An Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor was used to study the treatment of distillery
effluent. Vinasse was used to feed the reactor, although its Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
concentration varied during the experiment, the volume utilized to feed the reactor was adjusted to
maintain constant Organic Load Rate (OLR). The UASB reactor was operated with OLR 1, 2, 4 and 6
gCOD/Ld. Removal efficiencies of 76,64,63 and 51% respectively were observed. The reactor responded
with progressive decreases of efficiency with each increase of OLR, the total mass removed increased.
An average biogas production of 1.400, 1.872, 2.17 and 2.172 L to each OLR of 1, 2, 4 and 6 gCOD/Ld,
respectively was observed. The methane content in biogas was 63, 68, 86 and 89% each OLR tested.
Methane production is also followed with values of .892 L to OLR 1 gCOD/Ld, 1.264 L to OLR 2
gCOD/Ld, 1.876 L to OLR 4 gCOD/Ld and 2.900 L to OLR 6 gCOD/Ld.
The UASB reactor operating in continuous mode, it was necessary to evaluate the best conditions for
this type of waste. The treatment of distillery effluents using a UASB reactor is feasible and is an
alternative to treat these wastes in the alcohol industries
The document summarizes an experimental study that compared the methane generation potential from brewery wastewater and domestic wastewater using an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. The study involved setting up two experimental systems - one with brewery wastewater and one with domestic wastewater. Various parameters like COD, pH, methane production were monitored over a 15 day period. The results showed that the brewery wastewater had higher COD removal efficiency and methane production compared to the domestic wastewater. The study provides useful insights into evaluating the energy recovery potential from different wastewater sources using anaerobic digestion.
This document discusses anaerobic digestion from a microbiological perspective. It begins by refreshing some key terms related to anaerobic digestion processes. It then compares aerobic decomposition and anaerobic digestion, noting the different bacteria involved and end products. The document outlines the main stages of the anaerobic digestion process and factors that can affect it, such as temperature, organic loading, pH, and inhibitory substances. It also briefly discusses related processes like silaging and composting. Finally, it provides an overview of how a lab-scale continuous stirred-tank reactor can be used to simulate large-scale anaerobic digestion conditions.
This document summarizes a student's research project on treating whey wastewater from a dairy company using anaerobic, aerobic, and anoxic treatment systems. The student characterized the whey wastewater, conducted treatment in anaerobic, aerobic, and anoxic reactors, and analyzed various parameters such as COD, TOC, TN, and TP before and after each treatment. The highest COD, TOC, TN, and TP removals were achieved in the aerobic reactor, followed by anoxic and then anaerobic reactors. The student concluded that an anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic treatment combination provides better results for whey wastewater treatment compared to
The document provides design criteria and an example design for an anaerobic sludge digestion system. Key points:
- It selects anaerobic digestion with two completely mixed digesters operated at 35°C for sludge stabilization.
- Design parameters include volatile solids loading, retention time, mixing method, gas production estimates, and characteristics of influent and digested sludge.
- The example design calculates digester sizing based on flow and loading, dimensions two 13.7m diameter digesters, and verifies loading rates and retention times meet requirements.
02 Characterization and Primary Treatment of Sewageakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
This document summarizes a study that investigated using nano zero-valent iron (NZVI) to control sludge bulking in activated sludge treatment systems. The study operated two lab-scale activated sludge bioreactors, dosing one reactor with NZVI over three trials while monitoring the effects. Initial results showed NZVI helped reduce sludge volume index (SVI) and sludge loss, but higher concentrations were needed. The third trial with a 112.5 mg/L dose reduced SVI but increased effluent contaminants and slightly impacted nitrification. Overall, NZVI showed potential for sludge bulking control but more work is needed to minimize side effects on treatment performance.
The document describes the principles and design of activated sludge wastewater treatment. Activated sludge processes use aerobic bacteria to consume organic matter in wastewater. Wastewater flows into an aeration tank where bacteria grow as they consume organic matter, then flows into a clarifier where bacteria settle as sludge. Sludge is partially recycled to the aeration tank to maintain bacteria populations. The design of activated sludge systems depends on parameters like hydraulic retention time, solids retention time, food to microorganism ratio, and dissolved oxygen levels. Typical designs include conventional, complete mix, extended aeration, and high rate aeration configurations.
Lecture 1 unit i environmental pollutantVikesh Lade
This document provides an overview of environmental pollutants and wastewater characteristics from a lecture by Dr. Vikesh G. Lade. It defines pollution and describes the main pathways by which pollutants enter the environment. It also outlines the typical composition of wastewater and the sources of various contaminants. Key concepts discussed include the aerobic and anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in sewage, as well as biomagnification, biosorption, and the nitrogen, carbon, sulfur and phosphorus cycles.
The document summarizes an experimental study that compared the methane generation potential from brewery wastewater and domestic wastewater using an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. The study involved setting up two experimental systems - one with brewery wastewater and one with domestic wastewater. Various parameters like COD, pH, methane production were monitored over a 15 day period. The results showed that the brewery wastewater had higher COD removal efficiency and methane production compared to the domestic wastewater. The study provides useful insights into evaluating the energy recovery potential from different wastewater sources using anaerobic digestion.
This document discusses anaerobic digestion from a microbiological perspective. It begins by refreshing some key terms related to anaerobic digestion processes. It then compares aerobic decomposition and anaerobic digestion, noting the different bacteria involved and end products. The document outlines the main stages of the anaerobic digestion process and factors that can affect it, such as temperature, organic loading, pH, and inhibitory substances. It also briefly discusses related processes like silaging and composting. Finally, it provides an overview of how a lab-scale continuous stirred-tank reactor can be used to simulate large-scale anaerobic digestion conditions.
This document summarizes a student's research project on treating whey wastewater from a dairy company using anaerobic, aerobic, and anoxic treatment systems. The student characterized the whey wastewater, conducted treatment in anaerobic, aerobic, and anoxic reactors, and analyzed various parameters such as COD, TOC, TN, and TP before and after each treatment. The highest COD, TOC, TN, and TP removals were achieved in the aerobic reactor, followed by anoxic and then anaerobic reactors. The student concluded that an anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic treatment combination provides better results for whey wastewater treatment compared to
The document provides design criteria and an example design for an anaerobic sludge digestion system. Key points:
- It selects anaerobic digestion with two completely mixed digesters operated at 35°C for sludge stabilization.
- Design parameters include volatile solids loading, retention time, mixing method, gas production estimates, and characteristics of influent and digested sludge.
- The example design calculates digester sizing based on flow and loading, dimensions two 13.7m diameter digesters, and verifies loading rates and retention times meet requirements.
02 Characterization and Primary Treatment of Sewageakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
This document summarizes a study that investigated using nano zero-valent iron (NZVI) to control sludge bulking in activated sludge treatment systems. The study operated two lab-scale activated sludge bioreactors, dosing one reactor with NZVI over three trials while monitoring the effects. Initial results showed NZVI helped reduce sludge volume index (SVI) and sludge loss, but higher concentrations were needed. The third trial with a 112.5 mg/L dose reduced SVI but increased effluent contaminants and slightly impacted nitrification. Overall, NZVI showed potential for sludge bulking control but more work is needed to minimize side effects on treatment performance.
The document describes the principles and design of activated sludge wastewater treatment. Activated sludge processes use aerobic bacteria to consume organic matter in wastewater. Wastewater flows into an aeration tank where bacteria grow as they consume organic matter, then flows into a clarifier where bacteria settle as sludge. Sludge is partially recycled to the aeration tank to maintain bacteria populations. The design of activated sludge systems depends on parameters like hydraulic retention time, solids retention time, food to microorganism ratio, and dissolved oxygen levels. Typical designs include conventional, complete mix, extended aeration, and high rate aeration configurations.
Lecture 1 unit i environmental pollutantVikesh Lade
This document provides an overview of environmental pollutants and wastewater characteristics from a lecture by Dr. Vikesh G. Lade. It defines pollution and describes the main pathways by which pollutants enter the environment. It also outlines the typical composition of wastewater and the sources of various contaminants. Key concepts discussed include the aerobic and anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in sewage, as well as biomagnification, biosorption, and the nitrogen, carbon, sulfur and phosphorus cycles.
The document summarizes a study on using a combined anaerobic-aerobic reactor system to treat textile wastewater. Key findings include:
- Over 84.62% of ammonia nitrogen and about 98.9% of volatile suspended solids were removed by the system.
