Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is one from basic Rapid Prototyping (RP) technologies
used in technical practice. In this contribution are presented basic information about parameters such
as layer thickness, part build orientation, raster angle, raster width and air gap. This study provides
insight into complex dependency of strength on process parameters. In this paper microphotographs
are used to show the mechanism of failure. The major reason for weak strength is attributed to
distortion within or between the layers.Developing a curved layer deposition methodology can
improve part quality by reduced lamination, reduction in the staircase effect which leads to improved
dimensional accuracy of the part. Less effort has been made to increase the range of FDM materials
to include metals or metal based composites with the help of metal based composite direct rapid
tooling will allow fabrication of injection moulding dies and inserts with desired thermal and
mechanical properties suitable for using directly in injection moulding machines for short term or
long term production runs
A Review of FDM Based Parts to Act as Rapid ToolingIJMER
Abstract: Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is one from basic Rapid Prototyping (RP) technologies
used in technical practice. In this contribution are presented basic information about parameters such
as layer thickness, part build orientation, raster angle, raster width and air gap. This study provides
insight into complex dependency of strength on process parameters. In this paper microphotographs
are used to show the mechanism of failure. The major reason for weak strength is attributed to
distortion within or between the layers.Developing a curved layer deposition methodology can
improve part quality by reduced lamination, reduction in the staircase effect which leads to improved
dimensional accuracy of the part. Less effort has been made to increase the range of FDM materials
to include metals or metal based composites with the help of metal based composite direct rapid
tooling will allow fabrication of injection moulding dies and inserts with desired thermal and
mechanical properties suitable for using directly in injection moulding machines for short term or
long term production runs.
Experimental Investigation of Impact Strength for ABS Plus F.D.M. Parts using...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates the impact strength of parts made from ABS Plus material using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). It examines the effects of three FDM process parameters - model interior, build orientation angle, and direction of rotation - on impact strength. Experiments were conducted according to a Design of Experiments using Taguchi method. Analysis of variance was used to determine the most influential parameter on impact strength, which was found to be build orientation angle. Regression analysis estimated the percentage of error between experimental and predicted results. In summary, the document explores how FDM process parameters affect the impact strength of ABS Plus parts through experiments using Taguchi method.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS AND MODELLING OF GRINDING AISI D3 STEELijmech
Grinding of hardened steels for the realisation of better surface quality of the workpiece is an essentiality
of high productivity environments. The surface grinding of high carbon high chromium steels like AISI D3
with a production level grinding wheel used in the industry is the driver of the present research article. The
experimentation is done in dry as well as pool cooling conditions to ascertain the better of the two
conditions in providing a better set of cutting forces and surface finish. A mathematical model for
evaluating the forces generated during grinding is evolved and on comparison of the results obtained from
the model with the ones from experimentation is found to be correlating. The usage of production level
vitrified grinding wheel has shown good results in terms of lower forces generated and good surface finish
during surface grinding. The results are optimised and the set of inputs which yield good surface finish and
low forces are given. Dry grinding of AISI D13 yields good surface finish than wet grinding. Surface finish
of 0.14 microns is achievable using dry grinding.
Turbo-Abrasive Machining in the Continuous Flow Environment Dr Michael Massarsky. Turbo-Finish Corporation, 917 518 8205 michael@turbofinish.com
turbofinish.wordpress.com
IRJET- Tool Design for Injection Moulding with Basic ParametersIRJET Journal
This document discusses tool design parameters for injection molding. It begins by introducing injection molding as a mass production technique for manufacturing complex plastic parts.
It then outlines the basic parameters to consider in tool design, including the product design, machine parameters like shot capacity and clamping force, software modeling, and material selection for the mold/die.
Specific mold/die design considerations are explored such as cavity structural design including integral, embedded, insertion, and split cavity types. Core structural design including integral embedded and modular core types are also discussed. Mechanisms for side core pulling like manual, hydraulic, pneumatic, and spring-driven types are covered. Finally, simple ejector unit designs like ejector pins, sleeves
This document discusses the effect of preform geometry on material behavior and densification during hot upset forging of sintered AISI 9840 steel powder metal parts. Powder blends were prepared with different compositions and compacted into preforms with varying initial aspect ratios between 0.45-0.92. The preforms were sintered and hot forged to different height strains. Results showed that lower aspect ratio preforms densified more rapidly than higher ratios. Densification curves followed a third order polynomial relationship with height strain. Preform geometry significantly affected the densification curves and Poisson's ratio with density.
Fabrication of Surface MMC through Friction Stir Processing and Assessment of...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the fabrication of a surface metal matrix composite (SMMC) of aluminum alloy 7075 reinforced with aluminum oxide particles using friction stir processing (FSP). Electric discharge machining (EDM) was then used to machine samples of the SMMC to evaluate machinability characteristics. Taguchi optimization methods and analysis of variance were employed to determine optimal EDM process parameters that maximize material removal rate and tool wear rate while minimizing surface roughness.
A Review of FDM Based Parts to Act as Rapid ToolingIJMER
Abstract: Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is one from basic Rapid Prototyping (RP) technologies
used in technical practice. In this contribution are presented basic information about parameters such
as layer thickness, part build orientation, raster angle, raster width and air gap. This study provides
insight into complex dependency of strength on process parameters. In this paper microphotographs
are used to show the mechanism of failure. The major reason for weak strength is attributed to
distortion within or between the layers.Developing a curved layer deposition methodology can
improve part quality by reduced lamination, reduction in the staircase effect which leads to improved
dimensional accuracy of the part. Less effort has been made to increase the range of FDM materials
to include metals or metal based composites with the help of metal based composite direct rapid
tooling will allow fabrication of injection moulding dies and inserts with desired thermal and
mechanical properties suitable for using directly in injection moulding machines for short term or
long term production runs.
Experimental Investigation of Impact Strength for ABS Plus F.D.M. Parts using...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates the impact strength of parts made from ABS Plus material using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). It examines the effects of three FDM process parameters - model interior, build orientation angle, and direction of rotation - on impact strength. Experiments were conducted according to a Design of Experiments using Taguchi method. Analysis of variance was used to determine the most influential parameter on impact strength, which was found to be build orientation angle. Regression analysis estimated the percentage of error between experimental and predicted results. In summary, the document explores how FDM process parameters affect the impact strength of ABS Plus parts through experiments using Taguchi method.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS AND MODELLING OF GRINDING AISI D3 STEELijmech
Grinding of hardened steels for the realisation of better surface quality of the workpiece is an essentiality
of high productivity environments. The surface grinding of high carbon high chromium steels like AISI D3
with a production level grinding wheel used in the industry is the driver of the present research article. The
experimentation is done in dry as well as pool cooling conditions to ascertain the better of the two
conditions in providing a better set of cutting forces and surface finish. A mathematical model for
evaluating the forces generated during grinding is evolved and on comparison of the results obtained from
the model with the ones from experimentation is found to be correlating. The usage of production level
vitrified grinding wheel has shown good results in terms of lower forces generated and good surface finish
during surface grinding. The results are optimised and the set of inputs which yield good surface finish and
low forces are given. Dry grinding of AISI D13 yields good surface finish than wet grinding. Surface finish
of 0.14 microns is achievable using dry grinding.
Turbo-Abrasive Machining in the Continuous Flow Environment Dr Michael Massarsky. Turbo-Finish Corporation, 917 518 8205 michael@turbofinish.com
turbofinish.wordpress.com
IRJET- Tool Design for Injection Moulding with Basic ParametersIRJET Journal
This document discusses tool design parameters for injection molding. It begins by introducing injection molding as a mass production technique for manufacturing complex plastic parts.
It then outlines the basic parameters to consider in tool design, including the product design, machine parameters like shot capacity and clamping force, software modeling, and material selection for the mold/die.
Specific mold/die design considerations are explored such as cavity structural design including integral, embedded, insertion, and split cavity types. Core structural design including integral embedded and modular core types are also discussed. Mechanisms for side core pulling like manual, hydraulic, pneumatic, and spring-driven types are covered. Finally, simple ejector unit designs like ejector pins, sleeves
This document discusses the effect of preform geometry on material behavior and densification during hot upset forging of sintered AISI 9840 steel powder metal parts. Powder blends were prepared with different compositions and compacted into preforms with varying initial aspect ratios between 0.45-0.92. The preforms were sintered and hot forged to different height strains. Results showed that lower aspect ratio preforms densified more rapidly than higher ratios. Densification curves followed a third order polynomial relationship with height strain. Preform geometry significantly affected the densification curves and Poisson's ratio with density.
Fabrication of Surface MMC through Friction Stir Processing and Assessment of...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the fabrication of a surface metal matrix composite (SMMC) of aluminum alloy 7075 reinforced with aluminum oxide particles using friction stir processing (FSP). Electric discharge machining (EDM) was then used to machine samples of the SMMC to evaluate machinability characteristics. Taguchi optimization methods and analysis of variance were employed to determine optimal EDM process parameters that maximize material removal rate and tool wear rate while minimizing surface roughness.
This document discusses a study that uses regression analysis techniques to estimate surface roughness values based on tribological parameters during hard turning of AISI 52100 steel. Experiments were conducted using a Taguchi L9 orthogonal array with cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut as parameters. Linear, quadratic, and cubic regression models were developed to correlate the parameters to surface roughness. The results showed that the estimated correlations predicted roughness with 99.5-99.9% accuracy, with only 6.19% uncertainty in the experiments.
