Reactive power plays a key role in reducing power system operation costs. This paper develops an optimal power flow model to determine the optimal reactive power at each node to minimize total system operation costs. The model is tested on the IEEE 57-bus system, and results show that adjusting reactive power at certain critical nodes can significantly reduce costs. Optimal reactive power adjustments are assumed to be provided by distributed energy resources and microgrids connected to those nodes.
A NOVEL TCHNOLOGY FOR HARMONICS AND UNBALANCE COMPENSATION IN ELECTRIC TRACTI...ijiert bestjournal
Power quality problems in power systems have been i mproved due to nonlinear loads. To compensate these problems Direct Power Compensator was proposed in this paper. A Direct Power Compensator (DPC) is proposed in this paper to elim inate the harmonic currents,compensate power factor and voltage unbalance problems created by th e nonlinear loads present in three phase systems. A DPC contains back to back converter by sharing th e same dc link power and v/v transformer to provide a voltage balance in transmission line. Hys teresis harmonic current regulator is used to produce pulse for back to back converter. A control ler maintains the dc-link voltage and compensates the power factor,harmonic currents. A comparative analysis for traction system with and without DPC was performed using MATLAB Simulink . Simulation results show the controller advantages and the applicability of the proposed me thod in railway systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Small Signal Stability Improvement and Congestion Management Using PSO Based ...IDES Editor
In this paper an attempt has been made to study the
application of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
to mitigate small signal stability problem in addition to
congestion management of a heavily loaded line in a
multimachine power system. The Flexible AC Transmission
System (FACTS) devices such as TCSC can be used to control
the power flows in the network and can help in improvement
of small signal stability aspect. It can also provide relief to
congestion in the heavily loaded line. However, the
performance of any FACTS device highly depends upon its
parameters and placement at suitable locations in the power
network. In this paper, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
method has been used for determining the optimal locations
and parameters of the TCSC controller in order to damp small
signal oscillations. Transmission Line Flow (TLF) Sensitivity
method has been used for curtailment of non-firm load to
limit power flow congestion. The results of simulation reveals
that TCSC controllers, placed optimally, not only mitigate
small signal oscillations but they can also alleviate line flow
congestion effectively.
Moth Flame Optimization Method for Unified Power Quality Conditioner Allocati...IJECEIAES
This paper introduces a new optimization method to determine the optimal allocation of Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) in the distribution systems. UPQC is a versatile Custom Power Device (CPD) to solve problems related to voltage and current by the series and shunt compensator in the distribution systems. The task of UPQC highlighted in this paper is the required load reactive power is provided by both the series and shunt compensators. The UPQC’s steady state compensation capability has given a solution for providing reactive power compensation in large distribution systems. The optimization method adopted is Moth Flame Optimization (MFO). The best location and series compensator voltage are determined using MFO. The voltage injected by the series compensator and reactive power injected by the shunt compensator is incorporated in the load flow method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated with standard distribution systems.
A Particle Swarm Optimization for Reactive Power Optimizationijceronline
This paper presents implementation of new algorithm Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for Energy Saving through minimizing power losses. The PSO Algorithm Solution is tested in standard IEEE 30 Bus system. The objective is to optimize the reactive power dispatch with optimal setting of control variables without violating inequality constraints and satisfying equality constraint. Control Variables are of both types: Continuous and Discrete. The continuous control variables are generator bus voltage magnitudes;whereas the discrete variables are transformer tap settings and reactive power of shunt compensators (Capacitor banks) .
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Voltage control of active distribution networks by means of disperse generationdavidtrebolle
The aim of this paper is to analyze how the dispersed generators can be used to effectively control the voltage of the distribution network. The technical and economical viability of this proposal can be assessed throughout a systematic analysis of how the voltage of the point of common coupling (PCC) increases as a function of the injected active power, and the required reactive power needed to maintain the voltage of the PCC to a given value
Artificial Intelligence Technique based Reactive Power Planning Incorporating...IDES Editor
Reactive Power Planning is a major concern in the
operation and control of power systems This paper compares
the effectiveness of Evolutionary Programming (EP) and
New Improved Differential Evolution (NIMDE) to solve
Reactive Power Planning (RPP) problem incorporating
FACTS Controllers like Static VAR Compensator (SVC),
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Unified
power flow controller (UPFC) considering voltage stability.
With help of Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI), the critical
lines and buses are identified to install the FACTS controllers.
The optimal settings of the control variables of the generator
voltages,transformer tap settings and allocation and parameter
settings of the SVC,TCSC,UPFC are considered for reactive
power planning. The test and Validation of the proposed
algorithm are conducted on IEEE 30–bus system and 72-bus
Indian system.Simulation results shows that the UPFC gives
better results than SVC and TCSC and the FACTS controllers
reduce the system losses.
