Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Optimal Location of Multi-types of FACTS Devices using Genetic Algorithm IJORCS
The problem of improving the voltage profile and reducing power loss in electrical networks is a task that must be solved in an optimal manner. Therefore, placement of FACTS devices in suitable location can lead to control in-line flow and maintain bus voltages in desired level and reducing losses is required. This paper presents one of the heuristic methods i.e. a Genetic Algorithm to seek the optimal location of FACTS devices in a power system. Proposed algorithm is tested on IEEE 30 bus power system for optimal location of multi-type FACTS devices and results are presented.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using an improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) algorithm to optimize reactive power reserve management in power systems. The IPSO algorithm is applied to minimize total reactive power generation from sources like generators and SVCs by adjusting control variables like generator voltages, transformer taps, and SVC settings. Testing on the IEEE 30-bus system shows the IPSO approach reduces reactive power generation and losses compared to the basic PSO algorithm. The IPSO approach also maintains bus voltages within acceptable ranges while optimizing reactive power reserves.
1.a fuzzy based pv apf controller for compensating current harmonics (2)EditorJST
The main aim of this paper is to compensate a current harmonics in PV-APF system using Fuzzy Logic Controller. A 3- Ф 3-wire system is proposed in this paper which consists of PV system, a dc/dc converter which is controlled by MPPT, three phase VSC to act as APF and Non-Linear Load. The main theme of this INC MPPT is to efficiency from the PV system. For reliable performance of active power filter and better harmonic compensation this paper propose a concept of instantaneous power theory. Also, a comparison analysis is performed for improving THD by PI/Fuzzy controllers. The proposed system is simulated and verified in MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Moth Flame Optimization Method for Unified Power Quality Conditioner Allocati...IJECEIAES
This paper introduces a new optimization method to determine the optimal allocation of Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) in the distribution systems. UPQC is a versatile Custom Power Device (CPD) to solve problems related to voltage and current by the series and shunt compensator in the distribution systems. The task of UPQC highlighted in this paper is the required load reactive power is provided by both the series and shunt compensators. The UPQC’s steady state compensation capability has given a solution for providing reactive power compensation in large distribution systems. The optimization method adopted is Moth Flame Optimization (MFO). The best location and series compensator voltage are determined using MFO. The voltage injected by the series compensator and reactive power injected by the shunt compensator is incorporated in the load flow method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated with standard distribution systems.
Optimum Reactive Power Calculation for Reducing Power System Operation CostPower System Operation
Reactive power plays a key role in reducing power system operation costs. This paper develops an optimal power flow model to determine the optimal reactive power at each node to minimize total system operation costs. The model is tested on the IEEE 57-bus system, and results show that adjusting reactive power at certain critical nodes can significantly reduce costs. Optimal reactive power adjustments are assumed to be provided by distributed energy resources and microgrids connected to those nodes.
Optimal Power Flow with Reactive Power Compensation for Cost And Loss Minimiz...ijeei-iaes
One of the concerns of power system planners is the problem of optimum cost of generation as well as loss minimization on the grid system. This issue can be addressed in a number of ways; one of such ways is the use of reactive power support (shunt capacitor compensation). This paper used the method of shunt capacitor placement for cost and transmission loss minimization on Nigerian power grid system which is a 24-bus, 330kV network interconnecting four thermal generating stations (Sapele, Delta, Afam and Egbin) and three hydro stations to various load points. Simulation in MATLAB was performed on the Nigerian 330kV transmission grid system. The technique employed was based on the optimal power flow formulations using Newton-Raphson iterative method for the load flow analysis of the grid system. The results show that when shunt capacitor was employed as the inequality constraints on the power system, there is a reduction in the total cost of generation accompanied with reduction in the total system losses with a significant improvement in the system voltage profile
Power Quality Improvement Fuzzy Logical Controlled Based on Cascaded Shunt Ac...IJMTST Journal
Improve its quality and reliability catches growing interest. In this paper, based on the analysis and
modeling of the shunt APF with close-loop control, a feed forward compensation path of load current and also
fuzzy logic control is applied to improve the dynamic performance of the APF.. The two H-bridge cascaded
inverter is used for the aeronautical APF (AAPF). Justifications for topology choosing and corresponding
system control method are given. Furthermore, the global framework and operation principle of the proposed
AAPF are presented in detail. Simulated waveforms in different load conditions indicate the good
performance of the AAPF.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
We would send hard copy of Journal by speed post to the address of correspondence author after online publication of paper.
We will dispatched hard copy to the author within 7 days of date of publication
Optimal Location of Multi-types of FACTS Devices using Genetic Algorithm IJORCS
The problem of improving the voltage profile and reducing power loss in electrical networks is a task that must be solved in an optimal manner. Therefore, placement of FACTS devices in suitable location can lead to control in-line flow and maintain bus voltages in desired level and reducing losses is required. This paper presents one of the heuristic methods i.e. a Genetic Algorithm to seek the optimal location of FACTS devices in a power system. Proposed algorithm is tested on IEEE 30 bus power system for optimal location of multi-type FACTS devices and results are presented.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using an improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) algorithm to optimize reactive power reserve management in power systems. The IPSO algorithm is applied to minimize total reactive power generation from sources like generators and SVCs by adjusting control variables like generator voltages, transformer taps, and SVC settings. Testing on the IEEE 30-bus system shows the IPSO approach reduces reactive power generation and losses compared to the basic PSO algorithm. The IPSO approach also maintains bus voltages within acceptable ranges while optimizing reactive power reserves.
1.a fuzzy based pv apf controller for compensating current harmonics (2)EditorJST
The main aim of this paper is to compensate a current harmonics in PV-APF system using Fuzzy Logic Controller. A 3- Ф 3-wire system is proposed in this paper which consists of PV system, a dc/dc converter which is controlled by MPPT, three phase VSC to act as APF and Non-Linear Load. The main theme of this INC MPPT is to efficiency from the PV system. For reliable performance of active power filter and better harmonic compensation this paper propose a concept of instantaneous power theory. Also, a comparison analysis is performed for improving THD by PI/Fuzzy controllers. The proposed system is simulated and verified in MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Moth Flame Optimization Method for Unified Power Quality Conditioner Allocati...IJECEIAES
This paper introduces a new optimization method to determine the optimal allocation of Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) in the distribution systems. UPQC is a versatile Custom Power Device (CPD) to solve problems related to voltage and current by the series and shunt compensator in the distribution systems. The task of UPQC highlighted in this paper is the required load reactive power is provided by both the series and shunt compensators. The UPQC’s steady state compensation capability has given a solution for providing reactive power compensation in large distribution systems. The optimization method adopted is Moth Flame Optimization (MFO). The best location and series compensator voltage are determined using MFO. The voltage injected by the series compensator and reactive power injected by the shunt compensator is incorporated in the load flow method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated with standard distribution systems.
Optimum Reactive Power Calculation for Reducing Power System Operation CostPower System Operation
Reactive power plays a key role in reducing power system operation costs. This paper develops an optimal power flow model to determine the optimal reactive power at each node to minimize total system operation costs. The model is tested on the IEEE 57-bus system, and results show that adjusting reactive power at certain critical nodes can significantly reduce costs. Optimal reactive power adjustments are assumed to be provided by distributed energy resources and microgrids connected to those nodes.