IRJET- Buckling Behaviour of Cold Formed Steel SectionsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the buckling behavior of cold-formed steel sections using numerical modeling. It introduces cold-formed steel, its manufacturing process, and failure modes related to buckling. It then describes modeling 5 channel section geometries with and without lips in CUFSM software under simply supported conditions. The results show that distortional buckling only occurred when lips were present, and its effect varied based on the lip position. In conclusion, CUFSM was found to be a reliable free software to analyze buckling behavior of columns through the finite strip method.
Turbo abrasive machining tech paper - 2016Dave Davidson
INTRODUCTION: Turbo-Finish technology (also referred to as Turbo-Abrasive Machining) is a dry, high-speed spindle finishing process that utilizes abrasive fluidized bed technology, and high speed part rotation to develop extremely rapid and uniform edge and surface conditioning on aerospace, automotive and industrial parts. Polishing, deburring and edge radiusing are accomplished anywhere that the media can access. This finishing technology can develop isotropic surface finishes s while developing consistent round edges on any exposed sharp edged features.
Study of an alternate manufacturing process of piston pineSAT Journals
Abstract In automobile industry development in technology has been increases significantly and so as the performance of an engine. In reciprocating internal combustion engine major parts having sliding motion among their parts and failure of any part in dynamic stage will cause major impact on engine such as failure of an engine. Piston pin play a vital role in the reciprocating internal combustion engine. Failure of piston pin will result in failure of engine. It has been investigated that fatigue failureis one of the major reason of failure of a piston pin. Piston pin are subjected to multiaxial stresses due to which crack initiation and propagation from the surface decreases intensely the fatigue strength of surface and fatigue fracture occurredso every effort has to be made towards improvement in sliding properties of piston pin which will reduce wear resistance of metal surface and ultimately increases fatigue life of piston pin without sacrificing any of the major property requirements of the substrate material. Literature shows that phosphating is one of the surface coating method which will improve friction properties and wear properties thus increases fatigue life. In this work, an effort is to suggest phosphate surface coating on a piston pin as an alternative to conventional surface coating. The investigation effect of phosphating surface coating on piston pin of different material is studied by using design of experiments. Key Words: Design of Experiment, Fatigue Strength, Piston pin, Phosphating
Influence of Thrust, Torque Responsible for Delamination in drilling of Glass...IDES Editor
Glass fabric sandwich composites are potentially
growing materials which satisfies the low strength to weight
fraction, thermal conductivity, high strength and long
operational lifetime required for key engineering applications
especially in the field of Mechanical and Aerospace structures.
With their wide range of application, their manufacturing
and machinability characteristics are interesting to
investigate. Drilling is one of the prime manufacturing
processes used in assembly lines of components for fastening
and joining two components. In this study, Glass Fabric – Epoxy
/ Rigid polyurethane foam sandwich hybrid composite is drilled
in Arix VMC 100 CNC drilling machine using High Speed
Steel (HSS) drill bit of three different diameters of 6 mm, 8
mm and 10 mm. A L9 orthogonal array is setup to investigate
the result. Two main parameters that contribute to
delamination are thrust and torque. Thus in this
investigation, thrust and torque responsible for the effect of
delamination and hole quality is studied experimentally.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images are taken for
the drilled hole laminate to support the result.
This document discusses turbo-abrasive machining (TAM), a mechanical deburring and finishing method that uses a fluidized bed of abrasive materials. TAM was originally developed for aerospace engine components but can also be used for other parts. It provides more uniform results than single-point machining and allows finishing of very complex parts. The document describes the TAM process, which involves rotating a part in an abrasive fluidized bed to remove burrs and contour edges. Process parameters like abrasive size, rotational speed, and time can be varied to achieve different surface finishes and metal removal rates. TAM is capable of deburring complex parts more efficiently than manual methods.
Optimizing the manufacturing of the nose cone of a race careSAT Journals
can be employed right from the mold making process to the actual
manufacturing of a composite part. It focuses on developing a cost-effective, time-saving and reusable mold that can withstand
relatively high pressures and temperatures and serve as an alternative to the current industry norms. The challenge lies in
effectively eliminating the pattern making stage without compromising on the surface finish of the mold.
Considering the high velocities that race cars travel with, nose cone geometry plays a critical role in dictating the aerodynamic
design that provides minimum drag and ensures optimum performance of the car. The first step in achieving this goliath of a step
has its foundation in making a coherent assembly of the nose cone while maintaining its structural integrity and strength. Based
on the experimental data, the lamination strategy was worked out to adjudicate the carbon fiber prepreg layers on the nose cone
mold.
Key Words: Composites, Mold, Carbon fiber, Prepregs, Nose Cone, Joggle technique
This document describes Turbo-Abrasive Machining (TAM), a mechanical deburring and finishing process that uses fluidized abrasive materials. TAM was originally developed for aerospace engine components but can also finish other rotational and non-rotational parts. TAM provides advantages over manual deburring by automating the finishing process. It produces isotropic surfaces through multidirectional abrasive contact and can improve part properties through residual compressive stress and skewness correction. The process involves suspending abrasive grains in a fluidized bed and rotating parts to interface surfaces and edges with the abrasive grains.
COMPARISON OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF COLDWORK AND HOT WORK TOOL STEELS IN HARD ...ijmech
The hard turning process has been attracting interest in different industrial sectors for finishing operations
of hard materials at its hardened state.Surface roughness is investigated in hard turning of AISI D3 and
AISI H13 steels of same hardness 62HRC. In this paper, an attempt has been made to model and predict
the surface roughness in hard turning of AISI D3 and AISI H13 hardened steels using Response Surface
Methodology (RSM). The combined effects of three machining parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate
and depth of cut are investigated for main performance characteristic that is surface roughness. RSM
based Central Composite Design (CCD) is applied as an experimental design. Al2O3/TiC mixed ceramic
tool with corner radius 0.8 mm is employed to accomplish 20 tests with six center points. The acceptability
of the developed models is checked using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).The combined effects of cutting
speed; feed rate and depth of cut are investigated using surface plots.
The present work aims to investigate the distribution of strains in incremental sheet
metal forming process using different geometries. Four shapes were used to develop the
strain paths: truncated cone, pyramid, dome, and circular generatrix are formed in
incremental sheet forming process. The difference in strain paths depends on the
difference in the geometric shapes of the formed parts. Circle grid analysis was used to
obtain strain paths along the parts. Strains distribution was evaluated by circular grid
system (CGS) where a pattern of a small circle was electrochemically etched on the sheet.
The sheet is deformed during forming and the deformation of the circle is measured and
analyzed to explore the behavior of strains distribution in incremental sheet metal
forming. The curvature of the part is a large or plane wall the strain mode is plane strain
stretching and became biaxial stretching or uniaxial tension with the rotational symmetric
surfaces.
IRJET- Optimisation Technique for Design and Fabrication of ASTM Based Multit...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and optimization of a die for manufacturing parts of varying thicknesses according to ASTM standards. Key points:
1) The multi-thickness die has three sections - a male part, holding plate, and female part. Variable thickness parts can be made by inserting shims of different thicknesses between the male and female parts.
2) The die design was optimized to reduce costs by machining cavities directly into the core plate, eliminating the need for a separate cavity plate.
3) Total manufacturing cost, material cost, tooling cost, and processing cost formulas were developed and optimized to reduce the cost per part. Process optimization focused on streamlining machining steps.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of machining parameters on surface roughness during end milling. The study developed a multiple regression model to predict surface roughness based on spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. Experiments were conducted using different combinations of spindle speeds ranging from 750 to 1500 rpm, feed rates from 150 to 600 mm/min, and depths of cut from 0.25 to 1.25 mm. Surface roughness measurements were collected and analyzed using ANOVA. The resulting multiple regression model included terms for the effects of each parameter individually and their two-way interactions. The model predicted surface roughness with an accuracy of about 12%.
This document describes the design and fabrication of extrusion dies for shaping lead alloy and aluminum under cold and hot working conditions. Dies were fabricated for flat and conical profiles to produce H, L, T, and elliptical shapes. Experiments were conducted to measure the average pressure and total extrusion power for cold extrusion of lead alloy and hot extrusion of aluminum. The results were compared to theoretical calculations and software simulations. The experimental results matched well with the theoretical values. The document concludes that the designed and fabricated dies and heating equipment produced satisfactory results for cold and hot extrusion.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Analysis of surface roughness on machining of al 5 cu alloy in cnc lathe machineeSAT Journals
Abstract In this study, an experimental approach is presented for the measurement of the surface roughness of the machined surface produced by simple turning operation in a computer numerically controlled (CNC) Lathe. The parameters used in the experiment were reduced to three cutting parameters, cutting speed, depth of cut, feed rate. Other parameters such as tool nose radius, workpiece length, workpiece diameter, and workpiece material was taken as constant. The effect of the process parameters namely, cutting speed, depth of cut, feed rate, upon the response like surface roughness of the finished surface was analyzed by using 3D profilometer, during this investigation. Experiments were carried out by keeping cutting speed, depth of cut, as constant and feed rate as variable. Index Terms: Al-5Cu alloy, surface roughness, cutting speed, depth of cut, feed rate.
