Abstract: Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is one from basic Rapid Prototyping (RP) technologies
used in technical practice. In this contribution are presented basic information about parameters such
as layer thickness, part build orientation, raster angle, raster width and air gap. This study provides
insight into complex dependency of strength on process parameters. In this paper microphotographs
are used to show the mechanism of failure. The major reason for weak strength is attributed to
distortion within or between the layers.Developing a curved layer deposition methodology can
improve part quality by reduced lamination, reduction in the staircase effect which leads to improved
dimensional accuracy of the part. Less effort has been made to increase the range of FDM materials
to include metals or metal based composites with the help of metal based composite direct rapid
tooling will allow fabrication of injection moulding dies and inserts with desired thermal and
mechanical properties suitable for using directly in injection moulding machines for short term or
long term production runs.
Optimizing the manufacturing of the nose cone of a race careSAT Journals
can be employed right from the mold making process to the actual
manufacturing of a composite part. It focuses on developing a cost-effective, time-saving and reusable mold that can withstand
relatively high pressures and temperatures and serve as an alternative to the current industry norms. The challenge lies in
effectively eliminating the pattern making stage without compromising on the surface finish of the mold.
Considering the high velocities that race cars travel with, nose cone geometry plays a critical role in dictating the aerodynamic
design that provides minimum drag and ensures optimum performance of the car. The first step in achieving this goliath of a step
has its foundation in making a coherent assembly of the nose cone while maintaining its structural integrity and strength. Based
on the experimental data, the lamination strategy was worked out to adjudicate the carbon fiber prepreg layers on the nose cone
mold.
Key Words: Composites, Mold, Carbon fiber, Prepregs, Nose Cone, Joggle technique
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Study on Microstructure and machining characteristics of 7% B4Cp reinforced i...IJTET Journal
The specimen was casted with the reinforcement B4Cp (7wt. %) and matrix Al6061 by Stir casting method to study its
microstructure and machining characteristics. The microstructure was observed by using computerized optical microscope. The
machining characteristics of Al6061-B4Cp depend on different parameters like depth of cut, feed rate and cutting speed.
Therefore the effects were studied by varying one of the parameters and keeping the other two as constant. After machining, the
surface was examined by using Insize digital optical microscope analyzer to know the condition of the machined surface.
This content include Friction stir additive manufacturing,friction stir welding , additive manufacturing , need , steps, working principle, result, deffect, process parametre
Optimizing the manufacturing of the nose cone of a race careSAT Journals
can be employed right from the mold making process to the actual
manufacturing of a composite part. It focuses on developing a cost-effective, time-saving and reusable mold that can withstand
relatively high pressures and temperatures and serve as an alternative to the current industry norms. The challenge lies in
effectively eliminating the pattern making stage without compromising on the surface finish of the mold.
Considering the high velocities that race cars travel with, nose cone geometry plays a critical role in dictating the aerodynamic
design that provides minimum drag and ensures optimum performance of the car. The first step in achieving this goliath of a step
has its foundation in making a coherent assembly of the nose cone while maintaining its structural integrity and strength. Based
on the experimental data, the lamination strategy was worked out to adjudicate the carbon fiber prepreg layers on the nose cone
mold.
Key Words: Composites, Mold, Carbon fiber, Prepregs, Nose Cone, Joggle technique
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Study on Microstructure and machining characteristics of 7% B4Cp reinforced i...IJTET Journal
The specimen was casted with the reinforcement B4Cp (7wt. %) and matrix Al6061 by Stir casting method to study its
microstructure and machining characteristics. The microstructure was observed by using computerized optical microscope. The
machining characteristics of Al6061-B4Cp depend on different parameters like depth of cut, feed rate and cutting speed.
Therefore the effects were studied by varying one of the parameters and keeping the other two as constant. After machining, the
surface was examined by using Insize digital optical microscope analyzer to know the condition of the machined surface.
This content include Friction stir additive manufacturing,friction stir welding , additive manufacturing , need , steps, working principle, result, deffect, process parametre
Influence of Thrust, Torque Responsible for Delamination in drilling of Glass...IDES Editor
Glass fabric sandwich composites are potentially
growing materials which satisfies the low strength to weight
fraction, thermal conductivity, high strength and long
operational lifetime required for key engineering applications
especially in the field of Mechanical and Aerospace structures.
With their wide range of application, their manufacturing
and machinability characteristics are interesting to
investigate. Drilling is one of the prime manufacturing
processes used in assembly lines of components for fastening
and joining two components. In this study, Glass Fabric – Epoxy
/ Rigid polyurethane foam sandwich hybrid composite is drilled
in Arix VMC 100 CNC drilling machine using High Speed
Steel (HSS) drill bit of three different diameters of 6 mm, 8
mm and 10 mm. A L9 orthogonal array is setup to investigate
the result. Two main parameters that contribute to
delamination are thrust and torque. Thus in this
investigation, thrust and torque responsible for the effect of
delamination and hole quality is studied experimentally.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images are taken for
the drilled hole laminate to support the result.
