This document presents a proportional integral (PI) control strategy for power management of a hybrid power system consisting of a fuel cell, lithium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors. The strategy controls the battery state of charge using a PI controller to distribute load power among the energy sources. Simulation results show that the battery state of charge is used to determine how load power is shared between the fuel cell, battery, and supercapacitor under varying load conditions. The PI control strategy was able to effectively coordinate the power outputs of the different components to meet the load demand while maintaining the battery state of charge within its limits.
Prioritizing Power demand response for Hydrogen PEMFCElectric Vehicles using ...IJECEIAES
PEMFC powered Hybrid vehicle system is one of an interesting issue for the industry due to its high performances. The PEMFC cannot certainly ensure a sustained required energy in some scenarios. To solve this problem related to PEMFC transient response, a Hybrid Electrical Storage System (HES) is a potential candidate for a solution. The proposed Hybrid Storage system is comprised of the battery (BT) and a Super-Capacitor (SC) components. These components are included to control the hydrogen variations and the fast peak powers scenarios respectively. The SC is used to control PEMFC and the BT slow dynamics at the same times. An accurate Multi-Ways Energy Management System (MW-EMS) is proposed which aims to cooperate with the system components through SC/BT state of charge and a flux calculation. The simulation results are discussed and assessed using MATLAB/ Simulink.
There is need for an energy storage device capable of transferring high power in transient situations
aboard naval vessels. Currently, batteries are used to accomplish this task, but previous research has
shown that when utilized at high power rates, these devices deteriorate over time causing a loss in lifespan.
It has been shown that a hybrid energy storage configuration is capable of meeting such a demand while
reducing the strain placed on individual components. While designing a custom converter capable of
controlling the power to and from a battery would be ideal for this application, it can be costly to develop
when compared to purchasing commercially available products. Commercially available products offer
limited controllability in exchange for their proven performance and lower cost point - often times only
allowing a system level control input without any way to interface with low level controls that are
frequently used in controller design. This paper proposes the use of fuzzy logic control in order to provide
a system level control to the converters responsible for limiting power to and from the battery. A system
will be described mathematically, modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, and a fuzzy logic controller will be
compared with a typical controller.
Alternative energy technologies are being popular for power generation applications nowadays. Among others, Fuel cell (FC) technology is quite popular. However, the FC unit is costly and vulnerable to any disturbances in input parameters. Thus, to perform research and experimentation, Fuel cell emulators (FCE) can be useful. FCEs can replicate actual FC behavior in different operating conditions. Thus, by using it the application area can be determined. In this study, a FCE system is modelled using MATLAB/Simulink®. The FCE system consists of a buck DC-DC converter and a proportional integral (PI) based controller incorporating an electrochemical model of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The PEMFC model is used to generate reference voltage of the controller which takes the load current as a requirement. The characteristics are compared with Ballard Mark V 5kW PEMFC stack specifications obtained from the datasheet. The results show that the FCE system is a suitable replacement of real PEMFC stack and can be used for research and development purpose.
Hybrid energy storage system control analogous to power quality enhancement o...IJECEIAES
Increasing nonlinear loads and power electronic converters lead to various power quality issues in microgrids (MGs). The interlinking converters (ILCs) can participate in these systems to harmonic control and power quality enhancement. However, ILC participation deteriorates the dc link voltage, system stability, and storage lifetime due to oscillatory current phenomena. To address these problems, a new control strategy for a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is proposed to eliminate the adverse effects of the harmonic control operation of ILC. Specifically, battery and super-capacitor (SC) are used as HESSs that provide low and high power frequency load, respectively. The proposed strategy tries to compensate the current oscillation imposed by ILC with fuzzy control of HESS. In this method, a proportional-resonant (PR) controller integrated with harmonic compensator (HC) is employed to control the ILC for power quality enhancement and oscillatory current elimination. The main advantages of the proposed strategy are to reduce DGs power fluctuations, precise DC bus voltage regulation for generation and load disturbances, improved grid power quality under nonlinear load and transition conditions. The performance of the proposed method for isolated and grid-connected modes is verified using simulation studies in the MATLAB software environment.
Performance Analysis of DC Micro Grid with PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid GenerationIJMREMJournal
Conventional energy resources are being replaced by Renewable energy sources mainly due to increasing
environmental concerns. Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel cell (FC) are suitable to be used in modern DC microgrids
due to their DC output. In this research work, a DC microgrid structure is proposed for small residential areas
using hybrid PV and FC generation. Power Electronic converters are used to regulate generated voltage of the
two sources for integration to a common DC bus. Proposed system is simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK to
observe its performance. Simulation results show that output voltage is properly maintained at different DC
Prioritizing Power demand response for Hydrogen PEMFCElectric Vehicles using ...IJECEIAES
PEMFC powered Hybrid vehicle system is one of an interesting issue for the industry due to its high performances. The PEMFC cannot certainly ensure a sustained required energy in some scenarios. To solve this problem related to PEMFC transient response, a Hybrid Electrical Storage System (HES) is a potential candidate for a solution. The proposed Hybrid Storage system is comprised of the battery (BT) and a Super-Capacitor (SC) components. These components are included to control the hydrogen variations and the fast peak powers scenarios respectively. The SC is used to control PEMFC and the BT slow dynamics at the same times. An accurate Multi-Ways Energy Management System (MW-EMS) is proposed which aims to cooperate with the system components through SC/BT state of charge and a flux calculation. The simulation results are discussed and assessed using MATLAB/ Simulink.
There is need for an energy storage device capable of transferring high power in transient situations
aboard naval vessels. Currently, batteries are used to accomplish this task, but previous research has
shown that when utilized at high power rates, these devices deteriorate over time causing a loss in lifespan.