- Dissolved oxygen, pH, and organic changes were investigated during the nitrification and denitrification processes. Dissolved oxygen and pH were found to have only slight influences on nitrification, and a 10% removal of nitrogen resulted in about a 3% change in pH.
- The system was able to effectively remove nitrogen and organic materials from textile wastewater through the coupled anaerobic and aer
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
1) Anaerobic treatment is a biological process that occurs without oxygen to stabilize organic materials by converting them to methane, carbon dioxide, and ammonia.
2) It has several advantages over aerobic treatment including lower energy requirements, energy generation in the form of methane gas, and lower sludge production.
3) The process involves several groups of microorganisms that break down organic matter in stages through hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis.
Advanced Onsite Wastewater Treatment Technologies and Nitrogen RemovalPete Sabo
Over 360,000 homes on Long Island have inadequate wastewater treatment technologies. Long Island
recently revamped their onsite wastewater treatment laws to mitigate this environmental degradation
from septic systems. This seminar will present information about the advanced wastewater treatment
technologies that significantly reduce the impact of nitrogen on the environment. The presentation will
focus on the role of aerobic treatment technologies and other advanced onsite wastewater treatment
technologies.
This document provides information about the activated sludge process for wastewater treatment. The activated sludge process uses microorganisms and oxygen to biologically treat wastewater. Microorganisms consume organic matter in the wastewater to grow, reproducing and removing pollutants through metabolic processes. Key components of an activated sludge system include the aeration tank where microorganisms and wastewater are mixed with air, and the secondary clarifier where microorganisms are separated from treated water. The food to microorganism ratio (F:M ratio) is important to balance to maintain effective treatment. Calculations are provided to determine pounds of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS),
This document reviews the development and use of the anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) for wastewater treatment. Some key points:
- The ABR was developed in the 1980s as an alternative to systems like the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. It provides better resilience to shocks and longer biomass retention times.
- Various modifications to the original ABR design have been made to improve performance, such as narrowing downflow chambers, adding settling zones, and using different packing materials. These modifications aim to enhance solids retention and the reactor's ability to treat more difficult wastewaters.
- A key advantage of the ABR is its
The document summarizes a seminar on biological wastewater treatment processes, past, present, and future. It discusses various types of domestic and industrial wastewater and their characteristics. It then describes key biological processes involved in wastewater treatment like carbonaceous removal, nitrogen removal, and sulfate removal. Various treatment processes are discussed including pond treatment, activated sludge process, and biofilm processes. Ongoing research activities at the institute are also highlighted which include studies on nitrification kinetics, anaerobic sulfate reduction modeling, and membrane bioreactor processes.
The document summarizes key principles of the activated sludge process used to treat wastewater. The process involves mixing wastewater high in organics with microorganisms in an aeration tank. The microorganisms consume the organics and grow, then the mixed liquor settles in a clarifier separating treated water from sludge. Design parameters like hydraulic retention time and solids retention time are based on the specific wastewater and determined through testing to size the aeration tank and control sludge wasting. The activated sludge process is widely used to treat municipal and industrial wastewater high enough in organics to support microbial growth.
Activated sludge calculations with excel coursezubeditufail
This document provides an overview of an online course about activated sludge calculations using Excel. The course covers background on biological wastewater treatment and the activated sludge process. It describes common activated sludge process variations like conventional, extended aeration, and contact stabilization. The course teaches design and operational calculations for activated sludge aeration tanks using examples and sample Excel spreadsheets. Upon completion, students should understand activated sludge systems and be able to perform typical calculations.
1) The document describes a study on optimizing an anaerobic reactor for treating wastewater from a dairy industry. 2) Two types of reactors were tested - one with a fixed film media and one with a floating film media. 3) The fixed film media reactor achieved 87-91% COD removal, while the floating film media reactor achieved 84-86% removal as the hydraulic retention time was increased from 5.3 to 5.9 m3/day over 4 weeks.
The document discusses various aspects of anaerobic wastewater treatment processes. It provides information on the types and characteristics of anaerobic reactors including UASB and EGSB reactors. It also describes the formation of anaerobic granular sludge, which allows high biomass retention and efficient COD removal. Additionally, it compares the kinetics, environmental factors, and advantages of anaerobic versus aerobic wastewater treatment processes.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
This document provides information about wastewater engineering as part of a civil engineering course. It discusses why wastewater engineering is important when pollution loads exceed the environment's carrying capacity. Nature has limits on its ability to self-purify, so wastewater treatment systems must be engineered to treat pollutants within smaller areas and timeframes. The document then covers characteristics of wastewater, parameters for analysis including biochemical oxygen demand, and methods for determining measures like total and volatile solids.
Activated sludge process in wastewater treatment plantMohamed Asfak
1) The activated sludge process is a commonly used secondary treatment method that uses aerobic bacteria and microorganisms to oxidize dissolved organic matter in sewage water into carbon dioxide and water.
2) It works by adding sludge from a previous batch, containing sewage-metabolizing microbes, to incoming sewage as an inoculum. This causes the organic matter to be incorporated into bacterial flocs over 4-8 hours of aeration.
3) The flocs are then settled and treated in anaerobic digesters, removing up to 95% of BOD through both aerobic oxidation and settling out of the flocs.
Multi-Stage Activated Biological Process (MSABP™)jackakin
The MSABP is a multi-stage attached growth biological wastewater treatment process that effectively treats pollutants without generating waste sludge. It utilizes naturally occurring microbial food chains where organisms that break down organics are consumed by higher-level organisms, removing them from the system. The process is made up of multiple treatment stages with different microbial environments, fixed film media, aeration, and controls to achieve high pollutant removal with minimal excess sludge. It has been successfully used to treat municipal and industrial wastewater.
YSI Activated Sludge - 3 Things You Need to Know to Improve Process ControlXylem Inc.
Join YSI’s wastewater expert, Dr. Rob Smith, as he discusses activated sludge at municipal water resource recovery facilities. Dr. Rob will review the three things you should know about activated sludge in water resource recovery facilities.
Optimization of the activated sludge process requires careful management of three critical parameters: aeration, sludge wasting, and sludge recirculation. Over the years, wastewater professionals have based their decisions on measurements from batch tests applied to grab samples. The batch measurements are representative of the process but are limited in frequency and subject to interpretation.
On the other hand, direct measurement of water chemistry is performed in the laboratory for demonstrating permit compliance on composited influent and effluent samples. The laboratory measurements provide measurements of important variables like oxygen, solids, ammonium and nitrate, but they are also limited in frequency and the samples are not representative of the process.
Online process monitoring provides the best of both strategies by directly measuring the important variables in representative samples continuously. This webinar discusses online process monitoring and control of activated sludge. Topics include:
1. Measurement principle
2. Operation and maintenance
3. Applications for energy conservation and nutrient removal.
Anammox Process for Nitrogen Removal from WastewaterJingyi Kan
This document summarizes information about the anammox process for nitrogen removal from wastewater. It describes the discovery and principle of anammox, including the chemical and biochemical reaction models. Applications of anammox include the SHARON-ANAMMOX and CANON ANAMMOX processes. Problems with anammox include long start-up times and inhibition by organic carbon. Solutions discussed are the HABR reactor design and optimization approaches like controlling temperature, dissolved oxygen, and organic carbon levels.
This document provides information on operational mathematics for activated sludge systems. It defines key terms like F/M ratio, MCRT, and WAS. Formulas are given for calculating these values based on inputs like influent BOD, MLSS, aeration tank volume, and flows. The roles of the different zones in a BNR system are also summarized. Operational goals like maintaining the proper F/M ratio and sludge age are discussed.
The biological wastewater treatment processes reproduce the natural purification processes that occur in water bodies. They involve microorganisms like bacteria, protozoa, fungi, algae, and worms that convert organic matter into inert products. Understanding the microbiology is essential for optimizing treatment system design and operation. Historically, design was empirical but modern multidisciplinary engineering incorporates biology for a more rational understanding of the processes.
This document discusses HIV/AIDS, including how it is transmitted, prevented, and tested for. It notes that HIV is a retrovirus that attacks and destroys the immune system over time. It can be transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal fluid, and breast milk. Prevention methods include safer sex practices and not sharing needles. HIV testing involves a blood test to detect antibodies and must include counseling. While there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, treatment can suppress the virus and prolong life. The document addresses issues around transmission, prevention, and testing.
