This document provides an overview of kimberlites. It discusses that kimberlites are volatile-rich, ultrapotassic igneous rocks that occur as small volcanic pipes and intrusions. They are composed mainly of olivine, phlogopite, ilmenite, garnet and pyroxenes. Kimberlites are divided into two groups based on their mineralogy and isotopic signatures. Group I kimberlites are dominated by olivine and ilmenite while Group II are micaceous and enriched in rare earth elements. Kimberlites are economically important as they are the primary source of diamonds, with only a small fraction of pipes containing gem-quality stones. They
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
The name Spinifex refer to a spiky grass in Australian.
The name ophiolite derived from Greek root which means
Ophio : snake or serpent Litho : Stone
The green colour, structure and texture of sheared ultramafic rocks is similar to some serpents
Economically :
Massive Sulphide
It founded within pillow lava most of massive Sulphide associated in ophiolites have well developed Gossans (bright colored iron oxide, hydroxides, and sulfides) which is very rich in gold.
Chromite
Stratiform (be tabular or pencil shape) or podiform (irregular shape) within ultra-mafic rocks
These deposits are developed on serpentinite peridotite
Laterites (nickel and iron)
Asbestos
Talc
Magenesite
ophiolite sequence :
Sediments
Pillow Lavas
Dykes
Gabbros
Layered Gabbro
Layered Peridotite
Upper mantle
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
The name Spinifex refer to a spiky grass in Australian.
The name ophiolite derived from Greek root which means
Ophio : snake or serpent Litho : Stone
The green colour, structure and texture of sheared ultramafic rocks is similar to some serpents
Economically :
Massive Sulphide
It founded within pillow lava most of massive Sulphide associated in ophiolites have well developed Gossans (bright colored iron oxide, hydroxides, and sulfides) which is very rich in gold.
Chromite
Stratiform (be tabular or pencil shape) or podiform (irregular shape) within ultra-mafic rocks
These deposits are developed on serpentinite peridotite
Laterites (nickel and iron)
Asbestos
Talc
Magenesite
ophiolite sequence :
Sediments
Pillow Lavas
Dykes
Gabbros
Layered Gabbro
Layered Peridotite
Upper mantle
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
GEOLOGICAL THERMOMETERS
DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION
Proper understanding of origin of mineral deposits and their classification requires the knowledge of formation-temperatures of these deposits. Certain minerals, present over there, give information’s with regard to temperatures of their formations and of the enclosing deposits and they are known as geological thermometers. These geological thermometers may be classed chiefly into the following groups based on their preciseness:
1. The thermometers that record fairly accurately the specific temperature condition of formation of deposits.
2. The thermometers that provide an upper or a lower temperature, above or below which the deposits do not form
3. The thermometers that provide a range of temperature within which the deposits form; and
4. The thermometers that serve as rough indications of temperatures of formation of mineral deposits.
The presence of two or more of less precise geological thermometers in a deposit narrows the range of temperature of formation for the deposits
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
GEOLOGICAL THERMOMETERS
DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION
Proper understanding of origin of mineral deposits and their classification requires the knowledge of formation-temperatures of these deposits. Certain minerals, present over there, give information’s with regard to temperatures of their formations and of the enclosing deposits and they are known as geological thermometers. These geological thermometers may be classed chiefly into the following groups based on their preciseness:
1. The thermometers that record fairly accurately the specific temperature condition of formation of deposits.
2. The thermometers that provide an upper or a lower temperature, above or below which the deposits do not form
3. The thermometers that provide a range of temperature within which the deposits form; and
4. The thermometers that serve as rough indications of temperatures of formation of mineral deposits.
The presence of two or more of less precise geological thermometers in a deposit narrows the range of temperature of formation for the deposits
Name: Probably used in the mineralogical sense by 1706 and originally "smicka" and from the Latin micare - to flash or glisten in allusion to the material's appearance. Isinglass predates the use of mica as a mineral term and known from at least 1535, but isinglass also referred to the matter from the sturgeon fish that also had pearly flakes from the scales.