Optimal Power Flow with Reactive Power Compensation for Cost And Loss Minimiz...ijeei-iaes
One of the concerns of power system planners is the problem of optimum cost of generation as well as loss minimization on the grid system. This issue can be addressed in a number of ways; one of such ways is the use of reactive power support (shunt capacitor compensation). This paper used the method of shunt capacitor placement for cost and transmission loss minimization on Nigerian power grid system which is a 24-bus, 330kV network interconnecting four thermal generating stations (Sapele, Delta, Afam and Egbin) and three hydro stations to various load points. Simulation in MATLAB was performed on the Nigerian 330kV transmission grid system. The technique employed was based on the optimal power flow formulations using Newton-Raphson iterative method for the load flow analysis of the grid system. The results show that when shunt capacitor was employed as the inequality constraints on the power system, there is a reduction in the total cost of generation accompanied with reduction in the total system losses with a significant improvement in the system voltage profile
Power Quality Improvement Fuzzy Logical Controlled Based on Cascaded Shunt Ac...IJMTST Journal
Improve its quality and reliability catches growing interest. In this paper, based on the analysis and
modeling of the shunt APF with close-loop control, a feed forward compensation path of load current and also
fuzzy logic control is applied to improve the dynamic performance of the APF.. The two H-bridge cascaded
inverter is used for the aeronautical APF (AAPF). Justifications for topology choosing and corresponding
system control method are given. Furthermore, the global framework and operation principle of the proposed
AAPF are presented in detail. Simulated waveforms in different load conditions indicate the good
performance of the AAPF.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
We would send hard copy of Journal by speed post to the address of correspondence author after online publication of paper.
We will dispatched hard copy to the author within 7 days of date of publication
Small Signal Stability Improvement and Congestion Management Using PSO Based ...IDES Editor
In this paper an attempt has been made to study the
application of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
to mitigate small signal stability problem in addition to
congestion management of a heavily loaded line in a
multimachine power system. The Flexible AC Transmission
System (FACTS) devices such as TCSC can be used to control
the power flows in the network and can help in improvement
of small signal stability aspect. It can also provide relief to
congestion in the heavily loaded line. However, the
performance of any FACTS device highly depends upon its
parameters and placement at suitable locations in the power
network. In this paper, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
method has been used for determining the optimal locations
and parameters of the TCSC controller in order to damp small
signal oscillations. Transmission Line Flow (TLF) Sensitivity
method has been used for curtailment of non-firm load to
limit power flow congestion. The results of simulation reveals
that TCSC controllers, placed optimally, not only mitigate
small signal oscillations but they can also alleviate line flow
congestion effectively.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Single-Phase Multilevel Inverter with Simpler Basic Unit Cells for Photovolta...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents a single-phase multilevel inverter (MLI) with simpler
basic unit cells. The proposed MLI is able to operate in two modes, i.e.
charge mode to charge the batteries, and inverter mode to supply AC power
to load, and therefore, it is inherently suitable for photovoltaic (PV) power
generation applications. The proposed MLI requires lower number of power
MOSFETs and gate driver units, which will translate into higher cost saving
and better system reliability. The power MOSFETs in the basic unit cells
and H-bridge module are switched at near fundamental frequency, i.e. 100
Hz and 50 Hz, respectively, resulting in lower switching losses. For low total
harmonic distortion (THD) operation, a deep scanning method is employed
to calculate the switching angles of the MLI. The lowest THD obtained is
8.91% at modulation index of 0.82. The performance of the proposed MLI
(9-level) has been simulated and evaluated experimentally. The simulation
and experimental results are in good agreement and this confirms that the
proposed MLI is able to produce an AC output voltage with low THD.
This paper presents a combined operation of the Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) with Fuel cell system (FC). The proposed system consists of a series inverter, a shunt inverter and a Fuel cell that is connected with the DC link of UPQC through a back boost converter, where it is a SEPIC converter. The mean purpose for using the SEPIC converter is ensuring a constant DC link voltage value and to make the FC system intervening only in the case when the DC link energy is insufficient. Excepting this case, the FC system will be in the standby state. To validate the proposed topology, several sags of source voltage have been applied, at the point of common coupling (PCC).The simulation results from MATLAB/SIMULINK are discussed to verify the proposed topology.
The document describes a modular cascaded H-bridge multilevel photovoltaic (PV) inverter topology for both single-phase and three-phase grid-connected PV systems. The proposed topology uses a cascaded H-bridge converter for each PV module to allow for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control of each module independently. For three-phase systems, mismatches between PV modules can cause unequal power output and non-uniform grid currents. To address this, modulation compensation is added to the control scheme. Simulation and experimental results using a three-phase seven-level prototype validate the control approach.
Optimal coordinated design of PSS and UPFC-POD using DEO algorithm to enhance...IJECEIAES
Low-frequency oscillations (LFO) are an inevitable problem of power systems and they have a great effect on the capability of transfer and power system stability. The power system stabilizers (PSSs) as well as flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices can help to damp LFO. The target of this study is to tackle the problem of a dual-coordinated design between PSS and unified power flow controller (UPFC) implementing the task of power oscillation damping (POD) controller in a single machine infinite bus (SMIB) system. So, dolphin echolocation optimization (DEO) technique is utilized as an optimization tool to search for optimal parameter tunings based on objective function for enhancing the dynamic stability performance for a SMIB. DEO an algorithm has a few parameters, simple rules, provides the optimum result and is applicable to a wide range of problems like other meta-heuristic algorithms. Use DEO gave the best results in damping LFO compared to particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. From the comparison results between PSO and DEO, it was shown that DEO provides faster settling time, less overshoot, higher damping oscillations and greatly improves system stability. Also, the comparison results prove that the multiple stabilizers show supremacy over independent controllers in mitigationg LFO of a SMIB.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
NOVEL PSO STRATEGY FOR TRANSMISSION CONGESTION MANAGEMENTelelijjournal
In post deregulated era of power system load characteristics become more erratic. Unplanned transactions
of electrical power through transmission lines of particular path may occur due to low cost offered by
generating companies. As a consequence those lines driven close to their operating limits and becomes
congested as the lines are originally designed for traditional vertically integrated structure of power
system. This congestion in transmission lines is unpredictable with deterministic load flow strategy.
Rescheduling active and reactive power output of generators is the promising way to manage congestion.
In this paper Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) with varying inertia weight strategy, with two variants
e1-PSO and e-2 PSO is applied for optimal solution of active and reactive power rescheduling for
managing congestion. The generators sensitivity technique is opted for identifying participating generators
for managing congestion. Proposed algorithm is tested on IEEE 30 bus system. Comparison is made
between results obtained from proposed techniques to that of results reported in previous literature.
Power losses reduction of power transmission network using optimal location o...IJECEIAES
Due to the growth of demand for electric power, electric power loss reduction takes great attention for the power utility. In this paper, a low-level generation or distributed generation (DG) has been used for transmission power losses reduction. Karbala city transmission network (which is the case study) has been represented by using MATLAB m-file to study the load flow and the power loss for it. The paper proposed the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique in order to find the optimal number and allocation of DG with the objective to decrease power losses as possible. The results show the effect of the optimal allocation of DG on power loss reduction.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A Solution to Optimal Power Flow Problem using Artificial Bee Colony Algorith...IOSR Journals
This document presents an artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm approach to solve the optimal power flow (OPF) problem incorporating a flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device, specifically a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC). The ABC algorithm is tested on the IEEE 14-bus test system both with and without the SSSC. Results show that the ABC algorithm gives a better solution when incorporating the SSSC, improving the system performance in terms of lower total cost, lower power losses, and better voltage profile compared to the case without SSSC.
A fault-tolerant photovoltaic integrated shunt active power filter with a 27-...IJECEIAES
This paper introduces a fault-tolerant shunt active power filter (SAPF). The novility in of this work is that it poposes a solutions to increase the reliability of shunt active power filter to maintain its operation under a single-phase open-circuit fault in the SAPF. This will increase the reliability of the whole power system. The SAPF is composed of a 4-leg 27-level inverter based on asymmetric cascaded H-bridge topology. If an open-circuit fault is introduced to the operation of the SAPF, a special control technique will be implemented and the redundant leg of the SAPF will be activated. The faulttolerant SAPF can do many tasks under healthy operating conditions and post and open circuit fault depending on the state of charge (SOC) of the batteries. It can mitigate harmonics in the power system, improve power factor in the system by injecting reactive power, and inject real power to the system. The proposed SAPF is tested and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and the results have shown a significant improvement in total harmonics distortion (THD) of the source current from 13.9% to 3.9% under the normal operating condition and from 42% to 8.4% post and open circuit fault.