This document describes the conventional powder metallurgy process used to manufacture metal components. It involves three main steps: 1) mixing metal powders, 2) compacting the powders in a die under pressure, and 3) sintering the compacted shape in a furnace to bond the particles. Powder metallurgy offers advantages like net shape forming, tight tolerances, design flexibility, and low machining waste. The process is widely used in automotive and other industries to produce complex, high-precision parts in a cost-effective manner.
Experimental Analysis & Optimization of Cylindirical Grinding Process Paramet...IJERA Editor
As per the modern Industrial requirements, higher surface finish mechanical components and mating parts with close limits and tolerances, is one of the most important requirement. Abrasive machining processes are generally the last operations performed on manufactured products for higher surface finishing and for fine or small scale material removal. Higher surface finish and high rate of removal can be obtained if a large number of grains act together. This is accomplished by using bonded abrasives as in grinding wheel or by modern machining processes. In the present study, Taguchi method or Design of experiments has been used to optimize the effect of cylindrical grinding parameters such as wheel speed (rpm), work speed, feed (mm/min.), depth of cut and cutting fluid on the surface roughness of EN15AM steel. Ground surface roughness measurements were carried out by Talysurf surface roughness tester. EN15AM steel has several industrial applications in manufacturing of engine shafts, connecting rods, spindles, studs, bolt, screws etc. The results indicated that grinding wheel speed, work piece speed, table feed rate and depth of cut were the significant factors for the surface roughness and material removal rate. Surface roughness is minimum at 2000 r.p.m. of grinding wheel speed , work piece speed 80 rpm, feed rate 275 mm/min. and 0.06 mm depth of cut.
Optimization of cutting strategies for forging die manufacturing on cnc milli...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes the design and simulation of a photovoltaic (PV) inverter system using Proteus software. Key aspects include:
1) The system uses a microcontroller to generate pulse width modulated (PWM) signals that control a half-bridge inverter to convert DC voltage from solar panels to AC voltage. An LC filter is used to produce a sinusoidal output.
2) Software was developed to generate sinusoidal PWM pulses using a direct modulation strategy. Pulse widths are proportional to the sine wave amplitude at sampled points.
3) The system was simulated in Proteus software. Results showed an AC output voltage of 228V and current of 1.7A, meeting specifications
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document discusses a study that uses regression analysis techniques to estimate surface roughness values based on tribological parameters during hard turning of AISI 52100 steel. Experiments were conducted using a Taguchi L9 orthogonal array with cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut as parameters. Linear, quadratic, and cubic regression models were developed to correlate the parameters to surface roughness. The results showed that the estimated correlations predicted roughness with 99.5-99.9% accuracy, with only 6.19% uncertainty in the experiments.
IRJET- Buckling Behaviour of Cold Formed Steel SectionsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the buckling behavior of cold-formed steel sections using numerical modeling. It introduces cold-formed steel, its manufacturing process, and failure modes related to buckling. It then describes modeling 5 channel section geometries with and without lips in CUFSM software under simply supported conditions. The results show that distortional buckling only occurred when lips were present, and its effect varied based on the lip position. In conclusion, CUFSM was found to be a reliable free software to analyze buckling behavior of columns through the finite strip method.
Turbo abrasive machining tech paper - 2016Dave Davidson
INTRODUCTION: Turbo-Finish technology (also referred to as Turbo-Abrasive Machining) is a dry, high-speed spindle finishing process that utilizes abrasive fluidized bed technology, and high speed part rotation to develop extremely rapid and uniform edge and surface conditioning on aerospace, automotive and industrial parts. Polishing, deburring and edge radiusing are accomplished anywhere that the media can access. This finishing technology can develop isotropic surface finishes s while developing consistent round edges on any exposed sharp edged features.
Study of an alternate manufacturing process of piston pineSAT Journals
Abstract In automobile industry development in technology has been increases significantly and so as the performance of an engine. In reciprocating internal combustion engine major parts having sliding motion among their parts and failure of any part in dynamic stage will cause major impact on engine such as failure of an engine. Piston pin play a vital role in the reciprocating internal combustion engine. Failure of piston pin will result in failure of engine. It has been investigated that fatigue failureis one of the major reason of failure of a piston pin. Piston pin are subjected to multiaxial stresses due to which crack initiation and propagation from the surface decreases intensely the fatigue strength of surface and fatigue fracture occurredso every effort has to be made towards improvement in sliding properties of piston pin which will reduce wear resistance of metal surface and ultimately increases fatigue life of piston pin without sacrificing any of the major property requirements of the substrate material. Literature shows that phosphating is one of the surface coating method which will improve friction properties and wear properties thus increases fatigue life. In this work, an effort is to suggest phosphate surface coating on a piston pin as an alternative to conventional surface coating. The investigation effect of phosphating surface coating on piston pin of different material is studied by using design of experiments. Key Words: Design of Experiment, Fatigue Strength, Piston pin, Phosphating
Influence of Thrust, Torque Responsible for Delamination in drilling of Glass...IDES Editor
Glass fabric sandwich composites are potentially
growing materials which satisfies the low strength to weight
fraction, thermal conductivity, high strength and long
operational lifetime required for key engineering applications
especially in the field of Mechanical and Aerospace structures.
With their wide range of application, their manufacturing
and machinability characteristics are interesting to
investigate. Drilling is one of the prime manufacturing
processes used in assembly lines of components for fastening
and joining two components. In this study, Glass Fabric – Epoxy
/ Rigid polyurethane foam sandwich hybrid composite is drilled
in Arix VMC 100 CNC drilling machine using High Speed
Steel (HSS) drill bit of three different diameters of 6 mm, 8
mm and 10 mm. A L9 orthogonal array is setup to investigate
the result. Two main parameters that contribute to
delamination are thrust and torque. Thus in this
investigation, thrust and torque responsible for the effect of
delamination and hole quality is studied experimentally.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images are taken for
the drilled hole laminate to support the result.
This document discusses turbo-abrasive machining (TAM), a mechanical deburring and finishing method that uses a fluidized bed of abrasive materials. TAM was originally developed for aerospace engine components but can also be used for other parts. It provides more uniform results than single-point machining and allows finishing of very complex parts. The document describes the TAM process, which involves rotating a part in an abrasive fluidized bed to remove burrs and contour edges. Process parameters like abrasive size, rotational speed, and time can be varied to achieve different surface finishes and metal removal rates. TAM is capable of deburring complex parts more efficiently than manual methods.
Optimizing the manufacturing of the nose cone of a race careSAT Journals
can be employed right from the mold making process to the actual
manufacturing of a composite part. It focuses on developing a cost-effective, time-saving and reusable mold that can withstand
relatively high pressures and temperatures and serve as an alternative to the current industry norms. The challenge lies in
effectively eliminating the pattern making stage without compromising on the surface finish of the mold.
Considering the high velocities that race cars travel with, nose cone geometry plays a critical role in dictating the aerodynamic
design that provides minimum drag and ensures optimum performance of the car. The first step in achieving this goliath of a step
has its foundation in making a coherent assembly of the nose cone while maintaining its structural integrity and strength. Based
on the experimental data, the lamination strategy was worked out to adjudicate the carbon fiber prepreg layers on the nose cone
mold.
Key Words: Composites, Mold, Carbon fiber, Prepregs, Nose Cone, Joggle technique
This document describes Turbo-Abrasive Machining (TAM), a mechanical deburring and finishing process that uses fluidized abrasive materials. TAM was originally developed for aerospace engine components but can also finish other rotational and non-rotational parts. TAM provides advantages over manual deburring by automating the finishing process. It produces isotropic surfaces through multidirectional abrasive contact and can improve part properties through residual compressive stress and skewness correction. The process involves suspending abrasive grains in a fluidized bed and rotating parts to interface surfaces and edges with the abrasive grains.
COMPARISON OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF COLDWORK AND HOT WORK TOOL STEELS IN HARD ...ijmech
The hard turning process has been attracting interest in different industrial sectors for finishing operations
of hard materials at its hardened state.Surface roughness is investigated in hard turning of AISI D3 and
AISI H13 steels of same hardness 62HRC. In this paper, an attempt has been made to model and predict
the surface roughness in hard turning of AISI D3 and AISI H13 hardened steels using Response Surface
Methodology (RSM). The combined effects of three machining parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate
and depth of cut are investigated for main performance characteristic that is surface roughness. RSM
based Central Composite Design (CCD) is applied as an experimental design. Al2O3/TiC mixed ceramic
tool with corner radius 0.8 mm is employed to accomplish 20 tests with six center points. The acceptability
of the developed models is checked using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).The combined effects of cutting
speed; feed rate and depth of cut are investigated using surface plots.
The present work aims to investigate the distribution of strains in incremental sheet
metal forming process using different geometries. Four shapes were used to develop the
strain paths: truncated cone, pyramid, dome, and circular generatrix are formed in
incremental sheet forming process. The difference in strain paths depends on the
difference in the geometric shapes of the formed parts. Circle grid analysis was used to
obtain strain paths along the parts. Strains distribution was evaluated by circular grid
system (CGS) where a pattern of a small circle was electrochemically etched on the sheet.
