Hydrothermal mineral deposits are accumulations of valuable minerals formed from hot waters circulating in the Earth's crust. They form under conditions where hot fluids interact with rocks, dissolving and transporting minerals over long distances. There are two main types - cavity filling deposits, which form minerals in open spaces like fractures, and replacement deposits, where existing rock is chemically dissolved and replaced by new minerals. Cavity filling deposits often show crustification patterns as minerals grow inward, while replacement deposits can be massive, lode-style along fractures, or disseminated throughout host rocks. Temperature and depth of formation affect mineral textures. Hydrothermal deposits provide important metal resources and understanding their formation helps discover new ore deposits.
A presentation on Hydrothermal wall rock alteration with case studies on geophysical applications.
References : https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/16VSZMPMASMNVB47JdBUa_7udBk1qvK2U?usp=sharing
A presentation on Hydrothermal wall rock alteration with case studies on geophysical applications.
References : https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/16VSZMPMASMNVB47JdBUa_7udBk1qvK2U?usp=sharing
Minerals are formed by changes in chemical energy in systems which contain one fluid or vapor phase. In nature, minerals are formed by crystallisation or precipitation from concentrated solutions. These solutions are called as ore-bearing fluids. Ore-bearing fluids are characterised by high concentration of certain metallic or other elements.
Fluids are the most effective agents for the transport of material in the mantle and the Earth's crust.
Texture of Ore Minerals; Importance of Studying Textures; Individual Grains Properties; Filling of voids; Texture Types; Genetically differentiated between Texture types; Secondary textures from replacement; Hypogene Texture; Supergene Texture; Primary texture formed from Melts; Primary texture of open-space deposition; Secondary textures from cooling; Secondary textures from deformation; TEXTURES OF ECONOMIC ORE DEPOSITS; Textures of Magmatic ores; Cumulus textures; Intergranular or intercumulus textures; Exsolution textures; Textures of hydrothermal ore deposits and skarns; Replacement textures; Open space filling textures; Textures characteristic of surfacial or near surface environments and processes; Criteria for identifying replacement textures; Vein and Veining have different Nature Features
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
The name ophiolite derived from Greek root which means
Ophio : snake or serpent Litho : Stone
The green colour, structure and texture of sheared ultramafic rocks is similar to some serpents
Economically :
Massive Sulphide
It founded within pillow lava most of massive Sulphide associated in ophiolites have well developed Gossans (bright colored iron oxide, hydroxides, and sulfides) which is very rich in gold.
Chromite
Stratiform (be tabular or pencil shape) or podiform (irregular shape) within ultra-mafic rocks
These deposits are developed on serpentinite peridotite
Laterites (nickel and iron)
Asbestos
Talc
Magenesite
ophiolite sequence :
Sediments
Pillow Lavas
Dykes
Gabbros
Layered Gabbro
Layered Peridotite
Upper mantle
Minerals are formed by changes in chemical energy in systems which contain one fluid or vapor phase. In nature, minerals are formed by crystallisation or precipitation from concentrated solutions. These solutions are called as ore-bearing fluids. Ore-bearing fluids are characterised by high concentration of certain metallic or other elements.
Fluids are the most effective agents for the transport of material in the mantle and the Earth's crust.
Texture of Ore Minerals; Importance of Studying Textures; Individual Grains Properties; Filling of voids; Texture Types; Genetically differentiated between Texture types; Secondary textures from replacement; Hypogene Texture; Supergene Texture; Primary texture formed from Melts; Primary texture of open-space deposition; Secondary textures from cooling; Secondary textures from deformation; TEXTURES OF ECONOMIC ORE DEPOSITS; Textures of Magmatic ores; Cumulus textures; Intergranular or intercumulus textures; Exsolution textures; Textures of hydrothermal ore deposits and skarns; Replacement textures; Open space filling textures; Textures characteristic of surfacial or near surface environments and processes; Criteria for identifying replacement textures; Vein and Veining have different Nature Features
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
The name ophiolite derived from Greek root which means
Ophio : snake or serpent Litho : Stone
The green colour, structure and texture of sheared ultramafic rocks is similar to some serpents
Economically :
Massive Sulphide
It founded within pillow lava most of massive Sulphide associated in ophiolites have well developed Gossans (bright colored iron oxide, hydroxides, and sulfides) which is very rich in gold.
