International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimal Allocation of Capacitor Bank in Radial Distribution System using Anal...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a novel analytical technique is proposed for optimal allocation of shunt capacitor bank in radial distribution system. An objective function is formulated to determine the optimal size, number and location of capacitor bank for real & reactive power loss reduction, voltage profile enhancement and annual cost saving. A new constant, Power Voltage Sensitivity Constant (PVSC), has been proposed here. The value of PVSC constant decides the candidate bus location and size. The achievability of the proposed method has been demonstrated on IEEE-69 bus and real distribution system of Jamawaramgarh, Jaipur city. The obtained results are compared with latest optimization techniques to show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed technique.
Power losses reduction of power transmission network using optimal location o...IJECEIAES
Due to the growth of demand for electric power, electric power loss reduction takes great attention for the power utility. In this paper, a low-level generation or distributed generation (DG) has been used for transmission power losses reduction. Karbala city transmission network (which is the case study) has been represented by using MATLAB m-file to study the load flow and the power loss for it. The paper proposed the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique in order to find the optimal number and allocation of DG with the objective to decrease power losses as possible. The results show the effect of the optimal allocation of DG on power loss reduction.
Comparative power flow analysis of 28 and 52 buses for 330 kv power grid netw...Onyebuchi nosiri
Newton-Raphson technique was formulated and used to evaluate the electrical performances of the existing 28-bus and improved 52-bus Nigerian 330kV power networks. The Jacobian matrix for both the existing 28-bus and the improved 52-bus Nigerian power system was derived using Newton-Raphson power flow solution method. The steady-state critical bus voltages, voltage and angle profiles at each bus, active and reactive power flows, transformer tap settings, component or circuit loading, generator exciter regulator voltage set points and system losses of these networks were determined to ascertain their effectiveness and proper network reconfiguration. The results obtained showed a better performance of the 52-Bus system in power quality, voltage and angle profiles over the conventional 28-bus system
T04201162168Optimal Allocation of FACTS Device with Multiple Objectives Using...IJMER
In this paper Multi objective functions are simultaneously considered as the indexes of the system performance minimize total generation fuel cost and maximize system load-ability within system security margin. To find the optimal location and optimal value for Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) using optimization technique Genetic Algorithm (GA) to maximize system load-ability and minimize the system losses considering multi objectives optimization approach. A GA based Optimal Power Flow (OPF) is proposed to determine the type of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission system) controllers, its optimal location and rating of the devices in power systems. The value of TCSC and line losses is applied as measure of power system performance. The type of FACTS controllers are used and modeled for steady-state studies: TCSC, minimize total generation fuel cost and maximize system load-ability within system security margin. Simulations will be carrying on IEEE30 bus power system for type of FACTS devices.
Differential Evolution Based Optimization Approach for Power Factor CorrectionIDES Editor
In radial distribution systems, the voltages at buses
reduces when moved away from the substation, also the losses
are high. The reason for decrease in voltage and high losses is
the insufficient amount of reactive power, which can be
provided by the shunt capacitors. For this purpose, in this
paper, two stage methodologies are used. In first stage, the
load flow of pre-compensated distribution system is carried
out using ‘Dimension reducing distribution load flow
algorithm’. In the second stage, Differential Evolution (DE)
technique is used to determine the optimal location and size
of the capacitors. The above method is tested on IEEE 69 bus
system. In this paper a new method is proposed to improve the
power factor of those buses having low power factor (less than
0.8lag) to unity power factor simultaneously by placing the
capacitors.
Optimal Placement of DG for Loss Reduction and Voltage Sag Mitigation in Radi...IDES Editor
This paper presents the need to operate the power
system economically and with optimum levels of voltages has
further led to an increase in interest in Distributed
Generation. In order to reduce the power losses and to improve
the voltage in the distribution system, distributed generators
(DGs) are connected to load bus. To reduce the total power
losses in the system, the most important process is to identify
the proper location for fixing and sizing of DGs. It presents a
new methodology using a new population based meta heuristic
approach namely Artificial Bee Colony algorithm(ABC) for
the placement of Distributed Generators(DG) in the radial
distribution systems to reduce the real power losses and to
improve the voltage profile, voltage sag mitigation. The power
loss reduction is important factor for utility companies because
it is directly proportional to the company benefits in a
competitive electricity market, while reaching the better power
quality standards is too important as it has vital effect on
customer orientation. In this paper an ABC algorithm is
developed to gain these goals all together. In order to evaluate
sag mitigation capability of the proposed algorithm, voltage
in voltage sensitive buses is investigated. An existing 20KV
network has been chosen as test network and results are
compared with the proposed method in the radial distribution
system.
The high penetration of power electronic based distributed energy resources (DERs) has increased the importance and attention given to voltage security of distribution systems. Voltage control in the electrical power system is critical for a proper operating condition. Therefore, distribution systems must have the ability to maintain a secure voltage profile. Using inverters for Volt/VAR control (VVC) can provide a faster response for voltage regulation than traditional voltage regulation devices, such as transformer load tap changers and voltage regulators. The primary objective of this paper is to demonstrate how smart inverters can be used to eliminate the voltage deviation by solving a mixed-integer quadratic program to determine the amount of reactive power that should be injected or absorbed at the appropriate nodes. The proposed method incorporates capacitor banks connected to the network and determines whether to turn on or off the capacitor bank for voltage regulation. These processes will be demonstrated in several cases that are focused on mitigating voltage-dips and swells.
Optimal Allocation of Capacitor Bank in Radial Distribution System using Anal...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a novel analytical technique is proposed for optimal allocation of shunt capacitor bank in radial distribution system. An objective function is formulated to determine the optimal size, number and location of capacitor bank for real & reactive power loss reduction, voltage profile enhancement and annual cost saving. A new constant, Power Voltage Sensitivity Constant (PVSC), has been proposed here. The value of PVSC constant decides the candidate bus location and size. The achievability of the proposed method has been demonstrated on IEEE-69 bus and real distribution system of Jamawaramgarh, Jaipur city. The obtained results are compared with latest optimization techniques to show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed technique.
Power losses reduction of power transmission network using optimal location o...IJECEIAES
Due to the growth of demand for electric power, electric power loss reduction takes great attention for the power utility. In this paper, a low-level generation or distributed generation (DG) has been used for transmission power losses reduction. Karbala city transmission network (which is the case study) has been represented by using MATLAB m-file to study the load flow and the power loss for it. The paper proposed the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique in order to find the optimal number and allocation of DG with the objective to decrease power losses as possible. The results show the effect of the optimal allocation of DG on power loss reduction.
