Expression detection is useful as a non-invasive method of lie detection and behaviour prediction. However, these facial expressions may be difficult to detect to the untrained eye. In this paper we implements facial expression recognition techniques using Ranking Method. The human face plays an important role in our social interaction, conveying people's identity. Using human face as a key to security, the biometrics face recognition technology has received significant attention in the past several years. Experiments are performed using standard database like surprise, sad and happiness. The universally accepted three principal emotions to be recognized are: surprise, sad and happiness along with neutral.
Face expression recognition using Scaled-conjugate gradient Back-Propagation ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Fuzzy logic is an interesting theory that allows the natural description, in linguistic terms, of problems that should be solved rather than in terms of relationships between precise numerical values. In this paper, an effective approach is proposed that quantifies the human facial expression using Mamdani implication based fuzzy logic system. The new technique involves in extracting mathematical data from
the face and fed to a fuzzy rule-based system. Fuzzification and Defuzzification operation issues trapezoidal membership functions for both input and output. The distinct feature of a system is its simplicity and high accuracy. Experimental results on Image dataset indicate good performance of the
proposed technique. Comparative analysis reveal that the proposed technique is uniqueness and robust
with reference to other state of the art methods.
In this paper, a legitimate procedure proposed for quantification of human facial expression recognition from Facial features using Mamdani-type fuzzy system. It is Fuzzy Inference System (FIS), which is capable to set up an easy membership relation between the different dimensions of the happy expression. The FIS recognizes three levels of same happy expression namely No happy, Bit Smiley and Loud Laugh based on membership function modeled on different psychological studies and surveys.
Face Emotion Analysis Using Gabor Features In Image Database for Crime Invest...Waqas Tariq
The face is the most extraordinary communicator, which plays an important role in interpersonal relations and Human Machine Interaction. . Facial expressions play an important role wherever humans interact with computers and human beings to communicate their emotions and intentions. Facial expressions, and other gestures, convey non-verbal communication cues in face-to-face interactions. In this paper we have developed an algorithm which is capable of identifying a person’s facial expression and categorize them as happiness, sadness, surprise and neutral. Our approach is based on local binary patterns for representing face images. In our project we use training sets for faces and non faces to train the machine in identifying the face images exactly. Facial expression classification is based on Principle Component Analysis. In our project, we have developed methods for face tracking and expression identification from the face image input. Applying the facial expression recognition algorithm, the developed software is capable of processing faces and recognizing the person’s facial expression. The system analyses the face and determines the expression by comparing the image with the training sets in the database. We have followed PCA and neural networks in analyzing and identifying the facial expressions.
Face expression recognition using Scaled-conjugate gradient Back-Propagation ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Fuzzy logic is an interesting theory that allows the natural description, in linguistic terms, of problems that should be solved rather than in terms of relationships between precise numerical values. In this paper, an effective approach is proposed that quantifies the human facial expression using Mamdani implication based fuzzy logic system. The new technique involves in extracting mathematical data from
the face and fed to a fuzzy rule-based system. Fuzzification and Defuzzification operation issues trapezoidal membership functions for both input and output. The distinct feature of a system is its simplicity and high accuracy. Experimental results on Image dataset indicate good performance of the
proposed technique. Comparative analysis reveal that the proposed technique is uniqueness and robust
with reference to other state of the art methods.
In this paper, a legitimate procedure proposed for quantification of human facial expression recognition from Facial features using Mamdani-type fuzzy system. It is Fuzzy Inference System (FIS), which is capable to set up an easy membership relation between the different dimensions of the happy expression. The FIS recognizes three levels of same happy expression namely No happy, Bit Smiley and Loud Laugh based on membership function modeled on different psychological studies and surveys.
Face Emotion Analysis Using Gabor Features In Image Database for Crime Invest...Waqas Tariq
The face is the most extraordinary communicator, which plays an important role in interpersonal relations and Human Machine Interaction. . Facial expressions play an important role wherever humans interact with computers and human beings to communicate their emotions and intentions. Facial expressions, and other gestures, convey non-verbal communication cues in face-to-face interactions. In this paper we have developed an algorithm which is capable of identifying a person’s facial expression and categorize them as happiness, sadness, surprise and neutral. Our approach is based on local binary patterns for representing face images. In our project we use training sets for faces and non faces to train the machine in identifying the face images exactly. Facial expression classification is based on Principle Component Analysis. In our project, we have developed methods for face tracking and expression identification from the face image input. Applying the facial expression recognition algorithm, the developed software is capable of processing faces and recognizing the person’s facial expression. The system analyses the face and determines the expression by comparing the image with the training sets in the database. We have followed PCA and neural networks in analyzing and identifying the facial expressions.