It has been shown that a hybrid energy storage configuration is capable of meeting such a demand while
reducing the strain placed on individual components. While designing a custom converter capable of
controlling the power to and from a battery would be ideal for this application, it can be costly to develop
when compared to purchasing commercially available products. Commercially available products offer
limited controllability in exchange for their proven performance and lower cost point - often times only
allowing a system level control input without any way to interface with low level controls that are
frequently used in controller design. This paper proposes the use of fuzzy logic control in order to provide
a system level control to the converters responsible for limiting power to and from the battery. A system
will be described mathematically, modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, and a fuzzy logic controller will be
compared with a typical controller.
Alternative energy technologies are being popular for power generation applications nowadays. Among others, Fuel cell (FC) technology is quite popular. However, the FC unit is costly and vulnerable to any disturbances in input parameters. Thus, to perform research and experimentation, Fuel cell emulators (FCE) can be useful. FCEs can replicate actual FC behavior in different operating conditions. Thus, by using it the application area can be determined. In this study, a FCE system is modelled using MATLAB/Simulink®. The FCE system consists of a buck DC-DC converter and a proportional integral (PI) based controller incorporating an electrochemical model of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The PEMFC model is used to generate reference voltage of the controller which takes the load current as a requirement. The characteristics are compared with Ballard Mark V 5kW PEMFC stack specifications obtained from the datasheet. The results show that the FCE system is a suitable replacement of real PEMFC stack and can be used for research and development purpose.
Hybrid energy storage system control analogous to power quality enhancement o...IJECEIAES
Increasing nonlinear loads and power electronic converters lead to various power quality issues in microgrids (MGs). The interlinking converters (ILCs) can participate in these systems to harmonic control and power quality enhancement. However, ILC participation deteriorates the dc link voltage, system stability, and storage lifetime due to oscillatory current phenomena. To address these problems, a new control strategy for a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is proposed to eliminate the adverse effects of the harmonic control operation of ILC. Specifically, battery and super-capacitor (SC) are used as HESSs that provide low and high power frequency load, respectively. The proposed strategy tries to compensate the current oscillation imposed by ILC with fuzzy control of HESS. In this method, a proportional-resonant (PR) controller integrated with harmonic compensator (HC) is employed to control the ILC for power quality enhancement and oscillatory current elimination. The main advantages of the proposed strategy are to reduce DGs power fluctuations, precise DC bus voltage regulation for generation and load disturbances, improved grid power quality under nonlinear load and transition conditions. The performance of the proposed method for isolated and grid-connected modes is verified using simulation studies in the MATLAB software environment.
Performance Analysis of DC Micro Grid with PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid GenerationIJMREMJournal
Conventional energy resources are being replaced by Renewable energy sources mainly due to increasing
environmental concerns. Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel cell (FC) are suitable to be used in modern DC microgrids
due to their DC output. In this research work, a DC microgrid structure is proposed for small residential areas
using hybrid PV and FC generation. Power Electronic converters are used to regulate generated voltage of the
two sources for integration to a common DC bus. Proposed system is simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK to
observe its performance. Simulation results show that output voltage is properly maintained at different DC
Improving Distribution Feeders for Photovoltaic Generation by Loop Power Cont...IJMER
Now a day’s solar power plants are more reliable, because no fuel and reduced CO2 emission. But the solar power generation system do not work in all weather conditions, it is power generated only solar radiation time .To overcome this problem by using (pv)). In fuel cell power generation there will be no problems, where as in fuel cell power distribution systems have some problems like overloading the distribution feeders. In this project to overcome this overloading by using Loop Power Controller (LPC).The loop power controller to control real power and reactive power flow by adjusting voltage ratio and phase shift. Daily loading unbalance is determined by analyzing (pv) power generation recording by using SCADA system and load profile based on Data Automation System (DAS).The loop power controller can improve controllability, operational flexibility and reduce power loss of the distribution system. The Loop Power Controller (LPC) is based on the MATLAB/ SIMULINK.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Harvesting in electric vehicles: Combining multiple power tracking and fuel-c...IJECEIAES
Exploitation of green energy sources is essential to diminish the deterioration of our environment. The energy harvesting, represents an alternative to achieve greater range in electric and hybrid vehicles. An energy management strategy (EMS) must be optimized to obtain the best benefits in such vehicles, which is not a trivial task. If harvesting or energy recovery devices are added, the EMS becomes a dual-purpose algorithm: minimizing fuel consumption and maximizing energy harvest through maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers. Known studies consider separate EMS, one for traction and another for regenerative braking, without considering harvest devices such as solar panels, regenerative suspension, thermal generators, among others. Furthermore, the electronic power converters used, are not designed to handle such unequal power levels. In this article, an electronic platform to include multiple energy harvesting devices in a fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicle, was presented together with a multiple MPPT-EMS. The EMS is easily implementable, and considers quasi-constant cell energy extraction and filtering of current transients to the battery bank ensuring the longevity of the devices. A new mathematical model of the platform, a closed loop stability analysis, and numerical and Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) validations were presented. Some experimental validation results were also provided.