Comparative power flow analysis of 28 and 52 buses for 330 kv power grid netw...Onyebuchi nosiri
Newton-Raphson technique was formulated and used to evaluate the electrical performances of the existing 28-bus and improved 52-bus Nigerian 330kV power networks. The Jacobian matrix for both the existing 28-bus and the improved 52-bus Nigerian power system was derived using Newton-Raphson power flow solution method. The steady-state critical bus voltages, voltage and angle profiles at each bus, active and reactive power flows, transformer tap settings, component or circuit loading, generator exciter regulator voltage set points and system losses of these networks were determined to ascertain their effectiveness and proper network reconfiguration. The results obtained showed a better performance of the 52-Bus system in power quality, voltage and angle profiles over the conventional 28-bus system
T04201162168Optimal Allocation of FACTS Device with Multiple Objectives Using...IJMER
In this paper Multi objective functions are simultaneously considered as the indexes of the system performance minimize total generation fuel cost and maximize system load-ability within system security margin. To find the optimal location and optimal value for Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) using optimization technique Genetic Algorithm (GA) to maximize system load-ability and minimize the system losses considering multi objectives optimization approach. A GA based Optimal Power Flow (OPF) is proposed to determine the type of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission system) controllers, its optimal location and rating of the devices in power systems. The value of TCSC and line losses is applied as measure of power system performance. The type of FACTS controllers are used and modeled for steady-state studies: TCSC, minimize total generation fuel cost and maximize system load-ability within system security margin. Simulations will be carrying on IEEE30 bus power system for type of FACTS devices.
Differential Evolution Based Optimization Approach for Power Factor CorrectionIDES Editor
In radial distribution systems, the voltages at buses
reduces when moved away from the substation, also the losses
are high. The reason for decrease in voltage and high losses is
the insufficient amount of reactive power, which can be
provided by the shunt capacitors. For this purpose, in this
paper, two stage methodologies are used. In first stage, the
load flow of pre-compensated distribution system is carried
out using ‘Dimension reducing distribution load flow
algorithm’. In the second stage, Differential Evolution (DE)
technique is used to determine the optimal location and size
of the capacitors. The above method is tested on IEEE 69 bus
system. In this paper a new method is proposed to improve the
power factor of those buses having low power factor (less than
0.8lag) to unity power factor simultaneously by placing the
capacitors.
Optimal Placement of DG for Loss Reduction and Voltage Sag Mitigation in Radi...IDES Editor
This paper presents the need to operate the power
system economically and with optimum levels of voltages has
further led to an increase in interest in Distributed
Generation. In order to reduce the power losses and to improve
the voltage in the distribution system, distributed generators
(DGs) are connected to load bus. To reduce the total power
losses in the system, the most important process is to identify
the proper location for fixing and sizing of DGs. It presents a
new methodology using a new population based meta heuristic
approach namely Artificial Bee Colony algorithm(ABC) for
the placement of Distributed Generators(DG) in the radial
distribution systems to reduce the real power losses and to
improve the voltage profile, voltage sag mitigation. The power
loss reduction is important factor for utility companies because
it is directly proportional to the company benefits in a
competitive electricity market, while reaching the better power
quality standards is too important as it has vital effect on
customer orientation. In this paper an ABC algorithm is
developed to gain these goals all together. In order to evaluate
sag mitigation capability of the proposed algorithm, voltage
in voltage sensitive buses is investigated. An existing 20KV
network has been chosen as test network and results are
compared with the proposed method in the radial distribution
system.
The high penetration of power electronic based distributed energy resources (DERs) has increased the importance and attention given to voltage security of distribution systems. Voltage control in the electrical power system is critical for a proper operating condition. Therefore, distribution systems must have the ability to maintain a secure voltage profile. Using inverters for Volt/VAR control (VVC) can provide a faster response for voltage regulation than traditional voltage regulation devices, such as transformer load tap changers and voltage regulators. The primary objective of this paper is to demonstrate how smart inverters can be used to eliminate the voltage deviation by solving a mixed-integer quadratic program to determine the amount of reactive power that should be injected or absorbed at the appropriate nodes. The proposed method incorporates capacitor banks connected to the network and determines whether to turn on or off the capacitor bank for voltage regulation. These processes will be demonstrated in several cases that are focused on mitigating voltage-dips and swells.
Artificial Intelligence Technique based Reactive Power Planning Incorporating...IDES Editor
Reactive Power Planning is a major concern in the
operation and control of power systems This paper compares
the effectiveness of Evolutionary Programming (EP) and
New Improved Differential Evolution (NIMDE) to solve
Reactive Power Planning (RPP) problem incorporating
FACTS Controllers like Static VAR Compensator (SVC),
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Unified
power flow controller (UPFC) considering voltage stability.
With help of Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI), the critical
lines and buses are identified to install the FACTS controllers.
The optimal settings of the control variables of the generator
voltages,transformer tap settings and allocation and parameter
settings of the SVC,TCSC,UPFC are considered for reactive
power planning. The test and Validation of the proposed
algorithm are conducted on IEEE 30–bus system and 72-bus
Indian system.Simulation results shows that the UPFC gives
better results than SVC and TCSC and the FACTS controllers
reduce the system losses.
In power engineering the power flow analysis (also known as load flow study) is an important tool involving numerical analysis applied to a powe r system. This project deals with a model of existing power system using the actual data taking care of all parameters required for the simulation and analysis. With the help of Maharasht ra State Electricity Transmission co. Ltd.,a model of 220KV lines,of Solapur District grid usin g MATLAB software will be modeled. In this project,an algorithm will be used for power f low study and data collection and coding required for modeling. Load flow studies will be ca rried out using Newton Raphson method and voltage profile of buses will be analyzed. New meth od for the improvement of voltage profile will be suggested and analyze using the developed m odel. The optimization techniques include power factor compensation,tap changing,up gradati on of substation,up gradation of line and load shifting will be analyzed. Importance of power flow or Load flow studies is in planning future expansion of power system as well as determi ning the best operation of existing systems. From results of simulation buses with low voltage p rofile will be identified and possible solutions can be suggested.
Optimal Capacitor Placement in Distribution System using Fuzzy TechniquesIDES Editor
To improve the overall efficiency of power system,
the performance of distribution system must be improved. It
is done by installing shunt capacitors in radial distribution
system. The problem of capacitor allocation in electric
distribution systems involves maximizing “energy and peak
power (demand) loss reductions” by means of capacitor
installations. As a result power factor of distribution system
improves. There is also lots of saving in terms of money. A 10
bus radial distribution system is taken as the model. Then a
load flow programs is executed on MATLAB. Then by using
load flow data & fuzzy techniques the determination of suitable
location of capacitor placement and its size is done. Shunt
capacitors to be placed at the nodes of the system will be
represented as reactive power injections. Fuzzy techniques have
advantages of simplicity, less computations & fast results. The
same techniques can be applied to complex distribution systems
& dynamic loads.