A NOVEL TCHNOLOGY FOR HARMONICS AND UNBALANCE COMPENSATION IN ELECTRIC TRACTI...ijiert bestjournal
Power quality problems in power systems have been i mproved due to nonlinear loads. To compensate these problems Direct Power Compensator was proposed in this paper. A Direct Power Compensator (DPC) is proposed in this paper to elim inate the harmonic currents,compensate power factor and voltage unbalance problems created by th e nonlinear loads present in three phase systems. A DPC contains back to back converter by sharing th e same dc link power and v/v transformer to provide a voltage balance in transmission line. Hys teresis harmonic current regulator is used to produce pulse for back to back converter. A control ler maintains the dc-link voltage and compensates the power factor,harmonic currents. A comparative analysis for traction system with and without DPC was performed using MATLAB Simulink . Simulation results show the controller advantages and the applicability of the proposed me thod in railway systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Small Signal Stability Improvement and Congestion Management Using PSO Based ...IDES Editor
In this paper an attempt has been made to study the
application of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
to mitigate small signal stability problem in addition to
congestion management of a heavily loaded line in a
multimachine power system. The Flexible AC Transmission
System (FACTS) devices such as TCSC can be used to control
the power flows in the network and can help in improvement
of small signal stability aspect. It can also provide relief to
congestion in the heavily loaded line. However, the
performance of any FACTS device highly depends upon its
parameters and placement at suitable locations in the power
network. In this paper, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
method has been used for determining the optimal locations
and parameters of the TCSC controller in order to damp small
signal oscillations. Transmission Line Flow (TLF) Sensitivity
method has been used for curtailment of non-firm load to
limit power flow congestion. The results of simulation reveals
that TCSC controllers, placed optimally, not only mitigate
small signal oscillations but they can also alleviate line flow
congestion effectively.
Moth Flame Optimization Method for Unified Power Quality Conditioner Allocati...IJECEIAES
This paper introduces a new optimization method to determine the optimal allocation of Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) in the distribution systems. UPQC is a versatile Custom Power Device (CPD) to solve problems related to voltage and current by the series and shunt compensator in the distribution systems. The task of UPQC highlighted in this paper is the required load reactive power is provided by both the series and shunt compensators. The UPQC’s steady state compensation capability has given a solution for providing reactive power compensation in large distribution systems. The optimization method adopted is Moth Flame Optimization (MFO). The best location and series compensator voltage are determined using MFO. The voltage injected by the series compensator and reactive power injected by the shunt compensator is incorporated in the load flow method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated with standard distribution systems.
A Particle Swarm Optimization for Reactive Power Optimizationijceronline
This paper presents implementation of new algorithm Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for Energy Saving through minimizing power losses. The PSO Algorithm Solution is tested in standard IEEE 30 Bus system. The objective is to optimize the reactive power dispatch with optimal setting of control variables without violating inequality constraints and satisfying equality constraint. Control Variables are of both types: Continuous and Discrete. The continuous control variables are generator bus voltage magnitudes;whereas the discrete variables are transformer tap settings and reactive power of shunt compensators (Capacitor banks) .
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Voltage control of active distribution networks by means of disperse generationdavidtrebolle
The aim of this paper is to analyze how the dispersed generators can be used to effectively control the voltage of the distribution network. The technical and economical viability of this proposal can be assessed throughout a systematic analysis of how the voltage of the point of common coupling (PCC) increases as a function of the injected active power, and the required reactive power needed to maintain the voltage of the PCC to a given value
Artificial Intelligence Technique based Reactive Power Planning Incorporating...IDES Editor
Reactive Power Planning is a major concern in the
operation and control of power systems This paper compares
the effectiveness of Evolutionary Programming (EP) and
New Improved Differential Evolution (NIMDE) to solve
Reactive Power Planning (RPP) problem incorporating
FACTS Controllers like Static VAR Compensator (SVC),
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Unified
power flow controller (UPFC) considering voltage stability.
With help of Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI), the critical
lines and buses are identified to install the FACTS controllers.
The optimal settings of the control variables of the generator
voltages,transformer tap settings and allocation and parameter
settings of the SVC,TCSC,UPFC are considered for reactive
power planning. The test and Validation of the proposed
algorithm are conducted on IEEE 30–bus system and 72-bus
Indian system.Simulation results shows that the UPFC gives
better results than SVC and TCSC and the FACTS controllers
reduce the system losses.
Distributed Generation Sources are becoming an inseparable part of modern electrical grids. Finding the control strategies which can help them to be as much as possibly beneficial for the grid has been a big concern among the researchers. In this work, a PQ controller for connecting A DC source simulates the effect of a Distributed Generation to the grid based on the decoupling of Active and Reactive powers has been proposed. The Simulation results which have been in the MATLAB/Simulink environment show the effectiveness of this control technique for injecting the defined value of active and reactive power to the grid.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Improvement of Power Delivery Efficiency of 11KV Power Line using Power Capac...IJAEMSJORNAL
Optimal capacitor placement in the distribution network is the most popular technique adopted for the control of power loss and enhancement of Volts Ampere Reactive for effective power delivery. This study, therefore, discusses improvement of distribution efficiency of 11kV power lines through placement of capacitor banks in the network. Power flow in the network, Ado-Ekiti 11kV lines, was carried out using Newton-Rapson iteration method available in MATLAB while the analysis of the network was actualized using the conventional load flow equation modeling. From the analysis of the network, voltage deviation falls within the range of -5.9 to -180.5% which is completely outside the permissible range of ±5%. Voltage drop on the feeders is within the range (1.2 – 1.9) kV before and (0.2 – 0.7) kV after the reactive power of the network was compensated.