This document summarizes security attacks on routing protocols in mobile ad hoc wireless networks. It discusses characteristics of ad hoc networks, including dynamic network topology and fluctuating link capacity. It describes problems with routing protocols, such as energy consumption and rapid node movement. It also outlines various security attacks like passive eavesdropping and active attacks that modify or inject false packets. Finally, it examines security solutions for ad hoc networks, including the Security Aware Ad Hoc Routing protocol, Authenticated Routing for Ad Hoc Networks protocol, and Cooperation of Nodes Fairness in Dynamic Ad-hoc NeTworks protocol.
The document summarizes a study on using a combined anaerobic-aerobic reactor system to treat textile wastewater. Key findings include:
- Over 84.62% of ammonia nitrogen and about 98.9% of volatile suspended solids were removed by the system.
- Dissolved oxygen, pH, and organic changes were investigated during the nitrification and denitrification processes. Dissolved oxygen and pH were found to have only slight influences on nitrification, and a 10% removal of nitrogen resulted in about a 3% change in pH.
- The system was able to effectively remove nitrogen and organic materials from textile wastewater through the coupled anaerobic and aer
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
1) Anaerobic treatment is a biological process that occurs without oxygen to stabilize organic materials by converting them to methane, carbon dioxide, and ammonia.
2) It has several advantages over aerobic treatment including lower energy requirements, energy generation in the form of methane gas, and lower sludge production.
3) The process involves several groups of microorganisms that break down organic matter in stages through hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis.
Advanced Onsite Wastewater Treatment Technologies and Nitrogen RemovalPete Sabo
Over 360,000 homes on Long Island have inadequate wastewater treatment technologies. Long Island
recently revamped their onsite wastewater treatment laws to mitigate this environmental degradation
from septic systems. This seminar will present information about the advanced wastewater treatment
technologies that significantly reduce the impact of nitrogen on the environment. The presentation will
focus on the role of aerobic treatment technologies and other advanced onsite wastewater treatment
technologies.
This document provides information about the activated sludge process for wastewater treatment. The activated sludge process uses microorganisms and oxygen to biologically treat wastewater. Microorganisms consume organic matter in the wastewater to grow, reproducing and removing pollutants through metabolic processes. Key components of an activated sludge system include the aeration tank where microorganisms and wastewater are mixed with air, and the secondary clarifier where microorganisms are separated from treated water. The food to microorganism ratio (F:M ratio) is important to balance to maintain effective treatment. Calculations are provided to determine pounds of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS),
This document reviews the development and use of the anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) for wastewater treatment. Some key points:
- The ABR was developed in the 1980s as an alternative to systems like the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. It provides better resilience to shocks and longer biomass retention times.
- Various modifications to the original ABR design have been made to improve performance, such as narrowing downflow chambers, adding settling zones, and using different packing materials. These modifications aim to enhance solids retention and the reactor's ability to treat more difficult wastewaters.
- A key advantage of the ABR is its
The document summarizes a seminar on biological wastewater treatment processes, past, present, and future. It discusses various types of domestic and industrial wastewater and their characteristics. It then describes key biological processes involved in wastewater treatment like carbonaceous removal, nitrogen removal, and sulfate removal. Various treatment processes are discussed including pond treatment, activated sludge process, and biofilm processes. Ongoing research activities at the institute are also highlighted which include studies on nitrification kinetics, anaerobic sulfate reduction modeling, and membrane bioreactor processes.
The document summarizes key principles of the activated sludge process used to treat wastewater. The process involves mixing wastewater high in organics with microorganisms in an aeration tank. The microorganisms consume the organics and grow, then the mixed liquor settles in a clarifier separating treated water from sludge. Design parameters like hydraulic retention time and solids retention time are based on the specific wastewater and determined through testing to size the aeration tank and control sludge wasting. The activated sludge process is widely used to treat municipal and industrial wastewater high enough in organics to support microbial growth.
Activated sludge calculations with excel coursezubeditufail
This document provides an overview of an online course about activated sludge calculations using Excel. The course covers background on biological wastewater treatment and the activated sludge process. It describes common activated sludge process variations like conventional, extended aeration, and contact stabilization. The course teaches design and operational calculations for activated sludge aeration tanks using examples and sample Excel spreadsheets. Upon completion, students should understand activated sludge systems and be able to perform typical calculations.
1) The document describes a study on optimizing an anaerobic reactor for treating wastewater from a dairy industry. 2) Two types of reactors were tested - one with a fixed film media and one with a floating film media. 3) The fixed film media reactor achieved 87-91% COD removal, while the floating film media reactor achieved 84-86% removal as the hydraulic retention time was increased from 5.3 to 5.9 m3/day over 4 weeks.
The document discusses various aspects of anaerobic wastewater treatment processes. It provides information on the types and characteristics of anaerobic reactors including UASB and EGSB reactors. It also describes the formation of anaerobic granular sludge, which allows high biomass retention and efficient COD removal. Additionally, it compares the kinetics, environmental factors, and advantages of anaerobic versus aerobic wastewater treatment processes.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
This document provides information about wastewater engineering as part of a civil engineering course. It discusses why wastewater engineering is important when pollution loads exceed the environment's carrying capacity. Nature has limits on its ability to self-purify, so wastewater treatment systems must be engineered to treat pollutants within smaller areas and timeframes. The document then covers characteristics of wastewater, parameters for analysis including biochemical oxygen demand, and methods for determining measures like total and volatile solids.
Activated sludge process in wastewater treatment plantMohamed Asfak
1) The activated sludge process is a commonly used secondary treatment method that uses aerobic bacteria and microorganisms to oxidize dissolved organic matter in sewage water into carbon dioxide and water.
2) It works by adding sludge from a previous batch, containing sewage-metabolizing microbes, to incoming sewage as an inoculum. This causes the organic matter to be incorporated into bacterial flocs over 4-8 hours of aeration.
3) The flocs are then settled and treated in anaerobic digesters, removing up to 95% of BOD through both aerobic oxidation and settling out of the flocs.
Multi-Stage Activated Biological Process (MSABP™)jackakin
The MSABP is a multi-stage attached growth biological wastewater treatment process that effectively treats pollutants without generating waste sludge. It utilizes naturally occurring microbial food chains where organisms that break down organics are consumed by higher-level organisms, removing them from the system. The process is made up of multiple treatment stages with different microbial environments, fixed film media, aeration, and controls to achieve high pollutant removal with minimal excess sludge. It has been successfully used to treat municipal and industrial wastewater.
YSI Activated Sludge - 3 Things You Need to Know to Improve Process ControlXylem Inc.
Join YSI’s wastewater expert, Dr. Rob Smith, as he discusses activated sludge at municipal water resource recovery facilities. Dr. Rob will review the three things you should know about activated sludge in water resource recovery facilities.
Optimization of the activated sludge process requires careful management of three critical parameters: aeration, sludge wasting, and sludge recirculation. Over the years, wastewater professionals have based their decisions on measurements from batch tests applied to grab samples. The batch measurements are representative of the process but are limited in frequency and subject to interpretation.
On the other hand, direct measurement of water chemistry is performed in the laboratory for demonstrating permit compliance on composited influent and effluent samples. The laboratory measurements provide measurements of important variables like oxygen, solids, ammonium and nitrate, but they are also limited in frequency and the samples are not representative of the process.
Online process monitoring provides the best of both strategies by directly measuring the important variables in representative samples continuously. This webinar discusses online process monitoring and control of activated sludge. Topics include:
1. Measurement principle
2. Operation and maintenance
3. Applications for energy conservation and nutrient removal.
Anammox Process for Nitrogen Removal from WastewaterJingyi Kan
This document summarizes information about the anammox process for nitrogen removal from wastewater. It describes the discovery and principle of anammox, including the chemical and biochemical reaction models. Applications of anammox include the SHARON-ANAMMOX and CANON ANAMMOX processes. Problems with anammox include long start-up times and inhibition by organic carbon. Solutions discussed are the HABR reactor design and optimization approaches like controlling temperature, dissolved oxygen, and organic carbon levels.
This document provides information on operational mathematics for activated sludge systems. It defines key terms like F/M ratio, MCRT, and WAS. Formulas are given for calculating these values based on inputs like influent BOD, MLSS, aeration tank volume, and flows. The roles of the different zones in a BNR system are also summarized. Operational goals like maintaining the proper F/M ratio and sludge age are discussed.