SPONTANEOUS SMILE DETECTION WITH APPLICATION OF LANDMARK POINTS SUPPORTED BY ...csandit
When automatic recognition of emotion became feasible, novel challenges has evolved. One of them is the recognition whether a presented emotion is genuine or not. In this work, a fully automated system for differentiation between spontaneous and posed smiles is presented. This solution exploits information derived from landmark points, which track the movement of fiducial elements of face. Additionally, the smile intensity computed with SNiP (Smile-Neutral intensity Predictor) system is exploited to deliver additional descriptive data. The performed experiments revealed that when an image sequence describes all phases of smile, the landmark
points based approach achieves almost 80% accuracy, but when only onset is exploited,additional support from visual cues is necessary to obtain comparable outcomes.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Face Recognition System Using Local Ternary Pattern and Signed Number Multipl...inventionjournals
This paper presents a novel approach to face recognition. The task of face recognition is to verify a claimed identity by comparing a claimed image of the individual with other images belonging to the same individual/other individual in a database. The proposed method utilizes Local Ternary Pattern and signed bit multiplication to extract local features of a face. The image is divided into small non-overlapping windows. Processing is carried out on these windows to extract features. Test image’s features are compared with all the training images using Euclidean's distance. The image with lowest Euclidean distance is recognized as the true face image. If the distance between test and all training images is more than threshold then test image is considered as unrecognised image or match not found .The face recognition rate of proposed system is calculated by varying the number of images per person in training database
Emotion Recognition from Facial Expression Based on Fiducial Points Detection...IJECEIAES
The importance of emotion recognition lies in the role that emotions play in our everyday lives. Emotions have a strong relationship with our behavior. Thence, automatic emotion recognition, is to equip the machine of this human ability to analyze, and to understand the human emotional state, in order to anticipate his intentions from facial expression. In this paper, a new approach is proposed to enhance accuracy of emotion recognition from facial expression, which is based on input features deducted only from fiducial points. The proposed approach consists firstly on extracting 1176 dynamic features from image sequences that represent the proportions of euclidean distances between facial fiducial points in the first frame, and faicial fiducial points in the last frame. Secondly, a feature selection method is used to select only the most relevant features from them. Finally, the selected features are presented to a Neural Network (NN) classifier to classify facial expression input into emotion. The proposed approach has achieved an emotion recognition accuracy of 99% on the CK+ database, 84.7% on the Oulu-CASIA VIS database, and 93.8% on the JAFFE database.
Happiness Expression Recognition at Different Age ConditionsEditor IJMTER
Recognition of different internal emotions of human face under various critical
conditions is a difficult task. Facial expression recognition with different age variations is
considered in this study. This paper emphasizes on recognition of facial expression like
happiness mood of nine persons using subspace methods. This paper mainly focuses on new
robust subspace method which is based on Proposed Euclidean Distance Score Level Fusion
(PEDSLF) using PCA, ICA, SVD methods. All these methods and new robust method is
tested with FGNET database. An automatic recognition of facial expressions is being carried
out. Comparative analysis results surpluses PEDSLF method is more accurate for happiness
emotional facial expression recognition.
An Approach to Face Recognition Using Feed Forward Neural NetworkEditor IJCATR
Abstract: Many approaches have been proposed for face recognition but there are major constraints like illumination, lightning, pose
etc., when taken into consideration, results in poor recognition rate. We propose a method to improve the recognition rate of the face
recognition system which uses various methods like homogeneity, energy, covariance, contrast, asymmetry, correlation, mean,
standard deviation, entropy, kurtosis to extract the facial features for a better recognition rate. Also the extracted features are trained
and it is associated with a feed forward back propagation neural network used for classification to render better results.
A novel approach for performance parameter estimation of face recognition bas...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
A Novel Mathematical Based Method for Generating Virtual Samples from a Front...CSCJournals
This paper deals with one sample face recognition which is a new challenging problem in pattern recognition. In the proposed method, the frontal 2D face image of each person divided to some sub-regions. After computing the 3D shape of each sub-region, a fusion scheme is applied on sub-regions to create a total 3D shape for whole face image. Then, 2D face image is added to the corresponding 3D shape to construct 3D face image. Finally by rotating the 3D face image, virtual samples with different views are generated. Experimental results on ORL dataset using nearest neighbor as classifier reveal an improvement about 5% in recognition rate for one sample per person by enlarging training set using generated virtual samples. Compared with other related works, the proposed method has the following advantages: 1) only one single frontal face is required for face recognition and the outputs are virtual images with variant views for each individual 2) need only 3 key points of face (eyes and nose) 3) 3D shape estimation for generating virtual samples is fully automatic and faster than other 3D reconstruction approaches 4) it is fully mathematical with no training phase and the estimated 3D model is unique for each individual.
Comparision Of Various Lossless Image Compression TechniquesIJERA Editor
Today images are considered as the major information tanks in the world. They can convey a lot more information to the receptor then a few pages of written information. Due to this very reason image processing has become a field of research today. The processing are basically are of two types; lossy and lossless. Since the information is power, so having it complete and discrete is of great importance today. Hence in such cases lossless techniques are the best options. This paper deals with the comparison of different lossless image compression techniques available today.
Modelling of runoff response in a semi-arid coastal watershed using SWATIJERA Editor
The GIS based hydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) is applied to a coastal watershed in the water scarce Saurashtra region of Gujarat, India, to understand the rainfall-runoff linkage. The study attempts to identify response of the coastal watershed for existing climatic conditions. The hydrological model is calibrated (2006-2009) and validated (2010-2012) at both daily and monthly scales. Performance of the model during calibration and validation period is evaluated through standard indices, NSE, R2 and PBIAS that indicate an acceptable response. At monthly scale, model performance is good for both low and above average rainfall years.