The sheet is deformed during forming and the deformation of the circle is measured and
analyzed to explore the behavior of strains distribution in incremental sheet metal
forming. The curvature of the part is a large or plane wall the strain mode is plane strain
stretching and became biaxial stretching or uniaxial tension with the rotational symmetric
surfaces.
IRJET- Optimisation Technique for Design and Fabrication of ASTM Based Multit...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and optimization of a die for manufacturing parts of varying thicknesses according to ASTM standards. Key points:
1) The multi-thickness die has three sections - a male part, holding plate, and female part. Variable thickness parts can be made by inserting shims of different thicknesses between the male and female parts.
2) The die design was optimized to reduce costs by machining cavities directly into the core plate, eliminating the need for a separate cavity plate.
3) Total manufacturing cost, material cost, tooling cost, and processing cost formulas were developed and optimized to reduce the cost per part. Process optimization focused on streamlining machining steps.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of machining parameters on surface roughness during end milling. The study developed a multiple regression model to predict surface roughness based on spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. Experiments were conducted using different combinations of spindle speeds ranging from 750 to 1500 rpm, feed rates from 150 to 600 mm/min, and depths of cut from 0.25 to 1.25 mm. Surface roughness measurements were collected and analyzed using ANOVA. The resulting multiple regression model included terms for the effects of each parameter individually and their two-way interactions. The model predicted surface roughness with an accuracy of about 12%.
This document describes the design and fabrication of extrusion dies for shaping lead alloy and aluminum under cold and hot working conditions. Dies were fabricated for flat and conical profiles to produce H, L, T, and elliptical shapes. Experiments were conducted to measure the average pressure and total extrusion power for cold extrusion of lead alloy and hot extrusion of aluminum. The results were compared to theoretical calculations and software simulations. The experimental results matched well with the theoretical values. The document concludes that the designed and fabricated dies and heating equipment produced satisfactory results for cold and hot extrusion.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Analysis of surface roughness on machining of al 5 cu alloy in cnc lathe machineeSAT Journals
Abstract In this study, an experimental approach is presented for the measurement of the surface roughness of the machined surface produced by simple turning operation in a computer numerically controlled (CNC) Lathe. The parameters used in the experiment were reduced to three cutting parameters, cutting speed, depth of cut, feed rate. Other parameters such as tool nose radius, workpiece length, workpiece diameter, and workpiece material was taken as constant. The effect of the process parameters namely, cutting speed, depth of cut, feed rate, upon the response like surface roughness of the finished surface was analyzed by using 3D profilometer, during this investigation. Experiments were carried out by keeping cutting speed, depth of cut, as constant and feed rate as variable. Index Terms: Al-5Cu alloy, surface roughness, cutting speed, depth of cut, feed rate.
This document describes the conventional powder metallurgy process used to manufacture metal components. It involves three main steps: 1) mixing metal powders, 2) compacting the powders in a die under pressure, and 3) sintering the compacted shape in a furnace to bond the particles. Powder metallurgy offers advantages like net shape forming, tight tolerances, design flexibility, and low machining waste. The process is widely used in automotive and other industries to produce complex, high-precision parts in a cost-effective manner.
Experimental Analysis & Optimization of Cylindirical Grinding Process Paramet...IJERA Editor
As per the modern Industrial requirements, higher surface finish mechanical components and mating parts with close limits and tolerances, is one of the most important requirement. Abrasive machining processes are generally the last operations performed on manufactured products for higher surface finishing and for fine or small scale material removal. Higher surface finish and high rate of removal can be obtained if a large number of grains act together. This is accomplished by using bonded abrasives as in grinding wheel or by modern machining processes. In the present study, Taguchi method or Design of experiments has been used to optimize the effect of cylindrical grinding parameters such as wheel speed (rpm), work speed, feed (mm/min.), depth of cut and cutting fluid on the surface roughness of EN15AM steel. Ground surface roughness measurements were carried out by Talysurf surface roughness tester. EN15AM steel has several industrial applications in manufacturing of engine shafts, connecting rods, spindles, studs, bolt, screws etc. The results indicated that grinding wheel speed, work piece speed, table feed rate and depth of cut were the significant factors for the surface roughness and material removal rate. Surface roughness is minimum at 2000 r.p.m. of grinding wheel speed , work piece speed 80 rpm, feed rate 275 mm/min. and 0.06 mm depth of cut.
Optimization of cutting strategies for forging die manufacturing on cnc milli...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes the design and simulation of a photovoltaic (PV) inverter system using Proteus software. Key aspects include:
1) The system uses a microcontroller to generate pulse width modulated (PWM) signals that control a half-bridge inverter to convert DC voltage from solar panels to AC voltage. An LC filter is used to produce a sinusoidal output.
2) Software was developed to generate sinusoidal PWM pulses using a direct modulation strategy. Pulse widths are proportional to the sine wave amplitude at sampled points.
3) The system was simulated in Proteus software. Results showed an AC output voltage of 228V and current of 1.7A, meeting specifications
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Este documento describe las funciones de varios órganos del cuerpo humano como los pulmones, riñones, hígado y glándulas, que se encargan de eliminar desechos y sustancias tóxicas del cuerpo a través de la orina, el sudor y la respiración. También explica brevemente los componentes del sistema urinario, incluyendo los riñones, la vejiga y la uretra.
Performance & emission characteristics of Two Cylinder Diesel Engine Using D...IJMER
With modernization and increase in the number of automobiles worldwide, the consumption of
diesel and gasoline has enormously increased. As petroleum is non renewable source of energy and the
petroleum reserves are scarce nowadays, there is a need to search for alternative fuels for automobiles.
Work has been done in using a lot of bio-fuels, the fuels obtained from plant to be used in IC engines
which have an even added advantage of lower emissions compared to that of diesel and gasoline. In the
present investigation Pine has been experimented in a direct injection diesel engine under homogeneous
charge compression ignition compression combustion mode
The document summarizes the design and fabrication of a solar-powered remote control model aircraft. It discusses:
1) The basic principles of operation, which involves using solar panels to collect solar energy and charge batteries to power an electric motor and propeller for thrust.
2) The history of solar-powered aircraft development over the last few decades, including key projects and their specifications.
3) The specific design of the model aircraft, including the selection of components like motors, batteries, solar cells, and control surfaces based on calculated parameters and simulations.
4) The assembly of these components and systems to construct the prototype solar-powered remote control model aircraft.
"Once upon a time": powerful words that begin many oral narratives and indicate that the story to be told will be imbued with magic and myth. Organizational folklore can be a very powerful force for instilling or perpetuating behavior, systems, and culture within an organization.
Too often, fear and negativity are the driving forces in the folklore behind many organizational traditions. A positive narrative that embraces the customs and traditions of a healthy, balanced feedback loop can help jumpstart your DevOps journey. This talk will help you frame your narrative alongside metrics and use folklore as a catalyst for positive change.
This document presents models for problems that arise in Yang-Mills theory. It factors Yang-Mills theory and provides a model for the left-hand side and right-hand side of the Yang-Mills equations. The models consider parameters like symmetry breaking, mass acquisition, strong and electroweak interactions, gauge invariance, gauge fields, and non-commutative symmetry groups. Differential equations are provided for six modules analyzing these concepts. The goal is to lay a foundation for further factorizations and solutions to problems at the Planck scale.
Enhance the Productivity of the Solar Still by Improving the Operational Para...IJMER
The document discusses different methods to improve the productivity of solar stills. It describes the basic components of a conventional solar still and introduces several modifications to increase efficiency. These include adding a cooling wick to the glass cover, integrating a mini solar pond and flat plate collector to pre-heat the inlet water. Experimental results show that coupling the glass cooled solar still with a solar pond increased productivity by 30% and adding a flat plate collector increased productivity by 40% compared to a basic solar still. The modified solar still with both additions achieved the highest daily productivity of 2.1 liters.
This document summarizes a research paper on background subtraction techniques for motion detection in video. It describes a proposed technique that stores and compares past pixel values to the current value to determine if a pixel belongs to the background or foreground. It also discusses using a k-means algorithm and Gaussian mixture model to build a probabilistic background model and classify pixels. The paper evaluates different shadow detection approaches and finds RGB color spaces perform best for segmentation and shadow removal.
Static Analysis of a Pyro Turbine by using CFDIJMER
This paper aims to develop a standard design procedure for pyro turbine that can be manufactured locally in developing countries with very low head, steady power (200W to 1 kW with no discharge regulation), low cost and isolated network operation. The present research work has been carried out to modify the original blade material i.e. AK Stainless Steel 340 with different blade material ASME Stainless Steel SA516 Gr. 70 to withstand turbulence at the site which significantly affected the turbine operation. For this, a solid 3D model of turbine is generated through Catia V5. Static analysis by using CFD for original blade material is done Further static analysis by using CFD is
done to the modified blade material for turbulence which shows that turbulence was successfully withstanded and had withstanded the high Pressure and Von-Mises Stress as well as minimum
.deformation The results obtained by comparing original and modified blade materials are within the
limits. The design is safe.
Implementation of Monitoring System for Cloud ComputingIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
This document analyzes drought conditions in the Gagar watershed located in Uttarakhand, India based on weekly rainfall data from 1998-2007. Key findings include:
1) About 35% of months during this period experienced drought conditions according to the defined criteria. Drought months were most common in October-May prior to the monsoon season.