Study of an alternate manufacturing process of piston pineSAT Journals
Abstract In automobile industry development in technology has been increases significantly and so as the performance of an engine. In reciprocating internal combustion engine major parts having sliding motion among their parts and failure of any part in dynamic stage will cause major impact on engine such as failure of an engine. Piston pin play a vital role in the reciprocating internal combustion engine. Failure of piston pin will result in failure of engine. It has been investigated that fatigue failureis one of the major reason of failure of a piston pin. Piston pin are subjected to multiaxial stresses due to which crack initiation and propagation from the surface decreases intensely the fatigue strength of surface and fatigue fracture occurredso every effort has to be made towards improvement in sliding properties of piston pin which will reduce wear resistance of metal surface and ultimately increases fatigue life of piston pin without sacrificing any of the major property requirements of the substrate material. Literature shows that phosphating is one of the surface coating method which will improve friction properties and wear properties thus increases fatigue life. In this work, an effort is to suggest phosphate surface coating on a piston pin as an alternative to conventional surface coating. The investigation effect of phosphating surface coating on piston pin of different material is studied by using design of experiments. Key Words: Design of Experiment, Fatigue Strength, Piston pin, Phosphating
Analysis of process parameters in dry machining of en 31 steel by grey relati...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the optimization of surface roughness & material removal rate in dry turning of EN-31 steel.Carbide inserts were used for machining of EN-31 to study effects of process parameters [Cutting speed (S), Feed (F) and depth of cut (d)]. These models can be effectively used to predict the surface roughness (Ra) of the workpiece. The big challenge of the Micro, small& medium industries in India for achieving high quality products with increased productivity.Paper presentswork of an investigation of turning process parameters on EN-31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate.The experiment is carried out by considering three controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut.The design of experiment and optimization of surface roughness is carried out by using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array & Grey Relational analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Influence of Elastic Deformations on the Adhesion of the ZRN Coating on the C...ijtsrd
Clinching is a mechanical joining method. Is it utilized in automobile industry as an alternative method to resistance spot welding. Considering that various types of materials are joined in car body production, PVD coatings are used to increase the lifetime of the clinching tools. Hot dip galvanized steel sheets were used for joining by clinching method. The zirconium nitride ZrN PVD coating was deposited on the surfaces of clinching tool. The loss of cohesion properties of coating was observed at punch´s R0.2 radius after 300 clinched joints. FEM analysis was used to show the punch´s critical part when the tool is under load. LuboÅ¡ KaÅ¡c¡k | Renâ Kubk "Influence of Elastic Deformations on the Adhesion of the ZRN Coating on the Clinching Tool" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29856.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29856/influence-of-elastic-deformations-on-the-adhesion-of-the-zrn-coating-on-the-clinching-tool/lubo%C5%A1-ka%C5%A1c%C3%A1k
PARAMETERS OF FRICTION STIR PROCESSING ALONG WITH REINFORCEMENT OF COMPOSITIO...Journal For Research
Friction stir processing (FSP) is a novel technique used for the enhancing the mechanical and metallurgical properties of the material and also to make composites of the material. In this study, an attempt is made to synthesize the composites of AA6063 and tungsten carbide particles with 5 µm particle size were added reinforcement. The tool shoulder is varied from 16 mm to 20 mm. The other parameters such as tool rotational speed of 1400 rpm and transverse speed of 50 mm/min are kept constant. The friction stir processing tool is made of high chromium high carbon steel with a pin length of 4 mm and pin diameter of 6 mm is used. The 18 mm shoulder diameter produces much finer grain size with tungsten carbide reinforced particles rather than the tools having shoulder 16 mm and 20 mm diameter. The maximum tensile strength and micro hardness achieved is 260 N/mm2 and 135 Hv respectively. In case of the tool having 16 mm diameter produces less amount of heat due to lesser contact with the workpiece material and the tool having 20 mm diameter, over heat the workpiece material due to more contact area with the workpiece and causes no proper plastization and flow of the material within the processed zone by friction stir processing and produces courser grain size.
ANN Model Based Calculation of Tensile of Friction Surfaced Tool Steelijtsrd
Friction surface treatment is well established solid technology and is used for deposition, abrasion and corrosion protection coatings on rigid materials. This novel process has wide range of industrial applications, particularly in the field of reclamation and repair of damaged and worn engineering components. In this paper, present the prediction of tensile of friction surface treated tool steel using ANN for simulated results of friction surface treatment. This experiment was carried out to obtain tool steel coatings of low carbon steel parts by changing input process parameters such as friction pressure, rotational speed and welding speed. The simulation is performed by a 33 factor design that takes into account the maximum and minimum limits of the experimental work performed by the 23 factor design. Neural network structures, such as the Feed Forward Neural Network FFNN , were used to predict tensile tool steel sediments caused by friction. V. Pitchi Raju "ANN Model Based Calculation of Tensile of Friction Surfaced Tool Steel" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29169.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29169/ann-model-based-calculation-of-tensile-of-friction-surfaced-tool-steel/v-pitchi-raju
Review of Intrusion and Anomaly Detection Techniques IJMER
Intrusion detection is the act of detecting actions that attempt to compromise the
confidentiality, integrity or availability of a resource. With the tremendous growth of network-based
services and sensitive information on networks, network security is getting more and more importance
than ever. Intrusion poses a serious security threat in a huge network environment. The increasing use of
internet has dramatically added to the growing number of threats that inhabit within it. Intrusion
detection does not, in general, include prevention of intrusions. Now a days Network intrusion detection
systems have become a standard component in the area of security infrastructure. This review paper tries
to discusses various techniques which are already being used for intrusion detection.
High End Solution for Advanced Civil Engineering ProjectsIJMER
Civil FEM performs the best customization of the well-known Finite Element Program ANSYS.