SPONTANEOUS SMILE DETECTION WITH APPLICATION OF LANDMARK POINTS SUPPORTED BY ...csandit
When automatic recognition of emotion became feasible, novel challenges has evolved. One of them is the recognition whether a presented emotion is genuine or not. In this work, a fully automated system for differentiation between spontaneous and posed smiles is presented. This solution exploits information derived from landmark points, which track the movement of fiducial elements of face. Additionally, the smile intensity computed with SNiP (Smile-Neutral intensity Predictor) system is exploited to deliver additional descriptive data. The performed experiments revealed that when an image sequence describes all phases of smile, the landmark
points based approach achieves almost 80% accuracy, but when only onset is exploited,additional support from visual cues is necessary to obtain comparable outcomes.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Face Recognition System Using Local Ternary Pattern and Signed Number Multipl...inventionjournals
This paper presents a novel approach to face recognition. The task of face recognition is to verify a claimed identity by comparing a claimed image of the individual with other images belonging to the same individual/other individual in a database. The proposed method utilizes Local Ternary Pattern and signed bit multiplication to extract local features of a face. The image is divided into small non-overlapping windows. Processing is carried out on these windows to extract features. Test image’s features are compared with all the training images using Euclidean's distance. The image with lowest Euclidean distance is recognized as the true face image. If the distance between test and all training images is more than threshold then test image is considered as unrecognised image or match not found .The face recognition rate of proposed system is calculated by varying the number of images per person in training database
Emotion Recognition from Facial Expression Based on Fiducial Points Detection...IJECEIAES
The importance of emotion recognition lies in the role that emotions play in our everyday lives. Emotions have a strong relationship with our behavior. Thence, automatic emotion recognition, is to equip the machine of this human ability to analyze, and to understand the human emotional state, in order to anticipate his intentions from facial expression. In this paper, a new approach is proposed to enhance accuracy of emotion recognition from facial expression, which is based on input features deducted only from fiducial points. The proposed approach consists firstly on extracting 1176 dynamic features from image sequences that represent the proportions of euclidean distances between facial fiducial points in the first frame, and faicial fiducial points in the last frame. Secondly, a feature selection method is used to select only the most relevant features from them. Finally, the selected features are presented to a Neural Network (NN) classifier to classify facial expression input into emotion. The proposed approach has achieved an emotion recognition accuracy of 99% on the CK+ database, 84.7% on the Oulu-CASIA VIS database, and 93.8% on the JAFFE database.
Happiness Expression Recognition at Different Age ConditionsEditor IJMTER
Recognition of different internal emotions of human face under various critical
conditions is a difficult task. Facial expression recognition with different age variations is
considered in this study. This paper emphasizes on recognition of facial expression like
happiness mood of nine persons using subspace methods. This paper mainly focuses on new
robust subspace method which is based on Proposed Euclidean Distance Score Level Fusion
(PEDSLF) using PCA, ICA, SVD methods. All these methods and new robust method is
tested with FGNET database. An automatic recognition of facial expressions is being carried
out. Comparative analysis results surpluses PEDSLF method is more accurate for happiness
emotional facial expression recognition.
An Approach to Face Recognition Using Feed Forward Neural NetworkEditor IJCATR
Abstract: Many approaches have been proposed for face recognition but there are major constraints like illumination, lightning, pose
etc., when taken into consideration, results in poor recognition rate. We propose a method to improve the recognition rate of the face
recognition system which uses various methods like homogeneity, energy, covariance, contrast, asymmetry, correlation, mean,
standard deviation, entropy, kurtosis to extract the facial features for a better recognition rate. Also the extracted features are trained
and it is associated with a feed forward back propagation neural network used for classification to render better results.
A novel approach for performance parameter estimation of face recognition bas...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
A Novel Mathematical Based Method for Generating Virtual Samples from a Front...CSCJournals
This paper deals with one sample face recognition which is a new challenging problem in pattern recognition. In the proposed method, the frontal 2D face image of each person divided to some sub-regions. After computing the 3D shape of each sub-region, a fusion scheme is applied on sub-regions to create a total 3D shape for whole face image. Then, 2D face image is added to the corresponding 3D shape to construct 3D face image. Finally by rotating the 3D face image, virtual samples with different views are generated. Experimental results on ORL dataset using nearest neighbor as classifier reveal an improvement about 5% in recognition rate for one sample per person by enlarging training set using generated virtual samples. Compared with other related works, the proposed method has the following advantages: 1) only one single frontal face is required for face recognition and the outputs are virtual images with variant views for each individual 2) need only 3 key points of face (eyes and nose) 3) 3D shape estimation for generating virtual samples is fully automatic and faster than other 3D reconstruction approaches 4) it is fully mathematical with no training phase and the estimated 3D model is unique for each individual.