Mica is widely distributed and occurs in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary regimes. Mica group represents 34 phyllosilicate minerals that exhibits a layered or platy structure. Commercially important mica minerals are muscovite (potash or white mica) and phlogopite (magnesium or amber mica). Granitic pegmatites are the source of muscovite sheet, while phlogopite is found in areas of metamorphosed sedimentary rocks into which pegmatite rich granite rocks have been intruded. It possesses highly perfect basal cleavage due to which it can easily and accurately split into very thin sheets or films of any specified thickness. It has a unique combination of elasticity, toughness, flexibility and transparency. It possesses resistance to heat and sudden change in temperature and high dielectric strength. It is chemically inert, stable and does not absorb water.
In this presentation we discuss cobalt crusts, its classification, Occurrence and Distribution, Formation, Texture, Mineralogy, Scope for future mining and exploration.
This presentation will enlist about the Gemstones found in Azad Kashmir, mainly Nangli Mali Ruby Deposits, and Various other Gemstones like Aquamarine, Morganite etc
Core Subject: Earth and Life Science
II. Earth Materials and Processes
A. Minerals and Rocks
The learners
demonstrate an
understanding of:
1. the three main categories of rocks
2. the origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks
The learners:
1. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties
2. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
Introduction
Water resources of India at a glance
Hydrogeological cycle
Exploration of groundwater
Groundwater potential zone
Indicators
Sensors
Rules for selection of imagery
Conclusion
Reference
1)Introduction and types of elements
2)Trace elements
3)Rare earth elements
4)The Oddo-Harkins rule
5)The lanthanide contraction
6)Europium anomaly
7)Cerium anomaly
8)REE partitioning among different minerals
9)Spider diagrams
10)Production and distribution of REEs
INTRODUCTION
MAIN PURPOSE OF DAM CONSTRUCTION
PARTS OF DAM
FORCE ACTING ON DAM TYPES OF DAMS
GEOLOGY AND FOUNDATION CONDITION
GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND DAM
COCLUSION
METEORITES VS ASTEROIDS VS METEORS VS COMETS METEORITE IMPACTS IN HISTORY
IMPORTANCE OF METEORITES
FORMATION OF ASTEROIDS AND METEOROIDS CLASSIFICATION OF METEORITES
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
3. Introduction
The Name kimberlite was coined by Henry Carwell Lewis (1884) to a Diamondiferous
mica peridotite from Kimberley area of south Africa.
Kimberlites are found in the stable intracratonic plate and no mountain building activity.
Kimberlite is a volatile-rich, ultrapotassic, ultrabasic, igneous rock which occurs as small
volcanic pipes, dykes, and sills.
Inequigranular texture consisting of large crystal or rock fragments (xenoliths) enclosed
in a much finer grained matrix.
4. Mineralogy
It is mainly consists of olivine, phlogopite, ilmenite, garnet, pyroxenes and
groundmass.
Olivine crystals(o) are Serpentinised, and
have started to loose their outlines
Cross-polar photomicrograph of dyke
encountered in drill core
Olivine crystals(O) have been completely
replaced by serpentine (dark grey) and are
surrounded by a zone of amorphous
serpentine which partially replaces
adjacent primary calcite crystals (cc)
Fig : a photomicrograph of kimberlite dyke in K2 East
5. Modal composition and texture
The modal composition of the rocks of the kimberlite vary greatly.
olivine is usually the most abundant mineral , but it may be partly, or completely, replaced by secondary minerals
(for example, serpentine group minerals).
The abundance of phlogopite and carbonate minerals is also highly variable
Kimberlitic rocks normally have porphyritic and/or pyroclastic textures.
The fragmental appearance of many of these rocks is enhanced by the occurrence of xenoliths.
Most rocks contain megacrysts that are set in a finer grained groundmass that tends to contain microphenocryst.
The megacrysts are both xenocrysts and phenocryst, they typically consist of olivine, phlogopite, garnet and
pyroxene. They are usually set in a groundmass of serpentine group minerals and carbonate minerals ,together
with microphenocrysts of Fe-Ti oxides, micas, spinels, monticellite and apatite.
6. MORPHOLOGY
Kimberlites occur as carrot shaped, vertical
intrusions termed “pipes”. This classic carrot
shaped is formed due to a complex intrusive
process of kimberlitic magma which inherits a
large proportion of both CO2 and H2O.