Evaluation of IEEE 57 Bus System for Optimal Power Flow AnalysisIJERA Editor
The analysis of load flow in a network under steady state operation is challenging task especially subjected to
inequality constraints in which the system operates. No doubt, that the load flow system analysis is an important
aspect for power system analysis and design. The basic analysis technique for power flow is to find different
parameters including magnitude and phase angle of voltage at each bus with active and reactive power flows in
each transmission lines. Thus, load flow analysis is important numerical analysis for any power system. In this
regard, this experiment is studied to evaluate IEEE 57 bus system for optimal flow analysis.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a genetic algorithm to optimize the placement of FACTS devices (TCSC and SVC) to maximize available transfer capability (ATC) and minimize contingencies in a power system. It first provides background on ATC and FACTS devices. It then describes modeling TCSC and SVC and constructing the genetic algorithm. The algorithm is tested on a two-area 11 bus power system model. Results show that optimally placing TCSC and SVC using the genetic algorithm can increase ATC and reduce contingencies compared to having no FACTS devices.
This paper presents a grid-connected photovoltaic system (PV) used as a shunt active power filter (SAPF) to provide the power factor correction, harmonic elimination, reactive power compensation and to simultaneously supply power from a PV system to the utility. A direct power control (DPC) method is used for controlling the system to feed the photovoltaic energy in synchronization with grid and provide power quality improvement. The PI parameters of DC-link voltage controller are tuned using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm without the need for an exact mathematical model of system. This PI-PSO controller gives better results for robustness, harmonic minimization and reduces the overshoot and undershoots of PI controller. The overall control of system is tested in Matlab/Simulink environment. Then, the simulations results demonstrate the robustness and feasibility of proposed method.
The real problems in diminution of power quality occurs due to the rapid growth of nonlinear load are leads to sudden decrease of source voltage for a few seconds i.e sag, swell, harmonics in source and load current, voltage unbalance etc. All these problems can be compensated by using Unified Power Quality Controller (UPQC) and the operation of UPQC depends upon the available voltage across capacitor present in dc link. If the capacitor voltage is maintained constant then it gives satisfactory performance. The proposed research is basically on designing of Photo Voltaic (PV) /Wind energy fed to the dc link capacitor of UPQC so as to maintain proper voltage across it and operate the UPQC for power quality analysis. The said model is simulated in Matlab and results are verified by using FFT analysis.The proposed PV/ Wind energy-UPQC is design in Matlab simulation for reduction of voltage sag, swell, interruption of voltage, harmonics in load current and compensation of active and reactive power.
Improvement of Power Quality using Fuzzy Logic Controller in Grid Connected P...IAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, the design of combined operation of UPQC and PV-ARRAY is designed. The proposed system is composed of series and shunt inverters connected back to back by a dc-link to which pv-array is connected. This system is able to compensate voltage and current related problems both in inter-connected mode and islanding mode by injecting active power to grid. The fundamental aspect is that the power electronic devices (PE) and sensitive equipments (SE) are normally designed to work in non-polluted power system, so they would suffer from malfunctions when supply voltage is not pure sinusoidal. Thus this proposed operating strategy with flexible operation mode improves the power quality of the grid system combining photovoltaic array with a control of unified power quality conditioner. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is used in both three phase four leg inverters. A Proportional Integral (PI) and Fuzzy Logic Controllers are used for power quality improvement by reducing the distortions in the output power. The simulated results were compared among the two controller’s strategies With pi controller and fuzzy logic controller
Optimization of the Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer Using PSO...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes an article that investigates optimizing the placement and sizing of a Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer (TCPST) and Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) combination on a 30-bus power system using a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The PSO algorithm was used to determine the optimal location and ratings of the TCPST-TCSC devices to minimize power losses. Implementing the optimized TCPST-TCSC combination resulted in a 46.47% reduction in power losses, outperforming the use of capacitor banks alone which achieved a 42.03% reduction. The TCPST-TCSC solution found with PSO also performed
This document analyzes the total harmonic distortion of a three-phase AC-DC converter system with a DC motor load using both simulation and experimental methods. It compares the performance of a three-phase half-wave and full-wave rectifier topology. Both the simulation and experimental results show that the full-wave rectifier produces less total harmonic distortion in the supply current compared to the half-wave rectifier. Specifically, the simulation found 81.35% THD for the half-wave rectifier versus 40.26% for the full-wave rectifier. The experimental results showed 86.6% THD for the half-wave rectifier and 44.5% THD for the full-wave rectifier. Therefore
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Small Signal Stability Improvement and Congestion Management Using PSO Based ...IDES Editor
In this paper an attempt has been made to study the
application of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
to mitigate small signal stability problem in addition to
congestion management of a heavily loaded line in a
multimachine power system. The Flexible AC Transmission
System (FACTS) devices such as TCSC can be used to control
the power flows in the network and can help in improvement
of small signal stability aspect. It can also provide relief to
congestion in the heavily loaded line. However, the
performance of any FACTS device highly depends upon its
parameters and placement at suitable locations in the power
network. In this paper, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
method has been used for determining the optimal locations
and parameters of the TCSC controller in order to damp small
signal oscillations. Transmission Line Flow (TLF) Sensitivity
method has been used for curtailment of non-firm load to
limit power flow congestion. The results of simulation reveals
that TCSC controllers, placed optimally, not only mitigate
small signal oscillations but they can also alleviate line flow
congestion effectively.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Single-Phase Multilevel Inverter with Simpler Basic Unit Cells for Photovolta...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents a single-phase multilevel inverter (MLI) with simpler
basic unit cells. The proposed MLI is able to operate in two modes, i.e.
charge mode to charge the batteries, and inverter mode to supply AC power
to load, and therefore, it is inherently suitable for photovoltaic (PV) power
generation applications. The proposed MLI requires lower number of power
MOSFETs and gate driver units, which will translate into higher cost saving
and better system reliability. The power MOSFETs in the basic unit cells
and H-bridge module are switched at near fundamental frequency, i.e. 100
Hz and 50 Hz, respectively, resulting in lower switching losses. For low total
harmonic distortion (THD) operation, a deep scanning method is employed
to calculate the switching angles of the MLI. The lowest THD obtained is
8.91% at modulation index of 0.82. The performance of the proposed MLI
(9-level) has been simulated and evaluated experimentally. The simulation
and experimental results are in good agreement and this confirms that the
proposed MLI is able to produce an AC output voltage with low THD.
This paper presents a combined operation of the Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) with Fuel cell system (FC). The proposed system consists of a series inverter, a shunt inverter and a Fuel cell that is connected with the DC link of UPQC through a back boost converter, where it is a SEPIC converter. The mean purpose for using the SEPIC converter is ensuring a constant DC link voltage value and to make the FC system intervening only in the case when the DC link energy is insufficient. Excepting this case, the FC system will be in the standby state. To validate the proposed topology, several sags of source voltage have been applied, at the point of common coupling (PCC).The simulation results from MATLAB/SIMULINK are discussed to verify the proposed topology.
The document describes a modular cascaded H-bridge multilevel photovoltaic (PV) inverter topology for both single-phase and three-phase grid-connected PV systems. The proposed topology uses a cascaded H-bridge converter for each PV module to allow for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control of each module independently. For three-phase systems, mismatches between PV modules can cause unequal power output and non-uniform grid currents. To address this, modulation compensation is added to the control scheme. Simulation and experimental results using a three-phase seven-level prototype validate the control approach.