The biological wastewater treatment processes reproduce the natural purification processes that occur in water bodies. They involve microorganisms like bacteria, protozoa, fungi, algae, and worms that convert organic matter into inert products. Understanding the microbiology is essential for optimizing treatment system design and operation. Historically, design was empirical but modern multidisciplinary engineering incorporates biology for a more rational understanding of the processes.
This document discusses HIV/AIDS, including how it is transmitted, prevented, and tested for. It notes that HIV is a retrovirus that attacks and destroys the immune system over time. It can be transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal fluid, and breast milk. Prevention methods include safer sex practices and not sharing needles. HIV testing involves a blood test to detect antibodies and must include counseling. While there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, treatment can suppress the virus and prolong life. The document addresses issues around transmission, prevention, and testing.
This document summarizes security attacks on routing protocols in mobile ad hoc wireless networks. It discusses characteristics of ad hoc networks, including dynamic network topology and fluctuating link capacity. It describes problems with routing protocols, such as energy consumption and rapid node movement. It also outlines various security attacks like passive eavesdropping and active attacks that modify or inject false packets. Finally, it examines security solutions for ad hoc networks, including the Security Aware Ad Hoc Routing protocol, Authenticated Routing for Ad Hoc Networks protocol, and Cooperation of Nodes Fairness in Dynamic Ad-hoc NeTworks protocol.
This document contains 5 photos of a dog named Liberty demonstrating different poses and techniques for pet photography. The photos include Liberty demonstrating the rule of thirds, making eye contact with the camera, a close-up of Liberty's paws, Liberty holding a prop, and a straight on shot of Liberty.
The document provides photography tips including taking shots from different angles including eye level, shooting down, and shooting up. It also mentions techniques like the rule of thirds, back lighting, candid shots, using props for orientation in landscape or portrait, expressions, and backgrounds. One model was outside her comfort zone but the shoot was safe.
1. The document discusses mapping object-oriented software models to function point analysis. It proposes rules for counting function points based on the analysis phase models in the OOSE (object-oriented software engineering) methodology, including the use case model and analysis object model.
2. A tool called OOFP is proposed to measure function points from the requirements and analysis models in OOSE. The paper focuses on applying the tool and rules to the analysis phase models to identify transactional and data functions for function point counting.
3. A case study applies the proposed rules to example use case and analysis models from a course registration system to demonstrate identifying transaction and data functions for function point analysis.
This document provides a sample exam for ACC 561 with 50 multiple choice questions covering various accounting concepts. The questions assess understanding of controllership functions, budgeting, costing methods, performance evaluation, and management control systems.
High End Solution for Advanced Civil Engineering ProjectsIJMER
Civil FEM performs the best customization of the well-known Finite Element Program ANSYS.
The combination of both programs, totally integrated, provides the Construction and Civil Engineering
fields with the possibility of applying high-end technology to a wide range of projects. Using the same
windows graphic user interface and sharing input data and results, makes it very easy for the user to
apply them for solving difficult Civil Engineering problems. The ability to generate finite element models
of any complex three-dimensional civil structure with non-linear behaviour and construction process
simulation means a new and efficient approach to run advanced analysis on PC’s.
Position Determination of an Aircraft Using Acoustics Signal ProcessingIJMER
This paper deals with the determination of an aircraft position using the acoustic source
emitted from it. As per the experimental setup, sound energy emitted from the aircraft is captured with
the help of microphones and processed further using MATLAB toolbox and LABVIEW software.
Localization algorithm is sub divided into two categories, in which the first method involves time delay
estimation of acoustic source through simulation process and the second method is analyzing the
Doppler frequency shift from the aircraft sound. Using the above methods the navigation parameters
such as velocity, Height, Mach number, RPM of the propeller, Elevation angle and slant range will be
determined.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the spatial and physical factors of open areas in residential complexes (RCs) in Iran, specifically in the Apadana residential complex. The study aimed to improve life quality within RCs by better understanding relationships between internal and external residential areas. 325 households in Apadana were surveyed about the quality of open areas. Results found that 50% rated open area quality as moderate, 48.8% as desirable, and 0.6% as undesirable. Suggestions are made to qualitatively and quantitatively expand open areas by emphasizing spatial and physical factors and relationships between internal and external spaces.
This document discusses the synthesis of nano materials using sputtering. It begins by introducing nano materials and describing electron beam lithography and sputtering processes. The document then details the experimental procedure used, which involves using EBL to pattern PMMA resist on a silicon nitride wafer with a desired pattern. Sputtering is then used to co-deposit alumina and silica onto the patterned wafer. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy are used to characterize the synthesized nano materials and confirm the presence of uniformly distributed 50nm cubes. Analysis of SEM and AFM images shows the nano materials have a flat surface, good adhesiveness, and low surface roughness.
This document summarizes a research project on a mobile-operated land rover controlled using DTMF tones. The rover receives DTMF tones from a mobile phone call and uses a microcontroller to control motors based on the tones. The key components are a DTMF decoder that recognizes tones, a microcontroller that controls motors, and motor drivers. The system allows remote control of the rover using the keypad of a mobile phone without a transmitter.
The document analyzes pores in the microstructure of two cast aluminum alloys (Al-20%wtSi and Al-20%wtCu) using fractal analysis, multi-stage random sampling, and spatial point pattern methods. Fractal analysis showed that all pores were shrinkage pores with fractal dimensions approaching 2. The multi-stage random sampling and spatial point pattern methods revealed that crack initiation for eventual failure of the Al-20%wtSi alloy would start in the worst pore found in the lower right region, as it had the lowest fractal dimension and sphericity values. This work demonstrated the effectiveness of using fractal analysis, multi-stage random sampling, and spatial point pattern methods to characterize pores in cast
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes global block-based redundancy architectures for self-repairing of embedded memories. The key points are:
- Redundant rows and columns of memory are divided into blocks that can replace faulty blocks anywhere in the memory array, rather than just within the same row or column. This global approach helps repair clustered faults.
- A modified essential spare pivoting (MESP) algorithm is proposed for built-in redundancy analysis that has low area overhead. It collects faulty cell information and analyzes block-level faults.
- Simulation results show the proposed architectures and MESP algorithm significantly improve manufacturing yield, repair rates, and reliability compared to other approaches, due to their efficient
1. The document discusses the process of making a film. It begins with students asking each other questions about films they like.
2. It then defines various filmmaking jobs like director, scriptwriter, actor, and crew. It also discusses the stages of filmmaking from writing the story to editing the final product.
3. The document teaches students about passive voice by providing examples of forming passive sentences in both the present and past tense. It uses examples related to filmmaking to practice passive voice.
The usual star, left-star, right-star, plus order, minus order and Lowner ordering have been
generalized to bimatrices. Also it is shown that all these orderings are partial orderings in bimatrices.
The relationship between star partial order and minus partial order of bimatrices and their squares are
examined.
Some Dynamical Behaviours of a Two Dimensional Nonlinear MapIJMER
The document summarizes research on a two-dimensional nonlinear map known as the Nicholson Bailey model. The model describes population dynamics between hosts and parasites. The study analyzes the dynamical behaviors of the model such as steady states, stability of equilibrium points, and bifurcation points. It is observed that the model follows a period-doubling route to chaos. Numerical evaluations are used to demonstrate bifurcation diagrams and calculate the accumulation point where chaos begins. The model is modified to restrict unbounded growth in the prey population.
Methodology used for improving overall equipment effectiveness by Implementi...IJMER
The global marketplace is highly competitive and organizations who want to survive long-term, have to continuously improve, change and adapt in response to market demands. Improvements in
a company's performance should focus on cost cutting, increasing productivity levels, quality and
guaranteeing deliveries in order to satisfy customers. Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) is one
method, which can be used to achieve these goals. TPM is an approach to equipment management that
involves employees from both production and maintenance departments. Its purpose is to eliminate major
production losses by introducing a program of continuous and systematic improvements to production
equipment.
The document discusses a study on the impact of idol immersion activities on water quality in the Budhabalanga River in Balasore, India. Samples were collected before, during, and after immersion periods and analyzed for heavy metal concentrations. The results showed increased levels of calcium, magnesium, chromium, cadmium, lead, arsenic, and other metals in the river water after idol immersions. While religious activities are important, the materials used to make idols like paint with heavy metals can increase pollution levels if immersed. Changes are suggested to make idols and rituals more environmentally friendly.
Effect of Modified AA5356 Filler on Corrosion Behavior of AA6061 Alloy GTA WeldsIJMER
1) The document examines the effect of modified AA5356 filler and grain refiners on the corrosion behavior of AA6061 alloy gas tungsten arc welds.