Power Management in Grid Isolated Hybrid Power System Incorporating RERs and ...ijtsrd
The battery energy storage system (BESS) is one of the most commonly used method for smoothing the wind or solar power generation fluctuations. Such BESS based hybrid power systems require a suitable control strategy that can effectively regulate power output levels and battery state of charge (SOC). This paper presents the results of a wind/photovoltaic (PV)/BESS hybrid power system simulation analysis undertaken to improve the smoothing performance of wind/PV/BESS hybrid power generation and the effectiveness of battery SOC control. A smoothing control method for reducing wind/PV hybrid output power fluctuations and regulating battery SOC under the typical conditions is proposed. The effectiveness of these methods was verified using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Jaffer Amin Wani"Power Management in Grid Isolated Hybrid Power System Incorporating RERs and BESS" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12951.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/12951/power-management-in-grid-isolated-hybrid-power-system-incorporating-rers-and-bess/jaffer-amin-wani
Optimum Reactive Power Calculation for Reducing Power System Operation CostPower System Operation
Reactive power plays a key role in voltage control and system stability. Various Volt/VAR techniques are utilized in electric power systems to maintain the voltage profile within a defined acceptable range and accordingly provide reliability, stability, and economic benefits. Reactive power has been commonly generated through large-scale synchronous generators or distributed capacitor banks to provide proper transmission and distribution level system management, however, reactive power can be further used as an effective means to reduce total system operation cost. This is to be achieved by adjusting nodal reactive power and accordingly impact the network power flow. The reactive power adjustment is becoming more common as a result of growing distributed energy resources (DERs) with reactive power control capability. The increasing number of inverter-coupled DERs, in particular, provides a unique opportunity to benefit from the reactive power provided by these resources. This paper develops a modified optimal power flow model to determine optimal nodal reactive powers that minimize the system operation cost. The applicability and performance of the proposed model is verified on IEEE 57-bus standard test systems.
The real problems in diminution of power quality occurs due to the rapid growth of nonlinear load are leads to sudden decrease of source voltage for a few seconds i.e sag, swell, harmonics in source and load current, voltage unbalance etc. All these problems can be compensated by using Unified Power Quality Controller (UPQC) and the operation of UPQC depends upon the available voltage across capacitor present in dc link. If the capacitor voltage is maintained constant then it gives satisfactory performance. The proposed research is basically on designing of Photo Voltaic (PV) /Wind energy fed to the dc link capacitor of UPQC so as to maintain proper voltage across it and operate the UPQC for power quality analysis. The said model is simulated in Matlab and results are verified by using FFT analysis.The proposed PV/ Wind energy-UPQC is design in Matlab simulation for reduction of voltage sag, swell, interruption of voltage, harmonics in load current and compensation of active and reactive power.
Improvement of Power Delivery Efficiency of 11KV Power Line using Power Capac...IJAEMSJORNAL
Optimal capacitor placement in the distribution network is the most popular technique adopted for the control of power loss and enhancement of Volts Ampere Reactive for effective power delivery. This study, therefore, discusses improvement of distribution efficiency of 11kV power lines through placement of capacitor banks in the network. Power flow in the network, Ado-Ekiti 11kV lines, was carried out using Newton-Rapson iteration method available in MATLAB while the analysis of the network was actualized using the conventional load flow equation modeling. From the analysis of the network, voltage deviation falls within the range of -5.9 to -180.5% which is completely outside the permissible range of ±5%. Voltage drop on the feeders is within the range (1.2 – 1.9) kV before and (0.2 – 0.7) kV after the reactive power of the network was compensated.
This paper proposes a novel 5-level dc-ac converter circuit using with 6 power semiconductor switches. The proposed multilevel inverter generates five-level ac output voltage by implementing Multi-carrier sinusoidal pulse width modulation (MSPWM) technique with reduced number of switches. The voltage stress on each switching devices and common mode voltage can be minimized from the suggested system. The designed system gives better controlled output current and improved output voltage with diminished total Harmonic Distortion value. The operating principles of the proposed inverter are discussed. DC Input for the proposed system is obtained from PV System. Finally, an experimental prototype of the proposed system with 12-V input voltage and 20 V /5 W output is implemented along with simulation output of the waveform to the load. The efficiency and the reduction of harmonic content are discussed.
Small Signal Stability Improvement and Congestion Management Using PSO Based ...IDES Editor
In this paper an attempt has been made to study the
application of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
to mitigate small signal stability problem in addition to
congestion management of a heavily loaded line in a
multimachine power system. The Flexible AC Transmission
System (FACTS) devices such as TCSC can be used to control
the power flows in the network and can help in improvement
of small signal stability aspect. It can also provide relief to
congestion in the heavily loaded line. However, the
performance of any FACTS device highly depends upon its
parameters and placement at suitable locations in the power
network. In this paper, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
method has been used for determining the optimal locations
and parameters of the TCSC controller in order to damp small
signal oscillations. Transmission Line Flow (TLF) Sensitivity
method has been used for curtailment of non-firm load to
limit power flow congestion. The results of simulation reveals
that TCSC controllers, placed optimally, not only mitigate
small signal oscillations but they can also alleviate line flow
congestion effectively.
Moth Flame Optimization Method for Unified Power Quality Conditioner Allocati...IJECEIAES
This paper introduces a new optimization method to determine the optimal allocation of Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) in the distribution systems. UPQC is a versatile Custom Power Device (CPD) to solve problems related to voltage and current by the series and shunt compensator in the distribution systems. The task of UPQC highlighted in this paper is the required load reactive power is provided by both the series and shunt compensators. The UPQC’s steady state compensation capability has given a solution for providing reactive power compensation in large distribution systems. The optimization method adopted is Moth Flame Optimization (MFO). The best location and series compensator voltage are determined using MFO. The voltage injected by the series compensator and reactive power injected by the shunt compensator is incorporated in the load flow method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated with standard distribution systems.
An Improved UPQC Controller to Provide Grid-Voltage RegulationIJMTST Journal
In this paper presents an improved controller for the dual topology of the Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) extending its capability in power quality compensation, as well as in micro-grid applications. By the use of this controller, beyond the conventional UPQC power quality features including voltage sag/swell compensation, the iUPQC will also compensate reactive power support to regulate not only the load-bus voltage, but also the voltage at the grid-side bus. We can say, the iUPQC will work as a STATCOM at the grid side, while providing also the conventional UPQC compensations at the load terminal or micro-grid side. Experimental results are provided to verify the new functionality of the equipment.