Optimal coordinated design of PSS and UPFC-POD using DEO algorithm to enhance...IJECEIAES
Low-frequency oscillations (LFO) are an inevitable problem of power systems and they have a great effect on the capability of transfer and power system stability. The power system stabilizers (PSSs) as well as flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices can help to damp LFO. The target of this study is to tackle the problem of a dual-coordinated design between PSS and unified power flow controller (UPFC) implementing the task of power oscillation damping (POD) controller in a single machine infinite bus (SMIB) system. So, dolphin echolocation optimization (DEO) technique is utilized as an optimization tool to search for optimal parameter tunings based on objective function for enhancing the dynamic stability performance for a SMIB. DEO an algorithm has a few parameters, simple rules, provides the optimum result and is applicable to a wide range of problems like other meta-heuristic algorithms. Use DEO gave the best results in damping LFO compared to particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. From the comparison results between PSO and DEO, it was shown that DEO provides faster settling time, less overshoot, higher damping oscillations and greatly improves system stability. Also, the comparison results prove that the multiple stabilizers show supremacy over independent controllers in mitigationg LFO of a SMIB.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
NOVEL PSO STRATEGY FOR TRANSMISSION CONGESTION MANAGEMENTelelijjournal
In post deregulated era of power system load characteristics become more erratic. Unplanned transactions
of electrical power through transmission lines of particular path may occur due to low cost offered by
generating companies. As a consequence those lines driven close to their operating limits and becomes
congested as the lines are originally designed for traditional vertically integrated structure of power
system. This congestion in transmission lines is unpredictable with deterministic load flow strategy.
Rescheduling active and reactive power output of generators is the promising way to manage congestion.
In this paper Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) with varying inertia weight strategy, with two variants
e1-PSO and e-2 PSO is applied for optimal solution of active and reactive power rescheduling for
managing congestion. The generators sensitivity technique is opted for identifying participating generators
for managing congestion. Proposed algorithm is tested on IEEE 30 bus system. Comparison is made
between results obtained from proposed techniques to that of results reported in previous literature.
Power losses reduction of power transmission network using optimal location o...IJECEIAES
Due to the growth of demand for electric power, electric power loss reduction takes great attention for the power utility. In this paper, a low-level generation or distributed generation (DG) has been used for transmission power losses reduction. Karbala city transmission network (which is the case study) has been represented by using MATLAB m-file to study the load flow and the power loss for it. The paper proposed the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique in order to find the optimal number and allocation of DG with the objective to decrease power losses as possible. The results show the effect of the optimal allocation of DG on power loss reduction.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A Solution to Optimal Power Flow Problem using Artificial Bee Colony Algorith...IOSR Journals
This document presents an artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm approach to solve the optimal power flow (OPF) problem incorporating a flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device, specifically a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC). The ABC algorithm is tested on the IEEE 14-bus test system both with and without the SSSC. Results show that the ABC algorithm gives a better solution when incorporating the SSSC, improving the system performance in terms of lower total cost, lower power losses, and better voltage profile compared to the case without SSSC.
A fault-tolerant photovoltaic integrated shunt active power filter with a 27-...IJECEIAES
This paper introduces a fault-tolerant shunt active power filter (SAPF). The novility in of this work is that it poposes a solutions to increase the reliability of shunt active power filter to maintain its operation under a single-phase open-circuit fault in the SAPF. This will increase the reliability of the whole power system. The SAPF is composed of a 4-leg 27-level inverter based on asymmetric cascaded H-bridge topology. If an open-circuit fault is introduced to the operation of the SAPF, a special control technique will be implemented and the redundant leg of the SAPF will be activated. The faulttolerant SAPF can do many tasks under healthy operating conditions and post and open circuit fault depending on the state of charge (SOC) of the batteries. It can mitigate harmonics in the power system, improve power factor in the system by injecting reactive power, and inject real power to the system. The proposed SAPF is tested and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and the results have shown a significant improvement in total harmonics distortion (THD) of the source current from 13.9% to 3.9% under the normal operating condition and from 42% to 8.4% post and open circuit fault.
Evaluation of IEEE 57 Bus System for Optimal Power Flow AnalysisIJERA Editor
The analysis of load flow in a network under steady state operation is challenging task especially subjected to
inequality constraints in which the system operates. No doubt, that the load flow system analysis is an important
aspect for power system analysis and design. The basic analysis technique for power flow is to find different
parameters including magnitude and phase angle of voltage at each bus with active and reactive power flows in
each transmission lines. Thus, load flow analysis is important numerical analysis for any power system. In this
regard, this experiment is studied to evaluate IEEE 57 bus system for optimal flow analysis.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a genetic algorithm to optimize the placement of FACTS devices (TCSC and SVC) to maximize available transfer capability (ATC) and minimize contingencies in a power system. It first provides background on ATC and FACTS devices. It then describes modeling TCSC and SVC and constructing the genetic algorithm. The algorithm is tested on a two-area 11 bus power system model. Results show that optimally placing TCSC and SVC using the genetic algorithm can increase ATC and reduce contingencies compared to having no FACTS devices.
This paper presents a grid-connected photovoltaic system (PV) used as a shunt active power filter (SAPF) to provide the power factor correction, harmonic elimination, reactive power compensation and to simultaneously supply power from a PV system to the utility. A direct power control (DPC) method is used for controlling the system to feed the photovoltaic energy in synchronization with grid and provide power quality improvement. The PI parameters of DC-link voltage controller are tuned using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm without the need for an exact mathematical model of system. This PI-PSO controller gives better results for robustness, harmonic minimization and reduces the overshoot and undershoots of PI controller. The overall control of system is tested in Matlab/Simulink environment. Then, the simulations results demonstrate the robustness and feasibility of proposed method.
The real problems in diminution of power quality occurs due to the rapid growth of nonlinear load are leads to sudden decrease of source voltage for a few seconds i.e sag, swell, harmonics in source and load current, voltage unbalance etc. All these problems can be compensated by using Unified Power Quality Controller (UPQC) and the operation of UPQC depends upon the available voltage across capacitor present in dc link. If the capacitor voltage is maintained constant then it gives satisfactory performance. The proposed research is basically on designing of Photo Voltaic (PV) /Wind energy fed to the dc link capacitor of UPQC so as to maintain proper voltage across it and operate the UPQC for power quality analysis. The said model is simulated in Matlab and results are verified by using FFT analysis.The proposed PV/ Wind energy-UPQC is design in Matlab simulation for reduction of voltage sag, swell, interruption of voltage, harmonics in load current and compensation of active and reactive power.
Improvement of Power Quality using Fuzzy Logic Controller in Grid Connected P...IAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, the design of combined operation of UPQC and PV-ARRAY is designed. The proposed system is composed of series and shunt inverters connected back to back by a dc-link to which pv-array is connected. This system is able to compensate voltage and current related problems both in inter-connected mode and islanding mode by injecting active power to grid. The fundamental aspect is that the power electronic devices (PE) and sensitive equipments (SE) are normally designed to work in non-polluted power system, so they would suffer from malfunctions when supply voltage is not pure sinusoidal. Thus this proposed operating strategy with flexible operation mode improves the power quality of the grid system combining photovoltaic array with a control of unified power quality conditioner. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is used in both three phase four leg inverters. A Proportional Integral (PI) and Fuzzy Logic Controllers are used for power quality improvement by reducing the distortions in the output power. The simulated results were compared among the two controller’s strategies With pi controller and fuzzy logic controller
Optimization of the Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer Using PSO...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes an article that investigates optimizing the placement and sizing of a Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer (TCPST) and Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) combination on a 30-bus power system using a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The PSO algorithm was used to determine the optimal location and ratings of the TCPST-TCSC devices to minimize power losses. Implementing the optimized TCPST-TCSC combination resulted in a 46.47% reduction in power losses, outperforming the use of capacitor banks alone which achieved a 42.03% reduction. The TCPST-TCSC solution found with PSO also performed
This document analyzes the total harmonic distortion of a three-phase AC-DC converter system with a DC motor load using both simulation and experimental methods. It compares the performance of a three-phase half-wave and full-wave rectifier topology. Both the simulation and experimental results show that the full-wave rectifier produces less total harmonic distortion in the supply current compared to the half-wave rectifier. Specifically, the simulation found 81.35% THD for the half-wave rectifier versus 40.26% for the full-wave rectifier. The experimental results showed 86.6% THD for the half-wave rectifier and 44.5% THD for the full-wave rectifier. Therefore
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study examining urban land use dynamics and future prospects in Jammu City, India between 1972 and 2041 using geospatial techniques. The study analyzed land use/land cover changes over time through satellite imagery, finding a significant increase in built-up areas from 14.9 sq km in 1972 to 65.49 sq km in 2011, primarily by converting agricultural lands. A regression model was developed to project further urban growth, estimating built-up areas of 83.755 sq km in 2022, 98.384 sq km in 2032, and 113.013 sq km in 2042. The rapid urbanization has caused loss of agricultural and green spaces around the city.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
1) The study investigated the effect of aggregate size on the energy dissipation of plain concrete members subjected to static cyclic loading.