The combination of both programs, totally integrated, provides the Construction and Civil Engineering
fields with the possibility of applying high-end technology to a wide range of projects. Using the same
windows graphic user interface and sharing input data and results, makes it very easy for the user to
apply them for solving difficult Civil Engineering problems. The ability to generate finite element models
of any complex three-dimensional civil structure with non-linear behaviour and construction process
simulation means a new and efficient approach to run advanced analysis on PC’s.
Influence of Thrust, Torque Responsible for Delamination in drilling of Glass...IDES Editor
Glass fabric sandwich composites are potentially
growing materials which satisfies the low strength to weight
fraction, thermal conductivity, high strength and long
operational lifetime required for key engineering applications
especially in the field of Mechanical and Aerospace structures.
With their wide range of application, their manufacturing
and machinability characteristics are interesting to
investigate. Drilling is one of the prime manufacturing
processes used in assembly lines of components for fastening
and joining two components. In this study, Glass Fabric – Epoxy
/ Rigid polyurethane foam sandwich hybrid composite is drilled
in Arix VMC 100 CNC drilling machine using High Speed
Steel (HSS) drill bit of three different diameters of 6 mm, 8
mm and 10 mm. A L9 orthogonal array is setup to investigate
the result. Two main parameters that contribute to
delamination are thrust and torque. Thus in this
investigation, thrust and torque responsible for the effect of
delamination and hole quality is studied experimentally.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images are taken for
the drilled hole laminate to support the result.
Study of an alternate manufacturing process of piston pineSAT Journals
Abstract In automobile industry development in technology has been increases significantly and so as the performance of an engine. In reciprocating internal combustion engine major parts having sliding motion among their parts and failure of any part in dynamic stage will cause major impact on engine such as failure of an engine. Piston pin play a vital role in the reciprocating internal combustion engine. Failure of piston pin will result in failure of engine. It has been investigated that fatigue failureis one of the major reason of failure of a piston pin. Piston pin are subjected to multiaxial stresses due to which crack initiation and propagation from the surface decreases intensely the fatigue strength of surface and fatigue fracture occurredso every effort has to be made towards improvement in sliding properties of piston pin which will reduce wear resistance of metal surface and ultimately increases fatigue life of piston pin without sacrificing any of the major property requirements of the substrate material. Literature shows that phosphating is one of the surface coating method which will improve friction properties and wear properties thus increases fatigue life. In this work, an effort is to suggest phosphate surface coating on a piston pin as an alternative to conventional surface coating. The investigation effect of phosphating surface coating on piston pin of different material is studied by using design of experiments. Key Words: Design of Experiment, Fatigue Strength, Piston pin, Phosphating
Analysis of process parameters in dry machining of en 31 steel by grey relati...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the optimization of surface roughness & material removal rate in dry turning of EN-31 steel.Carbide inserts were used for machining of EN-31 to study effects of process parameters [Cutting speed (S), Feed (F) and depth of cut (d)]. These models can be effectively used to predict the surface roughness (Ra) of the workpiece. The big challenge of the Micro, small& medium industries in India for achieving high quality products with increased productivity.Paper presentswork of an investigation of turning process parameters on EN-31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate.The experiment is carried out by considering three controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut.The design of experiment and optimization of surface roughness is carried out by using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array & Grey Relational analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Influence of Elastic Deformations on the Adhesion of the ZRN Coating on the C...ijtsrd
Clinching is a mechanical joining method. Is it utilized in automobile industry as an alternative method to resistance spot welding. Considering that various types of materials are joined in car body production, PVD coatings are used to increase the lifetime of the clinching tools. Hot dip galvanized steel sheets were used for joining by clinching method. The zirconium nitride ZrN PVD coating was deposited on the surfaces of clinching tool. The loss of cohesion properties of coating was observed at punch´s R0.2 radius after 300 clinched joints. FEM analysis was used to show the punch´s critical part when the tool is under load. LuboÅ¡ KaÅ¡c¡k | Renâ Kubk "Influence of Elastic Deformations on the Adhesion of the ZRN Coating on the Clinching Tool" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29856.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29856/influence-of-elastic-deformations-on-the-adhesion-of-the-zrn-coating-on-the-clinching-tool/lubo%C5%A1-ka%C5%A1c%C3%A1k
PARAMETERS OF FRICTION STIR PROCESSING ALONG WITH REINFORCEMENT OF COMPOSITIO...Journal For Research
Friction stir processing (FSP) is a novel technique used for the enhancing the mechanical and metallurgical properties of the material and also to make composites of the material. In this study, an attempt is made to synthesize the composites of AA6063 and tungsten carbide particles with 5 µm particle size were added reinforcement. The tool shoulder is varied from 16 mm to 20 mm. The other parameters such as tool rotational speed of 1400 rpm and transverse speed of 50 mm/min are kept constant. The friction stir processing tool is made of high chromium high carbon steel with a pin length of 4 mm and pin diameter of 6 mm is used. The 18 mm shoulder diameter produces much finer grain size with tungsten carbide reinforced particles rather than the tools having shoulder 16 mm and 20 mm diameter. The maximum tensile strength and micro hardness achieved is 260 N/mm2 and 135 Hv respectively. In case of the tool having 16 mm diameter produces less amount of heat due to lesser contact with the workpiece material and the tool having 20 mm diameter, over heat the workpiece material due to more contact area with the workpiece and causes no proper plastization and flow of the material within the processed zone by friction stir processing and produces courser grain size.