Comparision Of Various Lossless Image Compression TechniquesIJERA Editor
Today images are considered as the major information tanks in the world. They can convey a lot more information to the receptor then a few pages of written information. Due to this very reason image processing has become a field of research today. The processing are basically are of two types; lossy and lossless. Since the information is power, so having it complete and discrete is of great importance today. Hence in such cases lossless techniques are the best options. This paper deals with the comparison of different lossless image compression techniques available today.
Modelling of runoff response in a semi-arid coastal watershed using SWATIJERA Editor
The GIS based hydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) is applied to a coastal watershed in the water scarce Saurashtra region of Gujarat, India, to understand the rainfall-runoff linkage. The study attempts to identify response of the coastal watershed for existing climatic conditions. The hydrological model is calibrated (2006-2009) and validated (2010-2012) at both daily and monthly scales. Performance of the model during calibration and validation period is evaluated through standard indices, NSE, R2 and PBIAS that indicate an acceptable response. At monthly scale, model performance is good for both low and above average rainfall years.
Tertiary Treated Waste water as a Promising Alternative for Potable Water for...IJERA Editor
WatersecurityisavitalissueinaridcountrieslikeKuwait,wheredesalinatedwateristhe solesupplyoffresh water.Thispaper isacontributiontotheongoingefforts towardsrationalizationin potablewater consumption.In addition,itdiscusses therole of high-quality effluent water, from wastewater treatment plants in Kuwait, as a potential replacementfor potable water for non-contact domesticapplications as a oneway in savingin thisvaluablecommodity.
Comparision of Clustering Algorithms usingNeural Network Classifier for Satel...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a hybrid clustering algorithm and feed-forward neural network classifier for land-cover mapping of trees, shade, building and road. It starts with the single step preprocessing procedure to make the image suitable for segmentation. The pre-processed image is segmented using the hybrid genetic-Artificial Bee Colony(ABC) algorithm that is developed by hybridizing the ABC and FCM to obtain the effective segmentation in satellite image and classified using neural network . The performance of the proposed hybrid algorithm is compared with the algorithms like, k-means, Fuzzy C means(FCM), Moving K-means, Artificial Bee Colony(ABC) algorithm, ABC-GA algorithm, Moving KFCM and KFCM algorithm.
Visible Light Induced Selective Photocatalytic Oxidation of Benzyl Amine to N...IJERA Editor
Irradiated semiconductor catalysis in the presence of molecular oxygen can be considered as an innovative and sustainable technique for organic transformations. The present work reports the preparation ofGraphene oxide/TiO2composite by improved Hummer’s method followed by hydrothermal technique. The prepared system was characterized by various physico-chemical techniques such as X-Ray diffraction, IR-Spectroscopy, UV-DRS, XPS, SEM and TEM Analysis.On reaction, benzylamine in CH3CN yieldedN-benzylidene-1-phenylmethanamine as the sole product. The reaction was monitored by GC-MS Analysis.
Conventional Design Calculation &3D Modeling of Metal Forming Heavy duty Hydr...IJERA Editor
The design optimization & structure frame analysis of a heavy duty metal forming hydraulic press has been proposed. In this paper the structural analysis & design optimization of hydraulic press has been done and a comparative study of results of finite element analysis of a press with 300 ton capacity has been conducted. It is not possible for the real experimental studies to take into consideration the influence of the connections between the main beams and the rest parts of the construction, the influence of the long it udinal and transverse ribbings as well as the influence of the supports on the overall stressed state of the construction. Moreover, the research esthatuseforthemajorityofthetestcasesdifferentstrainmeasurementsturnouttobequitehardandexpensive.Alltheseproblemscouldbesolvedsuccessfullybytheuseofcomputermodelingprocedures.Itispossibletoperform2Dor 3Dcomputerstudies.The2Dcomputerstudiesgiveideaoftheplanarbehavioroftheconstructionandlacktheopportunityofshowingtheinfluenceofsupportsortheconnectionsoftheconstruction.Itisonlythe3Dmodelsthatcouldsatisfyalltherequirementsfor examiningthegeneralstressedstateofthecarryingmetalconstruction.Withregardtothis,thecreationof3-Dmodelsforresearchingandanalyzingthebehaviorofametal forming hydraulic press,becomesthemaingoalofthepresentwork.Intheinitialphaseof thestudy,conventionaldesigncalculationsproposedbyIndianStandardRuleswereperformed.Thepressdesignwasmodeledwithsolids,Loadsandboundaryconditionswereappliedtosolidmodel.Assignmaterialtothesolidmodel.FiniteElementmeshesweregeneratedfromthesolidmodel.Afteracomparisonofthefiniteelementanalyses,andtheconventionalcalculations,theanalysiswasfoundtogivethemostrealisticresults.Asaresultofthis study,adesign optimizationfor a heavy duty meal forming hydraulic presshasbeendone.