2) Testing found that smaller aggregate size (3/8") resulted in less energy dissipation compared to larger sizes (1/2", 3/4"), and gradually increasing loads led to less energy dissipation than constant loads.
3) Measurement of crack propagation using ultrasound found that larger aggregate sizes led to larger cracks under both constant and gradually increasing loads.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
This study investigated the effects of noradrenaline (NA) on human B cells in vitro to explore its potential role in post-stroke infection. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from healthy volunteers and cultured with varying concentrations of NA. Flow cytometry was used to identify and analyze B cell subpopulations. The results showed that higher NA concentrations increased the total number of B cells but decreased their viability. NA also significantly reduced the number of marginal zone B cells, which are important for innate immune defense, at 48 hours. This suggests that NA exposure may impair B cell function and contribute to post-stroke immunosuppression and increased risk of infection through its effects on marginal zone B cells and other innate-like lymphocytes.
Atiqul Islam has over 2.6 years of experience working in accounting and auditing roles. He is currently an Internal Audit Officer at Reedhisha Knitex Ltd. in Gazipur where he performs various audit functions including checking transactions, inventory audits, preparing reports, and verifying accounting records. Previously, he worked as an Accounting Officer at Polli feeds Limited in Rajshahi where he maintained the company's books, prepared financial statements, and handled tax and regulatory filings. He aims to work in a challenging environment where he can continue learning and developing his skills.
This very short document does not contain enough substantive information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. It only contains the words "Test" and "Test presentation" without any other context or details.
Dustin Griffin is seeking an entry-level position where he can utilize his military training and skills as part of a team. He has over 1,469 flight hours as a helicopter pilot, including over 900 hours in twin turbine helicopters. His experience includes serving as an aeromedical evacuation officer in Afghanistan and managing operations as an airfield manager in Kuwait.
This document appears to contain personal information such as a name, date, and what seems to be an identification code or password. It includes the name Harish Jayrama, dated 19 October 2016, and a string of random characters that could be used for authentication or identification purposes. The short document focuses on these key details without providing much additional context.
This certificate recognizes Alfred Shek as a Youth Goodwill Ambassador from 2014 to 2015. The Youth Goodwill Ambassador Programme is a career program for international students in Denmark that provides knowledge about the Danish labor market and workplace culture through interactions with companies and networking. Alfred participated in the program from September 2014 to June 2015.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document presents a study that uses an Imperialistic Competitive Algorithm (ICA) to optimize both real power loss and voltage stability limit in power transmission systems. The algorithm is applied to a New England power system model with 39 buses. It simultaneously optimizes transformer tap positions, UPFC location and injection voltage. Simulation results show the ICA approach reduces real power loss and improves voltage stability compared to a prior Bacteria Foraging Algorithm approach. The dual objectives of minimizing losses and maximizing stability are achieved through the evolutionary optimization of the ICA.
This document presents three optimization algorithms - Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm (BFOA), Modified Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm (MSFLA), and Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA) - for finding the optimal location and parameter settings of a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) device in order to minimize active and reactive power losses in a power system. The algorithms are applied to the IEEE 39-bus test system in MATLAB simulations. Results show that installing the UPFC using the ICA Algorithm can significantly reduce power losses compared to using the BFOA and MSFLA algorithms.
Meta-heuristic optimization Methods for Under Voltage Load Shedding Scheme (I...Raja Larik
This document discusses various meta-heuristic optimization methods that have been applied to under voltage load shedding (UVLS) schemes in power systems. It provides an overview of genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization, ant colony optimization, big bang big crunch optimization, and fuzzy logic control as meta-heuristic techniques that can be used for UVLS. The document compares these meta-heuristic techniques to conventional UVLS approaches, noting that meta-heuristics can provide optimal load shedding, deal efficiently with large complex power systems, and accurately calculate power imbalances.
Congestion Management in Power System by Optimal Location And Sizing of UPFCIOSR Journals
The document presents a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to optimally place and size a unified power flow controller (UPFC) to alleviate congestion in a power system. The PSO algorithm is used to determine the optimal generator dispatch as well as the optimal location and size of a single UPFC. Simulations on a 5-bus test system show that the UPFC is effective at reducing congestion levels both before and after compensation by regulating voltage and controlling active and reactive power flows. The proposed approach minimizes total generation costs, voltage violations, and UPFC investment costs.
Optimal Power Flow With UPFC Using Fuzzy- PSO With Non-Smooth Fuel Cost FunctionIJERA Editor
This paper presents an efficient and reliable evolutionary based approach to solve the Optimal Power Flow problem in electrical power network. The Particle Swarm Optimization method is used to solve optimal power Flow problem in power system by incorporating a powerful and most versatile Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems device such as Unified power Flow Controller. It is a new device in FACTS family and has great flexibility that can control Active power, Reactive power and voltage magnitudes simultaneously. In this paper optimal location is find out using Fuzzy approach and control settings of UPFC are determined by PSO. The proposed approach is examined on IEEE-30 bus system with different objective function that reflects fuel cost minimization and fuel cost with valve point effects. The test results show the effectiveness of robustness of the proposed approachcompared with the existing results in the literature.
This document presents a proportional integral (PI) control strategy for power management of a hybrid power system consisting of a fuel cell, lithium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors. The strategy controls the battery state of charge using a PI controller to distribute load power among the energy sources. Simulation results show that the battery state of charge is used to determine how load power is shared between the fuel cell, battery, and supercapacitor under varying load conditions. The PI control strategy was able to effectively coordinate the power outputs of the different components to meet the load demand while maintaining the battery state of charge within its limits.
Harmonic Suppression of Shunt Hybrid Filter using LQR-PSO based IJECEIAES
In linear quadratic regulator (LQR), two different weighting matrices play an important role in presenting the performance of this controller. Instead of using classic common approach, which is trial and error method, this study proposes a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to track the best solution of the weighting matrices. The proposed algorithm is tested on shunt hybrid active power filter (APF) to mitigate the harmonic contents in voltage and current signals in a nonlinear load system. The modeling work of this proposed system is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink software. From the simulation, the obtained results proved that using PSO in tuning the LQR controller produce smoother nonlinear voltage and current signals. In fact, the amount of current to be injected into network can be reduced up to 95%. Besides, less time is consumed during searching the optimum weighting matrices using the proposed approach.
The document discusses optimal power flow (OPF) problems and objectives. It first defines OPF as finding the optimal settings of a power system network to optimize an objective function while satisfying operational constraints. The key objectives are minimizing fuel costs and transmission losses. Mathematical formulations are presented for common OPF objectives and constraints, including generator limits, line flows, voltage limits, and transient stability constraints. Optimization algorithms can be applied to solve OPF problems for different power system test cases.
