This presentation discusses hypotension, which is low blood pressure, especially in the arteries of the systemic circulation. It can be caused by increased pulmonary vascular resistance, reduced left ventricular preload, or diminished cardiac output. Common symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, and loss of consciousness. Nursing diagnoses for patients with hypotension include decreased cardiac output, deficient fluid volume, and activity intolerance. Nursing interventions focus on monitoring for symptoms, assessing fluid balance, and encouraging energy conservation.

2. PRESENTATION
ON
HYPOTENSION
PRESENTED BY
Mrs.Mathivathani.M
M.Sc (N)2ND YEAR
V.C.O.N

3. Hypotension is low blood
pressure, especially in
the arteries of
the systemic circulation.
Blood pressure is the force
of blood pushing against
the walls of the arteries as
the heart pumps out
blood.

4. Low blood pressure means that blood pressure is lower
(less than 90/60 mm Hg) than normal (<120/80 mm
Hg) called hypotension.

6. ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS
INCREASED PULMONARY VASCULAR RESISTANCE
IMPEDING RIGHT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW
REDUCED LEFT VENTRICULAR PRELOAD
DIMINISHED CARDIAC OUTPUT
HYPOTENSION

7. • Chest pain
• Shortness of breath
• Irregular heart beat
• fever higher than 38.3 °C
(101 °F)
• stiff neck
• severe upper back pain
• Cough with sputum
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

8. • Dyspepsia (indigestion)
• Dysuria (painful urination)
• adverse effect of medications
• acute, life-threatening allergic
reaction
• Headache
• Loss of consciousness
• profound fatigue
• temporary blurring or loss of vision

9. • History collection
• Physical examination

10. COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT
Reveals anaemia from blood loss or elevated
WBCs due to infection

11. BLOOD ELECTROLYTES
MEASUREMENTS
Shows dehydration and mineral depletion, renal
failure or acidosis.

12. BLOOD AND URINE CULTURE
• Diagnose septicaemia
and bladder infections

13. ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
• Detect abnormal slow or rapid heart beats,
pericarditis

14. HOLTER MONITOR
RECORDINGS
• Diagnose
bradycardia or
tachycardia

15. ECHOCARDIOGRAM
• Detect pericardial fluid, disease of heart valves
and rare tumours of heart.

17. Nursing diagnosis
Decreased cardiac output related to ischemia as evidenced by
arrhythmias, fatigue, and edema.
Nursing interventions
• Monitor for symptoms of heart failure and decreased cardiac
output, including diminished quality of peripheral pulses, cool skin
and extremities
• Listen to heart sounds; note rate, rhythm
• Observe for confusion, restlessness, agitation, dizziness.
• Central nervous system disturbances may be noted with decreased
cardiac output.
NURSING
MANAGEMENT

18. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Deficient fluid volume related to failure of regulatory
mechanisms as evidenced by decreased urine output.
NURSING INTERVENTIONS
• Watch for early signs of hypovolemia, including weakness,
muscle cramps. Late signs include oliguria; abdominal or
chest pain;
• Monitor total fluid intake and output every 8 hours and
every hour for the unstable client.
• Watch trends in output for 3 days; include all routes of
intake and output and note color and specific gravity of
urine.
• Monitor daily weight Weigh client on same scale with same
type of clothing at same time of day, preferably before
breakfast.

19. Nursing diagnosis
Activity intolerance related to insufficient
physiological or psychological energy .
Nursing interventions
• Encourage progressive activity/self care when
tolerated
• Provide assistance as needed
• Instruct patient in energy conserving
techniques, e.g. using chair when showering,
sitting to brush teeth or comb hair.

21. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Lewis, medical-surgical nursing, 1st edition, elsevier
publication, page no. 798-803
• Black. M.joyce, medical –surgical nursing, volume 2, 8th
edition, elsevier publication, page no. 1482-1485
• Brunner and suddarths, textbook of medical-surgical
nursing, volume1, 13th edition, wolterskluwer publication,
page no.1006-1008
• William S.linda, et all, medical-surgical nursing, 4th edition,
jaypee publication, page no.928-930