This paper presents a combined operation of the Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) with Fuel cell system (FC). The proposed system consists of a series inverter, a shunt inverter and a Fuel cell that is connected with the DC link of UPQC through a back boost converter, where it is a SEPIC converter. The mean purpose for using the SEPIC converter is ensuring a constant DC link voltage value and to make the FC system intervening only in the case when the DC link energy is insufficient. Excepting this case, the FC system will be in the standby state. To validate the proposed topology, several sags of source voltage have been applied, at the point of common coupling (PCC).The simulation results from MATLAB/SIMULINK are discussed to verify the proposed topology.
Improving Distribution Feeders for Photovoltaic Generation by Loop Power Cont...IJMER
Now a day’s solar power plants are more reliable, because no fuel and reduced CO2 emission. But the solar power generation system do not work in all weather conditions, it is power generated only solar radiation time .To overcome this problem by using (pv)). In fuel cell power generation there will be no problems, where as in fuel cell power distribution systems have some problems like overloading the distribution feeders. In this project to overcome this overloading by using Loop Power Controller (LPC).The loop power controller to control real power and reactive power flow by adjusting voltage ratio and phase shift. Daily loading unbalance is determined by analyzing (pv) power generation recording by using SCADA system and load profile based on Data Automation System (DAS).The loop power controller can improve controllability, operational flexibility and reduce power loss of the distribution system. The Loop Power Controller (LPC) is based on the MATLAB/ SIMULINK.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Harvesting in electric vehicles: Combining multiple power tracking and fuel-c...IJECEIAES
Exploitation of green energy sources is essential to diminish the deterioration of our environment. The energy harvesting, represents an alternative to achieve greater range in electric and hybrid vehicles. An energy management strategy (EMS) must be optimized to obtain the best benefits in such vehicles, which is not a trivial task. If harvesting or energy recovery devices are added, the EMS becomes a dual-purpose algorithm: minimizing fuel consumption and maximizing energy harvest through maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers. Known studies consider separate EMS, one for traction and another for regenerative braking, without considering harvest devices such as solar panels, regenerative suspension, thermal generators, among others. Furthermore, the electronic power converters used, are not designed to handle such unequal power levels. In this article, an electronic platform to include multiple energy harvesting devices in a fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicle, was presented together with a multiple MPPT-EMS. The EMS is easily implementable, and considers quasi-constant cell energy extraction and filtering of current transients to the battery bank ensuring the longevity of the devices. A new mathematical model of the platform, a closed loop stability analysis, and numerical and Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) validations were presented. Some experimental validation results were also provided.
Power Management in Grid Isolated Hybrid Power System Incorporating RERs and ...ijtsrd
The battery energy storage system (BESS) is one of the most commonly used method for smoothing the wind or solar power generation fluctuations. Such BESS based hybrid power systems require a suitable control strategy that can effectively regulate power output levels and battery state of charge (SOC). This paper presents the results of a wind/photovoltaic (PV)/BESS hybrid power system simulation analysis undertaken to improve the smoothing performance of wind/PV/BESS hybrid power generation and the effectiveness of battery SOC control. A smoothing control method for reducing wind/PV hybrid output power fluctuations and regulating battery SOC under the typical conditions is proposed. The effectiveness of these methods was verified using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Jaffer Amin Wani"Power Management in Grid Isolated Hybrid Power System Incorporating RERs and BESS" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12951.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/12951/power-management-in-grid-isolated-hybrid-power-system-incorporating-rers-and-bess/jaffer-amin-wani
Optimum Reactive Power Calculation for Reducing Power System Operation CostPower System Operation
Reactive power plays a key role in voltage control and system stability. Various Volt/VAR techniques are utilized in electric power systems to maintain the voltage profile within a defined acceptable range and accordingly provide reliability, stability, and economic benefits. Reactive power has been commonly generated through large-scale synchronous generators or distributed capacitor banks to provide proper transmission and distribution level system management, however, reactive power can be further used as an effective means to reduce total system operation cost. This is to be achieved by adjusting nodal reactive power and accordingly impact the network power flow. The reactive power adjustment is becoming more common as a result of growing distributed energy resources (DERs) with reactive power control capability. The increasing number of inverter-coupled DERs, in particular, provides a unique opportunity to benefit from the reactive power provided by these resources. This paper develops a modified optimal power flow model to determine optimal nodal reactive powers that minimize the system operation cost. The applicability and performance of the proposed model is verified on IEEE 57-bus standard test systems.
The real problems in diminution of power quality occurs due to the rapid growth of nonlinear load are leads to sudden decrease of source voltage for a few seconds i.e sag, swell, harmonics in source and load current, voltage unbalance etc. All these problems can be compensated by using Unified Power Quality Controller (UPQC) and the operation of UPQC depends upon the available voltage across capacitor present in dc link. If the capacitor voltage is maintained constant then it gives satisfactory performance. The proposed research is basically on designing of Photo Voltaic (PV) /Wind energy fed to the dc link capacitor of UPQC so as to maintain proper voltage across it and operate the UPQC for power quality analysis. The said model is simulated in Matlab and results are verified by using FFT analysis.The proposed PV/ Wind energy-UPQC is design in Matlab simulation for reduction of voltage sag, swell, interruption of voltage, harmonics in load current and compensation of active and reactive power.
Improvement of Power Delivery Efficiency of 11KV Power Line using Power Capac...IJAEMSJORNAL
Optimal capacitor placement in the distribution network is the most popular technique adopted for the control of power loss and enhancement of Volts Ampere Reactive for effective power delivery. This study, therefore, discusses improvement of distribution efficiency of 11kV power lines through placement of capacitor banks in the network. Power flow in the network, Ado-Ekiti 11kV lines, was carried out using Newton-Rapson iteration method available in MATLAB while the analysis of the network was actualized using the conventional load flow equation modeling. From the analysis of the network, voltage deviation falls within the range of -5.9 to -180.5% which is completely outside the permissible range of ±5%. Voltage drop on the feeders is within the range (1.2 – 1.9) kV before and (0.2 – 0.7) kV after the reactive power of the network was compensated.