2) Dynamic polarization testing showed that welds made with 0.5% scandium-modified AA5356 filler using pulsed current welding had the highest pitting corrosion resistance.
3) Optical microscopy revealed that additions of grain refiners like scandium, zirconium, and tibor to the AA5356 filler reduced pit size and density in the fusion zone, improving corrosion resistance compared to unmodified AA5356 filler.
Investigation of Effects of impact loads on Framed StructuresIJMER
This research work consists of a general overview of numerical analysis and dynamic
response of framed structures under impact loading. The purpose of the work is to introduce the Finite
Element Method which is difficult while analyzing dynamic response to framed structures. Also to
introduce the Ansys software and it will also explain and discuss particular model cases subjected to
various impact loadings. With these models there will be understanding of the behavior of framed
structures showing the clear results of stress, strain and deformation developed throughout the
structures.
his study investigated the microbial community in a full scale anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor system for oil-produced water treatment in summer and winter. The community structures of fungi and bacteria were analyzed through polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and Illumina high-throughput sequencing, respectively. Chemical oxygen demand effluent concentration achieved lower than 50 mg/L level after the system in both summer and winter, however, chemical oxygen demand removal rates after anaerobic baffled reactor treatment system were significant higher in summer than that in winter, which conformed to the microbial community diversity. Saccharomycotina, Fusarium, and Aspergillus were detected in both anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor during summer and winter. The fungal communities in anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor were shaped by seasons and treatment units, while there was no correlation between abundance of fungi and chemical oxygen demand removal rates. Compared to summer, the total amount of the dominant hydrocarbon degrading bacteria decreased by 10.2% in anaerobic baffled reactor, resulting in only around 23% of chemical oxygen demand was removed in winter. Although microbial community significantly varied in the three parallel sulfide reducing bacteria, the performance of these bioreactors had no significant difference between summer and winter.
Multiple response optimization analysis for pretreatments of Tequila’s stilla...Roberto Bolaños
The objective of this work was study the effect of three pretreatments (alkalinization, thermical treatment, and sonication) on Tequila’s
stillages hydrolysis process in acidogenesis stage, through the following response variables: soluble chemical oxygen demand (CODs),
total sugar and volatile fatty acids profile and the hydrogen production at the time. The stillages were subject to these pretreatments
(according to a 23 factorial design); afterward they were transferred to a batch reactor at 35 C and inoculated with an anaerobic digestor
sludge. Multiple response optimization (MRO) analysis was done to find the global optimum for the response variables described above.
This optimum is able to maximize simultaneously all these variables. It was found adequate to be useful hydrolyzing the organic matter
present in Tequila’s stillages. Mathematical models were fitted to observe the estimated effects of pretreatments on each response variable,
then the MRO was applied.
2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The document discusses waste water treatment in the paper and pulp industry. It describes the various stages of treatment including preliminary (screening), primary (sedimentation, flotation, filtration), secondary (anaerobic treatment, aerated lagoons), and tertiary (membrane filtration, ozone treatment). The influent and effluent from a paper mill are analyzed, showing high levels of suspended solids, BOD, COD, chlorides, and sulfates in the influent that are reduced through treatment to meet standards for effluent discharge.
This thesis investigates the potential of microalgae species to biodegrade reactive blue dye. The study aims to identify dominant microalgae species in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia and examine their ability to degrade dye under different conditions. The methodology involves growing microalgae in culture media, identifying the predominant species, and conducting experiments to determine the effect of culturing medium, substrate concentration, and contact time on dye degradation. Preliminary results found the dominant microalgae species to be Scenedesmus sp., Chlorella sp., Synedra sp., and Achnanthidium sp. Growth curves showed higher biomass concentration when cultured in BBM medium compared to BG-11 medium. Further analysis of dye
This document reports on a treatment wetland project that evaluated the effects of different macrophyte species and anammox seeding sources in constructed wetlands. Four wetland mesocosms were operated for 7 weeks, including two vegetated submerged bed wetlands planted with different species and two free water surface wetlands seeded with different sources. Water quality parameters were measured weekly and samples were analyzed for nitrogen species, microorganisms, and fecal coliform. The results showed differences in nitrogen removal performance between the wetland types, with the vegetated submerged bed wetlands generally achieving higher ammonium removal rates than the free water surface wetlands. Microbial analysis identified various bacteria and protozoa present that contribute to nitrogen
This document summarizes a study on changes to the effluent from a chlor-alkali plant in India due to process modifications. The study evaluated the plant's effluent before and after implementing suggestions to minimize waste, such as covering equipment to reduce evaporation and process losses. Water quality parameters like pH, TSS, TDS, COD, BOD, mercury and free chlorine were analyzed. The modifications successfully reduced wastewater loads and improved effluent characteristics compared to before the changes were made.
Potential use of plantain (musa paradisiaca) wastes in the removal of lead an...ADEOLU ADEDOTUN TIMOTHY
The document discusses the potential use of plantain wastes in removing lead and chromium from effluent from a battery recycling plant. It describes how:
1) Plantain wastes were collected and processed to produce activated carbon, which was then used to treat effluent from a battery recycling plant in tests.
2) Testing examined the effect of pH, activated carbon dose, and initial metal concentration on removing lead and chromium. Results showed over 80% removal of both metals was achieved at optimal conditions.
3) Characterization of the activated carbons found plantain-based activated carbons had higher surface areas and similar functional groups as commercial activated carbon.
The document summarizes research optimizing batch reactor systems to remove organic carbon from wastewater. Four reactors were tested - two anaerobic and two aerobic. The anaerobic reactors achieved an average 83% COD removal, while the aerobic reactors achieved a higher average 93% reduction. Water quality parameters and COD levels over time were monitored. The results indicate that a large-scale aerobic reactor would be most suitable for maximum organic compound removal.
Biosolids Minimization Using Alkaline Sludge Hydrolysis and BNR ProcessLystek
This paper presents a pilot-scale evaluation of an integrated approach to sludge management utilizing a combination of biological nutrient removal and biosolids alkaline hydrolysis, as well as attempts to explore the impact of recycled alkaline hydrolysates on sludge yield and anaerobic digestion. The novel concept of converting an existing conventional activated sludge (CAS) wastewater treatment plant in St. Marys, Ontario to BNR and integrating it with Lystek technology emerged to reduce sludge production and spare the plant expansion of its sludge storage facilities.
A pilot study was undertaken to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed BNR system and to assess the impact of recycling Lystek-treated sludge to the BNR system and anaerobic digester. The pilot plant produced effluent comparable to that of the full-scale plant with biological nitrification/denitrification and phosphorous removal.
The Effluent Quality Discharged and Its Impacts on the Receiving Environment ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The study evaluates the performance of Kacyiru Sewage Treatment Plant and its effluent impacts on the receiving wetland. Influent and effluent wastewaters as well as receiving wetland water qualities were measured from April to September 2019, at Kacyiru estate. The average removal efficiency (%) of the parameters such as TN, TP, COD, BOD 5 were recorded as 46.57; 61.49; 50.51; 66.79 respectively. The parameters such as pH, TDS, temperature value, were recorded within the prescribed limit of Rwanda standards for domestic wastewater discharge. The other parameters such as NTU, TN, TP, TSS, BOD 5 and Fecal coliforms were not complying with National standards requirements for domestic wastewater discharge. The finding showed that the excess nutrient observed may present potential sources of pollution in wetland and decrease the oxygen levels which affect the water living organisms. The discharged effluents contain microbes which can negatively devastate the receiving environment, thus the effect of discharged wastewater on environment is significant.