Enhancement in Power Quality With Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy So...IJERA Editor
At present the Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid and shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies and validated through digital signal processor-based laboratory experimental results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Hybrid energy storage system control analogous to power quality enhancement o...IJECEIAES
Increasing nonlinear loads and power electronic converters lead to various power quality issues in microgrids (MGs). The interlinking converters (ILCs) can participate in these systems to harmonic control and power quality enhancement. However, ILC participation deteriorates the dc link voltage, system stability, and storage lifetime due to oscillatory current phenomena. To address these problems, a new control strategy for a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is proposed to eliminate the adverse effects of the harmonic control operation of ILC. Specifically, battery and super-capacitor (SC) are used as HESSs that provide low and high power frequency load, respectively. The proposed strategy tries to compensate the current oscillation imposed by ILC with fuzzy control of HESS. In this method, a proportional-resonant (PR) controller integrated with harmonic compensator (HC) is employed to control the ILC for power quality enhancement and oscillatory current elimination. The main advantages of the proposed strategy are to reduce DGs power fluctuations, precise DC bus voltage regulation for generation and load disturbances, improved grid power quality under nonlinear load and transition conditions. The performance of the proposed method for isolated and grid-connected modes is verified using simulation studies in the MATLAB software environment.
The paper describes the single stage AC-AC converter. This converter is a good alternative to quasi direct back to back converter. This single stage converter is called Matrix Converter. Matrix converter is an array of controlled semiconductor switches that connects three phase source to the three phase load. This converter provides bidirectional power flow, sinusoidal input and output waveforms and they have no dc link storage elements. Simulation model and results presented showing Venturini control method of matrix converter.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Reactive power sharing in microgrid using virtual voltage IJECEIAES
The traditional droop control strategy has been applied previously in microgrids (MGs) to share accurately the active power. However, in some cases the result obtained when sharing reactive power is not the best, because of the parameters related to the distances from distributed generators (DGs) to the loads and the power variations. Therefore, this paper proposes a reactive power control strategy for a low voltage MG, where the unequal impedance related to the distances between generators and loads requires adjustments to work with the conventional frequency and voltage droop methods. Thus, an additional coefficient is calculated from parameters of the network that relate the location of elements. The test is perfomed by simulations in the MATLAB-Simulink software, considering a three-node MG with three DGs and a load that can change power at different periods of time. The results show that it is possible to improve reactive power sharing between the DGs located in the MG according to the load changes simulated and to improve voltages with this method.
Optimal Power Flow with Reactive Power Compensation for Cost And Loss Minimiz...ijeei-iaes
One of the concerns of power system planners is the problem of optimum cost of generation as well as loss minimization on the grid system. This issue can be addressed in a number of ways; one of such ways is the use of reactive power support (shunt capacitor compensation). This paper used the method of shunt capacitor placement for cost and transmission loss minimization on Nigerian power grid system which is a 24-bus, 330kV network interconnecting four thermal generating stations (Sapele, Delta, Afam and Egbin) and three hydro stations to various load points. Simulation in MATLAB was performed on the Nigerian 330kV transmission grid system. The technique employed was based on the optimal power flow formulations using Newton-Raphson iterative method for the load flow analysis of the grid system. The results show that when shunt capacitor was employed as the inequality constraints on the power system, there is a reduction in the total cost of generation accompanied with reduction in the total system losses with a significant improvement in the system voltage profile
A NOVEL CONTROL STRATEGY FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING ANN TECHNIQUE FO...IJERD Editor
The proposed system presents power-control strategies of a Micro grid-connected hybrid generation
system with versatile power transfer. This hybrid system allows maximum utilization of freely available
renewable energy sources like wind and photovoltaic energies. For this, an adaptive MPPT algorithm along with
standard perturbs and observes method will be used for the system.
The inverter converts the DC output from non-conventional energy into useful AC power for the
connected load. This hybrid system operates under normal conditions which include normal room temperature
in the case of solar energy and normal wind speed at plain area in the case of wind energy. However, designing
an optimal micro grid is not an easy task, due to the fact that primary energy carriers are changeable and
uncontrollable, as is the demand. Traditional design and optimization tools, developed for controlled power
sources, cannot be employed here. Simulation methods seem to be the best solution.
The dynamic model of the proposed system is first elaborated in the stationary reference frame and
then transformed into the synchronous orthogonal reference frame. The transformed variables are used in
control of the voltage source converter as the heart of the interfacing system between DG resources and utility
grid. By setting an appropriate compensation current references from the sensed load currents in control circuit
loop of DG, the active, reactive, and harmonic load current components will be compensated with fast dynamic
response, thereby achieving sinusoidal grid currents in phase with load voltages, while required power of the
load is more than the maximum injected power of the DG to the grid. In addition, the proposed control method
of this paper does not need a phase-locked loop in control circuit and has fast dynamic response in providing
active and reactive power components of the grid-connected loads.