2) 20% of years (1999 and 2001) received annual rainfall more than one standard deviation below the mean and were classified as drought years.
3) The Rabi crop season (October-February) experienced drought in 48% of months, indicating a risk of crop failure under rainfed conditions during this period.
Receiver Module of Smart power monitoring and metering distribution system u...IJMER
In the current situation all the communication is very much important and faster range but
the usage of the power should be less in order to reduce the power and the usage of the sources we are
going for this data transmission through the power lines which is common and much feasible since
power line is used at all homes. In this paper we have concentrated much in the receiver module where
the receiver receives the data through the power lines through which we can know the readings of
amount of usage of power at each homes and also the power theft if it occurs anywhere.by this way we
no need to generate any particular infrastructure for transmitting an d receiving instead we can use the
power line itself.This is the work done in NLC,TAMILNADU india which is very less explained in this
paper.
A Novel Data mining Technique to Discover Patterns from Huge Text CorpusIJMER
Today, we have far more information than we can handle: from business transactions and scientific
data, to satellite pictures, text reports and military intelligence. Information retrieval is simply not enough
anymore for decision-making. Confronted with huge collections of data, we have now created new needs to
help us make better managerial choices. These needs are automatic summarization of data, extraction of the
"essence" of information stored, and the discovery of patterns in raw data. With this, Data mining with
inventory pattern came into existence and got popularized. Data mining finds these patterns and relationships
using data analysis tools and techniques to build models.
Modeling and Reduction of Root Fillet Stress in Spur Gear Using Stress Relie...IJMER
A gear is a component within a transmission device that transmits rotational forces. Gears
are commonly used for transmitting power. Gear teeth failure due to fatigue is a common fact
observed. Even a small reduction in the root tensile stress results in great raise in the fatigue life of a
gear. They develop high stress concentration at the root and the point of contact. The repeated
stressing on the fillets causes the fatigue failure of gear tooth. For many years, gear design has been
improved by using better material, hardening surfaces with carburization and heat treatment, and shot
penning to improve surface finish etc. Few more hard work have been made to improve the durability
and strength by changing the pressure angle, using the asymmetric teeth, varying the geometry of root
fillet curve and so on. The majority of the above systems don't ensure the compatibility of the current
rigging frameworks. This work presents the possibilities of utilizing the stress redistribution techniques
by introducing the Stress relieving features in the stressed zone to the advantage of reduction of root
fillet stress in spur gear
This document summarizes a study on the performance and emissions of a single cylinder diesel engine operating with biodiesel-diesel blends containing 10% isobutanol additive at different injection pressures ranging from 200 to 275 bars. The following key points are made:
1. Brake thermal efficiency improved up to an injection pressure of 250 bars but decreased slightly at 275 bars. Emissions of carbon monoxide and smoke were significantly reduced with the blends while nitrogen oxides increased marginally.
2. Cylinder pressure was lower for the blends compared to diesel at all injection pressures due to the lower cetane number and heating value of isobutanol.
3. Brake specific fuel consumption
Comparative study on Garments dyeing process and Fabric dyeing process on var...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Anaerobic Digestion of Vinasse cane alcohol: The influence of OLR by a UASB ...IJMER
An Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor was used to study the treatment of distillery
effluent. Vinasse was used to feed the reactor, although its Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
concentration varied during the experiment, the volume utilized to feed the reactor was adjusted to
maintain constant Organic Load Rate (OLR). The UASB reactor was operated with OLR 1, 2, 4 and 6
gCOD/Ld. Removal efficiencies of 76,64,63 and 51% respectively were observed. The reactor responded
with progressive decreases of efficiency with each increase of OLR, the total mass removed increased.
An average biogas production of 1.400, 1.872, 2.17 and 2.172 L to each OLR of 1, 2, 4 and 6 gCOD/Ld,
respectively was observed. The methane content in biogas was 63, 68, 86 and 89% each OLR tested.
Methane production is also followed with values of .892 L to OLR 1 gCOD/Ld, 1.264 L to OLR 2
gCOD/Ld, 1.876 L to OLR 4 gCOD/Ld and 2.900 L to OLR 6 gCOD/Ld.
The UASB reactor operating in continuous mode, it was necessary to evaluate the best conditions for
this type of waste. The treatment of distillery effluents using a UASB reactor is feasible and is an
alternative to treat these wastes in the alcohol industries
A Review: Fused Deposition Modeling – A Rapid Prototyping ProcessIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of fused deposition modeling (FDM), a rapid prototyping process. FDM involves layer-by-layer deposition of thermoplastic materials using an extrusion nozzle to build 3D parts from CAD data. Key aspects covered include:
- The FDM process involves heating and extruding plastic filaments through a nozzle to build parts layer-by-layer.
- Common thermoplastics used include ABS and PLA, and process parameters like orientation, layer thickness, and raster width impact part quality.
- FDM can produce functional prototypes and has applications in industries like aerospace, consumer goods, and automotive for prototyping, tooling, and low-volume production
IRJET- Study of Fused Deposition Modeling Process Parameters for Polycarbonat...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study on the effects of process parameters on parts manufactured using fused deposition modeling (FDM) of a polycarbonate/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC/ABS) blend material. Five parameters were selected - extrusion temperature, bed temperature, layer thickness, raster width, and printing speed. Experiments were conducted using an L8 orthogonal array design in Taguchi methodology. Parts were manufactured and measured for dimensional accuracy, surface roughness, and flatness without support structures. The goal was to determine optimal parameter settings to improve part quality characteristics for this material.
Design &Manufacturing of Spur Gear using Fused Deposition ModelingIRJET Journal
This document describes a study on designing and manufacturing spur gears using fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing. The researchers aim to evaluate the feasibility of using FDM for both direct tooling manufacturing and direct gear manufacturing. For direct manufacturing, the researchers will design and 3D print a spur gear and compare the costs to injection molding to determine the breakeven point where 3D printing becomes more cost-effective for small production volumes. For tooling, the researchers will design and 3D print FDM molds for producing wax patterns and evaluate the molds based on cost, time to manufacture, lifespan, and reusability compared to existing silicone rubber molds. The goal is to determine if FDM can be
SPRING BACK PREDICTION OF SHEET METAL IN DEEP DRAWING PROCESSIAEME Publication
Spring back is one of the most significant phenomenon that affect the accurateness of the sheet metal parts. In order to obtain fixed tolerances for the formed parts it is highly recommended to use such process parameters/tool geometry that allow a considerably diminishing of the spring back amount. A Finite Element (FE) model is developed for the 2- D numerical simulation of sheet metal deep drawing process (Parametric Analysis) by using HYPERFORM with the appropriate material properties (anisotropic material) and simplifies boundary conditions
The document discusses the design of a forging die for a planetary gear blank. It begins with an introduction to forging as a metalworking process and advantages it provides over other manufacturing methods. It then outlines the objectives and methodology for the die design project. The methodology involves designing the final gear part geometry, determining stock size requirements, and designing the forging die. Key die design considerations discussed include parting line selection, drafting angles, fillet and corner radii, flash and gutter design, and shrinkage allowance. The document concludes with CAD drawings of the designed forging die.
This document discusses the analysis of different process parameters on the properties of components manufactured using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). It aims to study the effect of road width, air gap, and build orientation (0°, 45°, 90°) on properties like accuracy, surface finish, and build time. Samples will be manufactured at different combinations of these parameters and tested to determine their properties, with results analyzed and presented graphically. Prior research has found orientation affects properties like surface quality, accuracy, build time and cost, so optimization of orientation is important for FDM.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document reviews impression die forging. It discusses how computer aided engineering techniques are used to optimize die design to improve accuracy and reduce costs. The document summarizes existing die design techniques and approaches to develop an optimal system. Impression die forging can produce parts with high complexity from various metals at moderate costs. The document also discusses common materials used in closed die forging like steel, aluminum, and copper, as well as advantages like net shapes, high strength, and close tolerances and disadvantages like high tooling costs and size limitations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Review Paper on of Single Point Cutting Tool with Taguchi Robust ApproachIRJET Journal
This document presents a review paper on simulating a single point cutting tool process using the Taguchi robust design approach. It discusses using finite element modeling (FEM) software to numerically simulate the turning process and analyze three input factors (depth of cut, cutting speed, and rack angle) and two responses (stress and strain). The Taguchi design of experiments technique is used to develop relationships between factors and responses. Regression modeling is then used to develop equations relating the input parameters to output results. Previous research on measuring cutting temperatures, forces, and modeling metal cutting processes is also reviewed to provide context and validate the current study's approach.
Sheet Metal Micro Forming: Future Research PotentialsIDES Editor
This document summarizes research on sheet metal microforming, specifically single point incremental forming (SPIF). It discusses the advantages of SPIF in providing flexible, customized production at low cost. Some drawbacks regarding accuracy are also highlighted. The document reviews numerous studies investigating factors that influence forming accuracy and strategies for minimizing errors. These factors include process parameters, tooling variations, and techniques like laser assistance. Future research opportunities are identified in developing forming limit criteria, improving formability, computational simulations, and applications in industries requiring high precision parts like aerospace and automotive.