IRJET- Performance Evaluation of Anaerobic Digestion of Food WasteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research evaluating the performance of anaerobic digestion of food waste. The study used a batch digester with a 20 L capacity to digest a mixture of cow dung, inoculum, and water, as well as food waste collected from a hostel. Parameters like pH, temperature, volatile fatty acids, alkalinity, chemical oxygen demand, and volatile suspended solids were analyzed. Results showed biogas production was highest at a pH of 7.8 and temperatures between 35-38°C. Chemical oxygen demand removal and biogas production were positively correlated. Maximum biogas production of 7,750 ml/day occurred at an organic loading rate of 1.0 g volatile suspended solids/L/day
Parametric Studies on Detergent Using Low Cost SorbentIOSR Journals
: Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Indian rivers are
polluted due to the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents. Management of the quality of this
precious resource is, therefore, of special importance. In these study industrial effluents samples from the
various detergent factories were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and bacteriological evaluation of
pollution. The use and effectiveness of granular and powder activated carbon made from agricultural waste i.e.
coconut husk and that coconut husk is a suitable adsorbent for such an effluent. Maximum adsorption capacity
is a derived from Langmuir isotherm. A series of fixed bed experiments was carried out and the results were
applied to a bed-depth/service time model for column adsorption. The validity of such a model is discussed. In
the removal of organic matter in wastewater effluents from a industry waste water were investigated. The effect
of process variables such as carbonization temperature, carbonization duration and activation temperature on
the production and quality of activated carbon was studied as well as adsorption capacity was studied
Anaerobic Treatment of Textile Wastewater using EGSBIJSRD
In this study expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor has been used to investigate the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), and color of textile wastewater. Synthetic Textile wastewater was treated in an EGSB reactor seeded with non granular anaerobic sludge from UASB reactor treating sugar mill wastewater of Badagandi sugar mill at Badagandi village, Bagalkot district, Karnataka, India and active septic tank. The initial volatile suspended solid concentration was 20.40 g/L. The study was carried out at ambient temperature 29ºC to 37ºC in the laboratory scale reactors of 8.4 L effective volume. Reactor was fed with macro and micro nutrients. Successful reactor startup with granulation was achieved within 13 days of operation using Chitosan as polymer. During startup the hydraulic retention times (HRT) was kept constant for 12 hrs. A maximum COD removal efficiency of 89.95% was achieved at organic loading rate (OLR) of about 8 KgCOD/m3/d. And the maximum bio gas production was 20.4 l/d. During operation period synthetic textile wastewater was fed step by step with increasing concentration of 25%, 50% and 75% of influent COD (5000 mg/L) respectively. Loading was increased by reducing HRT to 6 hrs, 3 hrs, 1.5 hrs and 1 hr respectively. Results indicated that anaerobic treatment of textile wastewater was possible with the supplementation of an external carbon source in the form of glucose (600mg/L). The corresponding maximum COD and color removals were 78.4% and 69% respectively for HRT of 1.5 hrs and OLR of 80 Kg COD/m3/d at ambient temperature.
High Rate of Water Biodenitrification Using Anthracite as Hyphomicrobium Deni...theijes
Pure culture of Hyphomicrobium denitrificans DSM 1869 was immobilized on anthracite and utilized for biological denitrification in 50-ml flasks employing methanol and acetic acid as carbon source. The results demonstrate that acetic acid was a suitable carbon source for H. denitrificans to remove high nitrate concentrations. The maximum denitrification rate was 233.1 mg NO3-N/g MLSS.h and the highest NO3-N removal efficiency was obtained when using C/N ratio of 4.0 and acetic acid as the carbon source. C/N ratio can significantly affect denitrification in different operational conditions. The low C/N ratios did not allow the denitrification process to be completed in case of high NO3-Nconcentrations. High C/N ratio increased the rate of nitrate conversion when using acetic acid as a carbon source; but added a pollutant to denitrified water when using methanol as a carbon source. The results demonstrated that H. denitrificans was a suitable bacterium for denitrifying high NO3-N concentrations.
Biodegradation Potentials of Aspergillus Flavipes Isolated from Uburu and Okp...YogeshIJTSRD
This document summarizes a study that investigated the biodegradation potential of the fungus Aspergillus flavipes isolated from two salt lakes in Nigeria. A. flavipes showed tolerance to high salt concentrations of up to 40% and was able to degrade crude oil in a salt-amended medium. Over an 8 week period, A. flavipes degraded 89% of crude oil present as measured gravimetrically. Gas chromatography also showed degradation of lighter hydrocarbon fractions. This demonstrates the potential of extreme halophilic fungi for bioremediating oil spills in saline environments.
Up-flow anaerobic sludge beds (UASB) reactors utilize waste-converting biofilms to treat toxic wastewater. Microorganisms in the biofilm granules break down compounds anaerobically and produce methane gas. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis measures the organic compounds in water and is used to determine the quality of treated effluent from UASB reactors, with the goal of reducing COD levels by 60-80%. Three UASB reactors were established in this study to collect samples from ports throughout and analyze COD levels over time, with initial results indicating the reactors are reducing COD as intended. However, further analysis is needed to fully understand the microbial interactions and optimize the reactors'
CH-3. Anaerobic treatment of wastewaterTadviDevarshi
Anaerobic treatment process, Effects of pH, temperature and other parameters on anaerobic treatment, Concept of anaerobic contact process, anaerobic filter, anaerobic fixed film reactor, fluidized bed and expanded bed reactors and up flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor.
The document describes a study that used a compact jet loop reactor to treat industrial wastewater from a paper industry. The reactor was able to achieve over 91% reduction in chemical oxygen demand and over 98% reduction in biochemical oxygen demand when operated at a mixed liquor volatile suspended solids concentration of 3000 mg/L and aeration time of 1 hour. Synthetic wastewater was also tested in the reactor to analyze reduction in chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, and sludge volume index over time. Results demonstrated the reactor's effectiveness at treating both synthetic wastewater and actual industrial wastewater from a paper industry.
A comparison of chemical treatment methods for the preparation of rice husk c...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— NaOH, H2O2 and NaOH/H2O2 treatment methods were investigated to eliminate the lignin and hemicellulose distributed in the lignocellulosic matrix of rice husk. In order to prevent the decomposition of H2O2 at higher temperatures, a low temperature treatment for 4 hours has been performed. A composition analysis indicated that NaOH/H2O2 may achieve the highest concentration of α-cellulose, but had the lowest overall solid recovery rate. Both FTIR and TGA results confirmed that only the H2O2 treated rice husk contained hemicellulose residue, which could be found at the absorption peak 1740 cm-1. The TGA analysis demonstrated the NaOH/H2O2 modified rice husks presented the most uniform structure. The SEM gave a clear picture of the raw rice husks and modified rice husks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Similar to Anaerobic Digestion of Vinasse cane alcohol: The influence of OLR by a UASB reactor (20)
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
This document summarizes research on the fabrication and characterization of bio-composite materials using sunnhemp fibre. The document discusses how sunnhemp fibre was used to reinforce an epoxy matrix through hand lay-up methods. Various mechanical properties of the bio-composites were tested, including tensile, flexural, and impact properties. The results of the mechanical tests on the bio-composite specimens are presented. Potential applications of the sunnhemp fibre bio-composites are also suggested, such as in fall ceilings, partitions, packaging, automotive interiors, and toys.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
This document discusses integrating the Spring, Struts, and Hibernate frameworks to develop enterprise applications. It provides an overview of each framework and their features. The Spring Framework is a lightweight, modular framework that allows for inversion of control and aspect-oriented programming. It can be used to develop any or all tiers of an application. The document proposes an architecture for an e-commerce website that integrates these three frameworks, with Spring handling the business layer, Struts the presentation layer, and Hibernate the data access layer. This modular approach allows for clear separation of concerns and reduces complexity in application development.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
This document introduces and studies the concept of δˆ s-locally closed sets in ideal topological spaces. Some key points:
- A subset A is δˆ s-locally closed if A can be written as the intersection of a δˆ s-open set and a δˆ s-closed set.
- Various properties of δˆ s-locally closed sets are introduced and characterized, including relationships to other concepts like generalized locally closed sets.
- It is shown that a subset A is δˆ s-locally closed if and only if A can be written as the intersection of a δˆ s-open set and the δˆ s-closure of A.
- Theore
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
This document discusses natural language ambiguity and its effect on machine learning. It begins by introducing different types of ambiguity that exist in natural languages, including lexical, syntactic, semantic, discourse, and pragmatic ambiguities. It then examines how these ambiguities present challenges for computational linguistics and machine translation systems. Specifically, it notes that ambiguity is a major problem for computers in processing human language as they lack the world knowledge and context that humans use to resolve ambiguities. The document concludes by outlining the typical process of machine translation and how ambiguities can interfere with tasks like analysis, transfer, and generation of text in the target language.