A Novel Technique for Enhancing Active and Reactive Power Quality for Renewab...IJMER
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies and results.
Adaptive Fuzzy PID Based Control Strategy For 3Phase 4Wire Shunt Active Filte...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a new control strategy for controlling the shunt active power filter to compensate reactive
power and to reduce the unwanted harmonics in the grid current. Shunt active filter act as a current source which
is connected in parallel with a non-linear load and controlled to produce the required compensating current. The
proposed control strategy is based on the fuzzy PID controller which is used for determining the reference
compensating currents of the three-phase shunt active power filters. Simulations are carried out using
MATLAB/SIMULINK to verify the performance of the proposed controller. The output shows the controller has
fast dynamic response high accuracy of tracking DC voltage reference and robust to load parameters variations
Distributed Generation Sources are becoming an inseparable part of modern electrical grids. Finding the control strategies which can help them to be as much as possibly beneficial for the grid has been a big concern among the researchers. In this work, a PQ controller for connecting A DC source simulates the effect of a Distributed Generation to the grid based on the decoupling of Active and Reactive powers has been proposed. The Simulation results which have been in the MATLAB/Simulink environment show the effectiveness of this control technique for injecting the defined value of active and reactive power to the grid.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Improvement of Power Delivery Efficiency of 11KV Power Line using Power Capac...IJAEMSJORNAL
Optimal capacitor placement in the distribution network is the most popular technique adopted for the control of power loss and enhancement of Volts Ampere Reactive for effective power delivery. This study, therefore, discusses improvement of distribution efficiency of 11kV power lines through placement of capacitor banks in the network. Power flow in the network, Ado-Ekiti 11kV lines, was carried out using Newton-Rapson iteration method available in MATLAB while the analysis of the network was actualized using the conventional load flow equation modeling. From the analysis of the network, voltage deviation falls within the range of -5.9 to -180.5% which is completely outside the permissible range of ±5%. Voltage drop on the feeders is within the range (1.2 – 1.9) kV before and (0.2 – 0.7) kV after the reactive power of the network was compensated.
Enhancement in Power Quality With Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy So...IJERA Editor
At present the Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid and shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies and validated through digital signal processor-based laboratory experimental results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Hybrid energy storage system control analogous to power quality enhancement o...IJECEIAES
Increasing nonlinear loads and power electronic converters lead to various power quality issues in microgrids (MGs). The interlinking converters (ILCs) can participate in these systems to harmonic control and power quality enhancement. However, ILC participation deteriorates the dc link voltage, system stability, and storage lifetime due to oscillatory current phenomena. To address these problems, a new control strategy for a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is proposed to eliminate the adverse effects of the harmonic control operation of ILC. Specifically, battery and super-capacitor (SC) are used as HESSs that provide low and high power frequency load, respectively. The proposed strategy tries to compensate the current oscillation imposed by ILC with fuzzy control of HESS. In this method, a proportional-resonant (PR) controller integrated with harmonic compensator (HC) is employed to control the ILC for power quality enhancement and oscillatory current elimination. The main advantages of the proposed strategy are to reduce DGs power fluctuations, precise DC bus voltage regulation for generation and load disturbances, improved grid power quality under nonlinear load and transition conditions. The performance of the proposed method for isolated and grid-connected modes is verified using simulation studies in the MATLAB software environment.
The paper describes the single stage AC-AC converter. This converter is a good alternative to quasi direct back to back converter. This single stage converter is called Matrix Converter. Matrix converter is an array of controlled semiconductor switches that connects three phase source to the three phase load. This converter provides bidirectional power flow, sinusoidal input and output waveforms and they have no dc link storage elements. Simulation model and results presented showing Venturini control method of matrix converter.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Reactive power sharing in microgrid using virtual voltage IJECEIAES
The traditional droop control strategy has been applied previously in microgrids (MGs) to share accurately the active power. However, in some cases the result obtained when sharing reactive power is not the best, because of the parameters related to the distances from distributed generators (DGs) to the loads and the power variations. Therefore, this paper proposes a reactive power control strategy for a low voltage MG, where the unequal impedance related to the distances between generators and loads requires adjustments to work with the conventional frequency and voltage droop methods. Thus, an additional coefficient is calculated from parameters of the network that relate the location of elements. The test is perfomed by simulations in the MATLAB-Simulink software, considering a three-node MG with three DGs and a load that can change power at different periods of time. The results show that it is possible to improve reactive power sharing between the DGs located in the MG according to the load changes simulated and to improve voltages with this method.