SIMULTANEOUS OPTIMIZATION OF STANDBY AND ACTIVE ENERGY FOR SUB-THRESHOLD CIRC...VLSICS Design
Increased downscaling of CMOS circuits with respect to feature size and threshold voltage has a result of dramatically increasing in leakage current. So, leakage power reduction is an important design issue for active and standby modes as long as the technology scaling increased. In this paper, a simultaneous active and standby energy optimization methodology is proposed for 22 nm sub-threshold CMOS circuits. In the first phase, we investigate the dual threshold voltage design for active energy per cycle minimization. A
slack based genetic algorithm is proposed to find the optimal reverse body bias assignment to set of noncritical
paths gates to ensure low active energy per cycle with the maximum allowable frequency at the optimal supply voltage. The second phase, determine the optimal reverse body bias that can be applied to all gates for standby power optimization at the optimal supply voltage determined from the first phase.
Therefore, there exist two sets of gates and two reverse body bias values for each set. The reverse body bias is switched between these two values in response to the mode of operation. Experimental results are obtained for some ISCAS-85 benchmark circuits such as 74L85, 74283, ALU74181, and 16 bit RCA. The optimized circuits show significant energy saving ranged (from 14.5% to 42.28%) and standby power
saving ranged (from 62.8% to 67%)
DISTRIBUTION LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS FOR RDIAL & MESH DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMIAEME Publication
Power flow analysis is the backbone of power system analysis and design. They are necessary for planning, operation, economic scheduling and exchange of power between utilities. Power flow analysis is required for many other analyses such as transient stability, optimal power flow and contingency studies. The principal information of power flow analysis is to find the magnitude and phase angle of voltage at each bus and the real and reactive power flowing in each transmission lines. Power flow analysis is an importance tool involving numerical analysis applied to a power system. In this analysis, iterative techniques are used due to there no known analytical method to solve the problem. This resulted nonlinear set of equations or called power flow equations are generated.
INTRODUCTION BASIC TECHNIQUES TYPE OF BUSES
Y BUS MATRIX POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
Power (Load) flow study is the analysis of a power system in normal steady-state operation
This study will determine:
Design and Performance Analysis of Genetic based PID-PSS with SVC in a Multi-...IDES Editor
Damping of power system oscillations with the help
of proposed optimal Proportional Integral Derivative Power
System Stabilizer (PID-PSS) and Static Var Compensator
(SVC)-based controllers are thoroughly investigated in this
paper. This study presents robust tuning of PID-PSS and
SVC-based controllers using Genetic Algorithms (GA) in
multi machine power systems by considering detailed model
of the generators (model 1.1). The effectiveness of FACTSbased
controllers in general and SVC-based controller in
particular depends upon their proper location. Modal
controllability and observability are used to locate SVC–based
controller. The performance of the proposed controllers is
compared with conventional lead-lag power system stabilizer
(CPSS) and demonstrated on 10 machines, 39 bus New England
test system. Simulation studies show that the proposed genetic
based PID-PSS with SVC based controller provides better
performance.
Optimal Power Generation in Energy-Deficient Scenarios Using Bagging EnsemblesKashif Mehmood
This paper presents an improved technique for optimal power generation using ensemble
artificial neural networks (EANN). The motive for using EANN is to benefit from multiple parallel processor
computing rather than traditional serial computation to reduce bias and variance in machine learning. The
load data is obtained from the load regulation authority of Pakistan for 24 hours. The data is analyzed on an
IEEE 30-bus test system by implementing two approaches; the conventional artificial neural network (ANN)
with feed-forward back-propagation model and a Bagging algorithm. To improve the training of ANN and
authenticate its result, first the Load Flow Analysis (LFA) on IEEE 30 bus is performed using Newton
Raphson Method and then the program is developed in MATLAB using Lagrange relaxation (LR) framework
to solve a power-generator scheduling problem. The bootstraps for the EANN are obtained through a disjoint
partition Bagging algorithm to handle the fluctuating power demand and is used to forecast the power
generation. The results of MATLAB simulations are analyzed and compared along with computational
complexity, therein showing the dominance of the EANN over the traditional ANN strategy that closed
to LR
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Artificial Intelligence Technique based Reactive Power Planning Incorporating...IDES Editor
Reactive Power Planning is a major concern in the
operation and control of power systems This paper compares
the effectiveness of Evolutionary Programming (EP) and
New Improved Differential Evolution (NIMDE) to solve
Reactive Power Planning (RPP) problem incorporating
FACTS Controllers like Static VAR Compensator (SVC),
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Unified
power flow controller (UPFC) considering voltage stability.
With help of Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI), the critical
lines and buses are identified to install the FACTS controllers.
The optimal settings of the control variables of the generator
voltages,transformer tap settings and allocation and parameter
settings of the SVC,TCSC,UPFC are considered for reactive
power planning. The test and Validation of the proposed
algorithm are conducted on IEEE 30–bus system and 72-bus
Indian system.Simulation results shows that the UPFC gives
better results than SVC and TCSC and the FACTS controllers
reduce the system losses.
In power engineering the power flow analysis (also known as load flow study) is an important tool involving numerical analysis applied to a powe r system. This project deals with a model of existing power system using the actual data taking care of all parameters required for the simulation and analysis. With the help of Maharasht ra State Electricity Transmission co. Ltd.,a model of 220KV lines,of Solapur District grid usin g MATLAB software will be modeled. In this project,an algorithm will be used for power f low study and data collection and coding required for modeling. Load flow studies will be ca rried out using Newton Raphson method and voltage profile of buses will be analyzed. New meth od for the improvement of voltage profile will be suggested and analyze using the developed m odel. The optimization techniques include power factor compensation,tap changing,up gradati on of substation,up gradation of line and load shifting will be analyzed. Importance of power flow or Load flow studies is in planning future expansion of power system as well as determi ning the best operation of existing systems. From results of simulation buses with low voltage p rofile will be identified and possible solutions can be suggested.