ANN Model Based Calculation of Tensile of Friction Surfaced Tool Steelijtsrd
Friction surface treatment is well established solid technology and is used for deposition, abrasion and corrosion protection coatings on rigid materials. This novel process has wide range of industrial applications, particularly in the field of reclamation and repair of damaged and worn engineering components. In this paper, present the prediction of tensile of friction surface treated tool steel using ANN for simulated results of friction surface treatment. This experiment was carried out to obtain tool steel coatings of low carbon steel parts by changing input process parameters such as friction pressure, rotational speed and welding speed. The simulation is performed by a 33 factor design that takes into account the maximum and minimum limits of the experimental work performed by the 23 factor design. Neural network structures, such as the Feed Forward Neural Network FFNN , were used to predict tensile tool steel sediments caused by friction. V. Pitchi Raju "ANN Model Based Calculation of Tensile of Friction Surfaced Tool Steel" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29169.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29169/ann-model-based-calculation-of-tensile-of-friction-surfaced-tool-steel/v-pitchi-raju
Review of Intrusion and Anomaly Detection Techniques IJMER
Intrusion detection is the act of detecting actions that attempt to compromise the
confidentiality, integrity or availability of a resource. With the tremendous growth of network-based
services and sensitive information on networks, network security is getting more and more importance
than ever. Intrusion poses a serious security threat in a huge network environment. The increasing use of
internet has dramatically added to the growing number of threats that inhabit within it. Intrusion
detection does not, in general, include prevention of intrusions. Now a days Network intrusion detection
systems have become a standard component in the area of security infrastructure. This review paper tries
to discusses various techniques which are already being used for intrusion detection.
High End Solution for Advanced Civil Engineering ProjectsIJMER
Civil FEM performs the best customization of the well-known Finite Element Program ANSYS.
The combination of both programs, totally integrated, provides the Construction and Civil Engineering
fields with the possibility of applying high-end technology to a wide range of projects. Using the same
windows graphic user interface and sharing input data and results, makes it very easy for the user to
apply them for solving difficult Civil Engineering problems. The ability to generate finite element models
of any complex three-dimensional civil structure with non-linear behaviour and construction process
simulation means a new and efficient approach to run advanced analysis on PC’s.
The Queue M/M/1 with Additional Servers for a Longer QueueIJMER
This paper deals with the queuing system M/M/1 with additional servers for a longer queue.
Clearly the traffic intensity for this system will depend on the number of additional servers. The expected
number of customers in the system, the probability of the additional of one server and the probability of
the additional of two servers are obtained under the assumption that the number of additional servers
depends on the number of customers in the system. The condition under which the M/M/1 queuing system
with additional servers is profitable is discussed. A MATLAB program is used to illustrate this condition
numerically. Finally, the maximum likelihood estimators of the parameters for this queuing system are
obtained.
Bit Error Rate Analysis in WiMAX Communication at Vehicular Speeds using mod...IJMER
At high vehicular speeds, rapid changes in surrounding environments, cause severe fading at
the receiver, resulting a drastic fall in throughput and unless any proactive measure is taken to combat
this problem, throughput becomes insufficient to support many applications, particularly those with
multimedia contents. Bit Error Rate (BER) estimation is an integral part of any proactive measure and
recent studies suggest that Nakagami-m model performs better for modelling channel fading in wireless
communications at high vehicular speeds. No work has been reported in literature that estimates BER
at high vehicular speeds in WiMAX communication using Nakagami-m model. In this thesis, we develop
and present an analytical model to estimate BER in WiMAX at vehicular speeds using Nakagami-m
fading model. The proposed model is adaptive and can be used with resource management schemes
designed for fixed, nomadic, and mobile WiMAX communications.
Effectiveness of Internal Audits in Public Educational Institutions in Kenya...IJMER
Internal auditing has become a factor of the new accountability and control era. The
manner in which public sector entities maintain internal control and how they are held accountable has
evolved to require more transparency and more accountability from these organizations that spend
investor or taxpayer funds. This trend has significantly impacted how management implements,
monitors, and reports on internal control. Although internal auditors can be a valuable advisory
resource on internal control, the internal auditor should not be a substitute for a strong internal control
system. A system of internal control is the primary response to risks. The role of internal auditing has
evolved from an administrative procedure with a focus on compliance, to an important element of good
governance. In many cases the existence of internal auditing is mandatory (intosaigov 9140).
MK-Prototypes: A Novel Algorithm for Clustering Mixed Type Data IJMER
Clustering mixed type data is one of the major research topics in the area of data mining. In
this paper, a new algorithm for clustering mixed type data is proposed where the concept of distribution
centroid is used to represent the prototype of categorical variables in a cluster which is then combined
with the mean to represent the prototype of clusters with mixed type variables. In the method, data is
observed from different views and the variables are grouped into different views. Those instances that
can be viewed differently from different viewpoints can be defined as multiview data. During clustering
process the differences among views are ignored in usual cases. Here, both views and variables weights
are computed simultaneously. The view weight is used to determine the closeness or density of view and
variable weight is used to identify the significance of each variable. With the intention of determining
the cluster of objects both these weights are used in the distance function. In the proposed method,
enhancement to the k-prototypes is done so that it automatically computes both view and variable
weights. The proposed algorithm MK-Prototypes algorithm is compared with two other clustering
algorithms.