Chromite
Stratiform (be tabular or pencil shape) or podiform (irregular shape) within ultra-mafic rocks
These deposits are developed on serpentinite peridotite
Laterites (nickel and iron)
Asbestos
Talc
Magenesite
ophiolite sequence :
Sediments
Pillow Lavas
Dykes
Gabbros
Layered Gabbro
Layered Peridotite
Upper mantle
Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits, also known as VMS ore deposits, are a type of metal sulfide ore deposit, mainly copper-zinc which are associated with and created by volcanic-associated hydrothermal events in submarine environments
Introduction
Water resources of India at a glance
Hydrogeological cycle
Exploration of groundwater
Groundwater potential zone
Indicators
Sensors
Rules for selection of imagery
Conclusion
Reference
1)Introduction and types of elements
2)Trace elements
3)Rare earth elements
4)The Oddo-Harkins rule
5)The lanthanide contraction
6)Europium anomaly
7)Cerium anomaly
8)REE partitioning among different minerals
9)Spider diagrams
10)Production and distribution of REEs
INTRODUCTION
MAIN PURPOSE OF DAM CONSTRUCTION
PARTS OF DAM
FORCE ACTING ON DAM TYPES OF DAMS
GEOLOGY AND FOUNDATION CONDITION
GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND DAM
COCLUSION
METEORITES VS ASTEROIDS VS METEORS VS COMETS METEORITE IMPACTS IN HISTORY
IMPORTANCE OF METEORITES
FORMATION OF ASTEROIDS AND METEOROIDS CLASSIFICATION OF METEORITES
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
3. INTRODUCTION:-
The concept of hydrothermal mineralization deposits related to uids derived from sources
other than magmatic solution.
For the more effective as a mineralization agents, hydrothermal or hot water need to circulate
through the earth’s crust. Due to this the solution of the hydrothermal uids interacts with large
volumes of rock (Dissolve and transport) to form hydrothermal ore deposits.
If we simplify the term hydrothermal it gives us
Hydro-Water
Thermal-Heat/Hot
Hydrothermal mineral deposits are accumulations of valuable mineral which formed from the
hot waters circulating in Earth’s crust through fractures or ssure.
It is a types of epigenetic deposit.
4. CONDITIONS:-
Availability of hot water to dissolve and transport minerals that occurs over there.
Presence of interconnected openings spaces.
Presence of enough metal content.
Chemical reaction causing depositions of ore.
SOURCES:-
Such uids includes those formed from metamorphic dehydration reactions, from the
expulsion of pore uids during compaction of sediments and from the meteoric waters.
It also considers as sea water as a hydrothermal uids for the formations of base metal
deposits on the ocean oor.
Mainly the last product of magmatic crystallization that is the residual hot water.
6. CLASSIFICATION:-
The term hydrothermal means hot water with possible temperature of 50° to
500° c . Fluids left during the later stage of crystallization of intrusive magma is
called as hydrothermal solution. It’s journey through the rocks loses heat and
metal contents with increased distance.
The hydrothermal solution move through cracks and opening present in the
rock and deposit their dissolved materials there.
Lindgren classied hydrothermal deposits On the basis of the temperature of
formation in three types-
Epithermal Deposit-
-Low temperature and shallow depth.
-Formed very much away from the intrusive body
-Temperature ranges from 50°c to 200°c
7. Mesothermal Deposit:
-Intermediate temperature and about 1.2 km to 3.5 km depth.
-Formed at some distance outward from the intrusive igneous mass.
-Temperature ranges from 200°c to 300°c.
-Example: native gold, bornite, sphalerite, galena etc
Hypothermal deposit:
-High temperature and greater depth about more than 10 km.
-Formed close to the intrusive body
-Temperature range from 300°c to 500°c .
-example: wolframite, arsenopyrite, native gold, chalcopyrite etc
Telethermal deposit:
-Low temperature (<100°c) and low depth.
-Far from the hydrothermal solution.
Xenothermal deposit:
-Formed at high temperature with shallow depth and low pressure
-Fault zone, Hot spring
8. On the basis of mode of formation hydrothermal deposit are classied
into two groups-
CAVITY FILLING DEPOSIT:-
-These deposits are formed due to deposition of hydrothermal solution mineral in the various
types of opening in rock.
-The walls of the cavity are lined rst by the rst mineral to be deposited.
-There is no replacement involved.
Characteristic features of the cavity lling deposit:
>Crustication- The mineral usually grow inward with development of crystal faces pointed
towards the supplying solution is called as Comb Structure. This process is continue called as
Crustication.
-Process is repeated until the lling is complete.
Types-
Symmetrical- Similar mineral crusts occur in both sides of the ssure.
Asymmetrical- Unlike layers are present on each side of crustication.
>Vugs- Open spaces are left in the centre such unlled spaces are called as Vugs.
10. Types of cavity lling deposits:-
A.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The following types of deposits may result due to the cavity lling process:
Fissure Vein Deposits:- A ssure lled with ore is called ssure vein.
-It is a tabular ore body which occupies one or more ssure with in a rock.
-Most ssure vein are narrow and their layer range from a few hundreds of
meter to few km.
-ore mineral are never equally distributed throughout the ssure vein.