Optimal Capacitor Placement in Distribution System using Fuzzy TechniquesIDES Editor
To improve the overall efficiency of power system,
the performance of distribution system must be improved. It
is done by installing shunt capacitors in radial distribution
system. The problem of capacitor allocation in electric
distribution systems involves maximizing “energy and peak
power (demand) loss reductions” by means of capacitor
installations. As a result power factor of distribution system
improves. There is also lots of saving in terms of money. A 10
bus radial distribution system is taken as the model. Then a
load flow programs is executed on MATLAB. Then by using
load flow data & fuzzy techniques the determination of suitable
location of capacitor placement and its size is done. Shunt
capacitors to be placed at the nodes of the system will be
represented as reactive power injections. Fuzzy techniques have
advantages of simplicity, less computations & fast results. The
same techniques can be applied to complex distribution systems
& dynamic loads.
SIMULTANEOUS OPTIMIZATION OF STANDBY AND ACTIVE ENERGY FOR SUB-THRESHOLD CIRC...VLSICS Design
Increased downscaling of CMOS circuits with respect to feature size and threshold voltage has a result of dramatically increasing in leakage current. So, leakage power reduction is an important design issue for active and standby modes as long as the technology scaling increased. In this paper, a simultaneous active and standby energy optimization methodology is proposed for 22 nm sub-threshold CMOS circuits. In the first phase, we investigate the dual threshold voltage design for active energy per cycle minimization. A
slack based genetic algorithm is proposed to find the optimal reverse body bias assignment to set of noncritical
paths gates to ensure low active energy per cycle with the maximum allowable frequency at the optimal supply voltage. The second phase, determine the optimal reverse body bias that can be applied to all gates for standby power optimization at the optimal supply voltage determined from the first phase.
Therefore, there exist two sets of gates and two reverse body bias values for each set. The reverse body bias is switched between these two values in response to the mode of operation. Experimental results are obtained for some ISCAS-85 benchmark circuits such as 74L85, 74283, ALU74181, and 16 bit RCA. The optimized circuits show significant energy saving ranged (from 14.5% to 42.28%) and standby power
saving ranged (from 62.8% to 67%)
DISTRIBUTION LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS FOR RDIAL & MESH DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMIAEME Publication
Power flow analysis is the backbone of power system analysis and design. They are necessary for planning, operation, economic scheduling and exchange of power between utilities. Power flow analysis is required for many other analyses such as transient stability, optimal power flow and contingency studies. The principal information of power flow analysis is to find the magnitude and phase angle of voltage at each bus and the real and reactive power flowing in each transmission lines. Power flow analysis is an importance tool involving numerical analysis applied to a power system. In this analysis, iterative techniques are used due to there no known analytical method to solve the problem. This resulted nonlinear set of equations or called power flow equations are generated.
INTRODUCTION BASIC TECHNIQUES TYPE OF BUSES
Y BUS MATRIX POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
Power (Load) flow study is the analysis of a power system in normal steady-state operation
This study will determine:
Design and Performance Analysis of Genetic based PID-PSS with SVC in a Multi-...IDES Editor
Damping of power system oscillations with the help
of proposed optimal Proportional Integral Derivative Power
System Stabilizer (PID-PSS) and Static Var Compensator
(SVC)-based controllers are thoroughly investigated in this
paper. This study presents robust tuning of PID-PSS and
SVC-based controllers using Genetic Algorithms (GA) in
multi machine power systems by considering detailed model
of the generators (model 1.1). The effectiveness of FACTSbased
controllers in general and SVC-based controller in
particular depends upon their proper location. Modal
controllability and observability are used to locate SVC–based
controller. The performance of the proposed controllers is
compared with conventional lead-lag power system stabilizer
(CPSS) and demonstrated on 10 machines, 39 bus New England
test system. Simulation studies show that the proposed genetic
based PID-PSS with SVC based controller provides better
performance.
Optimal Power Generation in Energy-Deficient Scenarios Using Bagging EnsemblesKashif Mehmood
This paper presents an improved technique for optimal power generation using ensemble
artificial neural networks (EANN). The motive for using EANN is to benefit from multiple parallel processor
computing rather than traditional serial computation to reduce bias and variance in machine learning. The
load data is obtained from the load regulation authority of Pakistan for 24 hours. The data is analyzed on an
IEEE 30-bus test system by implementing two approaches; the conventional artificial neural network (ANN)
with feed-forward back-propagation model and a Bagging algorithm. To improve the training of ANN and
authenticate its result, first the Load Flow Analysis (LFA) on IEEE 30 bus is performed using Newton
Raphson Method and then the program is developed in MATLAB using Lagrange relaxation (LR) framework
to solve a power-generator scheduling problem. The bootstraps for the EANN are obtained through a disjoint
partition Bagging algorithm to handle the fluctuating power demand and is used to forecast the power
generation. The results of MATLAB simulations are analyzed and compared along with computational
complexity, therein showing the dominance of the EANN over the traditional ANN strategy that closed
to LR
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Investors, analysts, and economists who are concerned about the direction of fiscal policy, are becoming ever more skeptical about the direction of Brazil’s economy. Though all is not yet lost, if the country is to grow sustainably, the government must make a difficult choice between social programs and the tax burden.
The Brazilian Economy is one of the oldest publications for expert economic analysis of both the Brazilian and international economies. Through this publication, FGV’s Brazilian Institute of Economics and Finance (FGV/IBRE) compares different periods of the economy, assessing both macroeconomic considerations and scenarios related to finance, administration, marketing, management, insurance, statistics, and price indices.
For more information, and Brazilian economic index results, visit: http://bit.ly/1EA1Loz
Optimal Power Flow with Reactive Power Compensation for Cost And Loss Minimiz...ijeei-iaes
One of the concerns of power system planners is the problem of optimum cost of generation as well as loss minimization on the grid system. This issue can be addressed in a number of ways; one of such ways is the use of reactive power support (shunt capacitor compensation). This paper used the method of shunt capacitor placement for cost and transmission loss minimization on Nigerian power grid system which is a 24-bus, 330kV network interconnecting four thermal generating stations (Sapele, Delta, Afam and Egbin) and three hydro stations to various load points. Simulation in MATLAB was performed on the Nigerian 330kV transmission grid system. The technique employed was based on the optimal power flow formulations using Newton-Raphson iterative method for the load flow analysis of the grid system. The results show that when shunt capacitor was employed as the inequality constraints on the power system, there is a reduction in the total cost of generation accompanied with reduction in the total system losses with a significant improvement in the system voltage profile
Performance Improvement of the Radial Distribution System by using Switched C...idescitation
Distribution system is the major link which provides supply to the consumers
from the high voltage transmission system. The load on the distribution system is not
constant and it changes with respect to time throughout the working period. The voltage
drop and power losses occur in the distribution system mainly depends on the nature of the
load which is applied on the system. The voltage drop and power losses frequently occurs
mainly on those systems which are supplying load to the industrial areas, this is mainly
because of the existence of more reactive power. To overcome these problems shunt
compensation is employed to reduce or suppress those effects to an extent. The main aim of
this paper is to determine the specific value of the shunt capacitance required to achieve the
permissible voltage tolerance limits and maximum percentage of power loss reduction in a
sample two feeder radial distribution system.