The morphology of kimberlite pipes and the
classical carrot shape, is the result of explosive
diatreme volcanism from very deep mantle-
derived source.
7. Continued…
• Three main zones are recognised :
(i) CRATER ZONE – removed by erosion
(ii)DIATREME ZONE – (1-2km) & highly brecciated in nature,
hydrothermally altered zone: rich in clay and serpentine
(iii)ROOT ZONE – dyke like in nature: hard & compact in nature,
most suitable for petrological studies
8. PETROLOGY
Historically, kimberlites have been subdivided into two distinct
varieties termed basaltic and micaceous (Wagner, 1994). It was re-
named by smith(1983) as Group I and Group II based on the isotopic
affinities of these rocks. Mitchell (1995), showed that group II
kimberlites actually shows closer affinities to lamproites than group I
kimberlites.
9. Group I kimberlite
Group I kimberlites are of co2-rich ultramafic potassic igneous rocks
dominated by a primary mineral assemblage of forsterite olivine, ilmenite,
Cr-pyrope, phlogopite, enstatite.
Group-I kimberlites exhibit a distinctive ineqigranular texture caused by
the presence of rounded, anhedral, and fragmented macrocryst(a non-
genetic term for 0.5 to 10mm diameter crystal).
They are derived from sources depleted in LREE (Light Rare Earth
Element).
10. Group II kimberlite
Group II kimberlites are ultrapotassic, peralkaline and H2O-rich.
Phlogopite is the dominant macrocryst and groundmass phase.
Derived from sources enriched in LREE.
Group I and II kimberlites are distinctive isotopically. Mitchell and Bergman
(1991) concluded that the two groups must represent different magma types .
Group II kimberlites should be separated from group I kimberlite and be
renamed as orangeites.
Mineralogically group II kimberlite are similar to lamproites, but have
sufficient petrological differences by which they be considered separately from
these rocks as well.
11. Where do kimberlites occur?
• Kimberlite do not erupt in all areas of earth. Globally ,kimberlites all
occur below the oldest parts of continents , known as cratons.
• Cratons have thick lithospheric roots that extend down to atleast 150-
200 km, and kimberlite generation in the mantle is probably
associated with the physical barrier to mantle upwelling provided by
these deep continental roots.
• Regardless of how kimberlite form, the association of these eruptions
with deep continental roots is another of the wonderful mysteries
about how kimberlite deliver diamonds .
12. Kimberlite-Diamond field relationships
For several decades, diamond was considered to be a phenocryst in
kimberlite.
But dating of diamond inclusions showed that diamond formation
pre-dates kimberlite eruption.
Diamonds are found to be much older than kimberlite.
For eg: Diamond of Archean age are found in cretaceous kimberlites.
Diamonds are hence XENOCRYSTS in kimberlite.
13. Indian occurrence
Kimberlites occur in two spatially separate groups: Mahbubnagar cluster
that was emplaced at 1400ma and the predominantly diamondiferous
Anantapur cluster, emplaced at ~1100 Ma.
The well known Wajrakarur diamondiferous field in Anantapur district
and area of 250 sqkm, out of 12 pipes identified , pipes 2 and 5 are
considered as micaceous kimberlite and the rest are typical kimberlite ,
these kimberlites are diamondiferrous.
Maddur-Mahbub nagar sector, covers an area of about 400 sq km.
14.
15. Economic Importance
Kimberlites are the most important source of primary diamonds.
Many kimberlites pipes also produce rich alluvial diamond placer
deposits.
Only about 1 in 200 kimberlites pipes contain gem quality diamonds.
Kimberlites are very significant rock group both academically and
economically.
16. Conclusion
Kimberlite magmas are rich in carbondioxide and water which brings the
magma quickly and violently to the mantle .
Kimberlite is a gas rich potassic ultramafic igneous rock.
Australia is currently the world’s largest producer of diamonds are low
quality and used for industrial purposes.
The crater facies kimberlite is recognised by sedimentary features.
The diatreme facies are recognised by pelletal lapilli .
The hypabyssal facies is commonly recognised by the presence of
abundant calcite.
17. References
Books;
JOHN D. WINTER,P;443-445
Mihir K. Bose, igneous petrology
WEBSITES;
www.geology.com
www.Wikipedia.com