A Technique by using Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System for Intrusion Detection and...IJMER
—This paper proposes a technique uses decision tree for dataset and to find the basic
parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference system for Intrusion Detection and
Forensics. Approach of generating rules using clustering methods is limited to the problems of
clustering techniques. To trait to solve this problem, several solutions have been proposed using
various Techniques. One such Technique is proposed to be applied here, for an analysis to Intrusion
Detection and Forensics. . Fuzzy Inference approach and decision algorithms are investigated in this
work. Decision tree is used to identify the parameters to create the fuzzy inference system. Fuzzy
inference system used as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for intrusion detection
and forensics. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were done with NSL-KDD
intrusion detection dataset.
Improvement of Surface Roughness of Nickel Alloy Specimen by Removing Recast ...IJMER
Abstract: In this investigation, experimental work and computational work are combined to obtain improvement in the surface roughness of nickel alloy specimen, the machining is carried out by means of CNC wire electric discharge machining (WEDM). Brass wire is used as the tool electrode and nickel alloy (Inconel600) is used as the work piece material. The machining parameters such as Pulse-On time (Ton), Pulse-Off time (Toff), Peak Current (Ip), and Bed speed are considered as input parameters for this project. Surface roughness and Recast layer are considered the output parameters. The experiments
with the pre-planned set of input parameters are designed based on Taguchi’s orthogonal array. The surface roughness is measured using stylus type roughness tester and the thickness of the Recast layer is measured using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results obtained from the experiments are fed to the Minitab software and optimum input parameters for the desired output parameters are identified. The software uses the concept of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and indicates the nature of effect of input parameters on the output parameters and confirmation is done by validation
experiments. Once the recast layer thickness is obtained Chemical Etching and abrasive blasting is performed in order to remove the recast layer and again the surface roughness is measured by using stylus type roughness tester. Finally from the obtained results it was found that there was significant improvement in the Surface roughness of the nickel alloy material. In addition using regression analysis this work is stimulated by computational method and the results are obtained
Effective Devops - Velocity New York 2015 Jennifer Davis
DevOps is a professional and cultural movement designed to improve the processes involved with developing and running computer software and systems. It does this by focusing on communication and collaboration between software developers and operations engineers. DevOps has the potential to improve the products we create as an industry, and the health and well-being of the people creating them.
In this one-day introductory training, you will identify actionable strategies and tools that can be used to leverage DevOps to implement noticeable, long-lasting improvements to your culture and development processes in your environment, regardless of your level and role.
If you are on the search for specialized rug cleaners for your rugs in New York City, it is recommended that once check the background of the company before one seeks their services. It is an added benefit provided that the professional cleaners have adequate experience in cleaning services.
Query Answering Approach Based on Document SummarizationIJMER
The growing of online information obliged the availability of a thorough research in the
domain of automatic text summarization within the Natural Language Processing (NLP)
community.The aim of this paper is to propose a novel approach for a language independent automatic
summarization approach that combines three main approaches. The Rhetorical Structure Theory
(RST), the query processing approach, and the Network Representationapproach (NRA). RST, as a
theory of major aspect for the structure of natural text, is used to extract the semantic relation behind
the text.Query processing approachclassifies the question type and finds the answer in a way that suits
the user’s needs. The NRA is used to create a graph representing the extracted semantic relation. The
output is an answer, which not only responses to the question, but also gives the user an opportunity to
find additional information that is related to the question.We implemented the proposed approach. As a
case study, the implemented approachis applied on Arabic text in the agriculture field. The
implemented approach succeeded in summarizing extension documents according to user's query. The
approach results have been evaluated using Recall, Precision and F-score measures.
The Energy Audit would give a positive orientation for implementing the energy cost
reduction, preventive maintenance and quality control programmes which are vital for production and
utility activities. Energy Audit is the translation of conservation ideas into realities, by lending
technically feasible solutions with economic and other organizational considerations within a specified
time frame. This thesis deals with the identification of nature of losses in industry that manufacturers
food products. The energy accounting with the use of measuring instruments like lux-meter, power and
harmonic analyzer etc. helps to record and analyze data of energy usage. With the help of this data,
energy wastage and losses are calculated and recommendations are given to reduce these losses and
improve savings. Lastly, to deal with the issues of power quality, power quality assessment is done at
PCC.
In this paper the finite element analysis of aHeat Exchanger is done. The geometry was
modelled in CATI A V5 R21 and finite element analysis had been performed in ANSYS12 WB. FE analysis
is was used to determine stress analysis at.