The high penetration of power electronic based distributed energy resources (DERs) has increased the importance and attention given to voltage security of distribution systems. Voltage control in the electrical power system is critical for a proper operating condition. Therefore, distribution systems must have the ability to maintain a secure voltage profile. Using inverters for Volt/VAR control (VVC) can provide a faster response for voltage regulation than traditional voltage regulation devices, such as transformer load tap changers and voltage regulators. The primary objective of this paper is to demonstrate how smart inverters can be used to eliminate the voltage deviation by solving a mixed-integer quadratic program to determine the amount of reactive power that should be injected or absorbed at the appropriate nodes. The proposed method incorporates capacitor banks connected to the network and determines whether to turn on or off the capacitor bank for voltage regulation. These processes will be demonstrated in several cases that are focused on mitigating voltage-dips and swells.
A Novel Approach for Allocation of Optimal Capacitor and Distributed Generati...paperpublications3
Abstract: Distributed generation (DG) units, based on their interfacing technology are divided into synchronous generator interfaced DGs, asynchronous generator interfaced DGs and inverter interfaced DGs. This paper presents two algorithms for allocation of optimal capacitor and distributed generation on radial distribution system. These algorithms predict requirement of reactive vars and real power and supplied via capacitor banks and distributed generation. This arrangement reduces transmission losses and voltage stability problem. Developed algorithm has been implemented on two IEEE 69 nodes and 52 nodes systems.
Comparative power flow analysis of 28 and 52 buses for 330 kv power grid netw...Onyebuchi nosiri
Newton-Raphson technique was formulated and used to evaluate the electrical performances of the existing 28-bus and improved 52-bus Nigerian 330kV power networks. The Jacobian matrix for both the existing 28-bus and the improved 52-bus Nigerian power system was derived using Newton-Raphson power flow solution method. The steady-state critical bus voltages, voltage and angle profiles at each bus, active and reactive power flows, transformer tap settings, component or circuit loading, generator exciter regulator voltage set points and system losses of these networks were determined to ascertain their effectiveness and proper network reconfiguration. The results obtained showed a better performance of the 52-Bus system in power quality, voltage and angle profiles over the conventional 28-bus system
Cost Allocation of Reactive Power Using Matrix Methodology in Transmission Ne...IJAAS Team
In the deregulated market environment as generation, transmission and distribution are separate entities; reactive power flow in transmission lines is a question of great importance. Due to inductive load characteristic, reactive power is inherently flowing in transmission line. Hence under restructured market this reactive power allocation is necessary. In this work authors presents a power flow tracing based allocation method for reactive power to loads. MVAr-mile method is used for allocation of reactive power cost. A sample 6 bus and IEEE 14 bus system is used for showing the feasibility of developed method.
Nowadays, the electricity demand is increasing daily and hence it is important not only to extract electrical energy from all possible new power resources but also to reduce power losses to an acceptable minimum level in the existing distribution networks where a huge amount of power dissipation occurred. A lot of power is remarkably dissipated in Yangon distribution system. Network reconfiguration method is employed for loss reduction and exhaustive search technique is also applied to achieve the minimal loss switching scheme. Network reconfiguration is performed by opening sectionalizing switches and closing tie switches of the network for loss reduction. The distribution network for existing and reconfiguration conditions are modelled and simulated by Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) 7.5 version software. The proposed method is tested on 83-Bus and 74-Bus radial distribution system in Yangon city since it is long-length, overloaded lines and high level of power dissipation is occurred in this system. According to simulation results of load flow analysis, voltage profile enhancement, power loss reduction and cost saving for proposed system are revealed in this paper.
Keywords — exhaustive search technique, loss reduction, load flow analysis, cost saving
.
Machine learning for prediction models to mitigate the voltage deviation in ...IJECEIAES
The voltage deviation is one of the most crucial power quality issues that occur in electrical power systems. Renewable energy plays a vital role in electrical distribution networks due to the high economic returns. However, the presence of photovoltaic systems changes the nature of the energy flow in the grid and causes many problems such as voltage deviation. In this work, several predictive models are examined for voltage regulation in the Jordanian Sabha distribution network equipped with photovoltaic farms. The augmented grey wolf optimizer is used to train the different predictive models. To evaluate the performance of models, a value of one for regression factor and a low value for root mean square error, mean square error, and mean absolute error are used as standards. In addition, a comparison between nineteen predictive models has been made. The results have proved the capability of linear regression and the gaussian process to restore the bus voltages in the distribution network accurately and quickly and to solve the shortening in the voltage dynamic response caused by the iterative nature of the heuristic algorithm.
Power Flow Analysis for Four Buses System by NR Methodijtsrd
Power flow studies provide a systematic mathematical approach for determination of various bus voltages, there phase angle, active and reactive power flows through different branches, generators and loads under steady state condition. In this paper, the purpose of power flow analysis is to determine four bus system power flows. Case studies have been performed on Lawpita Taungoo Kamarnat Hlawga 230kV Line Myanmar . This paper presents a reliable method to meet the requirements by developing a Newton Raphson based load flow calculation program through which control setting of Shunt Compensator can be determined directly. This program computes the voltage magnitude and angle at each bus in a power system under balanced steady state conditions. Real and reactive power flows for all buses, as well as line flow and line losses, are also computed. And then the compensation of shunt capacitor is proposed for load flow analysis and also for overall loss minimization and improvement in system voltage profile. Wint Yu Yu Zaw ""Power Flow Analysis for Four Buses System by NR Method"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23472.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/23472/power-flow-analysis-for-four-buses-system-by-nr-method/wint-yu-yu-zaw
Particle Swarm Optimization based Network Reconfiguration in Distribution Sys...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Three-phase four-wire shunt hybrid active power filter model with model pred...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a harmonic reduction and load imbalance model in a three-phase four-wire distribution network. This model uses a hybrid active power filter, a passive inductor and capacitor filter, and an active power filter in the form of a three-phase, four-leg connected grid inverter. The switching of the voltage source converter on this filter uses finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC). Control of this hybrid active power filter uses model predictive control (MPC) with a cost function, comparing the reference current and prediction current with mathematical modelling of the circuit. The reference current is taken from the load current by extracting dq, and the predicted current is obtained from the iteration of the voltage source converter (VSC) switching pattern. Each combination is compared with the reference current in the cost function to get the smallest error used as a power switching signal. Modelling was validated by using MATLAB Simulink. The simulation results prove a decrease in harmonics at a balanced load from 22.16% to 4.2% and at an unbalanced load, reducing the average harmonics to 4.74%. The simulation also decreases the load current imbalance in the distribution network. Reducing the current in the neutral wire from 62.01%-0.42% and 11.29-0.3 A.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Unsubscribed: Combat Subscription Fatigue With a Membership Mentality by Head...