Removal of Lignin from aqueous solution using Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as an effec...IJERA Editor
The study was carried out to find out the adsorption efficiency of lignin from paper mill waste water by using Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. The physico-chemical analysis of paper mill effluent results high B.O.D value. Separations of lignin from black liquor were done by acid precipitation method and removal of lignin was done with nanoparticles. Synthesis of nanoparticles was done by co-precipitation method by mixing and stirring of FeCl3.6H2O and FeCl2.4H2O solution at 2:1 molar ratio. The nanoparticles were characterized by using U.V-Vis spectrophotometer and X-Ray Diffraction. U.V-Vis spectra show absorbance spectra at around 585 nm while XRD revealed around 10 nm sizes of Fe3O4 MNPs. The removal efficiency of lignin by Fe3O4 MNPs was investigated at different pH and contact time. Maximum adsorption of lignin onto the surface of Fe3O4 MNPs took place at pH 2.5 and 10 mins of contact time. Desorption of lignin by nanoparticles was studies by using different organic solvents.
Experimental Study and Optimisation of Mrr In CNC Plasma ARC CuttingIJERA Editor
The research and development in the precise and accurate machining technology of hard metals (Ferrous, non-ferrous and glass etc) is gaining much importance in the industry since last many years. Due to the tremendous competition and cost factor, the non-conventional machining technology is becoming the first choice of the engineers and technicians. In this era of advanced technological processes the CNC plasma arc machining is gaining tremendous ground in the industry. It is much more capable of producing best finished, high accurate machining of very complicated non-symmetrical profile in no time. The main objective and targets of this practical experiment is based to achieve the best possible setting and parameters of operation on a CNC plasma arc machine to achieving speedy work i.e. Maximum material removal rate.
Performance Analysis For Reaction Turbine – A Case StudyIJERA Editor
Performance test on a model of a Francis turbine has been carried out in the laboratory for various gate opening of the turbine. The parameters have been expressed in the term of unit quantities. The result show that the peak efficiency lies between 76% and 88% of the full load. The maximum efficiency and power obtained at Nu =362, whereas maximum efficiency obtained is 74% at 95% wicket gate opening, Predicted result based on the modal study for a prototype obtained is within the specified limit.
A review on: The influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC bui...IJERA Editor
This study focuses on a review of the influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC buildings. The aim of this study is to gain understanding the effect of the local site conditions on the seismic forces in building. The study helps in creating awareness about the importance of the local site conditions, such as proximity to the source of earthquakes (faults) and the local geological and topographical features in the earthquake resistant design of buildings. The current Indian code of practice for seismic analysis IS 1893:2002, specifies seismic zones to consider different levels of intensity of ground shaking, There are also maps of the principal tectonic features and lithological formations. This paper shows the soil condition effects studied by the various researchers.
Impacts of Flooding on Road Transport Infrastructure In Enugu Metropolitan Ci...IJERA Editor
An assessment of the impact of flooding on the road transport infrastructure in Enugu Metropolis was carried out using survey research method. Thirty impact indicators were rated by the respondents against six impact dimensions of population, vulnerability of activities, frequency, intensity, extent and risk. Three null hypotheses were postulated and tested. One sample t-test was used for testing hypothesis one which stated that damages to the road transport infrastructure resulting from flooding are not significant to warrant mitigation.Since the p-value =0.000(p<0.05),>< 0.05), indicating high impact of flooding on the socio-economic activities in Enugu urban.Furthermore a statistically significant impact was equally recorded in hypothesis three since thecalculated p–value (0.000)was less than 0.05, (p < 0.05). The implication was that damages to road transport infrastructure due to flooding have significant impact on the environmental sustainability of the study area. The model generated hadGoodness of Fit Index (GFI) = 0.974; Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI) = 0.951; Comparative Fit Index (CFI)= 0.949 and Incremental Fit Index (IFI) = 0.950; while the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.059. The paper therefore recommendedproper infrastructural design and planning, good governance, population control and appropriate weather monitoring as some measures that could be adopted to mitigate the impact of flooding on the road transport infrastructure in Enugu Urban.
Conjugate Heat transfer Analysis of helical fins with airfoil cross-section a...IJERA Editor
Air Cooled Engines have been used in a variety of applications, ranging from airplanes to motorbikes and even stationary or portable engines. Since modern automobiles and airplanes use engines delivering more power, they have to be cooled more efficiently due to which a more complex water cooling system is used for cooling engines with large displacements. Hence air cooling is becoming a thing of the past, especially in the aviation sector due to the advent of more efficient gas turbine engines. However air cooled internal combustion engines are still being used in a wide variety of two-wheelers ranging from small single cylinder engines to heavy duty liter class V-twins and Inline fours, due to the non-practicalities associated with the installment of a bulky water cooling system in two-wheelers. So one can ascertain that there is a scope for improving the efficiency of air cooled engines even further. The objective of this paper is to analyze currently existing fin design employed in most of the air cooled engines and improve it by changing the cross-section to a streamlined one and also making the fins in a helical orientation as opposed to the regular circular fins employed. Our analysis comprises of a computational fluid dynamics study of both the fin models with identical dimensions and simulated in the same environment using ANSYS FLUENT 15 software and we attempt to compare their performance using the temperature and heat transfer coefficient distribution plots obtained.
