1. By : Malak Tagaldeen
Aisha Al-mogamer
Supervised by :Dr. Om Alkher
2. • Also called angina pectoris
•Definition: is a clinical syndrome characterized by episodes of pain
or pressure in the anterior chest usually caused by reduced blood
flow to the heart .
• The reduce in blood flow results in a decreased oxygen supply to
meet an increased myocardial demand for oxygen in response to
physical exertion or emotional stress. => (myocardial ischemia ).
• Angina is a symptom of coronary artery disease.
3. Myocardial ischemia result from :
• Coronary atherosclerosis .
• Coronary artery spasm.
• Thrombosis and embolisms.
• Aortic stenosis.
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
• Ventricular hypertrophy .
• Anemia.
4. • Increase age.
• Family history of coronary artery disease.
• Hypertension , DM.
• Tobacco use / smoking .
• Hypercholesterolemia or triglyceride .
• Lack experience .
5. • Obesity.
• Emotional stress.
• Cold temperature .
• Certain Medication.
• Drug misuse.
• Other health conditions such as CKD, peripheral artery disease
,history of stroke increase the risk of angina .
6. • Chest pain and discomfort described as squeezing ,pressure ,
tightness, burning.
• The pain may felt in the arms , neck , jaw,shoulder or back.
• Shortness of breath.
• Pallor.
• Diaphoresis .
• Dizziness .
• Neasea.
• Fatigue .
7. • Physical exertion (increase myocardial demand )
• Exposure to cold ( cause elevation of BP increase oxygen demand)
• Eating heavy meals.
• Intense emotion.
• Typical angina pain usually within minutes and relieved with rest or
glycerylnitirate.
8. • Stable angina : predictable , usually occur on exertion and
relieve with rest or angina medication , lasts a short time
(five minutes or less(
• Unstable angina : unpredictable, symptoms occurs more
frequent with less physical effort , lasts longer than stable
angina (20 min or longer ) doesn’t go away with rest or usual
angina medications. It is dangerous and requires emergency
treatment .
9. • Variant angina (Prinzmetal angina) : Pain occur at rest or
overnight caused by coronary artery spasm , relieved by
angina medication.
• Refractory angina : patients with severe coronary disease in
whom revascularization is not possible and angina is not
controlled by medical therapy .
14. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) —a tiny balloon
is inserted into the narrowed artery .
• The balloon is inflated to widen the artery, and then a small
wire mesh coil (stent) is usually inserted to keep the artery
open.
Coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG ) a vein or artery
from somewhere else in the body is used to bypass a blocked
or narrowed heart artery.
15. Nursing intervention
• Treating angina : when pt experiences angina the nurse should direct
pt to stop activities and sit or rest in bed in semi-fowler position
• Reducing anxiety : The nurse should explore and implicate that the
diagnosis has for the pt providing information about the illness ,
treatment and methods of preventing its progression
• Preventing pain : when the pt has pain with minimal activity , the
nurse alternates the pts activities with rest periods
16. • Stop smoking.
• Eating healy diet ( cut down fatty foods and eat more oats
which decrease cholesterol )
• Exercising regularly .
• Maintain healthy weight.
• Reducing stress.
• Maintain normal BP and blood sugar.
• Avoid alcohol.