Optimal Power Flow with Reactive Power Compensation for Cost And Loss Minimiz...ijeei-iaes
One of the concerns of power system planners is the problem of optimum cost of generation as well as loss minimization on the grid system. This issue can be addressed in a number of ways; one of such ways is the use of reactive power support (shunt capacitor compensation). This paper used the method of shunt capacitor placement for cost and transmission loss minimization on Nigerian power grid system which is a 24-bus, 330kV network interconnecting four thermal generating stations (Sapele, Delta, Afam and Egbin) and three hydro stations to various load points. Simulation in MATLAB was performed on the Nigerian 330kV transmission grid system. The technique employed was based on the optimal power flow formulations using Newton-Raphson iterative method for the load flow analysis of the grid system. The results show that when shunt capacitor was employed as the inequality constraints on the power system, there is a reduction in the total cost of generation accompanied with reduction in the total system losses with a significant improvement in the system voltage profile
A NOVEL CONTROL STRATEGY FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING ANN TECHNIQUE FO...IJERD Editor
The proposed system presents power-control strategies of a Micro grid-connected hybrid generation
system with versatile power transfer. This hybrid system allows maximum utilization of freely available
renewable energy sources like wind and photovoltaic energies. For this, an adaptive MPPT algorithm along with
standard perturbs and observes method will be used for the system.
The inverter converts the DC output from non-conventional energy into useful AC power for the
connected load. This hybrid system operates under normal conditions which include normal room temperature
in the case of solar energy and normal wind speed at plain area in the case of wind energy. However, designing
an optimal micro grid is not an easy task, due to the fact that primary energy carriers are changeable and
uncontrollable, as is the demand. Traditional design and optimization tools, developed for controlled power
sources, cannot be employed here. Simulation methods seem to be the best solution.
The dynamic model of the proposed system is first elaborated in the stationary reference frame and
then transformed into the synchronous orthogonal reference frame. The transformed variables are used in
control of the voltage source converter as the heart of the interfacing system between DG resources and utility
grid. By setting an appropriate compensation current references from the sensed load currents in control circuit
loop of DG, the active, reactive, and harmonic load current components will be compensated with fast dynamic
response, thereby achieving sinusoidal grid currents in phase with load voltages, while required power of the
load is more than the maximum injected power of the DG to the grid. In addition, the proposed control method
of this paper does not need a phase-locked loop in control circuit and has fast dynamic response in providing
active and reactive power components of the grid-connected loads.
A Novel Technique for Enhancing Active and Reactive Power Quality for Renewab...IJMER
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies and results.
Adaptive Fuzzy PID Based Control Strategy For 3Phase 4Wire Shunt Active Filte...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a new control strategy for controlling the shunt active power filter to compensate reactive
power and to reduce the unwanted harmonics in the grid current. Shunt active filter act as a current source which
is connected in parallel with a non-linear load and controlled to produce the required compensating current. The
proposed control strategy is based on the fuzzy PID controller which is used for determining the reference
compensating currents of the three-phase shunt active power filters. Simulations are carried out using
MATLAB/SIMULINK to verify the performance of the proposed controller. The output shows the controller has
fast dynamic response high accuracy of tracking DC voltage reference and robust to load parameters variations
Advance Technology in Application of Four Leg Inverters to UPQCIJPEDS-IAES
This article presents a novel application of four leg inverter with
conventional Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) Scheme to
Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC). The Power Quality problem
became burning issues since the starting of high voltage AC transmission
system. Hence, in this article it has been discussed to mitigate the PQ issues
in high voltage AC systems through a three phase Unified Power Quality
Conditioner (UPQC) under various conditions, such as harmonic mitigation
scheme, non linear loads, sag and swell conditions as well. Also, it proposes
to control harmoincs with various artificial intelligent techniques. Thus
application of these control technique such as Neural Networks (ANN)
Fuzzy Logic makes the system performance in par with the standards
and also compared with existing system. The simulation results based on
MATLAB/Simulink are discussed in detail to support the concept developed
in the paper.
Stability Improvement in Grid Connected Multi Area System using ANFIS Based S...IJMTST Journal
Generally, the non-conventional energy sources are being extensively used in case of power electronic
converter based distribution systems. This paper mainly focuses on the wind energy system integrating with
grid connected system and also improvement of power quality features. The wind energy power plant is
modelled based on associated equations. For improving this power quality problems, this paper proposes the
concepts of shunt converter controllers. This paper also proposes the concepts of ANFIS based Static
Compensator. And also the results are compared for this cases. Thus with such a control, a balanced load
currents are obtained even in the presence of non-linear load. The experimental setup is done in Matlab and
verified the simulation results
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Level Wi...Pradeep Avanigadda
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly
connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic
converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for
achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters
when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter
is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating
active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be
utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from
RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance,
load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and
load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished
either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the
combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire
linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling
appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control
concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation
studies and validated through digital signal processor-based
laboratory experimental results.
Index Terms—Active power filter
A Shunt Active Power Filter for 12 Pulse Converter Using Source Current Detec...IAES-IJPEDS
A shunt Active Power Filter (APF) with current detection at the source side
is considered as a closed-loop system from the view of the whole power
distribution system, which is expected with better harmonics filtering
performance compared with conventional current detection methods such as
load current detection and open loop control. This paper introduces an
efficient source current detection method (direct) control scheme to mitigate
the grid current harmonics generated by the twelve pulse converter. The
proposed system uses Control Rectifier (12 –pulse converter) which
efficiently regulates the DC voltage by varying the angle of each 6 pulse
converter. Moreover, the proposed system uses three winding transformer
which eliminates the harmonics during equal angles switching at each six
pulse converter which in turn simplifies the operation of the SAPF. The
proposed system is simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK to evaluate the
performance of the proposed system.