A building code, or building control, is a set of rules that specify the minimum standards for constructed objects such as buildings and non building structures. The main purpose of building codes are to protect public health, safety and general welfare as they relate to the construction and occupancy of buildings and structures. The building code becomes law of a particular jurisdiction when formally enacted by the appropriate governmental or private authority. Building codes are generally intended to be applied by architects, engineers, constructors and regulators but are also used for various purposes by safety inspectors, environmental scientists, real estate developers, subcontractors, manufacturers of building products and materials, insurance companies, facility managers, tenants and others.
Rg luxury homes, a source of delightful lifestyleGhanshyam Kumar
RG luxury homes extension is developed across eighteen acres of land and holds two and three BHK apartments with contemporary amenities and features, enveloped among the surroundings of lush green landscape. This residential complex is covered in a huge seven acre of garden landscape on podium level.
Two Level Decision for Recognition of Human Facial Expressions using Neural N...IIRindia
Facial Expressions of the human being is the one which is the outcome of the inner feelings of the mind. It is the person’s internal emotional states and intentions.A person’s face provides a lot of information such as age, gender, identity, mood, expressions and so on. Faces play an important role in the recognition of the expressions of persons. In this research, an attempt is made to design a model to classify human facial expressions according to the features extracted f0rom human facial images by applying 3 Sigma limits inSecond level decision using Neural Network (NN). Now a days, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been widely used as a tool for solving many decision modeling problems. In this paper a feed forward propagation Neural networks are constructed for expression classification system for gray-scale facial images. Three groups of expressions including Happy, Sad and Anger are used in the classification system. In this paper, a Second level decision has been proposed in which the output obtained from the Neural Network(Primary Level) has been refined at the Second level in order to improvise the accuracy of the recognition rate. The accuracy of the system is analyzed by the variation on the range of the expression groups. The efficiency of the system is demonstrated through the experimental results.
Emotion plays an important role in daily life of human being. The need and importance of automatic emotion recognition has grown with increasing role of human computer interaction applications. All emotion is derived from the presence of stimulus in body which evoke the physiological response. Yash Bardhan | Tejas A. Fulzele | Prabhat Ranjan | Shekhar Upadhyay | Prof. V.D. Bharate"Emotion Recognition using Image Processing" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10995.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/telecommunications/10995/emotion-recognition-using-image-processing/yash-bardhan
Face detection is one of the most suitable applications for image processing and biometric programs. Artificial neural networks have been used in the many field like image processing, pattern recognition, sales forecasting, customer research and data validation. Face detection and recognition have become one of the most popular biometric techniques over the past few years. There is a lack of research literature that provides an overview of studies and research-related research of Artificial neural networks face detection. Therefore, this study includes a review of facial recognition studies as well systems based on various Artificial neural networks methods and algorithms.
Facial emoji recognition is a human computer interaction system. In recent times, automatic face recognition or facial expression recognition has attracted increasing attention from researchers in psychology, computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, and similar fields. Facial emoji recognizer is an end user application which detects the expression of the person in the video being captured by the camera. The smiley relevant to the expression of the person in the video is shown on the screen which changes with the change in the expressions. Facial expressions are important in human communication and interactions. Also, they are used as an important tool in studies about behavior and in medical fields. Facial emoji recognizer provides a fast and practical approach for non meddlesome emotion detection. The purpose was to develop an intelligent system for facial based expression classification using CNN algorithm. Haar classifier is used for face detection and CNN algorithm is utilized for the expression detection and giving the emoticon relevant to the expression as the output. N. Swapna Goud | K. Revanth Reddy | G. Alekhya | G. S. Sucheta ""Facial Emoji Recognition"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23166.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/23166/facial-emoji-recognition/n-swapna-goud
REVIEW OF FACE DETECTION SYSTEMS BASED ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS ALGORITHMSijma
Face detection is one of the most relevant applications of image processing and biometric systems.
Artificial neural networks (ANN) have been used in the field of image processing and pattern recognition.
There is lack of literature surveys which give overview about the studies and researches related to the using
of ANN in face detection. Therefore, this research includes a general review of face detection studies and
systems which based on different ANN approaches and algorithms. The strengths and limitations of these
literature studies and systems were included also.
Review of face detection systems based artificial neural networks algorithmsijma
Face detection is one of the most relevant applications of image processing and biometric systems.
Artificial neural networks (ANN) have been used in the field of image processing and pattern recognition.
There is lack of literature surveys which give overview about the studies and researches related to the using
of ANN in face detection. Therefore, this research includes a general review of face detection studies and
systems which based on different ANN approaches and algorithms. The strengths and limitations of these
literature studies and systems were included also.
