Hyper text transport protocol
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The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application layer protocol in the Internet protocol suite model for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems.HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web, where hypertext documents include hyperlinks to other resources that the user can easily access, for example by a mouse click or by tapping the screen in a web browser. Development of HTTP was initiated by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in 1989 and summarized in a simple document describing the behavior of a client and a server using the first HTTP protocol version that was named 0.9. That first version of HTTP protocol soon evolved into a more elaborated version that was the first draft toward a far future version 1.0. Development of early HTTP Requests for Comments (RFCs) started a few years later and it was a coordinated effort by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), with work later moving to the IETF. HTTP/1 was finalized and fully documented (as version 1.0) in 1996.[4] It evolved (as version 1.1) in 1997 and then its specifications were updated in 1999 and in 2014. Its secure variant named HTTPS is used by more than 76% of websites. HTTP/2 is a more efficient expression of HTTP's semantics "on the wire", and was published in 2015; it is used by more than 45% of websites;it is now supported by almost all web browsers (96% of users) and major web servers over Transport Layer Security (TLS) using an Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) extension[9] where TLS 1.2 or newer is required.
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Hyper text transport protocol
- 1. Hypertext Transport Protocol TEAM MEMBERS: Allu Harshita-34 P.Aishwarya -39 P.Hrudaya sai bhavani -47 M.Tejasri -18 P.Sowmya -17
- 2. HTTP • Hypertext Transport Protocol • Language of the Web – protocol used for communication between web browsers and web servers • TCP port 80 • RFC 2616
- 3. URI,URN,URL • Uniform Resource Identifier – Information about a resource • Uniform Resource Name – The name of the resource with in a namespace • Uniform Resource Locator – How to find the resource, a URI that says how to find the resource
- 4. HTTP - URLs • URL – Uniform Resource Locator • protocol (http, ftp, news) • host name (name.domain name) • port (usually 80 but many on 8080) • directory path to the resource • resource name – http://xxx.myplace.com/www/index.html – http://xxx.myplace.com:80/cgi-bin/t.exe
- 5. HTTP - methods • Methods – GET • retrieve a URL from the server – simple page request – run a CGI program – run a CGI with arguments attached to the URL – POST • preferred method for forms processing • run a CGI program • parameterized data in sysin • more secure and private
- 6. HTTP - methods • Methods – PUT • Used to transfer a file from the client to the server – HEAD • requests URLs status header only • used for conditional URL handling for performance enhancement schemes – retrieve URL only if not in local cache or date is more recent than cached copy
- 7. HTTP Request Packets • Sent from client to server • Consists of HTTP header – header is hidden in browser environment – contains: • content type / mime type • content length • user agent - browser issuing request • content types user agent can handle • and a URL
- 8. HTTP Request Headers • Precede HTTP Method requests • headers are terminated by a blank line • Header Fields: – From – Accept – Accept-Encoding – Accept Language
- 9. HTTP Request Headers – Referer – Authorization – Charge-To – If-Modified-Since – Pragma
- 10. From: • In internet mail format, the requesting user • Does not have to correspond to requesting host name (might be a proxy) • should be a valid e-mail address
- 11. Accept: – List of schemes which will be accepted by client – <field> = Accept: <entry> * [,<entry>] – <entry> = <content type> *[;<param>] – <param> = <attr> = <float> – <attr> = q / mxs / mxb – <float> = <ANSI-C floating point > – Accept: text/html – Accept: audio/basic q-1 – if no Accept is found; plain/text is assumed – may contain wildcards (*)
- 12. Accept-Encoding • Like Accept but list is a list of acceptable encoding schemes • Ex – Accept-Encoding: x-compress;x-zip
- 13. User-Agent • Software product used by original client • <field> = User-Agent: <product> • <product> = <word> [/<version>] • <version> = <word> • Ex. – User-Agent: IBM WebExplorer DLL /v960311
- 14. Referer • For Server’s benefit, client lists URL od document (or document type) from which the URL in request was obtained. • Allows server to generate back-links, logging, tracing of bad links… • Ex. – Referer: http:/www.w3.com/xxx.html
- 15. Authorization: • For Password and authentication schemes • Ex. – Authorization: user fred:mypassword – Authorization: kerberos kerberosparameters
- 16. ChargeTo: • Accounting information • Accounting system dependent
- 17. Pragma: • Same format as accept • for servers • should be passed through proxies, but used by proxy • only pragma currently defined is no-cache; proxy should get document from owning server rather than cache
- 18. Modified-Since: • Used with GET to make a conditional GET • if requested document has not been modified since specified date a Modified 304 header is sent back to client instead of document – client can then display cached version
- 19. Response Packets • Sent by server to client browser in response to a Request Packet
- 20. Status Header • “HTTP/1.0 sp code” • Codes: – 1xx - reserved for future use – 2xx - successful, understood and accepted – 3xx - further action needed to complete – 4xx - bad syntax in client request – 5xx - server can’t fulfill good request
- 21. HTTP Response Headers • Sent by server to client browser • Status Header – Entities • Content-Encoding: • Content-Length: • Content-Type: • Expires: • Last-Modified: • extension-header • Body – content (usually html)
- 22. Status Codes • 200 OK • 201 created • 202 accepted • 204 no content • 301 moved perm. • 302 moved temp • 304 not modified • 400 bad request • 401 unauthorized • 403 forbidden • 404 not found • 500 int. server error • 501 not impl. • 502 bad gateway • 503 svc not avail
- 23. Statelessness • Because of the Connect, Request, Response, Disconnect nature of HTTP it is said to be a stateless protocol – i.e. from one web page to the next there is nothing in the protocol that allows a web program to maintain program “state” (like a desktop program). – “state” can be maintained by “witchery” or “trickery” if it is needed
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