Al36228233
1. M Mozaffari Legha et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.228-233
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Capacitor Placement in Radial Distribution System for Improve
Network Efficiency Using Artificial Bee Colony
Mahdi Mozaffari Legha 1, Marjan Tavakoli 2, Farzaneh Ostovar3, Milad Askari
Hashemabadi4
1
Department of Power Engineering, Jiroft Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran
Department of Power Engineering, Jiroft Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran
3
Department of Power Engineering, Shadegan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran
4
Department of Power Engineering, Islamic Azad University of science and Research Kerman branch, Iran
2
Abstract
Increasing application of capacitor banks on distribution networks is the direct impact of development of
technology and the energy disasters that the world is encountering. To obtain these goals the resources capacity
and the installation place are of a crucial importance. In this paper a new method is proposed to find the optimal
and simultaneous place and capacity of these resources to reduce losses, improve voltage profile. The advantage
of ABC algorithm is that it does not require external parameters such as cross over rate and mutation rate as in
case of genetic algorithm and differential evolution and it is hard to determine these parameters in prior. To
demonstrate the validity of the proposed algorithm, computer simulations are carried out on actual power
network of Kerman Province, Iran and the simulation results are presented and discussed.
Keywords: Distribution systems, Loss Sensitivity Factors, Capacitor placement, Artificial Bee Colony
Algorithm
I.
Introduction
The loss minimization in distribution systems
has assumed greater significance recently since the
trend towards distribution automation will require the
most efficient operating scenario for economic
viability variations. The power losses in distribution
systems correspond to about 70% of total losses in
electric power systems (2005). To reduce these losses,
shunt capacitor banks are installed on distribution
primary feeders. The advantages with the addition of
shunt capacitors banks are to improve the power factor,
feeder voltage profile, Power loss reduction and
increases available capacity of feeders. Therefore it is
important to find optimal location and sizes of
capacitors in the system to achieve the above
mentioned objectives. Since, the optimal capacitor
placement is a complicated combinatorial optimization
problem, many different optimization techniques and
algorithms have been proposed in the past. H. Ng et al
(2000) proposed the capacitor placement problem by
using fuzzy approximate reasoning. Sundharajan and
Pahwa (1994) proposed the genetic algorithm approach
to determine the optimal placement of capacitors based
on the mechanism of natural selection. Ji-Pyng Chiou
et al (2006) proposed the variable scale hybrid
differential evolution algorithm for the capacitor
placement in distribution system. Both Grainger et al
(1981) and Baghzouz and Ertem (1990) proposed the
concept that the size of capacitor banks was considered
as a continuous variable. Bala et al (1995) presented a
sensitivity-based method to solve the optimal capacitor
placement problem.
www.ijera.com
In this paper a new method is proposed to find
the optimal and simultaneous place and capacity of
these resources to reduce losses, improve voltage
profile. The artificial bee colony algorithm is a new
meta heuristic approach, proposed by Karaboga [9][11]. It is inspired by the intelligent foraging behavior
of honey bee swarm. The proposed method is tested on
actual power network of Kerman Province, Iran and
the simulation results are presented and discussed.
II.
Objective function
The objective of capacitor placement in the
distribution system is to minimize the annual cost of
the system, subjected to certain operating constraints
and load pattern. For simplicity, the operation and
maintenance cost of the capacitor placed in the
distribution system is not taken into consideration. The
three-phase system is considered as balanced and loads
are assumed as time invariant. Mathematically, the
objective function of the problem is described as:
Where COST includes the cost of power loss and the
capacitor placement, and will be discussed further
later. λ is a penalty function and ( V 2) min is the
squared sum of the violated voltage constraint.
Moreover, the penalty function satisfies the following
properties:
(1) If the voltage constraint is not violated, λ =0;
(2) If the constraint is violated, a significant penalty is
imposed to cause the objective function to move away
from the undesirable solution.
228 | P a g e
2. M Mozaffari Legha et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.228-233
The voltage magnitude at each bus must be
maintained within its limits and is expressed as:
Where │Vi│ is the voltage magnitude of bus i, V min
and Vmax are bus minimum and maximum voltage
limits, respectively.
III.
www.ijera.com
Where n is number of candidate locations for capacitor
placement, Kp is the equivalent annual cost per unit of
power loss in $/(kW-year); Kcf is the fixed cost for the
capacitor placement. Constant
is the annual
capacitor installation cost, and, i = 1, 2, ... , n are the
indices of the buses selected for compensation. The
bus reactive compensation power is limited to
Formulation
The power flows are computed by the
following set of simplified recursive equations derived
from the single-line diagram depicted in Fig. 1.
Where 1Qc and LQc are the reactive power
compensated at bus i and the reactive load power at
bus i, respectively.
IV.
Figure 1: Single line diagram of main feeder
( )
Where Pi and Qi are the real and reactive
powers flowing out of bus i, and P Li and QLi are the
real and reactive load powers at bus i. The resistance
and reactance of the line section between buses i and
i+1 are denoted by Ri,i+1 and Xi,i+1 respectively. The
power loss of the line section connecting buses i and
i+1 may be computed as
The total power loss of the feeder,
may
then be determined by summing up the losses of all
line sections of the feeder, which is given as
Considering the practical capacitors, there
exists a finite number of standard sizes which are
integer multiples of the smallest size Q0 c. Besides, the
cost per Kvar varies from one size to another. In
general, capacitors of larger size have lower unit
prices. The available capacitor size is usually limited to
Power Flow Analysis Method
The methods proposed for solving distribution
power flow analysis can be classified into three
categories: Direct methods, Backward-Forward sweep
methods and Newton-Raphson (NR) methods. The
Backward-Forward Sweep method is an iterative
means to solving the load flow equations of radial
distribution systems which has two steps. The
Backward sweep, which updates currents using
Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL), and the Forward
sweep, which updates voltage using voltage drop
calculations [12].