This document discusses optimization methods for solving the optimal power flow (OPF) problem in electric power systems. It provides an overview of OPF, describing its formulation as an optimization problem that minimizes objectives like generation costs while satisfying operational and physical constraints. Common objectives mentioned include minimizing costs associated with reactive power sources and real power losses. Constraints include power flow equations and limits on variables like generator outputs and voltages. The document reviews stochastic optimization methods that have been applied to solve the OPF problem and presents three real applications of OPF.
This document proposes a generalized quadratic model for optimal power flow problems. It formulates the optimal power flow problem in a quadratic form and develops the necessary conditions for feasibility and optimality. It also describes a generalized algorithm that uses sensitivity analysis and optimal adjustments to constraints to find a global optimal solution. The algorithm can accommodate multiple objective functions like losses, costs, voltages and flows. It was tested on actual power systems and found to reach optimal solutions in few iterations, showing potential for online applications.
This document provides a literature survey of recent methods for solving the optimal power flow (OPF) problem. It begins with an introduction to OPF, describing it as a nonlinear optimization problem that aims to optimize the operation of power systems while meeting constraints. It then categorizes OPF solution methods as conventional (e.g. Newton, gradient) or intelligent (e.g. artificial neural networks, genetic algorithms) and provides examples of each. The document surveys specific OPF formulations and solution techniques in detail. It concludes by discussing ongoing challenges for OPF methods related to power system modeling and operations in deregulated electricity markets.
The document summarizes research on using a genetic algorithm to optimize the location and parameters of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices in a power system. It first introduces FACTS devices and their ability to control power flow. It then describes using a genetic algorithm to simultaneously determine the optimal type, location, and rating of FACTS devices with the objectives of minimizing generation costs and power losses/voltage deviations. The methodology is tested on the IEEE 30-bus system with different FACTS device types. The results indicate the genetic algorithm approach can effectively determine the configuration of FACTS devices that increase system loadability.
Maximum Loadability Enhancement with a Hybrid Optimization MethodjournalBEEI
Nowadays, a power system is operating in a stressed condition due to the increase in demand in addition to constraint in building new power plants. The economics and environmental constraints to build new power plants and transmission lines have led the system to operate very close to its stability limits. Hence, more researches are required to study the important requirements to maintain stable voltage condition and hence develop new techniques in order to address the voltage stability problem. As an action, most Reactive Power Planning (RPP) objective is to minimize the cost of new reactive resources while satisfying the voltage stability constraints and labeled as Secured Reactive Power Planning (SCRPP). The new alternative optimization technique called Adaptive Tumbling Bacterial Foraging (ATBFO) was introduced to solve the RPP problems in the IEEE 57 bus system. The comparison common optimization Meta-Heuristic Evolutionary Programming and original Bacterial Foraging techniques were chosen to verify the performance using the proposed ATBFO method. As a result, the ATBFO method is confirmed as the best suitable solution in solving the identified RPP objective functions.
Advance Technology in Application of Four Leg Inverters to UPQCIJPEDS-IAES
This article presents a novel application of four leg inverter with
conventional Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) Scheme to
Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC). The Power Quality problem
became burning issues since the starting of high voltage AC transmission
system. Hence, in this article it has been discussed to mitigate the PQ issues
in high voltage AC systems through a three phase Unified Power Quality
Conditioner (UPQC) under various conditions, such as harmonic mitigation
scheme, non linear loads, sag and swell conditions as well. Also, it proposes
to control harmoincs with various artificial intelligent techniques. Thus
application of these control technique such as Neural Networks (ANN)
Fuzzy Logic makes the system performance in par with the standards
and also compared with existing system. The simulation results based on
MATLAB/Simulink are discussed in detail to support the concept developed
in the paper.
A Particle Swarm Optimization for Reactive Power Optimizationijceronline
This paper presents implementation of new algorithm Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for Energy Saving through minimizing power losses. The PSO Algorithm Solution is tested in standard IEEE 30 Bus system. The objective is to optimize the reactive power dispatch with optimal setting of control variables without violating inequality constraints and satisfying equality constraint. Control Variables are of both types: Continuous and Discrete. The continuous control variables are generator bus voltage magnitudes;whereas the discrete variables are transformer tap settings and reactive power of shunt compensators (Capacitor banks) .
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A novel methodology for maximization of Reactive Reserve using Teaching-Learn...IOSR Journals
This document presents a novel methodology for maximizing reactive reserve using a teaching-learning-based optimization algorithm. The methodology aims to both maximize reactive reserves at generators based on their participation factors, and maintain a desired voltage stability margin. It formulates reactive reserve maximization as an optimization problem with objectives and constraints. A teaching-learning-based optimization approach is applied to find the global optimum solution more efficiently than conventional methods, given the large-scale, non-linear nature of the problem. The methodology is tested on standard 6-bus test systems.
Sensitive loads are widely used in industrial, which is the main cause of sag-swell and harmonics voltages problems that can affect the power quality. Among the devices that solve such power quality perturbations, the series active power Filter APFS is considered in this paper. Thus, a single phase APFS is developed through an analytic analysis, supported by an experimental validation, where we applied classical proportional integrator PI, fuzzy logic FLC and sliding mode SM controllers to improve the dynamic response of the APFS. In addition, a comparative study between these control strategies has made in order to mitigate voltage sag-swell and especially harmonics, where the SMC has showed more effective and robust results compared to PI and FLC and proved by the Total harmonic distortion THD ratio. Results of the proposed controllers are simulated in MATLAB simulink® and validated through experimental tests applied on our system prototype.
Artificial Intelligence Technique based Reactive Power Planning Incorporating...IDES Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using artificial intelligence techniques and FACTS controllers for reactive power planning in real-time power transmission systems. The paper formulates the reactive power planning problem and incorporates flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices like static VAR compensators (SVC), thyristor controlled series capacitors (TCSC), and unified power flow controllers (UPFC). Evolutionary algorithms like evolutionary programming (EP) and differential evolution (DE) are applied to find the optimal locations and settings of the FACTS controllers to minimize losses and costs. Simulation results on IEEE 30-bus and 72-bus Indian test systems show that UPFC performs best in reducing losses compared to SVC and TCSC.
This document summarizes a paper that presents a novel method for determining the optimal location of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers in a multi-machine power system using a Fuzzy Controlled Genetic Algorithm (FCGA). The proposed algorithm aims to simultaneously optimize the location, type, and rated values of FACTS controllers while minimizing the overall system cost, which includes generation and investment costs. The algorithm is tested on IEEE 14-bus and 30-bus test systems, incorporating thyristor-controlled series compensator (TCSC) and unified power flow controller (UPFC) devices. Simulation results show the obtained solution is feasible and accurate for solving the optimal power flow problem.
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Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 9, Issue 9 (January 2014), PP. 43-51
Optimization of Real Power Losses and Voltage Stability Limit
Enhancement by Using Bacteria Foraging Algorithm
P.Sreenivasulu1, P.B.Chennaiah2, Dr. M. Suryakalavathi3
1
PG student, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,
Annamacharya Institute of Technology& sciences .
2
Assistant professor, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,
Annamacharya Institute of Technology & science.
3
Professor, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, JNTUH,
Abstract:- The present paper focuses mainly on two keys issues of power systems that is Minimization of real
power loss and Maximization of voltage stability Limit (VSL).Optimal location and parameters of UPFC along
with transformer taps are tuned with a view to simultaneously optimize the real power losses and voltage
stability limit of interconnected transmission network. This issue is formulated as multi-objective, multivariable
problem with an objective function incorporating both real power losses and voltage stability limit(VSL) and the
UPFC location, its injected voltage and transformer tap positions are as the multi-variables. The Biologically
inspired Evolutionary algorithm Known as Bactria foraging algorithm is proposed in this paper for solving the
multi-objective multivariable problem. The Proposed algorithm is tested on IEEE 39 bus power system for
optimal location of UPFC and the results are presented.