Abstract Face recognition is one of the crucial and important methods for the security purposes. The accuracy of the facial recognition system degrades over time. Therefore the FRS system must be up-to-date. Sometimes the system will not be up-to-date because of unlabelled face images, or because of change in the facial expressions or because of any relevant changes in face of person. Therefore in such cases also the FRS must be self-trained to make the system up-to-date. In this paper a semi-supervised version, based on the self-training method, of the classical PCA-based face recognition algorithm is proposed to exploit unlabelled data for off-line updating of the Eigen space and the templates. Reported results show that the exploitation of unlabelled data by self-training can substantially improve the performances achieved with a small set of labelled training examples. Index Terms: Eigen faces, Face recognition, face classifier, occluded faces
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Human emotion detection and classification using modified Viola-Jones and con...IAESIJAI
Facial expression is a kind of nonverbal communication that conveys
information about a person's emotional state. Human emotion detection and
recognition remains a major task in computer vision (CV) and artificial
intelligence (AI). To recognize and identify the many sorts of emotions,
several algorithms are proposed in the literature. In this paper, the modified
Viola-Jones method is introduced to provide a robust approach capable of
detecting and identifying human feelings such as angerness,sadness, desire,
surprise, anxiety, disgust, and neutrality in real-time. This technique captures
real-time pictures and then extracts the characteristics of the facial image to
identify emotions very accurately. In this method, many feature extraction
techniques like gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), linear binary
pattern (LBP) and robust principal components analysis (RPCA) are applied
to identify the distinct mood states and they are categorized using a
convolution neural network (CNN) classifier. The obtained outcome
demonstrates that the proposed method outperforms in terms of determining
the rate of emotion recognition as compared to the current human emotion
recognition techniques.
Review of facial expression recognition system and used datasetseSAT Journals
Abstract The human face is main part to recognize the individuals as well as provides the important information, current state of user behavior through their different expressions. Therefore, in biometric area of the research, automatically face & face expression recognition attracts researcher’s interest. The other areas which use such technique are computer science medicine, psychology etc. Usually face recognition system is consisting of many internal tasks. Face detection is thefirst task of such systems. Due to different variations across the human faces, the process of detecting face becomes complex. But with help of different modeling methods, it becomes possible to recognize the face and hence different face expressions. This paperpresents a literature review over the techniques and methods used for facial expression recognition. Also, different facial expression datasets available for the research or testing of existing methods of facial expression recognition are discussed. Keywords: Facial Expression, Face Detection, Features Extraction, Recognition, datasets.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
Efficient Facial Expression and Face Recognition using Ranking Method
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Efficient Facial Expression and Face Recognition using Ranking
Method
Murali Krishna kanala1
, CH.D. Umasankar2
PG Student, Dept ECE, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India1
.
Assistant Professor, Dept ECE, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India2
.
ABSTRACT
Expression detection is useful as a non-invasive method of lie detection and behaviour prediction. However,
these facial expressions may be difficult to detect to the untrained eye. In this paper we implements facial
expression recognition techniques using Ranking Method. The human face plays an important role in our social
interaction, conveying people's identity. Using human face as a key to security, the biometrics face recognition
technology has received significant attention in the past several years. Experiments are performed using
standard database like surprise, sad and happiness. The universally accepted three principal emotions to be
recognized are: surprise, sad and happiness along with neutral.
I. INTRODUCTION
Expression is the most important mode of non-
verbal communication between people. Recently, the
facial expression recognition technology attracts
more and more attention with people’s growing
interesting in expression information. Facial
expression carries crucial information about the
mental, emotional and even physical states of the
conversation. Facial expression recognition has
practical significance; it has very broad application
prospects, such as user-friendly interface between
man and machine, humanistic design of goods, and
emotional robot etc. With facial expression
recognition systems, the computer will be able to
assess the human expressions depending on their
effective state in the same way that human’s senses
do [3]. T he intelligent computers will be able to
understand, interpret and respond to human
intentions, emotions and moods [3].
The facial expression recognition system
applied in different areas of life such as security and
surveillance, they can predict the offender or
criminal’s behavior by analyzing the images of their
faces that are captured by the control-camcorder.
Furthermore, the facial expression recognition
system has been used in communication to make the
answer machine more interactive with people.
The answer machine has become more
intelligent by analyzing the client’s voice and
dealing with the responses according to their
emotions. Moreover, it is powerful in signed
language recognition system that deals with the deaf
and dumb people. The facial expression recognition
system has a considerable impact on the game and
entertainment field besides its use to increase the
efficiency of robots for specific military tasks,
medical robots, and manufacturing servicing [7].
Generally, the intelligent computer with facial
expression recognition system has been used to
improve our daily lives.
Bartlett explores and compares techniques for
automatically recognizing facial actions in
sequences of images. These techniques include
analysis of facial motion through estimation of
optical flow; holistic spatial analysis, such as
independent component analysis, local feature
analysis, and linear discriminant analysis; and
methods based on the outputs of local filters, such as
Gabor wavelet representations and local principal
components [1].
Lien describes a system that recognizes various
action units based on dense flow, feature point
tracking and edge extraction. The system includes
three modules to extract feature information: dense-
flow extraction using a wavelet motion model, facial
feature tracking, and edge and line extraction [5].
The system that used color information,
Rajapaskse et al., (2004) proposes the use of non-
negative matrix normalization (NMF) with color
cannel encoding [4]. This process is performed by
representing the (RGB) color channel as a three
indexed data vector separately: red, green and blue
channel for each image. Then the color using non-
negative matrix (NMF), a decoding method, is
applied. This technique makes better use of the color
image because of the excessive iterative matrix and
the decoding operation that involves inverting the
matrix; the inherent processing cost was so big [4].