This document summarizes a research paper that used computer simulation to optimize the design of three feeders for a sand casting process. It begins with background on sand casting and finite element analysis. The document then describes how Ansys software was used to perform transient thermal analysis and optimize the height of three feeders on a dumbbell-shaped casting. First, a traditional modulus approach was used to initially size the feeders. Then, Ansys optimization was performed to maximize feeder yield by minimizing temperature differences between feeders and casting zones. The optimized design from Ansys improved feeder yield to 50.76% compared to 13.36% from the modulus approach. Temperature plots from Ansys verified the feeders contained the hot
Effect of Process Parameters on Micro Hardness of Mild Steel Processed by Sur...IOSR Journals
The document discusses an experimental investigation into the effect of surface grinding process parameters on the microhardness of mild steel specimens. An experiment was conducted using a surface grinding machine to grind mild steel workpieces under different combinations of inlet coolant pressure, grinding wheel speed, workpiece speed, and nozzle angle. Microhardness measurements were then taken on the specimens. The results showed that all process parameters affected microhardness, with values ranging from 292.63 to 370.73 HV. Minimum microhardness was obtained at an inlet pressure of 25 kg/cm2, wheel speed of 2800 RPM, workpiece speed of 1.5 m/min, and nozzle angle of 6 degrees.
Analysis for Stress Prediction in Hot Rolling with Different Process Paramete...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes stress prediction in hot rolling with different process parameters using finite element method. It summarizes previous research that found mill speed and friction coefficient are two major factors that affect rolling quality. A lower friction coefficient requires more mill passes while a higher friction coefficient increases sticking between rollers and metal, leading to defects. The study aims to understand the root causes of cracks in roller mills by analyzing the rolling process and results in terms of equivalent stress and effective plastic strain.
A REVIEW ON DESIGN AND 3D PRINTING OF A ROTOR BLADE OF LIGHT HELICOPTERIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of 3D printing technology and its application to designing and 3D printing a rotor blade for a light helicopter. It first discusses 3D printing technologies like fused deposition modeling and the materials that can be used. It then discusses the design of helicopter rotor blades, including their purpose of generating lift and thrust. The document outlines the key components of a rotor system and different blade designs. It describes how rotor blades are designed as long airfoils to reduce tip vortices and control downwash effects. The summary discusses applying 3D printing to prototype and test designs of rotor blades with different twist angles and materials.
This document summarizes a study that used casting simulation software to model and optimize the sand casting process for a steel flywheel. The researchers first modeled the flywheel component along with gating and risering systems. Simulation of the initial model revealed shrinkage defects. The model was modified by changing the ingate locations and adding risers, which directionally solidified the casting. The modified model was then simulated using ADSTEFAN software to analyze fluid flow, solidification patterns, and potential defects like shrinkage and porosity. The simulation results helped optimize the casting design to improve quality and yield.
Experimental Studies on Effect of Layer Thickness on Surface Finish using FDMIRJET Journal
This document discusses an experimental study on the effect of layer thickness on surface finish in fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing. It aims to establish a logical relationship between surface roughness and layer thickness by 3D printing test components with varying layer thicknesses and measuring the surface roughness of each. The study uses a Flashforge Guide IIs printer and polylactic acid (PLA) material. It reviews relevant literature on factors that influence FDM part quality like layer thickness, build orientation, and infill density. The objectives are to examine how FDM process parameters like layer thickness affect surface roughness and optimize parameters for better part quality.
A STUDY AND DESIGN ANALYSIS FOR INJECTION MOULD FOR PLASTIC BEARINGIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the design and analysis of an injection mold for a plastic bearing component. It discusses the objectives of the study, which are to gain detailed knowledge of mold making techniques and manufacturing processes. It then provides details on the component analysis, including properties of the material (nylon 66) and specifications of the mold. Key factors considered in the tool design are also summarized, such as parting line, feeding system, cooling and ejection. The document further provides details on the selection of raw materials for the mold, including various steel grades used and how alloying elements affect the properties of the steel. Finally, it summarizes the terminology and descriptions of the main mold parts.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Similar to A Review of FDM Based Parts to Act as Rapid Tooling (20)
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
This document summarizes research on the fabrication and characterization of bio-composite materials using sunnhemp fibre. The document discusses how sunnhemp fibre was used to reinforce an epoxy matrix through hand lay-up methods. Various mechanical properties of the bio-composites were tested, including tensile, flexural, and impact properties. The results of the mechanical tests on the bio-composite specimens are presented. Potential applications of the sunnhemp fibre bio-composites are also suggested, such as in fall ceilings, partitions, packaging, automotive interiors, and toys.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
This document discusses integrating the Spring, Struts, and Hibernate frameworks to develop enterprise applications. It provides an overview of each framework and their features. The Spring Framework is a lightweight, modular framework that allows for inversion of control and aspect-oriented programming. It can be used to develop any or all tiers of an application. The document proposes an architecture for an e-commerce website that integrates these three frameworks, with Spring handling the business layer, Struts the presentation layer, and Hibernate the data access layer. This modular approach allows for clear separation of concerns and reduces complexity in application development.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
This document introduces and studies the concept of δˆ s-locally closed sets in ideal topological spaces. Some key points:
- A subset A is δˆ s-locally closed if A can be written as the intersection of a δˆ s-open set and a δˆ s-closed set.
- Various properties of δˆ s-locally closed sets are introduced and characterized, including relationships to other concepts like generalized locally closed sets.
- It is shown that a subset A is δˆ s-locally closed if and only if A can be written as the intersection of a δˆ s-open set and the δˆ s-closure of A.
- Theore
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
This document discusses natural language ambiguity and its effect on machine learning. It begins by introducing different types of ambiguity that exist in natural languages, including lexical, syntactic, semantic, discourse, and pragmatic ambiguities. It then examines how these ambiguities present challenges for computational linguistics and machine translation systems. Specifically, it notes that ambiguity is a major problem for computers in processing human language as they lack the world knowledge and context that humans use to resolve ambiguities. The document concludes by outlining the typical process of machine translation and how ambiguities can interfere with tasks like analysis, transfer, and generation of text in the target language.
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
This document describes the implementation of an I2C slave interface using Verilog HDL. It introduces the I2C protocol which uses only two bidirectional lines (SDA and SCL) for communication. The document discusses the I2C protocol specifications including start/stop conditions, addressing, read/write operations, and acknowledgements. It then provides details on designing an I2C slave module in Verilog that responds to commands from an I2C master and allows synchronization through clock stretching. The module is simulated in ModelSim and synthesized in Xilinx. Simulation waveforms demonstrate successful read and write operations to the slave device.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
e qqqqqqqqqqeuwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiqw dddddddddd cccccccccccccccv s w c r
cdf cb bicbsad ishd d qwkbdwiur e wetwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww w
dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffw
uuuuhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhe qiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbu uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuum
m
m mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm m i
g i dijsd sjdnsjd ndjajsdnnsa adjdnawddddddddddddd uw
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Road construction is not as easy as it seems to be, it includes various steps and it starts with its designing and
structure including the traffic volume consideration. Then base layer is done by bulldozers and levelers and after
base surface coating has to be done. For giving road a smooth surface with flexibility, Asphalt concrete is used.
Asphalt requires an aggregate sub base material layer, and then a base layer to be put into first place. Asphalt road
construction is formulated to support the heavy traffic load and climatic conditions. It is 100% recyclable and
saving non renewable natural resources.
With the advancement of technology, Asphalt technology gives assurance about the good drainage system and with
skid resistance it can be used where safety is necessary such as outsidethe schools.
The largest use of Asphalt is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces. It is widely used in airports around the
world due to the sturdiness and ability to be repaired quickly, it is widely used for runways dedicated to aircraft
landing and taking off. Asphalt is normally stored and transported at 150’C or 300’F temperature
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Levelised Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) Calculator ManualMassimo Talia
The aim of this manual is to explain the
methodology behind the Levelized Cost of
Hydrogen (LCOH) calculator. Moreover, this
manual also demonstrates how the calculator
can be used for estimating the expenses associated with hydrogen production in Europe
using low-temperature electrolysis considering different sources of electricity
Levelised Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) Calculator Manual
A Review of FDM Based Parts to Act as Rapid Tooling
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.11| Nov. 2014 | 59|
A Review of FDM Based Parts to Act as Rapid Tooling
Imtiyaz Khan1
, Dr. A. A. Shaikh2
1
Senior Lecturer, Mechanical Engineering Department, MIT Mandsaur, M.P, India
2
Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat,
Gujarat, India
I. Introduction
As a matter of fact the new market realistic require faster product development and reduced time to
meet market demand (like: high quality, greater efficiency, cost reduction and a ability to meet environmental
and recycling objectives) to reduce the product development time and cost of manufacturing, new technology of
Rapid Prototyping (RP) has been developed. Rapid Prototyping Manufacturing (RPM) has been widely used in
the modern industry, but it is difficult to achieve higher precision parts in FDM currently. Therefore, how to
improve part quality can be said as hotspot in industrial applications of RPM, especially when rapid prototyping
parts will be used as die, injection molding and EDM electrode, etc., the quality of which plays decisive role to
that of final product in mass production. Stereo lithography (SL), selective laser sintering (SLS), fused
deposition modeling (FDM) and laminated object manufacturing (LOM) is four relatively matured RPM
processes that dominate the current commercial market [1-3], among which FDM, arepresentative rapid
prototyping technology (RPT) with no use of toxic materials, has been increasingly widely used in offices. But
now the FDM systems currently only fabricate parts in elastomers, ABS and investment casting wax using the
layer by layer deposition of extruded materials through a nozzle using feedstock filaments from a spool [4].