A New Approach to Powerflow Management in Transmission System Using Interline...IJERA Editor
In this paper a new approach to power flow management in transmission system using interline Power Flow
Controller (IPFC) is proposed and model for IPFC is developed and simulate by MATLAB software. Interline
Power Flow Controller is a versatile device can be used to control power flows of a multi-line system or subnetworks
An Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) is a converter based FACTS controller for series
compensation with capability of controlling power flow among multi-lines within the same corridor of the
transmission line. It consists of two or more Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) with a common dc-link. Real
power can be transferred via the common dc-link between the VSCs and each VSC is capable of exchanging
reactive power with its own transmission system
The extensive use of non-linear loads in industry becomes increasingly a serious problem that affects the quality of energy delivered to customers. Therefore, the shunt active power filter (SAPF) has emerged as an important industrial tool to eliminate induced harmonic currents and compensating of reactive power. This paper proposes an improved control configuration for SAPF based on a modern technique called predictive direct power control (Predictive-DPC). The principle of this control is based on the direct regulation of the instantaneous active and reactive powers to guarantee a good energy quality on the grid side. For this purpose the appropriate average voltage vector which cancels power tracking errors is calculated by a simple predictive model at the bigining of each control period. This type of control includes various features such as the lack of look up table (LUTs) and closed current loops and the constant switching frequency is achieved through the use of PWM modulation. The results of the simulation process show a high performance in the steady and transient state function for predictive-DPC control that might be a reasonable alternative to conventional DPC in the field of active power filtering.
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Optimum Reactive Power Calculation for Reducing Power System Operation Cost
1. Amin.Khodaei@du.edu
Optimum Reactive Power Calculation for Reducing Power System Operation
Cost
S. HASAN, A. MAJZOOBI,
A. KHODAEI
University of Denver
USA
NAYEEM. M. A.,
L. ZHANG
ComEd
USA
SUMMARY
Reactive power plays a key role in voltage control and system stability. Various Volt/VAR
techniques are utilized in electric power systems to maintain the voltage profile within a defined
acceptable range and accordingly provide reliability, stability, and economic benefits. Reactive
power has been commonly generated through large-scale synchronous generators or distributed
capacitor banks to provide proper transmission and distribution level system management,
however, reactive power can be further used as an effective means to reduce total system
operation cost. This is to be achieved by adjusting nodal reactive power and accordingly impact
the network power flow. The reactive power adjustment is becoming more common as a result
of growing distributed energy resources (DERs) with reactive power control capability. The
increasing number of inverter-coupled DERs, in particular, provides a unique opportunity to
benefit from the reactive power provided by these resources. This paper develops a modified
optimal power flow model to determine optimal nodal reactive powers that minimize the system
operation cost. The applicability and performance of the proposed model is verified on IEEE
57-bus standard test systems.
KEYWORDS
Reactive power, operation cost, optimal power flow.
21, rue d’Artois, F-75008 PARIS CIGRE US National Committee
http : //www.cigre.org 2019 Grid of the Future Symposium
2. 2
1. INTRODUCTION
Reactive power plays a crucial role in power system stability and voltage control and is
considered as an essential ancillary service that supports the power system operation. Reactive
power control can also potentially minimize system real power losses and accordingly reduce
total system operation cost which is a less investigated problem. Various equipment can be
found in power systems to manage reactive power, such as capacitors banks, flexible AC
transmission system (FACTS) devices, and static voltage compensators (SVC) to name a few,
further managed through various Volt/VAR control techniques [1-3]. The growing proliferation
of distributed energy resources (DERs), however, introduces another viable source for reactive
power generation which is primarily integrated to distribution grids.
The existing studies on reactive power mostly focus on its control, management and pricing [4-
16]. A framework for reactive power management to protect voltage stability at maximum
marginal value while keeping real and reactive power at a least-cost dispatch is presented in
[4]. Reactive power shortage and the associated voltage violations due to the failures of reactive
power sources are considered in [5], where reliability indices are proposed to represent the
effect of reactive power shortage on system reliability. The control of real and reactive power
exchange between inverter and utility grid using the d-q theory is proposed in [6]. A correction
method is proposed in [7] to achieve rapid reactive power control on synchronous generators.
A method to calculate the optimum real and reactive power pricing that maximizes social
benefit is presented in [8]. A comparison between the provision of reactive power support
ancillary service in distribution systems and conventional equipment such as capacitor banks
and distributed generation (DG) units based on renewable resources is provided in [9]. Design
of a competitive market for reactive power ancillary services is discussed in [10], using a
compromise programming approach based on a modified optimal power flow model. A
mathematical model for reactive power pricing structure based on various cost components is
developed in [11]. The study in [12] suggests a model to evaluate economical price of reactive
power. The problem of reactive power ancillary services pricing is addressed and formulated
as a joint cost allocation problem in [13]. A new multi-objective optimization method, based
on reactive power clearing is proposed in [14], while considering system voltage stability. In
[15], the authors investigate the possibility of designing a localized reactive power market. A
competitive market for reactive power services in deregulated electricity systems, based on
offers from reactive power resources, is presented in [16].