A Review of FDM Based Parts to Act as Rapid ToolingIJMER
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is one from basic Rapid Prototyping (RP) technologies
used in technical practice. In this contribution are presented basic information about parameters such
as layer thickness, part build orientation, raster angle, raster width and air gap. This study provides
insight into complex dependency of strength on process parameters. In this paper microphotographs
are used to show the mechanism of failure. The major reason for weak strength is attributed to
distortion within or between the layers.Developing a curved layer deposition methodology can
improve part quality by reduced lamination, reduction in the staircase effect which leads to improved
dimensional accuracy of the part. Less effort has been made to increase the range of FDM materials
to include metals or metal based composites with the help of metal based composite direct rapid
tooling will allow fabrication of injection moulding dies and inserts with desired thermal and
mechanical properties suitable for using directly in injection moulding machines for short term or
long term production runs
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
SPRING BACK PREDICTION OF SHEET METAL IN DEEP DRAWING PROCESSIAEME Publication
Spring back is one of the most significant phenomenon that affect the accurateness of the sheet metal parts. In order to obtain fixed tolerances for the formed parts it is highly recommended to use such process parameters/tool geometry that allow a considerably diminishing of the spring back amount. A Finite Element (FE) model is developed for the 2- D numerical simulation of sheet metal deep drawing process (Parametric Analysis) by using HYPERFORM with the appropriate material properties (anisotropic material) and simplifies boundary conditions
Finite Element simulation of Rotary Sheet Bending.pdfmeet kalola
introduction, literature review, material selection and dimensions, steps to perform simulation in ls-dyna ,implementation issues, results, conclusion and further implementation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
A Review of FDM Based Parts to Act as Rapid Tooling
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.11| Nov. 2014 | 59|
A Review of FDM Based Parts to Act as Rapid Tooling Imtiyaz Khan1, Dr. A. A. Shaikh2 1Senior Lecturer, Mechanical Engineering Department, MIT Mandsaur, M.P, India 2Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, India
I. Introduction
As a matter of fact the new market realistic require faster product development and reduced time to meet market demand (like: high quality, greater efficiency, cost reduction and a ability to meet environmental and recycling objectives) to reduce the product development time and cost of manufacturing, new technology of Rapid Prototyping (RP) has been developed. Rapid Prototyping Manufacturing (RPM) has been widely used in the modern industry, but it is difficult to achieve higher precision parts in FDM currently. Therefore, how to improve part quality can be said as hotspot in industrial applications of RPM, especially when rapid prototyping parts will be used as die, injection molding and EDM electrode, etc., the quality of which plays decisive role to that of final product in mass production. Stereo lithography (SL), selective laser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modeling (FDM) and laminated object manufacturing (LOM) is four relatively matured RPM processes that dominate the current commercial market [1-3], among which FDM, arepresentative rapid prototyping technology (RPT) with no use of toxic materials, has been increasingly widely used in offices. But now the FDM systems currently only fabricate parts in elastomers, ABS and investment casting wax using the layer by layer deposition of extruded materials through a nozzle using feedstock filaments from a spool [4]. Most of the parts fabricated in these materials can only be used for design verification, form and fit checking and patterns for casting processes and medical applications[5]. For FDM, the two concerns are how to develop new metal materials that can directly manufacture metal parts used in tooling, etc., and how to improve dimension accuracy. As to developing new metal materials, literature [6] presented the detailed formulation and characterization of the tensile properties of the various combinations of the nylon type matrix consisting of iron particles, and the feedstock filaments of this composite have been produced and used successfully in the unmodified FDM system for direct rapid tooling of injection moulding inserts, while literature [7] presented an investigation on thermal and mechanical properties of new metal-particle filled ABS (acrylonitrile-butadine- styrene) composites for applications in FDM rapid prototyping process. As to improving dimensional accuracy, literature [8] presented experimental investigations on influence of important process parameters viz. layer thickness, part orientation, raster angle, air gap, and raster width along with their interactions on dimensional accuracy of FDM processed ABS400 part, and it is observed that shrinkage is dominant along length and width direction of built part, while literature [9] presented a powerful tool, the Taguchi method, to design optimization for quality. In this study, not only can the optimal process parameters for FDM process be obtained, but also the main process parameters that affect the performance of the prototype can be found. Although great progress has been made in this field, most of the literatures focus only on improving dimensional accuracy. In fact, the part errors in FDM are classified into dimension error, shaped error and surface roughness. This paper, taking FDM
Abstract: Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is one from basic Rapid Prototyping (RP) technologies used in technical practice. In this contribution are presented basic information about parameters such as layer thickness, part build orientation, raster angle, raster width and air gap. This study provides insight into complex dependency of strength on process parameters. In this paper microphotographs are used to show the mechanism of failure. The major reason for weak strength is attributed to distortion within or between the layers.Developing a curved layer deposition methodology can improve part quality by reduced lamination, reduction in the staircase effect which leads to improved dimensional accuracy of the part. Less effort has been made to increase the range of FDM materials to include metals or metal based composites with the help of metal based composite direct rapid tooling will allow fabrication of injection moulding dies and inserts with desired thermal and mechanical properties suitable for using directly in injection moulding machines for short term or long term production runs.
Keywords: Rapid Prototyping; Fused Deposition Modeling; Rapid Tooling; Staircase Effect.
2. A Review of FDM Based Parts to Act as Rapid Tooling
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.11| Nov. 2014 | 60|
for example, aims to analyze the reasons which lead to errors and propose corresponding measures to improve part accuracy.