This paper proposes a novel 5-level dc-ac converter circuit using with 6 power semiconductor switches. The proposed multilevel inverter generates five-level ac output voltage by implementing Multi-carrier sinusoidal pulse width modulation (MSPWM) technique with reduced number of switches. The voltage stress on each switching devices and common mode voltage can be minimized from the suggested system. The designed system gives better controlled output current and improved output voltage with diminished total Harmonic Distortion value. The operating principles of the proposed inverter are discussed. DC Input for the proposed system is obtained from PV System. Finally, an experimental prototype of the proposed system with 12-V input voltage and 20 V /5 W output is implemented along with simulation output of the waveform to the load. The efficiency and the reduction of harmonic content are discussed.
Small Signal Stability Improvement and Congestion Management Using PSO Based ...IDES Editor
In this paper an attempt has been made to study the
application of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
to mitigate small signal stability problem in addition to
congestion management of a heavily loaded line in a
multimachine power system. The Flexible AC Transmission
System (FACTS) devices such as TCSC can be used to control
the power flows in the network and can help in improvement
of small signal stability aspect. It can also provide relief to
congestion in the heavily loaded line. However, the
performance of any FACTS device highly depends upon its
parameters and placement at suitable locations in the power
network. In this paper, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
method has been used for determining the optimal locations
and parameters of the TCSC controller in order to damp small
signal oscillations. Transmission Line Flow (TLF) Sensitivity
method has been used for curtailment of non-firm load to
limit power flow congestion. The results of simulation reveals
that TCSC controllers, placed optimally, not only mitigate
small signal oscillations but they can also alleviate line flow
congestion effectively.
Moth Flame Optimization Method for Unified Power Quality Conditioner Allocati...IJECEIAES
This paper introduces a new optimization method to determine the optimal allocation of Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) in the distribution systems. UPQC is a versatile Custom Power Device (CPD) to solve problems related to voltage and current by the series and shunt compensator in the distribution systems. The task of UPQC highlighted in this paper is the required load reactive power is provided by both the series and shunt compensators. The UPQC’s steady state compensation capability has given a solution for providing reactive power compensation in large distribution systems. The optimization method adopted is Moth Flame Optimization (MFO). The best location and series compensator voltage are determined using MFO. The voltage injected by the series compensator and reactive power injected by the shunt compensator is incorporated in the load flow method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated with standard distribution systems.
An Improved UPQC Controller to Provide Grid-Voltage RegulationIJMTST Journal
In this paper presents an improved controller for the dual topology of the Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) extending its capability in power quality compensation, as well as in micro-grid applications. By the use of this controller, beyond the conventional UPQC power quality features including voltage sag/swell compensation, the iUPQC will also compensate reactive power support to regulate not only the load-bus voltage, but also the voltage at the grid-side bus. We can say, the iUPQC will work as a STATCOM at the grid side, while providing also the conventional UPQC compensations at the load terminal or micro-grid side. Experimental results are provided to verify the new functionality of the equipment.
This paper presents a combined operation of the Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) with Fuel cell system (FC). The proposed system consists of a series inverter, a shunt inverter and a Fuel cell that is connected with the DC link of UPQC through a back boost converter, where it is a SEPIC converter. The mean purpose for using the SEPIC converter is ensuring a constant DC link voltage value and to make the FC system intervening only in the case when the DC link energy is insufficient. Excepting this case, the FC system will be in the standby state. To validate the proposed topology, several sags of source voltage have been applied, at the point of common coupling (PCC).The simulation results from MATLAB/SIMULINK are discussed to verify the proposed topology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Fuzzy logic-based energy management strategy on dual-source hybridization fo...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) based energy management strategy (EMS), combined with power filtering for a pure electric vehicle. The electrical power supply is provided by a hybrid energy storage system (HESS), including Li-Ion battery and supercapacitors (SCs), adopting a fully active parallel topology. The vehicle model was organized and constructed using the energetic macroscopic representation (EMR). The main objective of this work is to ensure an efficient power distribution in the proposed dual source, in order to reduce the battery degradation. To evaluate the impact of the developed design and the efficiency of the developed EMS, the proposed FLC strategy is compared to a classical EMS using SCs-filtering strategy and architecture based on battery storage model. To validate the proposed topology, simulation results are provided for the new European driving cycle (NEDC) using MATLAB/Simulink environment.
FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL OF A HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE MODULE FOR NAVAL PULSED POWER ...Wireilla
There is need for an energy storage device capable of transferring high power in transient situations aboard naval vessels. Currently, batteries are used to accomplish this task, but previous research has shown that when utilized at high power rates, these devices deteriorate over time causing a loss in lifespan. It has been shown that a hybrid energy storage configuration is capable of meeting such a demand while reducing the strain placed on individual components. While designing a custom converter capable of controlling the power to and from a battery would be ideal for this application, it can be costly to develop when compared to purchasing commercially available products. Commercially available products offer limited controllability in exchange for their proven performance and lower cost point - often times only allowing a system level control input without any way to interface with low level controls that are frequently used in controller design. This paper proposes the use of fuzzy logic control in order to provide a system level control to the converters responsible for limiting power to and from the battery. A system will be described mathematically, modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, and a fuzzy logic controller will be compared with a typical controller.