Existing literature investigates various methods of reactive power generation and control, with
primary objectives of ensuring voltage stability and improved reliability. The cost optimization
problem through reactive power control is however an important topic which needs further
investigation and is lacking in the literature. In this paper, the optimal reactive power in all
system nodes, which are capable of adjusting reactive power, is determined to minimize the
system operation cost. A modified optimal power flow problem is defined and solved to find
these optimum values, which is subject to all prevailing operational constraints. The rest of the
paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the model outline and formulation of the
proposed optimum reactive power calculation problem. Numerical simulations to show the
performance of the proposed model on standard test systems are provided in Section 3. Section
4 concludes the paper.
3. 3
2. MODEL OUTLINE AND FORMULATION OF OPTIMUM REACTIVE POWER
CALCULATION
The goal of the proposed model is to determine the optimal nodal reactive powers that guarantee
a minimum total system operation cost. In other words, the nodal reactive powers are adjusted
in a way that the cost of real power generation in the system is minimized. The objective
function is defined in (1) as the sum of individual unit costs, each presented as a second order
function of its real power generation. Pi represents real power generation of unit i and a, b, and
c represent constant cost coefficients. This objective is subject to operational constraints (2)-
(10).
min ∑ (𝑎𝑖 𝑃𝑖
2
+ 𝑏𝑖 𝑃𝑖 + 𝑐𝑖)𝑖
(1)
𝑃𝑖
min
≤ 𝑃𝑖 ≤ 𝑃𝑖
max
∀𝑖 ∈ G (2)
𝑄𝑖
min
≤ 𝑄𝑖 ≤ 𝑄𝑖
max
∀𝑖 ∈ G (3)
𝑃𝐿 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑔 𝑚𝑛 𝑉𝑚
2
− 𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑛(𝑔 𝑚𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃 𝑚 − 𝜃 𝑛)) − 𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑛(𝑏 𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 𝑚 − 𝜃 𝑛)) ∀𝑚𝑛 ∈ 𝐿 (4)
𝑄𝐿 𝑚𝑛 = −𝑏 𝑚𝑛 𝑉𝑚
2
− 𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑛(𝑏 𝑚𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃 𝑚 − 𝜃 𝑛)) − 𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑛(𝑔 𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 𝑚 − 𝜃 𝑛)) ∀𝑚𝑛 ∈ 𝐿 (5)
−𝑃𝐿 𝑚𝑛
𝑚𝑎𝑥
≤ 𝑃𝐿 𝑚𝑛 ≤ 𝑃𝐿 𝑚𝑛
𝑚𝑎𝑥
∀𝑚𝑛 ∈ L (6)
−𝑄𝐿 𝑚𝑛
𝑚𝑎𝑥
≤ 𝑄𝐿 𝑚𝑛 ≤ 𝑄𝐿 𝑚𝑛
𝑚𝑎𝑥
∀𝑚𝑛 ∈ L (7)
∑ 𝑃𝑖𝑖∈Gm
+ ∑ 𝑃𝐿 𝑚𝑛𝑛∈Bm
= 𝑃𝐷 𝑚 ∀𝑚 ∈ B (8)
∑ 𝑄𝑖𝑖∈Gm
+ ∑ 𝑄𝐿 𝑚𝑛𝑛∈Bm
= 𝑄𝐷 𝑚 + 𝑄𝑀 𝑚 ∀𝑚 ∈ B (9)
𝑉𝑚
𝑚𝑖𝑛
≤ 𝑉𝑚 ≤ 𝑉𝑚
𝑚𝑎𝑥
∀𝑚 ∈ B (10)
𝑄𝑀 𝑚
𝑚𝑖𝑛
≤ 𝑄𝑀 𝑚 ≤ 𝑄𝑀 𝑚
𝑚𝑎𝑥
∀𝑚 ∈ B (11)
The limits of real power (𝑃) and reactive power (𝑄) of synchronous generation unit (𝑖) are
shown in in (2)-(3). G represents the set of all generation units. Equations (2) and (3) can be
further linked and extended using each unit’s capability curve. Synchronous generator’s
capability curves are provided by manufacturers and used for loading the synchronous
generators in different operating loads without exceeding the designed limits. Generally,
nominal capacity of a synchronous machine can be indicated by MVA in a specific voltage and
power factor (usually 85-90% leading) in which the synchronous machine is able to work
continuously without abnormal temperature increment. Real power output of the synchronous
machine depends on turbine ability and nominal MVA machine limits. The maximum reactive
power capability is associated with operating with lagging power factor and the minimum
reactive power capability corresponds to the maximum reactive power the generator may absorb
when operating with leading power factor. Lines’ real power flow (𝑃𝐿) and reactive power flow
(𝑄𝐿) equations are presented in (4) and (5), respectively, based on nodal voltage magnitudes
(𝑉), voltage angles (𝜃), and lines conductance (𝑔) and susceptance (𝑏). 𝑚 and 𝑛 are indices for
system buses and L is the set of transmission lines. Equations (6) and (7) ensure that lines’ real
and reactive power flows are limited to their respective capacities. The nodal real and reactive
power balance equations (8)-(9) ensure that the sum of nodal real and reactive power injections
from generators and the power injected/withdrawn through the lines connected to each node,
4. 4
equals the real load (𝑃𝐷) and reactive load (𝑄𝐷) at that bus. Gm and Bm respectively represent
the set of generation units and lines connected to bus m. Nodal voltage magnitudes are also
restricted by their respective limits as in (10).