The Backward Sweep calculates the current
injected into each branch as a function of the end node
voltages. It performs a current summation while
updating voltages. Bus voltages at the end nodes are
initialized for the first iteration. Starting at the end
buses, each branch is traversed toward the source bus
updating the voltage and calculating the current
injected into each bus. These calculated currents are
stored and used in the subsequent Forward Sweep
calculations. The calculated source voltage is used for
mismatch calculation as the termination criteria by
comparing it to the specified source voltage. The
Forward Sweep calculates node voltages as a function
of the currents injected into each bus. The Forward
Sweep is a voltage drop calculation with the constraint
that the source voltage used is the specified nominal
voltage at the beginning of each forward sweep. The
voltage is calculated at each bus, beginning at the
source bus and traversing out to the end buses using
the currents calculated in previous the Backward
Sweep [12]. Single line diagram of main feeder
depicted in Fig. 2.
Therefore, for each installation location, there
are L capacitor sizes {1QC, 2Qc, 3Qc, …, LQc}
available. Given the annual installation cost for each
compensated bus, the total cost due to capacitor
placement and power loss change is written as
www.ijera.com
229 | P a g e
3. M Mozaffari Legha et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.228-233
Input Data
The model coefficients are
computed once
www.ijera.com
information is based on the comparison of food source
positions. When the nectar of a food source is
abandoned by the bees, a new food source is randomly
determined by a scout bee and replaced with the
abandoned one. Flowchart of the proposed method
depicted in Fig. 3.
Backward forward Sweep
load flow computation
Calculation of real and
reactive power
Calculate the branch
current of the bus and the
first bus
No
Accuracy < V
Yes
Calculate the branch current of
the bus and the first bus
Figure 2: Single line diagram of main feeder
V.
Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm (ABC)
Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm,
proposed by Karaboga for optimizing numerical
problems in [6], simulates the intelligent foraging
behavior of honey bee swarms. In ABC algorithm, the
colony of artificial bees contains three groups of bees:
employed bees, and unemployed bees: onlookers and
scouts. In ABC, first half of the colony consists of
employed artificial bees and the second half constitutes
the artificial onlookers. The employed bee whose food
source has been exhausted becomes a scout bee. In
ABC algorithm, the position of a food source
represents a possible solution to the optimization
problem and the nectar amount of a food source
corresponds to the quality (fitness) of the associated
solution. The number of the employed bees is equal to
the number of food sources, each of which also
represents a site, being exploited at the moment or to
the number of solutions in the population.
In the ABC algorithm, first half of the colony
consists of employed artificial bees and the second half
constitutes the onlookers. For every food source, there
is only one employed bee. In the ABC algorithm, each
cycle of the search consists of three steps: sending the
employed bees onto the food sources and then
measuring their nectar amounts Hence, the dance of
employed bees carrying higher nectar recruits the
onlookers for the food source areas with higher nectar
amount. After arriving at the selected area, she chooses
a new food source in the neighborhood of the one in
the memory depending on visual information. Visual
www.ijera.com
Figure 3: Flowchart of the proposed method
VI.
Test Results
To study the proposed method, actual power
network of Kosar feeder of Kerman Province, Iran is
simulated in Cymedist. Figure 3 illustrates the singleline diagram of this network. The base values of the
system are taken as 20kV and 20MVA. The system
consists of 20 distribution transformers with various
ratings. The details of the distribution transformers are
given in table 1. The details of the distribution
conductors are given in table 2. The lengths of the
feeder segments are given in table 3. The total
connected load on the system is 2550 KVA and the
peak demand for the year is 2120 KVA at a PF of 0.8
lag. The connected loads on the transformers are listed
in table 4.
Table 1: Details of transformers in the system
Rating [KVA]
50 100 250
Number
5
9
6
No load losses
150 250 480
[watts]
Impedance [%]
4.5 4.5 4.5
230 | P a g e
4. M Mozaffari Legha et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.228-233
Table 2: Details of conductors in the system
Type
R
X
Cmax
A
[Ω/km] [Ω/km]
[A]
[mm2]
Hyena
0.1576 0.2277
550
126
Dog
0.2712 0.2464
440
120
Mink
0.4545 0.2664
315
70
Table 3: Distribution System Line Data
from
To
Length (meters)
1
2
80
2
3
80
3
4
80
4
5
60
5
6
60
6
7
60
7
8
60
8
9
60
9
10
60
10
11
60
11
12
60
12
13
60
13
14
60
14
15
60
14
16
60
16
17
60
17
18
60
18
19
60
19
20
60
Table 4: Details of the connected loads
Transformer no
Load [Kva]
1
35
2
245
3
85
4
165
5
50
6
85
7
180
8
35
9
35
10
90
11
85
12
75
13
200
14
73
15
35
16
85
17
98
18
230
19
220
20
85
In addition the total network loss, which was
10.05MW before installing capacitor, has diminished
to the 4.55MW which shows 45.81% decrease. Table 5
and 6 depicts the Results of power flow before and
after installation of capacitor.
www.ijera.com
www.ijera.com
The simulation results are given in Table 7.
These results reveal that the inclusions of capacitor
reduce the line losses as expected. It can be shown
from the graphs that, LRI decreases marginally, since
the core losses of the transformers and the LV side
losses remain constant being independent of the
presence of v. It can also be seen that with the increase
in the reactive power of capacitor, LRI, decrease
Table 5: Results of power flow before installation of
capacitor
Bus Number
V (pu)
1
1.0
2
0.9999
3
0.9998
4
0.9988
5
0.9988
6
0.9987
7
0.9985
8
0.9889
9
0.9879
10
0.9849
11
0.97
12
0.93
13
0.89
14
0.9849
15
0.9849
16
0.91
17
0.92
18
0.95
19
0.94
20
0.89
Table 6: Results of power flow after installation of
capacitor banks
Bus Number
V (pu)
1
1.0
2
0.9999
3
0.9999
4
0.9999
5
0.9999
6
0.9988
7
0.9988
8
0.9888
9
0.9881
10
0.9885
11
0.99
12
0.97
13
0.91
14
0.988
15
0.988
16
0.95
17
0.96
18
0.98
19
0.95
20
0.93
231 | P a g e
5. M Mozaffari Legha et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.228-233
www.ijera.com
Table 7: Variation of LRI and Optimal place and capacity of capacitor banks
3
3
5
5
7
7
2,12,1 7,13,1 2,6,7,13,1 7,8,9,11,2 5,7,13,15,16,18,2 2,4,9,10,14,18,2
6
5
5
0
0
0
Picked
0.02
0.02
0.575
0.35
1.2
1.12
capacity
[Mvar]
Presumabl
0.025
0.05
0.025
0.05
0.025
0.05
e
0.05
0.1
0.05
0.1
0.05
0.1
Capacity
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
Range
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.4
[Mvar]
0.25
0.5
0.25
0.5
0.25
0.5
0.4
0.8
0.4
0.8
0.4
0.8
0.5
1
0.5
1
0.5
1
LRI [%]
0.9296 0.8866
0.7627
0.6649
0.7026
0.9754
Number
place
The detailed pu voltages profile of all the
nodes of the system after capacitor placement are
shown in the Figure 4.