II. Previous Work Done
2.1. FDM Machine Structure FDM mainly involves a feeder role or coil which is perpetually fed into an extrusion head or nozzle. Before the material reaches the nozzle, it is heated to soften the material to a molten state when it can be deposited onto the platform [10]. This is done with the avail of heating elements in nozzle which melts the material. This nozzle is controlled by a computer availed manufacturing package which can be habituated to move the nozzle in horizontal, vertical directions. As the molten material ejects out of the nozzle, it is then spread onto the platform in the desired shape as a layer. The deposition platform is then lowered to a height equipollent to one layer height of the component and the deposition process is reiterated over the anteriorly deposited layer [11]. This process is reiterated layer by layer starting from the base and worked its way to the top to consummate the whole model
Fig. 2.1.1 FDM Schematic [12] Fig. 2.1.2 Deposition Head [12] The deposition head of the machine mainly consists of the drive block, the tip and the heating compartment. The raw material is fed into the machine with the avail of the drive blocks which contain wheels mounted on back of head [13]. These drive blocks are responsible for loading and unloading of the raw materials from the rolls and can be computer controlled for precision. A heating element is utilized as bubbles wrap for the heating compartment and withal blends in an L shape angle. This is done to divert the horizontal flow of the filament to a vertical direction which can be then utilized as an area to melt the material. External threading is done on the tips so that they can be screwed in with the internal screws on the heating compartment [14]. 2.2. Process parameters When preparing to build FDM parts many fabrication parameters are needed. To achieve optimum quality, parameters are set differently according to requirements of applications. Some parameters are - a. Orientation: Part builds orientation or orientation referrers to the inclination of part in a build platform with respect to X, Y, Z axis. Where X and Y-axis are considered parallel to build platform and Z-axis is along the direction of part build.
3. A Review of FDM Based Parts to Act as Rapid Tooling
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.11| Nov. 2014 | 61|
Fig. 2.2.1 Orientation [15] Fig. 2.2.2 Layer Thickness [16]
b. Layer Thickness: Slice height is the thickness of each layer measured in the vertical or Z direction as shown
in fig. Varying the slice height would most likely have the same effect as varying the bead width of ABS plastic.
c. Raster Angle: Denotes the raster orientation which is measured from the X-axis on the bottom part layer as
shown in figure 3.7. Also it refers to the direction of the beads of material (roads) relative to the loading of the
part. The deposited roads can be built at different angles to fill the interior part. The effect of this filling
according to the raster angle applied was also investigated, where using loose angles at (45o/90o) and tighter
angles at (45o/-45o) of deposited roads.
(a) (b)
Fig. 2.2.3 (a) & (b) Raster Angle [17-18]
d. Part Raster Width (raster width): Denotes the raster width or road width which refers to the width of the
deposition path related to tip size. Also refers to the tool path width of the raster pattern used to fill interior
regions of the part curves as shown in figure 3.5. Narrow and wide filling pattern (roads) were considered to be
examined [18].
Fig. 2.2.4 Raster Width [17] Fig. 2.2.5 Air gap [17]
e. Raster to Raster gap (air gap): Air gap is the space between the beads of FDM material as shown in
Fig.2.2.5. The default is zero, meaning that the bead just touches. It can be modified to leave a positive gap,
which means that the beads of material do not touch. The positive gap results in a loosely packed structure that
builds rapidly. The air gap value can also be modified to leave a negative gap, meaning that two beads partially
occupy the same space. This results in a dense structure, which requires a longer build time.
From the published literature on FDM it appears that the [19] heat is dissipated by conduction and
coerced convection and the reduction in temperature caused by these processes forces the material to
expeditiously solidify onto the circumventing filaments. Bonding between the filaments is caused by local
remelting of anteriorly solidified material and diffusion. This results in uneven heating and cooling of material
and develops non-uniform temperature gradients. As a result, uniform stress will not be developed in the
deposited material and it may not regain its pristine dimension thoroughly. Speed at which nozzle is depositing
the material may alter the heating and cooling cycle and results in different degree of thermal gradient and thus
withal affects the component precision [20]. At lower slice thickness, nozzle deposition speed is more gradual as
4. A Review of FDM Based Parts to Act as Rapid Tooling
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.11| Nov. 2014 | 62|
compared to higher slice thickness. Withal during deposition, nozzle ceases depositing material in arbitrary
manner (in between depositing a layer and after consummately depositing a layer) and return to accommodation
location for tip cleaning. While depositing the material at the turns near the boundary of part, nozzle speed has
to be decremented and then increase to uniform speed [21]. If deposition path length is minuscule, this will
result in non-uniform stress to build up especially near the component boundary. The pattern used to deposit a
material in a layer has a consequential effect on the resulting stresses and deformation. Higher stresses will be
found along the long axis of deposition line. Therefore, short raster length is preferred along the long axis of part
to reduce the stresses [22]. Stress accumulation additionally increase with layer thickness and road width [23].
But the thick layer additionally designates fewer layers, which may reduce the number of heating and cooling
cycles. Withal, a more minuscule road width will input less heat into the system within the designated period of
time but requires more loops to fill a certain area. More loops betokens more time required for deposition of
single layer and more non uniform nozzle speed. This will keep the deposited material above its desired
temperature for regaining its pristine shape and in the mean time incipient material will be deposited and
contraction of antecedently deposited material will be constrained. The gap between two rasters in a single layer
and voids between rasters (Fig. 2.2.7) of two adjacent layers withal effect the heat dissipation and thus may
decrease the residual stress. For the case of thickness, it seems that increase is mainly caused due to obviation of
shape error and positive slicing method [24,25]. Consider (Fig.2.2.8) which shows that height of part (H) is
function of its inclination (h) with reverence to base (build platform), length (L) and thickness (T). Diffusion of
material between neighbouring rasters additionally engenders the bump (Fig. 2.2.9) because of overfilling at
contact area which results in uneven layer.