Keywords: Voltage stability, Bacteria foraging, continuation power flow (CPF), multi-objective, Multivariable,
Optimal power flow (OPF)
I.
INTRODUCTION
With the increased loading in existing power transmission systems due to increased demand the
problem of voltage stability along with voltage collapse has become a major concern in power system operation,
control and planning. Voltage collapse may be total or partial. As in [1] the objective of an interconnected
power system is to find the real and reactive power scheduling of each power plant in such way as to minimize
the operating cost. It means that the generator’s real and reactive power is allowed to vary within certain limits
to meet a particular load demand with minimum fuel cost. This is known as optimal power flow (OPF) problem.
Normally the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) is used to optimize the power flow solution of large scale power
system. This is done by minimizing selected objective function while maintaining an acceptable system
performance in terms of generator capability limits and the output of the compensating device. The objective
function, which is named as cost function, may present economic costs, system security, or other objectives. The
efficient reactive power planning enhances economic operation as well as system security.
The Optimal Power Flow (OPF) is solved by different methods which are successive linear
programming (SLP) [2], the Newton-based nonlinear programming method [3], and with varieties of recently
proposed interior point methods (IPM) [4]. With the use of Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS)
technology, there is a possibility of optimizing the power flow without resorting to generation rescheduling or
topology changes has arisen. The Unified Power Flow controller which is the most advanced FACTS controller
can provide significant flexibility in OPF by injecting a controlled series and shunt compensation [5].
Previously the research has been done on the deregulation which explains the proper coordination of
the UPFC with the existing transformer taps already present in the system will not only improve the steady state
operating limit of a power system but also observed that the system is more secure in terms of voltage collapse.
There is a significant work on coordination of several FACTS controller by several authors [6] to provide a
secured transmission with minimized active power loss. It can be understood that in [7], the continuation power
flow (CPF) gives information regarding how much percentage overloading the system can stay continuously
before a possible voltage collapse. In [8], the authors have successfully incorporated the CPF problem into an
OPF problem hence both the issues can be addressed simultaneously. In the present paper, the maximum
percentage over loading (λmax) the system can withstand is defined as voltage stability Limit (VSL) and
incorporated along with the objective of real power loss minimization, making the problem multi-objective.
One of the the main disadvantage, with the Classical Techniques is OPF solution lies in the fact that
they are highly sensitive to starting points, due to a non monotonic solution surface. To eliminate such problems,
evolutionary techniques have been applied in solving the OPF problem [9].
43
2. Optimization of Real Power Losses and Voltage Stability Limit Enhancement by Using Bacteria...
In [10]-[11], the authors have implemented particle swarm optimization (PSO) to the problem of OPF. Such
algorithms which are based on food searching behaviour of species (like birds, etc.), to compute both global and
local best positions at each instant of time, to decide the best direction of search.
The current paper employs a new algorithm from the family of evolutionary computation, known as
Bacteria Foraging algorithm (BFA), to solve a combined CPF-OPF problem of real power loss minimization
and VSL maximization of the system. The base of the algorithm is foraging behaviour of E-coli bacteria which
is present in human intestine. The UPFC location its series injection voltage, and transformer tap positions are at
a time optimized as control variables, so that the multiple objectives are fulfilled, considering all specified
constraints. The obtained results so show its strength in solving highly nonlinear programming Problems. The
main objectives of this paper are to optimize simultaneously the transformer taps, UPFC location, and its
injection voltage for a the multiple objectives of loss minimization and VSL maximization
II.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Problem Formulation for Optimal Power Flow (OPF): The Optimal power flow (OPF) problem is a static
constrained nonlinear optimization problem and it is formulated as
Minimize F ( x, u )
Subject to
(1)
g x, u 0
h x.u 0.
2
Where F x, u is the objective function that is real power loss of the mesh connected with multi-
machine test system. g x, u is a set of nonlinear equality constraints to represent power flow, and hx, u is a
set of nonlinear inequality constraints (i.e., bus voltages, transformer/line MVA limits, etc.). Vector “ x ”
consists of dependent variables, and u consists of control variables. In the problem mentioned above, the
control variables are the transformer tap values, and both the magnitude and phase angle of UPFC series
injected voltage Vse .
III.
MULTI-OBJECTIVE PROBLEM FORMULATION
The same objective of real power loss minimization is augmented with maximization of VSL. The VSL
can be calculated through CPF, which introduces a load parameter defined as the percentage increase of
generation and load from its base value. The resulting load and generation equation in terms of the load
parameter is as follows
PLi PLi 0
1
Q Li Q Li 0
1
PLi PLi 0
1
3
The load parameter can be increased until the system just reaches the verge of instability, which is also known
as the “notch point” of the PV-curve. The maximum value of the load parameter ( m ax ) is termed as VSL. The
objective is to
Optimize
Subject to
( 4)
g x, u , 0
h x, u 0.
(5)
F x, u , m ax
The function to be optimized now can be represented as
F x, u , m ax G x, u V m ax
44
(6)
3. Optimization of Real Power Losses and Voltage Stability Limit Enhancement by Using Bacteria...
Where
G x, u Real power loss
V m ax 1 / m ax
(7)
The solution of CPF is carried out with the help of a suitably chosen continuation parameter. With the
increase of “ " , " ” a new solution point is predicted first and then corrected in usual predictor and corrector
steps [12]. Since the objective is to maximize the VSL, so its reciprocal is added to original cost function of real
power loss so that the overall cost can be minimized.
IV.
TERMINOLOGY OF BACTERIA FORAGING OPTINIZATION
The idea of BFA is based on the fact that natural selection tends to eliminate animals with poor foraging
strategies and favour those having successful foraging strategies. After many generations, poor foraging
strategies are either eliminated or reshaped into good ones. The E. coli bacteria that are present in our intestines
have a foraging strategy governed by four processes, namely, chemotaxis, swarming, reproduction, and
elimination and dispersal [12].
Chemotaxis:
This process is achieved through swimming and tumbling. Depending upon the rotation of the flagella in
each bacterium, it decides whether it should move in a predefined direction (swimming) or an altogether different
direction (tumbling), in the entire lifetime of the bacterium. To represent a tumble, a unit length random direction,
say, j , is generated; this will be used to define the direction of movement after a tumble. In particular
Where
i j, k , l
i j 1.k.l i j, k , l C i j
represents the
(7)
ith bacterium at jth the chemotactic, the kth reproductive, and the
elimination and dispersal step. C (i ) is the size of the step taken in the random direction specified by the tumble.
“C” is termed as the “run length unit.”
Swarming:
It is always desired that the bacterium that has searched the optimum path of food should try to attract
other bacteria so that they reach the desired place more rapidly. Swarming makes the bacteria congregate into
groups and hence move as concentric patterns of groups with high bacterial density. Mathematically, swarming
can be represented by
jcc , P j.k .l
s
i
jcc , i j , k , l
i 1
p
s
i 2
d attract exp wattract m m
i 1
m 1
p
s
i 2
hrepelent exp wrepelent m m
i 1
m 1
(8)
Where j cc , P j , k , l is the cost function value to be added to the actual cost function to be
minimized to present a time varying cost function. “S” is the total number of bacteria. “P” is the number of
parameters to be optimized that are present in each bacterium. d attract , wattract , hrepelent, and wrepelent, are different
coefficients that are to be chosen judiciously.
Reproduction:
The least healthy bacteria die, and the other healthiest bacteria each split into two bacteria, which
are placed in the same location. This makes the population of bacteria constant
Elimination and Dispersal:
It is possible that in the local environment, the life of a population of bacteria changes either gradually
by consumption of nutrients or suddenly due to some other influence. Events can kill or disperse all the bacteria
in a region. They have the effect of possibly destroying the chemotactic progress, but in contrast, they also assist
it, since dispersal may place bacteria near good food sources. Elimination and dispersal helps in reducing the
behaviour of stagnation (i.e., being trapped in a premature solution point or local optima). The detailed
mathematical derivations as well as theoretical aspect of this new concept are presented in [12].