Stand-alone Hybrid systems become appreciating issues that ensure the required electricity to consumers. The development of a stand-alone Hybrid system becomes a necessity for multiple applications The enhance energy security. To achieve this objective, we have proposed an accurate dynamic model using Multi-Agent System (MAS) in which a solar energy System (SES) serves as the main load supply, an energy Backup System (ERS) is based on a fuel cell and Electrolyzer for long-term energy storage and an Ultra Capacitor (UCap) storage system deployed as a short-time storage. To cooperate with all systems, an Intelligent Power Management (IPM) based on a specific MAS is included. Thus, to prove the performance of the system, we tested and simulated it using the Matlab/Simulink environment.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
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A photovoltaic system using supercapacitor energy storage for power equilibri...IJECEIAES
In a photovoltaic system, a stable voltage and of tolerable power equilibrium is needed. Hence, a dedicated analog charge controller for a storage system which controls energy flow to impose power equilibrium, and therefore, voltage stability on the load is required. We demonstrate here our successful design considerations employing supercapacitors as main energy storage as well as a buffer in a standalone photovoltaic system, incorporating a dedicated supercapacitor charge controller for the first time. Firstly, we demonstrated a photovoltaic system employing supercapacitors as main energy storage as well as a buffer in a standalone photovoltaic system. Secondly, we design a constant voltage maximum power point tracker (MPPT) for peak power extraction from the photovoltaic generator. Thirdly, we incorporated a supercapacitor charge controller for power equilibrium and voltage stability through a dedicated analog charge controller in our design, the first of its kind. Fourthly, we analyzed the use of supercapacitor storage to mitigate disequilibrium between power supply and demands, which, in turn, causes overvoltage or under voltage across the load. Lastly, we then went ahead to demonstrate the control of the energy flow in the system so as to maintain rated voltage across a variant demand load.
Hybrid Generation Power System for Domestic ApplicationsIJAPEJOURNAL
This work presents the plan and model of the control strategy for the interconnection of the hybrid energy system able to regulating this load’s voltage and controlling the energy generation with the energy options. The control strategy contains controlling the energy generated through each energy source, in a hierarchical mode using sliding/dropping mode control, while consuming consideration elements that have an impact on each electrical power source and transform the energy generated in order to suitable circumstances for lower power and domestic programs. The cross alternative energy system consists of photovoltaic cellular material, fuel cellular material and battery packs. A numerical equation in order to estimate the perfect voltage involving photovoltaic systems for virtually every solar irradiance and temperature circumstances is suggested. Simulations of a single or a lot more systems interconnected towards the load with the entire proposed control scheme, under different ecological and weight conditions, usually are introduced to indicate this efficiency with the procedure.
Modeling, Control and Power Management Strategy of a Grid connected Hybrid En...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the detailed modeling of various components of a grid connected hybrid energy system (HES) consisting of a photovoltaic (PV) system, a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), an electrolyzer and a hydrogen storage tank with a power flow controller. Also, a valve controlled by the proposed controller decides how much amount of fuel is consumed by fuel cell according to the load demand. In this paper fuel cell is used instead of battery bank because fuel cell is free from pollution. The control and power management strategies are also developed. When the PV power is sufficient then it can fulfill the load demand as well as feeds the extra power to the electrolyzer. By using the electrolyzer, the hydrogen is generated from the water and stored in storage tank and this hydrogen act as a fuel to SOFC. If the availability of the power from the PV system cannot fulfill the load demand, then the fuel cell fulfills the required load demand. The SOFC takes required amount of hydrogen as fuel, which is controlled by the PID controller through a valve. Effectiveness of this technology is verified by the help of computer simulations in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment under various loading conditions and promising results are obtained.
A Review on Design and Development of high Reliable Hybrid Energy Systems wit...IJPEDS-IAES
Hybrid Energy system is a combination of two or more different types of energy resources. Now a day this hybrid energy system plays key role in various remote area power applications. Hybrid energy system is more reliable than single energy system. This paper deals with high reliable hybrid energy system with solar, wind and micro hydro resources. The proposed hybrid system cable of multi mode operation and high reliable due to non communicated based controllers (Droop Characteristic Control) are used for optimal power sharing. Size of battery can be reduced because hydro used as back up source and Maximum power point Tracking also applied to solar and wind energy systems.
Fuzzy logic control of hybrid systems including renewable energy in microgrids IJECEIAES
With a growing demand for more energy from subscribers, a traditional electric grid is unable to meet new challenges, in the remote areas remains the extension of the conventional electric network very hard to do make prohibitively expensive. Therefore, a new advanced generation of traditional electrical is inevitable and indispensable to move toward an effective, economical, green, clean and self-correcting power system. The most well-known term used to define this next generation power system is micro grid (MG) based on renewable energy sources (RES). Since, the energy produced by RES are not constant at all times, a wide range of energy control techniques must be involved to provide a reliable power to consumers. To solve this problem in this paper we present a fuzzy logic control of isolated hybrid systems (HRES) including renewable energy in micro-grids to maintain a stability in voltage and frequency output especially in the standalone application. The considered HRES combine a wind turbine (WT) and photovoltaic (PV) panels as primary energy sources and an energy storage system (ESS) based on battery as a backup solution. Simulation results obtained from MATLAB/Simulink environment demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in decreasing the electricity bill of customer.