-e.g.-Kolar Gold eld
Simple ssure vein- A single ssure whose walls are nearly straight and
parallel.
Chambered vein-Walls are irregular and brecciated.
Lenticular Vein- Generally schist shows this type of structure and such
lenses are called lenticular vein.
Sheeted veins- A group of closely spaced parallel veins.
Composite vein- Wide zone of nearly parallel ssure connected by
diagonal.
12. B. Shear zone deposit-
-A shear zone with sheet like connected openings and they are zone of thin and closely
spaced parallel feature. Deposited as thin mineral plate.
-Opening are minute, the open space deposition is minor.
-e.g.- copper deposit, singhbhum shear zone
C. Ladder Vein Deposit-
-This type of deposit forms due to the transvers vein or fracture.
-Commonly found in dykes.
-They are short, transvers, roughly parallel fracture, that are lled
with the ore.
-They looks like a ladder so called as ladder vein.
-e.g.- magnesite deposit of Mysore.
D. Saddle reef Deposit-
-These are formed between rock beds at the crest anticline during folding.
-Ore are deposited in opening spaces.
-Because these ore deposits appear like saddle they are called as saddle reef.
-e.g.- quartz reef in Hutti gold eld.
Ladder Vein
Saddle Reef
13. E. Stockworks-
-A stockworks in a mass of rock traversed by a network of small ore bearing
veins.
-It form when the hydrothermal solution are percolate through vertical zone
of intense shattering which occur in certain igneous intrusions.
-Each vein is about 1 cm and spacing few cm to few km.
-E.g.-Lead and Zinc deposit, Zawar area of Rajasthan
F. Breccia Filling Deposit-
-Breccia offer opening spaces in between angular fragments.
-Mineralizing solution traverse through the opening space and form deposits.
-In this deposit the breccia are may be volcanic breccia, tectonic breccia or collapse breccia .
-e.g.-Wajrakakur kimberlite pipe, Andhra Pradesh
-fault breccia in singhbhum shear zone
G. Pitches and ats:
-Formed due to folding of brittle sedimentary bed.
-Deposit in a series of disconnected deposit.
-E.g.-Iron Ore Deposit Of Bailadela And Chotadungar, Bastar Dist., Mp
Stockwork
14. H. Vesicular llings-
-Vesicular lava ow being permeable from channel ways for mineralizing solution and site of mineral
deposit.
-E.g.-Copper deposit in Dras Volcanic, Kargil area
-Chalcedony, amethyst occur in Deccan Trap
I. Pore spaces lling-
-Many mineral deposits occur as pore space lling say in Sandstone.
-Oil, gas and water are the most important among all.
-E.g.- Quartzite of Zawar dist., Rajasthan
J. Cave deposit and Gash Vein-
-Solution cavities in the form of caves, galleries and gash veins may contain deposits of lead, zinc,
copper, mercury etc.
-They occur only in soluble rock.
-Occur along joints and bedding planes.
-Veins form when mineral constituents carried by an aqueous solution within the rock mass
are deposited through precipitation.
16. REPLACEMENT
DEPOSIT-
It is one of the important process in the formation of epigenetic mineral deposit.
Mineral deposit are formed by chemical processes that dissolve a rock and deposit
a new assemblage of minerals in it’s place.
The rate of replacement is dependent upon the rate of supply new material and
removal dissolved material.
For the large deposits, large channel ways are required for transporting large
quantities of replacing substance over long distance.
There are three types of replacement deposits :
1)Massive Deposit
2)Replacement
3)Disseminated Deposit
17. 1)Massive Deposit-
-These are irregular in form and variation in sized and they are generally occur in
limestone.
-The host rock is almost completely replaced and ore terminates abruptly against
the country rock.
-The ore may retain original texture and structure of the rock it places.
2)Replacement lode deposit-
-These are the high grade ore deposit.
-Formed when replacement localized along thin bed or ssure.
-Fissure wall replaced by ore.
-Lode deposit wider than ssure vein.
-Ore body may be wavy, irregular and gradational with the country rock.
19. 3)DISSEMINATED DEPOSIT-
-These are low grade ore deposit where grains of ore mineral are found
scattered throughout the host rock.
-Large size ore deposit and it required large scale mining.
-The boundaries between ore and host rock is vague and gradational.
-E.g. Copper, Gold deposit.
TEXTURAL PROPERTIES IN REPLACEMENT DEPOSIT-
-Texture of replacement ore is dependent upon temperature and pressure of
formation and degree of replacement.
-Coarse texture is developed at high temperature and pressure.
-Fine grained texture is developed at low temperature and pressure.
20. REFERENCE-
Economic Geology by Umeshwar Prasad
Principles of engineering Geology, K.M Bangar
Introduction to Ore forming processes by Laurence Robb
Ignou
Internet Source
Notes