45
4. Optimization of Real Power Losses and Voltage Stability Limit Enhancement by Using Bacteria...
Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm:
The algorithm is discussed here in brief
Step 1: Initialization
The following variables are initialized.
a) Number of bacteria (S) to be used in the search.
b) Number of parameters (p) to be optimized.
c) Swimming length N s ,
d) N c The number of iterations in a chemotactic loop. N c N s
e) The number of reproduction.
f) The number of elimination and dispersal events.
g) The probability of elimination and dispersal.
h) Location of each bacterium P (p, S, 1), i.e., random numbers on [0–1].
i) The values of d attract , wattract , hrepelent, and wrepelent, .
Step 2: Iterative algorithm for optimization:
This section models the bacterial population chemotaxis, swarming, reproduction, and elimination and
dispersal
j k l 0 ). For the algorithm updating, i automatically results in updating of “P.”
( Initially
a) Elimination-dispersal loop: l l 1
b) Reproduction loop: k k 1
c) Chemotaxis loop: j j 1
a)
For i 1,2,..... , calculate cost function value for each bacterium i as follows.
S
j i, j, k .Let.J SW i, j, k , l
•
Compute value of cost
Is the location of
J i, j, k , l J CC i j, k , l , P j, k , l .P j.k.l
bacterium corresponding to the global minimum cost function out of all the generations and
chemotactic loops until that point (i.e., add on the cell-to-cell attractant effect for swarming
behavior).
• Let J last J SW i, j , k , l to save this value since we may find a better cost via a run.
• End of for loop.
b) For i 1,2,..... , take the tumbling/swimming decision
S
•
Tumble: Generate a random vector i R
•
random number on [0, 1].
Move: let
p
i j 1, k , l i j, k , l C i
with each element m i m 1,2,... p, a
i
T i i
Fixed step size in the direction of tumble for bacterium is considered
•
•
•
J i, j 1, k , l J i, j 1, k , l J cc i j 1, k , l .P j 1, k , l
sw
Compute J i, j 1, k , l and then let
Swim:
1) Let m=0; (counter for swim length)
2) While m< N s (have not climbed down too long)
Let m=m+1
If J sw i, j 1, k , l jlast (if doing better).let J sw i, j 1, k , l and
i j 1, k , l i j , k , l C i
J i, j 1, k , l
•
c)
i
i i
Use this
i
j 1, k , k to compute the new
T
Else, let m N s . This is the end of the “While” statement.
Go to next bacterium (i+1) if
i s (i.e., go to “b”) to process the next bacterium.
46
5. Optimization of Real Power Losses and Voltage Stability Limit Enhancement by Using Bacteria...
4) If j N c , go to step 3. In this case, continue chemotaxis since the life of the bacteria is not over.
5) Reproduction:
a) For the given
k and l , and for each i =1,
2…S, let J health min
i
J sw i, j, k , l
j1... N c
be the
health of the bacterium i . Sort bacteria in order of ascending cost J health (higher cost means lower
health).
b) The S r S / 2 bacteria with highest J health values die and other S r bacteria with the best
value split (and the copies that are made are placed at the same location as their parent)
6) If k N re , go to 2; in this case, we have not reached the number of specified reproduction steps, so we start
the next generation in the chemotactic loop.
7) Elimination-dispersal: For i =1, 2,….S ,with probability Ped ,eliminates and disperses each bacterium (this
keeps the number of bacteria in the population constant). To do this, if one eliminates a bacterium, simply
disperse it to a random location on the optimization domain. The parameter of the Bactria foraging algorithm is
shown in Table 1.
Table1: Control Parameter of the Bactria Foraging Algorithm [13].
The Flowchart of the bacteria foraging algorithm is shown in figure1
Fig.1. Flowchart of the bacteria foraging algorithm.
47
6. Optimization of Real Power Losses and Voltage Stability Limit Enhancement by Using Bacteria...
UPFC operation principal and its model:
The UPFC is one of the most versatile FACTS controller in the family of FACTS controllers proposed
by Gyugyi for the regulation of voltage and power flow in a transmission line [14]. It consists of two voltage
source converters (VSC) one shunt converter and other series converter as shown in figure2. The DC capacitors
of the two converters are connected in parallel.
Fig2: The UPFC device circuit arrangement
In the UPFC device Shunt converter acts as STATCOM for controlling the reactive current and series
converter acts as SSSC for injective the reactive voltage in the line. In [15], the most advantage of the UPFC is,
it simultaneously controls the real and reactive power of the line and voltage of the buses at which it is
connected in the system.
In the present paper, One Unified Power flow Controller (UPFC) with injection model [16]-[17], is connected at
suitable location in the system. The UPFC injected model is shown is figure3
V i i
V j
Fig3: UPFC injection model
Psi rbsViV j sin ij
Qsi rbsVi 2 cos
P sj rbsViV j sin ij
Qsj rbsViV j cos ij
9
10
Test System:
The 10- machine, 39-bus New England power system show in figure4 is considered for testing purpose
and detail of the system data including 12 transformer nominal tap values are given in [18].
10-machine, 39 Bus New England power system line diagram is shown figure4
48
7. Optimization of Real Power Losses and Voltage Stability Limit Enhancement by Using Bacteria...
Fig4. New England power system layout
V.
RESULTS&DISCUISSION
In the case of multi-objective optimization, the objective function can be formulated as
11
F pf1 pf 2 pf 3 of V m ax
Where pf1 , pf 2 , , and pf3 are the penalty factors added with the real power loss
of
Real power loss
pf1 10 abssignVmin 0.9 1 10 abssignVmax 1.1 1
pf 2 10 abssigntransmax 15 1
pf 3 10 abssigntransmax 20 1
(12)
Vmax and Vmin refer the maximum and minimum limits of bus voltages [19] for all the buses.
Similarly, transm ax and linem ax indicates the maximum MVA limits of the transformers and lines in the
system. The values of transmax and linem ax are selected at the double the maximum nominal values of
respective quantities. UPFC location and its variables along with the transformer taps are
simultaneously optimized can even decrese the overall cost function.
With reference to fig.4, the total numbers of variables have become 15 that are 12 transformer tap
positions, 3 UPFC variables. Base case the system has 0.43692 p.u. real power losses and It is clearly indicates
that with BFAM the real power losses are reduced and further the voltage stability limit is increased. For all the
optimized transformer taps and UPFC variables, the corresponding losses and the VSL values are shown in
table2. Figure6 shows the P-V curve of the weakest bus for all the three optimization schemes. The magnitude
of voltage (with simultaneous optimization), obtained with BFAM optimization is shown in figure5. It is
observed that all the bus voltages remain within the limits, and the generator buses maintain their specified
voltages when the optimized variables are used.
49
8. Optimization of Real Power Losses and Voltage Stability Limit Enhancement by Using Bacteria...
Fig5: Voltage profiles of all the buses at nominal load
Fig6: PV curve of weakest bus (simultaneous UPFC and taps)
TABLE2: Simultaneous Optimized Values Of UPFC and Transformer Taps
VI.
CONCLUSION
In this paper a Biological inspired Bacteria Foraging optimization is proposed to solve multi-objective,
multi variable problem. The performance of the proposed algorithm for solving multi-objective that is real
power loss minimization and Maximization of Voltage stability limit is demonstrated using IEEE-39 bus test
system. The Test results shows that the evolutionary algorithm which is known as bacteria foraging, is used for
Allocating transformer taps, and control of UPFC with a view to simultaneously minimize the real power loss
and maximize the Voltage stability (VSL) of the system.. Finally from the simulation results it can be concluded
that the, Bacteria foraging based optimization method is capable of achieving global optimal solution.
50
9. Optimization of Real Power Losses and Voltage Stability Limit Enhancement by Using Bacteria...
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