1
[2]
0.98
Voltage
0.96
0.94
[3]
0.92
0.9
0.88
Voltage profile before capacitor placement
Voltage profile after capacitor placement
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Bus Number
Fig 4: Voltage profile of 20 bus system before and
after capacitor placement
VII.
[4]
Conclusion
In the present paper, a new population
based artificial In the present paper, a new
population based artificial bee colony algorithm
(ABC) has been proposed to solve capacitor
placement problem and quantifying the total line
loss reduction in distribution system. Simulations
are carried on actual power network of Kerman
Province, Iran. The simulation results show that the
inclusion of capacitor, marginally reduce the losses
in a distribution system. This is because; the line
losses form only a minor part of the distribution
system losses and the capacitor can reduce only the
line losses. The other losses viz. the transformer
losses and the LV side distribution losses remain
unaltered. Hence this fact should be considered
before installing a capacitor into a system. The
results obtained by the proposed method
outperform the other methods in terms of quality of
the solution and computation efficiency.
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
References
[1]
C. Lyra, C. Pissara, C. Cavellucci, A.
Mendes, P. M. Franca(200 ), “Capacitor
placement in largesized radial distribution
networks, replacement and sizing of
www.ijera.com
[9]
capacitor banks in distorted distribution
networks by genetic algorithms”, IEE
Proceedings Generation, Transmision &
Distribution, pp. 498-516.
Ng H.N., Salama M.M.A. and Chikhani
A.Y(2000), “Capacitor allocation by
approximate reasoning: fuzzy capacitor
placement”, IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 393-398.
Sundharajan and A. Pahwa(1994),
“Optimal selection of capacitors for radial
distribution systems using genetic
algorithm”, IEEE Trans. Power Systems,
vol. 9, No.3, pp.1499-1507.
Ji-Pyng Chiou et al(2006), “Capacitor
placement in large scale distribution
system using variable scaling hybrid
differential evolution”, Electric Power and
Energy Systems, vol. 28, pp.739-745.
J. J. Grainger, S. H. Lee (1981),
“Optimum size and location of shunt
capacitors for reduction of losses on
distribution feeders”, IEEE Trans Power
Apparatus Systems, vol. 100, pp. 11051108.
S. H. Lee, J. J. Grainger (1981),
“Optimum placement of fixed and
switched
capacitors
on
primary
distribution feeders”, IEEE Trans PAS,
vol. 100,pp. 345-352.
Baghzouz. Y and Ertem S(1990), “Shunt
capacitor sizing for radial distribution
feeders
with
distorted
substation
voltages”,
IEEE
Trans
Power
Delivery,vol. 5, pp.650-57.
J. L. Bala, P. A. Kuntz, M. Tayor(1995),
“Sensitivity-based
optimal
capacitor
placement on a radial distribution feeder”,
Proc. Northcon 95, IEEE Technical
Application Conf., pp. 225230.
B. Basturk, D. Karaboga(2006), “An
artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm for
numeric function optimization”, IEEE
232 | P a g e
6. M Mozaffari Legha et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.228-233
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
Swarm Intelligence Symposium 2006,
May 12-14, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
D. Karaboga, B. Basturk(2007), “A
powerful and efficient algorithm for
numerical function optimization: artificial
bee colony (ABC) algorithm”,Journal of
Global Optimization, vol. 39, pp. 459-471.
D. Karaboga, B. Basturk(2008), “On the
performance of artificial bee colony
(ABC)
algorithm”,
Applied
Soft
Computing, vol. 8 pp. 687-697.
Baran ME, Wu FF (1989), “Optimal
sizing of capacitors placed on a radial
distribution systems”, IEEE Trans Power
Deliver, vol. 4, pp. 735-43.
Prakash K. and Sydulu M (2007),
“Particle swarm optimization based
capacitor placement on radial distribution
systems”, IEEE Power Engineering
Society general meeting 2007, pp. 1-5.
S. F. Mekhamer et al (2002), “New
heuristic strategies for reactive power
compensation of radial distribution
feeders”, IEEE Trans Power Delivery, vol.
17, No. 4, pp.1128-1135.
D.
Das(2002),
“Reactive
power
compensation for radial distribution
networks using genetic algorithms”,
Electric Power and Energy Systems, vol.
24, pp.573-581.
K. S. Swarup (200 ),”Genetic Algorithm
for optimal capacitor allocation in radial
distribution systems”,Proceedings of the
6th
WSEAS
Int.
Conf.
on
EVOLUTIONARY
COMPUTING,
Lisbon, Portugal, June 16-18, pp152-159.
M.Chis, M. M. A. Salama and S.
Jayaram(1997), “Capacitor Placement in
distribution system using heuristic search
strategies,” IEE Proc-Gener, Transm,
Distrib, vol, 144, No.3, pp. 225-230.
Das et al (199 ), “Simple and efficient
method for load flow solution of radial
distribution network,” Electric Power and
Energy Systems, vol. 17, No.5, pp.335346.
H.N.Ng,
M.M.A.
Salama
and
A.Y.Chikhani(2000),
“Capacitor
Allocation by Approximate Reasoning:
Fuzzy Capacitor Placement,” IEEE
Trans.Power Delivery, vol. 15, no.1, pp.
393-398.
www.ijera.com
Saveh Branch. He is interested in the stability of
power systems and electrical distribution systems
and DSP in power systems. He has presented more
than 8 journal papers and 35 conference papers.
Marjan Tavakoli; Trainer of department
of Power Engineering, Islamic Azad University
Jiroft Branch. She is received MSc degrees of
Department of communication engineering, Shahid
Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran. She is interested
in the communication, DSP, DIP and stability of
power communication and power distribution
systems.
Farzaneh Ostovar; Trainer of department
of Power Engineering, Islamic Azad University
Shadegan Branch. She is received MSc degrees of
Department of Power engineering, Islamic Azad
University Dezful Branch. She is interested in the
stability of power systems and power distribution
systems.
Milad Askari Hashem Abadi: MSc
Student of Department of Power Engineering,
Islamic Azad University of science and Research
Kerman branch, Iran. He is interested in the
stability of power systems and power quality in
distribution systems.
Mahdi Mozaffari Legha; PhD student of
Power Engineering from Shiraz University, He is
Trainer of department of Power Engineering,
Islamic Azad University Jiroft Branch and received
the M.Sc. degrees from Islamic Azad University
www.ijera.com
233 | P a g e