Fig.2.2.6. Crack between two rasters [9] Fig.2.2.7. Air gap [9]
Fig. 2.2.8. Orientation of part with Fig.2.2.9. Overfilling at the contact of two raster [9]
respect to the base (H is height of part) [9]
2.3. Stair Case Effect
In FDM printing of components by stacking layer one on top of other. In this method rate of product
development expeditious but bring some shortfalls additionally. One of the main areas of inhibition which
particularly subsist in FDM is the “stair case effect”. This is mainly due to the deposition method of the process,
printing of horizontal layers one on top of the other. The CAD model is first converted into the STL format
which is then sliced in flat horizontal layers with each layer having its own shape. The STL file is fundamentally
is one which consists of all the points which make up the shapes in each layer and all layers when put together
stacks up as a model. The extrusion head, which is responsible for depositing the material on the surface layer
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by layer, follows the path information stored in the STL file and builds the whole part with an effect in which curved surfaces appear to be a little short or over shoot the genuine dimension of the component. “Stair case” effect, shown in the fig. 2.3.1
Fig.2.3.1 Stair case effect [12] Stair case effect is more prominent when a more sizably voluminous diameter nozzle is utilized for material deposition. The straightforward solution to this situation would be to utilize low diameter nozzle which will print thin layers. In order to achieve more preponderant finish and reduced stair case effect, it would take more number of layers to print the same part which results in time consumption. To achieve high precision & surface finish prefer reduced layer thickness, as shown in the fig. 2.3.2 [12].
Fig. 2.3.2 Layers and finish quality [12] 2.4. Application of RP for Tooling Today a great demand subsists on RPT-technologies to fortify product development by tooling or tooling inserts that sanction the engenderment of more astronomically immense series and at the same time enables the engenderment of those components in materials and with technologies akin to the ones used later for series engenderment runs. The most eminent advantage is the integration of engenderment orchestrating and testing within the product development period [26]. These processes can be relegated into two categories of Direct Rapid Tooling and Indirect Rapid Tooling, Fig.2.4.2 predicated on the number of intermediate steps taken along with the mundane RP operations to build the final implement. Direct Rapid Tooling involves fabrication of rapid tooling inserts directly from CAD model on an RP machine whereas Indirect Rapid Tooling method uses RP master patterns to build a mould, which requires adscititious downstream work [27]. Rapid prototyping-predicated tooling techniques (RPT) sanction the fabrication of engenderment implements offering a high potential for a more expeditious replication to market demands and engendering an incipient competitive edge. The purpose of RPT is not the manufacture of final components, but the development of the expedient to engender final components i.e. mass engenderment implements including moulds, dies, etc with the most eminent advantage of integrating engenderment orchestrating and testing within the product development cycle [28].
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Fig. 2.4.1 Classification of the Fig. 2.4.2 Material-dependent current RP-based Tooling [29] Rapid manufacturing and Tooling [29]
III. Conclusions
It can be seen from above study there exit many factors that influence part‟s accuracy rapid prototyping. Among those factors process parameters are also significant factors. Increasing slicing thickness, stair stepping errors increase number of layers in a part depends upon the layer thickness and part orientation. If number of layers is more (due to decrease in layer thickness or increase in orientation) high temperature gradient towards the bottom of part is resulted. This will increase the diffusion between adjacent rasters increase the bonding of rasters and improve the strength. Lot of scope is expected to increase the range of FDM materials to include metals or metal based composites. With the help of metal based composite direct rapid tooling will allow fabrication of injection molding dies and inserts with desired thermal and mechanical properties. REFERENCES [1] T. Wholers, “Future Potential of Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing around the World”, Rapid Prototyping J.., vol.1, no.1, pp. 4-10, 1995. [2] G.Lart, “Comparison of Rapid Prototyping Systems”, In Proceeding of 1st European conf. on rapid prototyping, pp.243-254, 1992. [3] F.Xu, Y.S.Wong, H.T.Loh, “Toward Generic Models for Comparative Evaluation and Process Selection in Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing”, Journal of Manufacturing Systems, vol.19, no.5, pp.283-296, 2000. [4] Ludmila Novakova-Marcincinova, Ivan Kuric „Basic and Advanced Materials for Fused Deposition Modeling Rapid Prototyping Technology‟ Manuf. and Ind. Eng.,Faculty of Manuf. Tech. TUKE 11(1), 2012, ISSN 1338-6549. [5] Montgomery, D.C., 2003, Design and Analysis of Experiments, fifth ed. John Wiley & Sons Pvt. Ltd., Singapore. [6] S.H.Masood, W.Q.Song, “Development of new metal/polymer materials for rapid tolling using fused deposition modeling”, Materials and Design, vol.24, no.11, pp.587-594, 2004. [7] M.Nikzad, S.H.Masood, I.Sbarski, “Thermo-Mechanical Properties of A Highly Filled Polymeric Composites for Fused Deposition Modeling, Materials and Design, vol.32, no.4, pp.3448-3456, 2011. [8] R.Anitha, S.Arunachalam, P.Radhakrishnan, “Critical Parameters Influencing the Quality of Prototypes in Fused Deposition Modeling”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol.28, no.8, pp.385-388, 2001. [9] Anoop Kumar Sood, R.K. Ohdar, S.S. Mahapatra, “Improving Dimensional Accuracy of Fused Deposition Modeling Processed Part Using Taguchi Method”, Materials and Design, vol.30, no.6, pp.4243-4252, 2009.
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