾cd, fiajd imhkakkag WodyrK
 Sri lanka Telecom

wka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaO ùug wjYH oE
 mrs.Klhla (A computer)
 ikaksfõok uDÿldx.hla (A communication software)
 Wod- Internet Explore
Google Chrome
Fire Fox
 ÿrl:k iïnkaO;djhla (A teephone connection)

fuysoS cx.u ÿrl:k cd, j, mj;sk 3G myiqlu we;akï fõ.j;a
wka;¾cd, in`o;djla f.dv k`.d .; yel¡ Internet Dongle o fï
i`oyd Ndú; l< yel¡
 fudvï hka;%hla (A MODEM)
 wka;¾cd, fiajd imhk wdh;khla (An Internet Service
Provider)

 wNHka;r cd, (Intranet)

wka;¾cd,fha Ndú; lrkq ,nk ;dËKsl Wml%u Ndú;
lrñka hï wdh;khla úiska tu wdh;kfha wNHka;r
mqoa.,hskag muKla Ndú; l< yels iy fnfyda wjia:d
j,oS wod, wdh;khg muKla u iSud jQ mrs.Kl
cd,hls¡

Computer for grade 10

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Computer for grade 10

Similar to Computer for grade 10 (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Computer for grade 10

Editor's Notes