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
This document describes the implementation of an I2C slave interface using Verilog HDL. It introduces the I2C protocol which uses only two bidirectional lines (SDA and SCL) for communication. The document discusses the I2C protocol specifications including start/stop conditions, addressing, read/write operations, and acknowledgements. It then provides details on designing an I2C slave module in Verilog that responds to commands from an I2C master and allows synchronization through clock stretching. The module is simulated in ModelSim and synthesized in Xilinx. Simulation waveforms demonstrate successful read and write operations to the slave device.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
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Anaerobic Digestion of Vinasse cane alcohol: The influence of OLR by a UASB reactor
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 6| June. 2014 | 37|
Anaerobic Digestion of Vinasse cane alcohol: The influence of
OLR by a UASB reactor
Cinthya Alejandra Sosa-Villalobos1
, Elena Rustrián2
, Eric Houbron3
1
(Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos/ Universidad Politécnica de
Madrid, España)
2, 3
(Facultad de Ciencias Químicas/ Universidad Veracruzana, Orizaba, México)
I. INTRODUCTION
The sugar and distillery industries are the most important agro-industries for economic development
in Mexico and several countries for the production of sugar and alcohol. However, alcohol industry has been
proved as one of the industries, which consume large amount of water and energy, produce numerous organic
pollutants, and cause serious contamination [1]. All distilleries produce an effluent commonly known as
“vinasse,” an amount equal to 10–15 times that of the volume of alcohol [2]
According to the origin of the raw material and the fermentation / distillation used for obtaining
alcohol, is the high content of COD, total nitrogen, total phosphorus effluent among other parameters. The
vinasses disposal into the environment is hazardous and has high pollution potential. The highly colored
components of the vinasses reduce sunlight penetration in rivers, lakes or lagoons, which in turn decrease both
photosynthetic activity and dissolved oxygen concentration affecting aquatic life. In accordance Pant and
Adholeya [3] the brown colour is due to phenolics (tannic and humic acids) from the feedstock, melanoidins
from Maillard reaction of sugars (carbohydrates) with proteins (amino groups)
[2] Patel et al. reported that the dry vinasse or effluent contains about 38–40% inorganic salts of
potassium, sodium, magnesium, and calcium in the form of chlorides, sulfates, and phosphates, and about 60–
62% organic compounds. Besides a strong pungent smell and intense dark color, effluent has a large biological
oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the range of 45 and 100 g/L, respectively.
[4] Mohana et al. indicate that the unpleasant odor of the vinasse is due to the presence of skatole,
indole and other sulphur compounds, which are not effectively decomposed by yeast during distillation.
A number of technologies have been explored for reducing the pollution load of distillery effluent.
Biological treatment of distillery is either aerobic or anaerobic but in most cases a combination of both is used.
Various physicochemical methods such as adsorption, coagulation–flocculation, and oxidation processes have
also been practiced for the treatment of distillery effluent [3].
Among anaerobic technologies available, based clearly in the granular sludge blanket is the most
interesting. The UASB concept is one of the most notable developments in anaerobic treatment process
technology, conceived in the late 1970’s in the Netherlands by Professor Lettinga Gatze Wageningen.
Abstract: An Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor was used to study the treatment of distillery
effluent. Vinasse was used to feed the reactor, although its Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
concentration varied during the experiment, the volume utilized to feed the reactor was adjusted to
maintain constant Organic Load Rate (OLR). The UASB reactor was operated with OLR 1, 2, 4 and 6
gCOD/Ld. Removal efficiencies of 76,64,63 and 51% respectively were observed. The reactor responded
with progressive decreases of efficiency with each increase of OLR, the total mass removed increased.
An average biogas production of 1.400, 1.872, 2.17 and 2.172 L to each OLR of 1, 2, 4 and 6 gCOD/Ld,
respectively was observed. The methane content in biogas was 63, 68, 86 and 89% each OLR tested.
Methane production is also followed with values of .892 L to OLR 1 gCOD/Ld, 1.264 L to OLR 2
gCOD/Ld, 1.876 L to OLR 4 gCOD/Ld and 2.900 L to OLR 6 gCOD/Ld.
The UASB reactor operating in continuous mode, it was necessary to evaluate the best conditions for
this type of waste. The treatment of distillery effluents using a UASB reactor is feasible and is an
alternative to treat these wastes in the alcohol industries
Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, organic load rate (OLR), UASB reactor, Vinasse, Biogas
2. Anaerobic Digestion of Vinasse cane alcohol: The influence of OLR by a UASB reactor
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 6| June. 2014 | 38|
The key features of the UASB process that allow the use of high volumetric COD loadings compared
to other anaerobic processes. In this study the influence Organic Load Rate (OLR) with the removal efficiency
was evaluated.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 UASB reactor
The UASB reactor (Figure 1) consisted of a glass column 53 cm high, with 7.5 cm internal diameter
and six sampling points along its length, the reactor had a total volume of 2.3 L.
The reactor was fed with vinasse using a peristaltic pump and the vinasse was maintained at 20°C in a
container during the feeding to the reactor. The hydrodynamic conditions and upflow was maintained by
recycling using a Masterflex® peristaltic pump .An inverted conic gas-solid-liquid separator was installed in
the upper part of the reactor, after the biogas passed through a Mariotte Flask containing to (3N NaOH)
solution. The operation temperature was of 35±2°C using a Polystat® water bath heater circulator
1. Effluent
3. Vinasse
reservoir
4. Feeding
pump
6. Recycle pump
5. water bath
heater circulator
8. Thermometer
9. Mario e´s
flask device
2. Sampling
ports
7. Biogas output
Figure 1. UASB reactor
2.2 Experimental procedure
To inoculate the UASB reactor, there were used granular sludge from a Wastewater Treatment Plant
(WWTP), which is a mixture of urban wastewater (UW) and Industrial Wastewater (IW), from various local
industries such as; brewery, paper, production of drugs, chemicals, steel mills, petrochemical and others. In the
beginning of the experiment, an operation was performed in batches. 600 ml of concentrated sludge were used,
which represented an initial concentration of 10.63 g/L of VSS in the mixed liquor in the reactor. A solution of
inorganic medium adds (Table 1)
Table 1. Modified inorganic medium
Modified Kawahara Stock solution volume/100 ml of reactor
KH2PO4 4.05 g/l 15 ml Stock solution of KH2PO4
K2HPO4 8.385 g/l 4 ml Stock solution of K2HPO4
NH4Cl 7.95 g/l 4 ml Stock solution of NH4Cl
CaCl2 1.125 g/l 4 ml Stock solution of CaCl2
MgCl2.6H2O 1.0 g/l 4 ml Stock solution of MgCl2.6H2O
FeSO4.7H2O 5.6 g/l 4 ml Stock solution of FeSO4.7H2O
Note: Original Inorganic medium [5]
3. Anaerobic Digestion of Vinasse cane alcohol: The influence of OLR by a UASB reactor
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 6| June. 2014 | 39|
2.3 Substratum
The vinasse used throughout the entire study, came from a family local distillery that processes about
20,000 liters of daily alcohol from molasses. The production of vinasse is about 20 L per liter of processed
alcohol, i.e. 200 m3
per day. This vinasse are downloaded and processed in an anaerobic lagoon system. The
vinasse was sampled monthly during the project; in the Table 2, the average characterization of the vinasse
used for the project is summarized. It was operated in continuous mode, feeding vinasses by a peristaltic pump.
The vinasse was neutralized before feeding the reactor, taking a pH of 4-7 with manual addition of 3N NaOH.
Initial OLR 1 gCOD/Ld was applied, with an average concentration of vinasse of 108.33 and 97.47 gCOD/L
total and soluble, respectively. OLR gradually increasing values were performed at 2, 4, up to a maximum
value of 6 gCOD/Ld observing the stabilization of the system in each condition. In Table 3, the UASB reactor
operations conditions are shown. Gradual increases were performed according to the recommended values by
Lettinga and Hulshoff [6]
Table 2. Characterization of the vinasse
Parameter Average Maximum Minimum
pH 4.14 4.44 4.03
Conductivity (µs/cm) 21.17 29.80 7.73
Tot-COD (g/L) 128.63 217.71 57.59
Sol-COD(g/L) 108.48 156.07 36.13
TTS (g/L) 80.12 113.98 17.85
VTS (g/L) 58.11 81.67 11.81
TSS (g/L) 6.83 15.24 1.08
VSS (g/L) 5.42 11.78 0.96
N-Organic(g/L) 0.25 0.65 0.08
TKN (g/L) 0.28 0.69 0.12
N-NH4 (g/L) 0.03 0.05 0.003
Total phosphate (g/L) 0.08 0.15 0.01
Sulfates (g/L) 9.36 14.64 5.03
Table 3. Average operating conditions of the UASB reactor with proved OLR
OLR (gCOD/L·d)
1 2 4 6
Upflow velocity (m/h) 2 2-3 2,5-3 2,5-3
HRT (days) 109 58 30 25
Flowrate (L/d) 0,022 0,042 0,108 0,099
Temperature (ºC) 36±2 36±2 36±2 36±2
2.4 Performed analyzes
To verify the stability of the system, the following parameters were analyzed daily, influent and
effluent: CODTotal, CODSoluble, sulfate (SO4
2-
), total solids (TS), volatile total solids (VTS), total suspended
solids (TSS) and volatile suspended solids (VSS), pH, temperature, biogas and CH4 produced. For the
analytical determination of soluble compounds previously samples were centrifuged (6000 rpm for 30 min.).