Maximum Power Point Tracking Charge Controller for Standalone PV SystemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The depletion of conventional energy sources and global warming has raised worldwide
awareness on the usage of renewable energy sources particularly solar photovoltaic (PV). Renewable
energy sources are non-polluting sources which can meet energy demands without causing any
environmental issues. For standalone PV systems, a low conversion efficiency of the solar panel and high
installation cost due to storage elements are the two primary constraints that limit the wide spread use of
this system. As the size of the system increases, the demand for a highly efficient tracking and charging
system is very crucial. Direct charging of battery with PV module will results in loss of capacity or
premature battery degradation. Furthermore, most of the available energy generated by the PV module or
array will be wasted if proper tracking technique is not employed. As a result, more PV panels need to be
installed to provide the same output power capacity. This paper presents selection, design and simulation
of maximum power point tracker (MPPT) and battery charge controller for standalone Photovoltaic (PV)
system. Contributions are made in several aspects of the whole system, including selection of suitable
converter, converter design, system simulation, and MPPT algorithm. The proposed system utilizes direct
duty cycle technique thus simplifying its control structure. MPPT algorithm based on scanning approach
has been applied by sweeping the duty cycle throughout the I -V curve to ensure continuous tracking of the
maximum power irrespective of any environmental circumstances. For energy storage, lead acid battery is
employed in this work. MATLAB/Simulink® was utilized for simulation studies. Results show that the
propose strategy can track the MPPs and charge the battery effectively.
A Wind driven PV- FC Hybrid System and its Power Management Strategies in a GridIJERA Editor
This paper shows the work done on the method to operate a Wind driven grid connected hybrid system which is composed of a Photovoltaic (PV) array and a Proton exchange membrane fuel cell . A wind system provides with an opportunity to harness the abundantly available renewable resource. With the proton exchange membrane the hybrid system output power becomes controllable. Here the system uses two operation modes, the unit-power control (UPC) mode and the feeder-flow control (FFC) mode. This papers discusses the coordination of two control modes, the coordination of the PV array and the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in hybrid system and the way in which the reference parameters are determined.
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The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
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1. International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.3, No.6, June 2015
E-ISSN: 2321-9637
107
Power Management of Hybrid Power System Using
Proportional Integral Control Strategy
J K Maherchandani1
, R R Joshi2
, Navneet Agarwal3
Electrical Engineering Department1, 2
Electronics & Communication Engineering Department 3
College of Technology and Engineering 1, 2, 3
Email: jkm2000@rediffmail.com1
Abstract- This paper present an Proportional Integral (PI) control strategy for power management of a hybrid
power system consists of fuel cells, lithium-ion batteries and super-capacitors along with associated dc/dc and
dc/ac converters. This strategy is based on the control of battery state of charge (SOC) as main performance
parameters using PI controllers. The load power is distributed in such a way to allow the fuel-cell system to
provide the steady-state load demand. The proposed control system is implemented in MATLAB Simpower
software and tested for various load conditions. Results are presented and discussed.
Index Terms- Battery State of Charge, Proportional Integral, Energy Management Strategy, Fuel Cell,
Supercapacitors
1. INTRODUCTION
Hybrid power systems (HPS) are the system which
brings two or more sources of energy together. HPS
can run as sustainable stand-alone or back up power
solution with the grid. These system harness energy
from multiple sources and also provide storage
capabilities. This solution proves to be not only cost
effective and efficient alternative but also improve the
entire system capacity, security and reliability [1]. It
has been proven that small to medium size hybrid
power generation system based on renewable sources
may electrify villages, powering lamps and small
appliances, small industries, health clinics, school and
community centers.
Multi-source hybrid power generation system with
proper control has a higher potential for providing
better quality and more reliable power to utilities than
a system based on a single resource. Because of this
feature, hybrid energy systems have caught worldwide
research attention. In general, hybrid systems convert
all the resources into one form (typically electrical)
and/or store the energy into some form (chemical,
compressed air, thermal, mechanical flywheel, etc.),
and the aggregated output is used to supply a variety
of loads [2]. Different generation sources may also
help each other to achieve higher total energy
efficiency and/or improved performance. The outputs
from various generation sources of a hybrid energy
system need to be coordinated and controlled to
realize their full benefits. Since power management,
operation and control of hybrid power system are
more complicated than those of an individual ac or dc
grid, appropriate control strategies are needed for
power dispatch from the energy sources to make the
entire system sustainable and efficient to the
maximum extent. The development of high-efficiency
control strategies for hybrid power generation system
is not merely an area of research from the control
design point of view, but also and principally a field of
technological R&D activity of high interest for
environmental, economical and strategic reasons.
Hybrid power system discussed in this paper consists
of fuel cell, battery and supercapacitor. Fuel cell
provides electrical power with high efficiency, less
noise, and near zero emissions compared with
conventional internal combustion engines. But fuel
cell has slow dynamic characteristics, so hybridization
of fuel cell with battery and supercapacitors is
required to improve the dynamics and power density.
This hybridization allows the fuel-cell system to be
optimized to achieve better fuel economy and
performance as part of the load is provided by the
batteries/super-capacitors. This optimization is
accomplished through an energy management strategy
(EMS), which distributes the load power among the
energy sources. The design of such an EMS should be
made in such a way to increase the overall efficiency
or to achieve an optimal fuel economy while ensuring
that each energy source operates within its limits. In
addition, the EMS impact on the life cycle of the
whole hybrid power system as well as individual
sources should be limited as possible.
Different energy management strategies for fuel-cell
hybrid power systems have been reported in the
literature. This paper presents a Proportional Integral
(PI) control strategy for a fuel cell hybrid system. This
strategy is based on the control of the main
performance parameters, such as the battery state of
charge (SOC), the supercapacitor voltage, or dc-bus
voltage using PI controllers.
The PI control strategy is implemented in MATLAB
Simpower software and tested for varying load
conditions. Results are presented and discussed.
2. International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.3, No.6, June 2015
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2. HYBRID POWER SYSTEM COMPONENT
MODELLINGS
To develop an overall power management strategy for
the system and to investigate the system performance,
dynamic models for the main components have been
developed using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The
proposed hybrid system consists of fuel cell, battery
and super-capacitor. In this section, the modelings of
the above system components are discussed.