To consider the role of DERs in reactive power generation/consumption, a new variables (𝑄𝑀)
is defined and added to the reactive power balance equation. This variable represents the
amount of reactive power that DERs contribute to each node, and is restricted by its respective
limits as in (11). These limits are determined based on the capability curve and the amount of
real power that DERs are producing. It should be noted that in (9) the impact of DERs
(connected to the distribution network) is considered in the transmission network, so the
employed variable is an aggregate number for all the DERs connected to that specific
transmission bus. As this is a free variable in the optimal power flow problem and merely bound
by its limits, it will reach an optimal value that minimizes the objective function.
3. NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS
The proposed model is formulated in MATPOWER and applied to the IEEE 57-bus
standard test system as shown in Fig. 1. This system consists of seven generators and fifty PQ
buses.
Figure 1: IEEE 57-bus standard system.
The reactive power is initially considered to be fixed and equal to the values provided by the
input data. The operation cost in this case is calculated as $41738. To minimize the total
operation cost, the reactive power at each bus, individually, is considered to be variable (i.e., a
reactive power source is available at that bus) and the optimal reactive power is calculated
accordingly. The results of the optimal reactive power in each bus are listed in Table I, and the
corresponding costs are shown in Fig. 2. As the results demonstrate, some buses have a large
effect on the system operation cost, while others have a relatively smaller effect, showing the
criticality of some buses over others in impacting the system operation cost.
5. 5
As shown in Fig. 2, buses 35, 36, and 40 share the highest effect on the total system operation
cost. These results suggest that it would be logical to focus only on a handful of buses in the
system for reactive power generation, as these buses may have a larger impact than the sum of
many other buses.
Table I. Base vs optimum reactive powers for PQ buses in IEEE 57-bus system
Load bus
number
Basic reactive power
(MVAR)
Optimum reactive power
(MVAR)
4 0 1.77
5 4 2.47
7 0 55.21
16 3 1.13
18 9.8 -5.58
21 0 -4.41
23 2.1 -0.46
25 3.2 0.85
27 0.5 177
29 2.6 -49.34
31 2.90 3.00
33 1.90 1.90
36 0 0.08
40 0 40
42 4.4 4.82
51 5.3 -78.26
52 2.2 -1.68
54 1.4 1.66
57 2 0.27
Figure 2: Effect of optimum reactive power of buses on the system operation cost for IEEE 57-bus
system.
Table II shows a comparison of total system operation cost for the base case, considering unity
power factor for all buses (associated with Q=0), and after finding optimum reactive power.
The results indicate that having unity power factor at all buses does not necessarily lead to the
minimum system operation cost. A comparison of the costs show that a unity power factor in
all buses reduces the cost by around 0.03% while this reduction for the optimum reactive power
case is 0.04%. This may seem as a small percentage, however considering the extremely large
operation cost of practical systems (in range of millions of dollars daily), this reduction can lead
to significant savings.
41720
41722
41724
41726
41728
41730
41732
41734
41736
41738
41740
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Systemoperationcost($)
Bus Number
6. 6
It is worth mentioning that the required nodal reactive power will be provided by the available
DERs and microgrids in the network, therefore the investment and the ownership costs do not
need to be considered in the proposed model. Determining the value of these services from a
local provider’s perspective, however, may need additional studies which will be investigated
in a follow on work.
Table II. Total system operation cost for IEEE 57-bus system
Test system
Base case (without
applying optimization)
Q=0 in all load buses
(unity power factor)
After applying
optimization
IEEE 57-Bus System $41738 $41724 $41721.7
4. CONCLUSIONS
Reactive power has a crucial role in voltage control, and accordingly reliability and stability of
power systems. In addition, reactive power is an important factor in reducing system losses.
The main purpose of this paper was to find optimum nodal reactive power in a power system
such that the total system operation cost is minimized. To this end, a nodal reactive power
variable was added to the optimal power flow problem, and the critical buses which showed the
highest effect on decreasing the system operation cost were determined. The required reactive
power adjustments were considered to be supplied by DERs and microgrids. The proposed
model was tested on the IEEE 57-bus standard test system and the obtained results showed that
the unity power factor at all buses does not necessarily minimize system operation cost, but the
combination of positive and negative reactive powers at various buses in the system would help
achieve this objective.
7. 7
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