The procedures correspond to those reported by Mexican standards, and standardized methods for the analysis
of drinking and Wastewater [7]
4. Anaerobic Digestion of Vinasse cane alcohol: The influence of OLR by a UASB reactor
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 6| June. 2014 | 40|
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Process Performance
The percentage of CODsoluble removal function of time can be seen in Figure 1. At the beginning of the
experiment, was observed an upper 98% removal during the first 20 days. It is up to day 50 and up to a length
approximately equivalent to 1 HRT that is beginning to show a stable clearance values over 70%. Initially the
OLR of 2 gCOD/L·d values for removal of approximate 80% this is still observed for 72 days after the 1 OLR
gCOD/L·d, ie equivalent to the period of 1 HRT. The observed average value of COD removal percentage is
approximately 60%. By applying OLR of 4 gCOD/L·d due to a change in the concentration of our vinasse
during a period of approximately 50 days, we obtain data clearance 40 to 60%. Once stabilized feeding
conditions, a removal of CODsoluble average of 60% is reached.
During OLR of 6 gCOD/L·d is observed a greater variability in the percentage of COD
removal. Excluding the period in batch mode to recover the activity of the reactor, the average removal
efficiency of soluble COD was 51%. We can observe that while the reactor responds by a progressive reduction
to each increase efficiency OLR the total mass removed increases.
The response of the reactor and the biodegradability of the effluent is considered that further increases
OLR could irreversibly affect the operation of the reactor. However it is clear that the concentration of vinasse
and consequently, HRT plays an important role in the operation and efficiency of the UASB reactor. This
directly impacts the Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT), which has values of 118, 59, 41, 24 days for the OLR 1,
2, 4 and 6 gCOD/Ld respectively.
These facts still position the UASB technology in a suitable and appropriate process for the treatment
of sugar cane alcohol vinasses.
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
Removal%
Time, days
OLR=1 gCOD/L·d OLR=2 gCOD/L·d OLR=6 gCOD/L·dOLR=4 gCOD/L·d
Figure 2. COD soluble removal versus time
3.2 Biogas production
The biogas production, CH4 and CH4 percentage is illustrated in figure 3. To an OLR 1 gCOD/Ld
average and stable biogas production and methane with values of 1.4 L and 0.892 L respectively was observed.
The presented biogas contained 63% of methane. Biogas production and methane observed reflect a good
development of the granule and a good metabolism by this. Furthermore, the average theoretical production of
CH4 is 0,646 L, i.e. lower than actually occurred, this may have two explanations. First, the sensitivity of the
biogas production volumetric system. However, the measured values would be lower than the theoretical, in
this case. For this reason, a second alternative is required. According E. Houbron, et al [8] a solids residence
time of more than 20 days, promotes liquefaction of solid organic wastes. Indeed given the amount of solids in
the vinasse and HRT 118 days, the conditions for hydrolysis-solubilization of this organic matter are presented
and allow additional methane production. With respect to the OLR 2 gCOD/Ld, the average production of
biogas and methane had values of 1.87 L and 1.26 L respectively. The methane gas is 68%, which represents
an interesting quality of biogas from the energy standpoint. The theoretical value calculated methane is 1 L.
This value is still lower than what actually occurred. Under these operating conditions the HRT of 59 days is
still suitable to hydrolysis-solubilization of solid waste and the generation of an extra amount of methane. By
increasing OLR 4 gCOD/Ld proportional increases were observed in the production of biogas and methane.
5. Anaerobic Digestion of Vinasse cane alcohol: The influence of OLR by a UASB reactor
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 6| June. 2014 | 41|
The average production of biogas and methane was 2.17 L and 1.87 L, respectively. The methane content of
the biogas is very interesting; values increased to 86%. The average theoretical methane production represents
the 2.15 L, higher than the measured value. Under this OLR of 4 gCOD/Ld, HRT is approximately 40 days
whereby the condition for hydrolysis of the solids is reduced. The difference between real and calculated
methane production corresponds to the balance of the catabolism and anabolism of the microorganisms in the
reactor, under these operating conditions. With OLR 6 gCOD/Ld an average biogas and methane production
of 3.26 L and 2.9 L, respectively was observed. Actual production of methane is close to the theoretical value
calculated from 2,767 L. The average percentage of CH4 content in the biogas was 89%. Biogas constant
values when applying OLR 4 and 6, even with the variability of HRT were maintained.
Figure 3. The biogas production, CH4 and CH4 percentage versus Organic load rate (OLR)
3.3 Methane yield
To make a more accurate methanogenic activity of granules in the reactor evaluation, the methane
yield was used as a monitoring parameter [9] [10]. The methane yield is the amount of methane produced per
mass of organic matter, removed at a given temperature. The average temperature of the reactor throughout the
whole study was 36°C, corresponding to a theoretical 0.396 production efficiency LCH4/gCODremoved.
In Figure 4, the methane yield evolution versus OLR is showed. For OLR 1 g COD/Ld a YCH4
average of 0.504 LCH4/gCODremoved was obtained. The methane yield real value exceeds the theoretical value,
involved the long HRT, which allows it to carry out a hydrolysis-solubilization of the solids, which generates
an extra supply in soluble COD. For OLR 2, 4, and 6 gCOD/Ld, methane yield values are very close to the
theoretical value. As we discussed previously, the presence of solids and long HRT generate favorable
hydrolysis-solubilization conditions, which may explain an additional methane production. These optimal
values of methane yield confirm the excellent activity of the granules to treat vinasse. However, an
optimization of the HRT or dilution vinasses, may eventually reduce the toxicity of the substrate, increase its
removal at higher OLR and also eliminate hydrolysis-solubilization.
Figure 4. The Methane yield (YCH4) evolution versus Organic load rate (OLR)
6. Anaerobic Digestion of Vinasse cane alcohol: The influence of OLR by a UASB reactor
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 6| June. 2014 | 42|
Several authors reported the operation of UASB reactors at higher loads of 10 gCOD/Ld [11] [12]
[13]. However all reported strong reduction removal efficiency by increasing the load. Moreover, it is reported
[14], that dilute effluent removal efficiencies increase. Now, while diluting a vinasse at laboratory does not
represent major problems, in situ requires a huge source of water. Given the laws in practice is unthinkable,
use clean water to dilute vinasse, so the only option would be to reuse the treated effluent. Another alternative
could be mixing the waters of vinasse with urban wastewater. But, as Toze [13] mentioned, there are a number
of risk factors to reuse. Certain factors are short term and vary in their degree of risk, depending human,
animal and environmental factors (pathogens, microbes), while others have a long term impact, which increase
with continued use of wastewater recycling (eg, saline effects on soil). Therefore, dilution of vinasse as charged
is not as viable in situ solution.
IV. CONCLUSION
By operating the UASB reactor in continuous mode, it was possible to evaluate the best operating
conditions for this type of waste (vinasse). For a range of operation OLR 1-6 gCOD/Ld quite a favorable
response is observed with respect to the performance of UASB reactor, as presented soluble COD removal
percentages of 51 to 76%, similar efficiencies to those reported literature. The OLR 6 gCOD/Ld for the UASB
reactor fed with vinasse represents the limit of its capacity. However, with increasing OLR increased biogas
production and methane is generated. Elevated HRT applied, allowed hydrolysis-solubilization of solid,
generating an extra production of methane, which is reflected in the higher theoretical value YCH4. Once the
reactor stabilized, catabolism was the dominant biochemical process. Treating cane alcohol vinasse using an
UASB reactor is feasible, however the high concentration of organic matter imposes high HRT.
Acknowledgements
This project was financially supported by Mexican FOMIX-CONACYT- Veracruz project Nº 41752.
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