2.1. Fuel Cell Model
The model used in the paper is based on the dynamic
proton exchange membrane fuel cell model (PEMFC)
discussed in [3] and [4].
This model is based on a relationship between the
Nernst voltage and the average magnitude of the fuel
cell stack voltage [6]
(1)fc o lossV N E V= −
Where fcV is the fuel cell voltage, oN is the number
of fuel cell connected in series, E is the Nernst
voltage, and lossV is the irreversible voltage losses.
The output voltage of a fuel cell at normal operating
conditions is determined by the irreversible voltage
loss ( ( )lossV , which can be classified into three types:
the activation voltage loss, ohmic voltage loss , and
concentration voltage loss [7].
The output power of a fuel cell is determined as
follows:
(2)fc fc fcP V I=
where fcI is fuel cell output current.
2.2. Battery Storage System Modelling
The batteries considered for this paper are of type Li-
ion as they have proven to exhibit high energy density
and efficiency compared with other battery types
(such as lead-acid, NiCd or NiMH) [5], [6].
The generic Li–ion battery model is used [10]. The
battery state of charge (SOC) is an indication of the
energy reserve and is expressed as follows [7]:
100 1 % (3)
bi dt
SOC
Q
= −
∫
Where ib is the battery current, and Q is the battery
capacity.
The battery controller is a bidirectional dc–dc
converter that stabilizes the dc link voltage during
sudden load change.
2.3. Supercapacitor Model
Supercapacitors, which are also known as electric
double layer capacitors (EDLCs) are similar to
conventional electrostatic or electrolytic capacitors,
with the advantage that they can store or release more
energy due to their high capacitance [8].
The supercapacitor model is based on the Stern model,
which combines the Helmholtz and Gouy–Chapman
models [9]. The capacitance of an EDLC cell is
expressed as
1
1 1
(4)
H GC
C
C C
−
= +
where CH and CGC are the Helmholtz and Gouy–
Chapman capacitance (in farads), respectively.
For a supercapacitor module of Ns cells in series and
Np cells in parallel, the total capacitance is given by
(5)
p
T
s
N
C C
N
=
The supercapacitor output voltage is expressed
considering resistive losses as
(6)T
SC SC SC
T
Q
V R i
C
= −
with
(7)T P c SCQ N Q i dt= = ∫
where QT is the total electric charge (in coulombs),
RSC is the supercapacitor module resistance and iSC is
the supercapacitor module current.
3. Energy Management Strategy
The energy management system is required to ensure
the low hydrogen consumption, high overall system
efficiency, narrow scope of the battery/supercapacitor,
long life cycle.
This is achieved by controlling the power response of
each energy source with load demand through their
associated converters, using a given energy
management strategy (EMS).
Strategy used in this paper is based on the control of
the main performance parameters, such as the battery
state of charge (SOC), the supercapacitor voltage, or
dc-bus voltage using proportional–integral (PI)
controllers. The knowledge of an expert is not
necessary with such type of strategy, and the PI
controllers can be easily tuned online for better
tracking. The load power is distributed in such a way
to allow the fuel-cell system to provide the steady-
state load demand.
This scheme controls the battery SOC using a PI
regulator [10], [11] as shown in Fig. 1. The output of
the PI regulator is the battery power, which is
afterward removed from the load power to obtain the
fuel-cell reference power. When the battery SOC is
above the reference, the fuel-cell power is low, and the
battery provides its full power. When the SOC is
3. International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.3, No.6, June 2015
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below the reference, the fuel cell provides almost the
load power. This scheme is easier to implement
compared with previous strategies, and the PI gains
are tuned online for a better response.
4. Simulation Results
Simulation model for PI control strategy has been built
in MATLAB/Simulink using Simpower system block-
set. The performance of the energy management
strategy was tested under varying load conditions to
investigate its power management and load-following
capabilities. Sample simulation results for the control
of power under fast varying load condition are given
here.
The Fig. 2 shows the variation in battery SOC during
the simulation period.
Combined power outputs with load power are shown
in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 shows the load power demand and
power shared by individual hybrid power system
components.
In the case of PI control strategy, battery SOC value
plays an important role in deciding the power sharing
among hybrid power system components. Reference
value of SOC is taken 60% in this simulation.
Fig. 2 and Fig. 4(c) shows that initially battery SOC is
above the reference value, so the battery discharges
faster to get the SOC reference and major part of the
load power is supplied by the battery and fuel cell
power output in such condition is low (Fig 4 (b)).
When the SOC is below the reference (at t=120 sec)
the fuel cell provides almost the load power.
Supercapacitor delivers the power during sudden
change in load power to help the battery and fuel cell,
also to maintain the transient stability Fig. 4 (d).
When, the load power decrease below the fuel cell
power, because of slow dynamic of fuel cell it takes
some time to follow the reference power, in such case
excess power is used to charge the battery
Fig. 2 Battery State of Charge (SOC)
Fig. 3 Combined Power Output
Fig. 1 Energy Management using PI Control Strategy
4. International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.3, No.6, June 2015
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Fig. 4 Power Sharing (a) Load Power (b) Fuel Cell Power Output (c) Battery Power Output (d) Super-capacitor Power Output
5. CONCLUSION
A classical PI control strategy for a fuel cell hybrid
power system is presented. The performance of the
presented control strategy is evaluated under fast
varying load conditions. From the simulation studies,
it is revealed that the fuel cell power output is
controlled by battery SOC. When the battery SOC is
above the reference, the fuel cell power is low, and the
battery provides its full power.
When the SOC is below the reference the fuel cell
provides almost the load power. So, proper selection
of battery SOC reference is of utmost important in
such type of strategy.
The overall coordination of the fuel cell, battery
supercapacitors and load is done by the PI energy
management strategy. The validity of the presented
control schemes was verified through simulations
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