Most of the parts fabricated in these materials can only be used for design verification, form and fit checking
and patterns for casting processes and medical applications[5]. For FDM, the two concerns are how to develop
new metal materials that can directly manufacture metal parts used in tooling, etc., and how to improve
dimension accuracy. As to developing new metal materials, literature [6] presented the detailed formulation and
characterization of the tensile properties of the various combinations of the nylon type matrix consisting of iron
particles, and the feedstock filaments of this composite have been produced and used successfully in the
unmodified FDM system for direct rapid tooling of injection moulding inserts, while literature [7] presented an
investigation on thermal and mechanical properties of new metal-particle filled ABS (acrylonitrile-butadine-
styrene) composites for applications in FDM rapid prototyping process. As to improving dimensional accuracy,
literature [8] presented experimental investigations on influence of important process parameters viz. layer
thickness, part orientation, raster angle, air gap, and raster width along with their interactions on dimensional
accuracy of FDM processed ABS400 part, and it is observed that shrinkage is dominant along length and width
direction of built part, while literature [9] presented a powerful tool, the Taguchi method, to design optimization
for quality. In this study, not only can the optimal process parameters for FDM process be obtained, but also the
main process parameters that affect the performance of the prototype can be found. Although great progress has
been made in this field, most of the literatures focus only on improving dimensional accuracy. In fact, the part
errors in FDM are classified into dimension error, shaped error and surface roughness. This paper, taking FDM
Abstract: Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is one from basic Rapid Prototyping (RP) technologies
used in technical practice. In this contribution are presented basic information about parameters such
as layer thickness, part build orientation, raster angle, raster width and air gap. This study provides
insight into complex dependency of strength on process parameters. In this paper microphotographs
are used to show the mechanism of failure. The major reason for weak strength is attributed to
distortion within or between the layers.Developing a curved layer deposition methodology can
improve part quality by reduced lamination, reduction in the staircase effect which leads to improved
dimensional accuracy of the part. Less effort has been made to increase the range of FDM materials
to include metals or metal based composites with the help of metal based composite direct rapid
tooling will allow fabrication of injection moulding dies and inserts with desired thermal and
mechanical properties suitable for using directly in injection moulding machines for short term or
long term production runs.
Keywords: Rapid Prototyping; Fused Deposition Modeling; Rapid Tooling; Staircase Effect.
2. A Review of FDM Based Parts to Act as Rapid Tooling
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.11| Nov. 2014 | 60|
for example, aims to analyze the reasons which lead to errors and propose corresponding measures to improve
part accuracy.
II. Previous Work Done
2.1. FDM Machine Structure
FDM mainly involves a feeder role or coil which is perpetually fed into an extrusion head or nozzle.
Before the material reaches the nozzle, it is heated to soften the material to a molten state when it can be
deposited onto the platform [10]. This is done with the avail of heating elements in nozzle which melts the
material. This nozzle is controlled by a computer availed manufacturing package which can be habituated to
move the nozzle in horizontal, vertical directions. As the molten material ejects out of the nozzle, it is then
spread onto the platform in the desired shape as a layer. The deposition platform is then lowered to a height
equipollent to one layer height of the component and the deposition process is reiterated over the anteriorly
deposited layer [11]. This process is reiterated layer by layer starting from the base and worked its way to the
top to consummate the whole model
Fig. 2.1.1 FDM Schematic [12] Fig. 2.1.2 Deposition Head [12]
The deposition head of the machine mainly consists of the drive block, the tip and the heating
compartment. The raw material is fed into the machine with the avail of the drive blocks which contain wheels
mounted on back of head [13]. These drive blocks are responsible for loading and unloading of the raw
materials from the rolls and can be computer controlled for precision. A heating element is utilized as bubbles
wrap for the heating compartment and withal blends in an L shape angle. This is done to divert the horizontal
flow of the filament to a vertical direction which can be then utilized as an area to melt the material. External
threading is done on the tips so that they can be screwed in with the internal screws on the heating compartment
[14].
2.2. Process parameters
When preparing to build FDM parts many fabrication parameters are needed. To achieve optimum
quality, parameters are set differently according to requirements of applications. Some parameters are -
a. Orientation: Part builds orientation or orientation referrers to the inclination of part in a build platform with
respect to X, Y, Z axis. Where X and Y-axis are considered parallel to build platform and Z-axis is along the
direction of part build.
3. A Review of FDM Based Parts to Act as Rapid Tooling
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.11| Nov. 2014 | 61|
Fig. 2.2.1 Orientation [15] Fig. 2.2.2 Layer Thickness [16]
b. Layer Thickness: Slice height is the thickness of each layer measured in the vertical or Z direction as shown
in fig. Varying the slice height would most likely have the same effect as varying the bead width of ABS plastic.
c. Raster Angle: Denotes the raster orientation which is measured from the X-axis on the bottom part layer as
shown in figure 3.7. Also it refers to the direction of the beads of material (roads) relative to the loading of the
part. The deposited roads can be built at different angles to fill the interior part. The effect of this filling
according to the raster angle applied was also investigated, where using loose angles at (45o/90o) and tighter
angles at (45o/-45o) of deposited roads.
(a) (b)
Fig. 2.2.3 (a) & (b) Raster Angle [17-18]
d. Part Raster Width (raster width): Denotes the raster width or road width which refers to the width of the
deposition path related to tip size. Also refers to the tool path width of the raster pattern used to fill interior
regions of the part curves as shown in figure 3.5. Narrow and wide filling pattern (roads) were considered to be
examined [18].
Fig. 2.2.4 Raster Width [17] Fig. 2.2.5 Air gap [17]
e. Raster to Raster gap (air gap): Air gap is the space between the beads of FDM material as shown in
Fig.2.2.5. The default is zero, meaning that the bead just touches. It can be modified to leave a positive gap,
which means that the beads of material do not touch. The positive gap results in a loosely packed structure that
builds rapidly. The air gap value can also be modified to leave a negative gap, meaning that two beads partially
occupy the same space. This results in a dense structure, which requires a longer build time.
From the published literature on FDM it appears that the [19] heat is dissipated by conduction and
coerced convection and the reduction in temperature caused by these processes forces the material to
expeditiously solidify onto the circumventing filaments. Bonding between the filaments is caused by local
remelting of anteriorly solidified material and diffusion. This results in uneven heating and cooling of material
and develops non-uniform temperature gradients. As a result, uniform stress will not be developed in the
deposited material and it may not regain its pristine dimension thoroughly. Speed at which nozzle is depositing
the material may alter the heating and cooling cycle and results in different degree of thermal gradient and thus
withal affects the component precision [20]. At lower slice thickness, nozzle deposition speed is more gradual as
4. A Review of FDM Based Parts to Act as Rapid Tooling
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.11| Nov. 2014 | 62|
compared to higher slice thickness. Withal during deposition, nozzle ceases depositing material in arbitrary
manner (in between depositing a layer and after consummately depositing a layer) and return to accommodation
location for tip cleaning. While depositing the material at the turns near the boundary of part, nozzle speed has
to be decremented and then increase to uniform speed [21]. If deposition path length is minuscule, this will
result in non-uniform stress to build up especially near the component boundary. The pattern used to deposit a
material in a layer has a consequential effect on the resulting stresses and deformation. Higher stresses will be
found along the long axis of deposition line. Therefore, short raster length is preferred along the long axis of part
to reduce the stresses [22]. Stress accumulation additionally increase with layer thickness and road width [23].
But the thick layer additionally designates fewer layers, which may reduce the number of heating and cooling
cycles. Withal, a more minuscule road width will input less heat into the system within the designated period of
time but requires more loops to fill a certain area. More loops betokens more time required for deposition of
single layer and more non uniform nozzle speed. This will keep the deposited material above its desired
temperature for regaining its pristine shape and in the mean time incipient material will be deposited and
contraction of antecedently deposited material will be constrained. The gap between two rasters in a single layer
and voids between rasters (Fig. 2.2.7) of two adjacent layers withal effect the heat dissipation and thus may
decrease the residual stress. For the case of thickness, it seems that increase is mainly caused due to obviation of
shape error and positive slicing method [24,25]. Consider (Fig.2.2.8) which shows that height of part (H) is
function of its inclination (h) with reverence to base (build platform), length (L) and thickness (T). Diffusion of
material between neighbouring rasters additionally engenders the bump (Fig. 2.2.9) because of overfilling at
contact area which results in uneven layer.