The work presented here provides a novel solution to
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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the facial expression recognition problem, describing
a facial recognition system that can be used in
application of Human computer interface. There are
three main components to this system: a Feature
Extraction, Principal Component Analysis and
Euclidean Distance Classifier. To classify the
images final facial expression recognition system
uses Euclidean Distance Classifier.The system
developed is able to find and recognize the facial
expressions of database. It recognizes expression of
the seven basic emotions, namely happy, disgust,
neutral, anger, sad, surprise and fear.
II. PROPOSED FACIAL EXPRESSION
RECOGNITION SYSTEM
This section describes facial expression
recognition system architecture. Our system is
composed by four modules: Pre-processing,
Principal Component analysis and expression
classification using Ranking method. Pre-processing
is the next stage after entering the data into the facial
expression recognition system. The important data
that is needed for most facial expression recognition
methods is face position.
As the pattern often contains redundant
information, mapping it to a feature vector can get
rid of this redundancy and yet preserve most of the
intrinsic information content of the pattern. These
extracted features have great role in distinguishing
input patterns. Ranking method give the preference
of the database to decide the expression.
Face recognition technology utilizes the
Ranking method that provides high speed and high
accuracy for facial detection and facial features
extraction. The main logic for facial recognition
within ranking method which searches and selects
face area candidates after the generation of potential
eye pairs. Ranking method is based on a neural
network and is not easily fooled by attempts to
conceal identity via the usage of caps, hats,
sunglasses, etc.
As compared with other biometrics systems
using fingerprint/palm print and iris, face
recognition has distinct advantages because of its
non-contact process. Face images can be captured
from a distance without touching the person being
identified, and the identification does not require
interacting with the person. In addition, face
recognition serves the crime deterrent purpose
because face images that have been recorded and
archived can later help identify a person.
Facial Expression Classification
The proposed approach to the facial expression
recognition involves following steps.
1) The train images are utilized to create a low
dimensional face space. This is done by
performing Principal Component Analysis
in the training image set and taking the
principal components with greater Eigen. In
this process, projected versions of all the
train images are also created.
2) The test images also projected on face
space, all the test images are represented in
terms of the selected principal components.
3) In order to determine the intensity of the
particular expression its Euclidean distance
from the mean of the projected neutral
images is calculated.
4) The Euclidian distance of a projected test
image from all the projected train images are
calculated and the minimum value is chosen
in order to find out the train image which is
most similar to the test image.
5) The test image is assumed to fall in the
same class that the closest train image
belongs to.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The main useful statistical measurements that were
utilized to evaluate the emotion recognition system
are: Recognition Rate, Precision and Accuracy.
These measures are useful in that they help judge
the performance of the emotion recognition system.
The recall rate measures and studies the relation
between the correct classification rates of specific
emotions and the wrong classification of this
specific emotion whereas precision measures the
relation between the correct classification rate of
specific emotions and the wrong classification of
other emotions that are classified as special
emotions. Finally, the accurate rate measures the
relation between the correct classification rate of
specific and other emotions and the total number of
testing images, i.e. the following convert of these
relations into a symbolic equation.
To reduce the impact of adverse local changes
(e.g., varying facial expression caused by smiling
and blinking eyes, and intentional changes caused by
the wearing of caps, hats and glasses), Ranking
Method face recognition technology utilizes the
algorithm, which reduces the impact of such local
changes during the matching process. The
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minimization of the local changes guarantees the
overall face recognition accuracy.
Where true positive for specific data set of
emotions is the correct classification rate of
emotion; while, false positive of emotion is the
wrong classification rate of other data set of
emotions that are classified as type whereas false
negative is the wrong classification of emotion.
Finally, true negative of emotion is the correct
classification for images whose label is not.
Additionally, it is noticed that the summation of
true positive, false positive, false negative and true
negative is the total number of the testing images.
Fig.1 Expression is surprise
The training set is consisted of 70 images (the set
contains 10 persons and each person contains 7
images). On the other hand, the test set contains 70
images that are consisted of random choosing 10
images from every expression. The experiment is
iterated 10 times. So, we can get the recognition rate
of every expression and average recognition rate of
all test samples. The average recognition rate of 70
test samples reveals the comparison of the
recognition rate for every expression with Ranking
methods about training set of 70 images and test set
of 70 images. The recognition rate of the neutral, sad
and anger with Algorithm is higher than other
expressions for 70 test images.
Fig.2 Expression is sad
Face recognition technology utilizes the Ranking
method that provides high speed and high accuracy
for facial detection and facial features extraction.
The main logic for facial recognition within ranking
method which searches and selects face area
candidates after the generation of potential eye pairs.
Ranking method is based on a neural network and is
not easily fooled by attempts to conceal identity via
the usage of caps, hats, sunglasses, etc.
Fig.3 Expression is happiness
Face recognition is also resulting in other dares, like
expression recognition or body motion recognition.
Overall, face recognition techniques and the
emerging methods can see use in other areas.
Therefore, it isn’t just a unresolved problem but also
the source of new applications and challenges.
III. CONCLUSION
We have implemented a facial expression
recognition system using Ranking method. This
approach has been studied using image database.
The experiment results demonstrate that the
accuracy of the images using Ranking method
analysis is 91.63%.
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