Fig.2.2.6. Crack between two rasters [9] Fig.2.2.7. Air gap [9]
Fig. 2.2.8. Orientation of part with Fig.2.2.9. Overfilling at the contact of two raster [9]
respect to the base (H is height of part) [9]
2.3. Stair Case Effect
In FDM printing of components by stacking layer one on top of other. In this method rate of product
development expeditious but bring some shortfalls additionally. One of the main areas of inhibition which
particularly subsist in FDM is the “stair case effect”. This is mainly due to the deposition method of the process,
printing of horizontal layers one on top of the other. The CAD model is first converted into the STL format
which is then sliced in flat horizontal layers with each layer having its own shape. The STL file is fundamentally
is one which consists of all the points which make up the shapes in each layer and all layers when put together
stacks up as a model. The extrusion head, which is responsible for depositing the material on the surface layer
5. A Review of FDM Based Parts to Act as Rapid Tooling
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.11| Nov. 2014 | 63|
by layer, follows the path information stored in the STL file and builds the whole part with an effect in which
curved surfaces appear to be a little short or over shoot the genuine dimension of the component. “Stair case”
effect, shown in the fig. 2.3.1
Fig.2.3.1 Stair case effect [12]
Stair case effect is more prominent when a more sizably voluminous diameter nozzle is utilized for
material deposition. The straightforward solution to this situation would be to utilize low diameter nozzle which
will print thin layers. In order to achieve more preponderant finish and reduced stair case effect, it would take
more number of layers to print the same part which results in time consumption. To achieve high precision &
surface finish prefer reduced layer thickness, as shown in the fig. 2.3.2 [12].
Fig. 2.3.2 Layers and finish quality [12]
2.4. Application of RP for Tooling
Today a great demand subsists on RPT-technologies to fortify product development by tooling or
tooling inserts that sanction the engenderment of more astronomically immense series and at the same time
enables the engenderment of those components in materials and with technologies akin to the ones used later for
series engenderment runs. The most eminent advantage is the integration of engenderment orchestrating and
testing within the product development period [26]. These processes can be relegated into two categories of
Direct Rapid Tooling and Indirect Rapid Tooling, Fig.2.4.2 predicated on the number of intermediate steps
taken along with the mundane RP operations to build the final implement. Direct Rapid Tooling involves
fabrication of rapid tooling inserts directly from CAD model on an RP machine whereas Indirect Rapid Tooling
method uses RP master patterns to build a mould, which requires adscititious downstream work [27]. Rapid
prototyping-predicated tooling techniques (RPT) sanction the fabrication of engenderment implements offering
a high potential for a more expeditious replication to market demands and engendering an incipient competitive
edge. The purpose of RPT is not the manufacture of final components, but the development of the expedient to
engender final components i.e. mass engenderment implements including moulds, dies, etc with the most
eminent advantage of integrating engenderment orchestrating and testing within the product development cycle
[28].
6. A Review of FDM Based Parts to Act as Rapid Tooling
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.11| Nov. 2014 | 64|
Fig. 2.4.1 Classification of the Fig. 2.4.2 Material-dependent
current RP-based Tooling [29] Rapid manufacturing and Tooling [29]
III. Conclusions
It can be seen from above study there exit many factors that influence part‟s accuracy rapid
prototyping. Among those factors process parameters are also significant factors.
Increasing slicing thickness, stair stepping errors increase number of layers in a part depends upon the
layer thickness and part orientation. If number of layers is more (due to decrease in layer thickness or increase in
orientation) high temperature gradient towards the bottom of part is resulted. This will increase the diffusion
between adjacent rasters increase the bonding of rasters and improve the strength.
Lot of scope is expected to increase the range of FDM materials to include metals or metal based
composites. With the help of metal based composite direct rapid tooling will allow fabrication of injection
molding dies and inserts with desired thermal and mechanical properties.
REFERENCES
[1] T. Wholers, “Future Potential of Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing around the World”, Rapid Prototyping J..,
vol.1, no.1, pp. 4-10, 1995.
[2] G.Lart, “Comparison of Rapid Prototyping Systems”, In Proceeding of 1st European conf. on rapid prototyping,
pp.243-254, 1992.
[3] F.Xu, Y.S.Wong, H.T.Loh, “Toward Generic Models for Comparative Evaluation and Process Selection in Rapid
Prototyping and Manufacturing”, Journal of Manufacturing Systems, vol.19, no.5, pp.283-296, 2000.
[4] Ludmila Novakova-Marcincinova, Ivan Kuric „Basic and Advanced Materials for Fused Deposition Modeling Rapid
Prototyping Technology‟ Manuf. and Ind. Eng.,Faculty of Manuf. Tech. TUKE 11(1), 2012, ISSN 1338-6549.
[5] Montgomery, D.C., 2003, Design and Analysis of Experiments, fifth ed. John Wiley & Sons Pvt. Ltd., Singapore.
[6] S.H.Masood, W.Q.Song, “Development of new metal/polymer materials for rapid tolling using fused deposition
modeling”, Materials and Design, vol.24, no.11, pp.587-594, 2004.
[7] M.Nikzad, S.H.Masood, I.Sbarski, “Thermo-Mechanical Properties of A Highly Filled Polymeric Composites for
Fused Deposition Modeling, Materials and Design, vol.32, no.4, pp.3448-3456, 2011.
[8] R.Anitha, S.Arunachalam, P.Radhakrishnan, “Critical Parameters Influencing the Quality of Prototypes in Fused
Deposition Modeling”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol.28, no.8, pp.385-388, 2001.
[9] Anoop Kumar Sood, R.K. Ohdar, S.S. Mahapatra, “Improving Dimensional Accuracy of Fused Deposition Modeling
Processed Part Using Taguchi Method”, Materials and Design, vol.30, no.6, pp.4243-4252, 2009.
7. A Review of FDM Based Parts to Act as Rapid Tooling
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.11| Nov. 2014 | 65|
[10] Ramanath, H.S., Chua, C.K. and Leong, K.F. (2007) „Melt flow behavior of poly-caprolactone in fused deposition
modeling‟, Journal of Material Science: Materials in Medicine, Vol. 19, No.7, pp.2541-2550.
[11] Nikzad, M., Masood, S.H., Sbarski, I. andGroth, A. (2009)„A Study of Melt Flow Analysis of an ABS-Iron
Composite in Fused Deposition Modelling Process‟, TSINGHUA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, ISSN 1007-
0214 05/38,Vol. 14, pp.29-37.
[12] Vivek Anand „An Investigation into curved layer deposition for Fused Deposition Modelling‟ Auckland University
of Technology Dec 2010.
[13] Nikzad, M., Masood, S.H., Sbarski, I. andGroth, A. (2007)„Thermo-mechanical properties of a metal-filled polymer
composite for fused deposition modelling applications‟, Proceedings of5th Australasian Congress on Applied
Mechanics, Brisbane, Australia.
[14] Bellini, A. And Bertoldi, M. (2004) „Liquefier dynamics in fused deposition modeling‟, Journal of Manufacturing
Science and Engineering, Vol. 126, pp.237-246.
[15] http://www.sculpteo.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Build-direction-3D-printing.
[16] Thrimurthulu, K., Pulak, M., Pandey, N., Reddy, V. 2003. Optimum part deposition orientation in fused deposition
modeling. Integrated manufacturing systems. 44(2004), pp. 585-594.
[17] Ahn, S., Lee, C., and Jeong, W. 2004. Development of translucent FDM parts by post-processing. Rapid prototyping
Journal. 10 (4), pp. 218-224.
[18] http://fab.snu.ac.kr/webtools/fdm/image/material-1.gif
[19] T. Nancharaiah *D. Ranga Raju and **V. Ramachandra Raju „An experimental investigation on surface quality and
dimensional accuracy of FDM components‟ International Journal on Emerging Technologies 1(2): 106-111(2010)
ISSN : 0975-8364.
[20] Anoop Kumar Sood a, R.K. Ohdar b, S.S. Mahapatra c,* „Improving dimensional accuracy of Fused Deposition
Modelling processed part using grey Taguchi method‟ Materials and Design 30 (2009) 4243–4252 journal.
[21] Chou K, Zhang Y. A parametric study of part distortion in fused deposition modeling using three dimensional
element analysis. Proc IMechE: J Eng Manuf 2008;222(B):959–67.
[22] Huang You-Min, Hsiang-Yao Lan. Path planning effect on the accuracy of rapid prototyping system. Int J Adv
Manuf Technol 2006;30:233–46.
[23] Nickel AH, Barnett DM, Prinz FB. Thermal stresses and deposition patterns in layered manufacturing. Mater Sci Eng
2001;A317:59–64.
[24] Liao YS, Chiu YY. A new slicing procedure for rapid prototyping systems. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 2001;18:579–
85.
[25] Pandey Pulak Mohan, Venkata Reddy N, Dhande Sanjay G. Slicing procedures in layered manufacturing a review.
Rapid Prototyping J 2003;9(5):274–88.
[26] Hans Jager, Gideon Levy, Ralf Schindel; 2001; New Technologies to Shorten Time to Market: The Impact of Actual
and Future Rapid Prototyping Technologies ; Proceedings of IE&EM '2001, Tianjin. China
[27] Karapatis, NP, Van Griethuysen, JPS & Glardon, R 1998, 'Direct rapid tooling: A review of current research', Rapid
Prototyping Journal, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 77- 89.
[28] Hans, J, Gideon, L & Ralf, S 2001, 'New technologies to shorten time to market: The impact of actual and future
rapid prototyping technologies,' IE&EM.
[29] Mostafa Nikzad, Syed hasan Masood, IGOR Sbarski, Andrew Groth „A Study of Melt Flow Analysis of an ABS –
Iron Composite in Fused Deposition Modelling Process‟ TSINGHUA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ISSN 1007-
0214 05/38, Vol 14, Number S1, June 2009,pp 29-37.